Species-specific peptide-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry monitoring of three poultry species in processed meat products

Untargeted fast proteomics analysis using UPLC-Orbitrap HRMS for halal authentication of meat and meat products

The authenticity of halal meat is a global issue because pork adulteration occurs. Certain religions, such as Islam and Judaism, prohibit the use of pork in food products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the volume of trypsin with 10, 50 and 100 μL (20 μg/100 μL) and the digestion time from overnight to 30-120 min to establish a fast and straightforward procedure on proteomic analysis for halal authentication of meat and meat products. The method was applied to raw meat and processed pork products. The results show that 30 min digestion time and 50 μL of trypsin could detect specific peptides from pork. The proteins such as L-lactate dehydrogenase (D2SW96), haemoglobin subunit beta (F1RII7), carbonic anhydrase (A0A4XIUCS1), and myosin-1 (A0A481AX92) could be the alternative protein that contains specific peptide from pork that could be used as peptide biomarker in raw pork meat. Two peptides from haemoglobin subunit beta (F1RII7) protein heat stable peptide biomarkers were not previously reported. The method is proven for fast analysis, simple protein extraction, and rapid identification of specific pork peptides in raw meat and processed pork products. SIGNIFICANCE: The authenticity of halal meat is a global issue because pork adulteration occurs. Certain religions, such as Islam and Judaism, prohibit the use of pork in food products. Pork is frequently used as an adulterant in high-quality, high-priced meats such as beef, fish meat slices, lamb, or other meat to increase profits because pork is less expensive than the other meats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the volume of trypsin and the digestion time to establish a fast and straightforward procedure on proteomic analysis for halal authentication of meat and meat products. The results show that 30 min digestion time and 50 μL of trypsin could detect specific peptides from pork. The proteins such as L-lactate dehydrogenase (D2SW96), haemoglobin subunit beta (F1RII7), carbonic anhydrase (A0A4XIUCS1), and myosin-1 (A0A481AX92) could be the alternative protein that contains specific peptide from pork that could be used as peptide biomarker in raw pork meat. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that studied on fast analysis, simple protein extraction, and rapid identification of specific pork peptides in raw meat and processed pork products.

Comparative analysis of the longissimus muscle proteome of European wild boar and domestic pig in response to thermal processing

This study tries to fill the knowledge gap regarding differences in the expression of proteins in the meat of European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) and domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica), considering the impact of thermally induced degradation. We assessed relative protein changes between cooked longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle proteomes by using mass spectrometry, chemometric, label-free proteomic, and bioinformatic tools. Among 30 differentially abundant proteins identified MyHC-2a, ATPs-α, CK-S, ADP/ATPt1, IDH2, and MyBP-C1 were upregulated (x > 1) whereas NEB, γ-ENO and EPSF were downregulated (x < 1) in wild boar. ShinyGO and KEGG database pathway analyses revealed that these proteins are mainly involved in processes related to muscle contraction and various pathways of glucose metabolism and energy production. Protein expression changes could have been caused by the different muscle activity of wild animals in response to prolonged movement associated with foraging for food in the natural environment.

Absolute quantification of targeted rabbit liver- and meat tissue-specific peptide markers in highly processed food products

A highly sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous absolute quantification of peptides unique to rabbit meat- and liver-specific tissue was developed using liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Two rabbit skeletal muscle-specific peptides (SSVFVADPK and PHSHPALTPEQK), three rabbit liver tissue-specific peptides (FNLEALVTHTLPFEK, AILNYVANK, and TELAEPTSTR) and one peptide specific to both rabbit offal and skeletal muscle tissue (AFFGHYLYEVAR) were monitored. Analyses were performed using peptides labelled with stable isotopes (13C and 15N) as internal standards. Fifteen food samples containing rabbit meat and/or liver were analysed to verify compliance of the rabbit meat and liver composition with product labelling. One sample was adulterated with undeclared rabbit liver. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for the selected peptides of interest were in the range of 0.17 to 0.35 ng/mg and 0.57 to 1.17 ng/mg, respectively. The method may be useful for the determination of rabbit meat and liver tissue in highly processed food samples.

Proteomic-metabolomic combination analysis reveals novel biomarkers of meat quality that differ between young and older ducks

In order to explore the difference and its underlying mechanism between young and older ducks, 60-day-old (D60) and 300-day-old (D300) of young ducks and 900-day-old ducks (D900) of older ducks were selected and studied. HE staining indicated that breast muscle fibers in the D900 group were more inseparable than D60 and D300 groups and the greater redness were showed in D300 and D900 groups. Quantitative proteomic analyses were conducted to further identify differences between young and older ducks that 61 proteins overlapped in the comparative analysis of the D900 vs. D60 and D900 vs. D300 groups. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis from the D900 group showed marked differences from the results of the D60 and D300 groups in 31 unique metabolites. In particular, lower guanosine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and doxefazepam levels indicated the increased nutritional value of older ducks. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis showed that purine metabolism was specifically enriched, indicating that NME3, RRM2B, AMPD1, and AMPD3 might mainly affect meat from older ducks. In conclusion, our results indicated that meat from 900-day-old ducks possessed a unique biochemical signature that could provide candidate biomarkers to distinguish young ducks from older ducks.

Perovskite Nanocrystals: Superior Luminogens for Food Quality Detection Analysis

With the global limited food resources receiving grievous damage from frequent climate changes and ascending global food demand resulting from increasing population growth, perovskite nanocrystals with distinctive photoelectric properties have emerged as attractive and prospective luminogens for the exploitation of rapid, easy operation, low cost, highly accurate, excellently sensitive, and good selective biosensors to detect foodborne hazards in food practices. Perovskite nanocrystals have demonstrated supreme advantages in luminescent biosensing for food products due to their high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, narrow full width at half-maximum PL, tunable PL in the entire visible spectrum, easy preparation, and various modification strategies compared with conventional semiconductors. Herein, we have carried out a comprehensive discussion concerning perovskite nanocrystals as luminogens in the application of high-performance biosensing of foodborne hazards for food products, including a brief introduction of perovskite nanocrystals, perovskite nanocrystal-based biosensors, and their application in different categories of food products. Finally, the challenges and opportunities faced by perovskite nanocrystals as superior luminogens were proposed to promote their practicality in the future food supply.

Metabolomic comparison of meat quality and metabolites of geese breast muscle at different ages

The purpose of this study was to distinguish the effect of age on the meat quality and chemical composition of Yangzhou goose breast meat. Nontargeted metabolomics analysis (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to distinguish the metabolic composition of goose meat at different ages, and Pearson's correlations between differential metabolites and key meat parameters were assessed. Compared with goslings, adult geese had lighter, redder and chewier meat (p < 0.05). Metabolite analysis revealed significant differences in nucleosides, organic acids, amino acids and sugars. Levels of IMP, xanthosine, pretyrosine and l-threonine were significantly higher in older meat (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with meat freshness indicators. However, pyruvic acid, l-cysteine and glucose 6-phosphate were up-regulated in gosling meat (p < 0.05), which were important flavor compounds. These results facilitate the further investigation of changes in goose meat composition and provide biomarkers for determining goose meat quality at different ages.

Identification of Cross-Species Marker Peptides for the Detection of Mammalian and Poultry Meat in Vegan and Vegetarian Foods

Authentication of vegan and vegetarian foods is important since these increasingly popular food items could be adulterated with cheap meat to increase profit margins. In this study, nine marker peptides for the detection of meat (several species) were identified applying liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These marker peptides enable the crucial differentiation of beef versus milk and chicken meat versus egg, demonstrated by the investigation of 19 commercial vegetarian meat substitutes containing milk and egg. Extensive experimental testing proved the presence of the cross-species meat marker peptides in 19 food-relevant types of mammals and poultry as well as their absence in more than 136 plant-based ingredients for the production of vegan and vegetarian foods. An authentic vegan sausage matrix based on an actual retail product was produced and spiked with 5.0%, w/w meat to confirm the high signal intensities and the heat stability of the marker peptides.

Heat-stable peptide markers specific to rabbit and chicken liver tissue for meat product authentication testing

A three-step analysis was used to detect and identify heat-stable peptide markers specific to liver tissue from rabbit and chicken. It involved peptide discovery by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometer (LC-HRMS), followed by protein identification using Spectrum Mill software and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) based confirmation of the discovered peptides using a liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-TQ). We identified 50 and 91 heat-stable peptide markers unique to chicken and rabbit liver, respectively. The markers were validated in commercial food samples with declared liver tissue contents ranging from 5% to 30%. The best candidate peptides for distinguishing liver tissue from skeletal muscle were selected and then confirmed using MRM-based approach. Limit of detection of liver was found to be in the range of 0.13 to 2.13% (w/w) for chicken liver-specific peptide markers, and from 0.04 to 0.6% (w/w) for rabbit liver-specific peptide markers.

Identification of Five Gelatins Based on Marker Peptides from Type I Collagen by Mass Spectrum in Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode

In this study, a novel pseudo-targeted peptidomics strategy, integrating the transition list generated by an in-house software (Pep-MRMer) and the retention time transfer by high-abundance ion-based retention time calibration (HAI-RT-cal), was developed to screen marker peptides of gelatins from five closely related animal species, including porcine, bovine, horse, mule, and donkey. Five marker peptides were screened from the molecular phenotypic differences of type I collagen. Furthermore, a simple and robust 10 min multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was established and performed well in distinguishing different gelatins, particularly in discerning horse-hide gelatin (HHG) and mule-hide gelatin (MHG) from donkey-hide gelatin (DHG). The market investigation revealed the serious adulteration of DHG. Meantime, the pseudo-targeted peptidomics could be used to screen marker peptides of other gelatin foods.

Novel ammonia-responsive carboxymethyl cellulose/Co-MOF multifunctional films for real-time visual monitoring of seafood freshness

Nowadays, ammonia-responsive biopolymer-based intelligent active films are of great interest for their huge potential in maintaining and monitoring the freshness of seafood. However, it is still a challenge to create biopolymer-based intelligent active films with favorable color stability, antibacterial and visual freshness indication functions. Herein, cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) nanosheets with ammonia-sensitive and antibacterial functions were successfully synthesized and then embedded into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) matrix to develop high performance and multifunctional CMC-based intelligent active films. The influence of Co-MOF addition on the structure, physical and functional characters of CMC film was comprehensively studied. The results showed that the Co-MOF nanofillers were homogeneously embedded within the CMC matrix, bringing about remarkable promotion on tensile strength (from 45.3 to 62.2 MPa), toughness (from 0.7 to 2.3 MJ/m³), water barrier and UV-blocking performance of CMC film. Notably, the obtained CMC/Co-MOF nanocomposite films also presented excellent long-term color stability, antibacterial activity (with the bacteriostatic efficiency of 99.6 % and 99.3 % against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), and ammonia-sensitive discoloration performance. Finally, the CMC/Co-MOF nanocomposite films were successfully applied for real-time visual monitoring of shrimp freshness. The above results demonstrate that the CMC/Co-MOF nanocomposite films possess huge potential applications in intelligent active packaging.

The potential of proteomics in the study of processed meat products

Proteomics is a field that has grown rapidly since its emergence in the mid-1990s, reaching many disciplines such as food technology. The application of proteomic techniques in the study of complex biological samples such as foods, specifically meat products, allows scientists to decipher the underlying cellular mechanisms behind different quality traits. Lately, much emphasis has been placed on the discovery of biomarkers that facilitate the prediction of biochemical transformations of the product and provide key information on parameters associated with traceability and food safety. This review study focuses on the contribution of proteomics in the improvement of processed meat products. Different techniques and strategies have recently been successfully carried out in the study of the proteome of these products that can help the development of foods with a higher sensory quality, while ensuring consumer safety through early detection of microbiological contamination and fraud. SIGNIFICANCE: The food industry and the academic world work together with the aim of responding to market demands, always seeking excellence. In particular, the meat industry has to face a series of challenges such as, achieving sensory attributes in accordance with the standards required by the consumer and maintaining a high level of safety and transparency, avoiding deliver adulterated and/or contaminated products. This review work exposes how the aforementioned challenges are attempted to be solved through proteomic technology, discussing the latest and most outstanding research in this regard, which undoubtedly contribute to improving the quality, in all the extension of the word, of meat products, providing relevant knowledge in the field of proteomic research.

Real-time qPCR for the detection of puffer fish components from Lagocephalus in food: L. inermis, L. lagocephalus, L. gloveri, L. lunaris, and L. spadiceus

Puffer fish is a type of precious high-end aquatic product, is widely popular in Asia, especially in China and Japan, even though it naturally harbors a neurotoxin known as tetrodotoxin (TTX) that is poisonous to humans and causes food poisoning. With the increasing trade demand, which frequently exceeds existing supply capacities, fostering fraudulent practices, such as adulteration of processed products with non-certified farmed wild puffer fish species. To determine the authenticity of puffer fish processed food, we developed a real-time qPCR method to detect five common puffer fish species in aquatic products: Lagocephalus inermis, Lagocephalus lagocephalus, Lagocephalus gloveri, Lagocephalus lunaris, and Lagocephalus spadiceus. The specificity, cross-reactivity, detection limit, efficiency, and robustness of the primers and probes created for five species of puffer fish using TaqMan technology have been determined. No cross-reactivity was detected in the DNA of non-target sample materials, and no false-positive signal was detected; the aquatic products containing 0.1% of a small amount of wild puffer fish materials without certification can be reliably tracked; the statistical p-value for each method's Ct value was greater than 0.05. The developed qPCR method was sensitive, highly specific, robust, and reproducibility, which could be used to validate the authenticity of wild puffer fish in aquatic products sold for commercial purposes.

Nanozyme-encoded luminescent detection for food safety analysis: An overview of mechanisms and recent applications

With the rapid growth in global food production, delivery, and consumption, reformative food analytical techniques are required to satisfy the monitoring requirements of speed and high sensitivity. Nanozyme-encoded luminescent detections (NLDs) integrating nanozyme-based rapid detections with luminescent output signals have emerged as powerful methods for food safety monitoring, not only because of their preeminent performance in analysis, such as rapid, facile, low background signal, and ultrasensitive, but also due to their strong attractiveness for future sensing research. However, the lack of a full understanding of the fundamentals of NLDs for food safety detection technologies limits their further application. In this review, a systematic overview of the mechanisms of NLDs and their applications in the food industry is summarized, which covers the nanozyme-mimicking types and their luminescent signal generation mechanisms, as well as their applications in monitoring common foodborne contaminants. As demonstrated by previous studies, NLDs are bridging the gap to practical-oriented food analytical technologies and various opportunities to improve their food analytical performance to be considered in the future are proposed.

Spectroscopic techniques for authentication of animal origin foods

Milk and milk products, meat, fish and poultry as well as other animal derived foods occupy a pronounced position in human nutrition. Unfortunately, fraud in the food industry is common, resulting in negative economic consequences for customers as well as significant threats to human health and the external environment. As a result, it is critical to develop analytical tools that can quickly detect fraud and validate the authenticity of such products. Authentication of a food product is the process of ensuring that the product matches the assertions on the label and complies with rules. Conventionally, various comprehensive and targeted approaches like molecular, chemical, protein based, and chromatographic techniques are being utilized for identifying the species, origin, peculiar ingredients and the kind of processing method used to produce the particular product. Despite being very accurate and unimpeachable, these techniques ruin the structure of food, are labor intensive, complicated, and can be employed on laboratory scale. Hence the need of hour is to identify alternative, modern instrumentation techniques which can help in overcoming the majority of the limitations offered by traditional methods. Spectroscopy is a quick, low cost, rapid, non-destructive, and emerging approach for verifying authenticity of animal origin foods. In this review authors will envisage the latest spectroscopic techniques being used for detection of fraud or adulteration in meat, fish, poultry, egg, and dairy products. Latest literature pertaining to emerging techniques including their advantages and limitations in comparison to different other commonly used analytical tools will be comprehensively reviewed. Challenges and future prospects of evolving advanced spectroscopic techniques will also be descanted.

Future perspectives on aptamer for application in food authentication

Food fraudulence and food contamination are major concerns, particularly among consumers with specific dietary, cultural, lifestyle, and religious requirements. Current food authentication methods have several drawbacks and limitations, necessitating the development of a simpler, more sensitive, and rapid detection approach for food screening analysis, such as an aptamer-based biosensor system. Although the use of aptamer is growing in various fields, aptamer applications for food authentication are still lacking. In this review, we discuss the limitations of existing food authentication technologies and describe the applications of aptamer in food analyses. We also project several potential targets or marker molecules to be targeted in the SELEX process. Finally, this review highlights the drawbacks of current aptamer technologies and outlines the potential route of aptamer selection and applications for successful food authentication. This review provides an overview of the use of aptamer in food research and its potential application as a molecular reporter for rapid detection in food authentication process. Developing databases to store all biochemical profiles of food and applying machine learning algorithms against the biochemical profiles are urged to accelerate the identification of more reliable biomarker molecules as aptamer targets for food authentication.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ejiao-Related Animal Gelatins through Peptide Markers Using LC-QTOF-MS/MS and Scheduled Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) by LC-QQQ-MS/MS

Donkey-hide gelatin, also called Ejiao (colla corii asini), is commonly used as a food health supplement and valuable Chinese medicine. Its growing popular demand and short supply make it a target for fraud, and many other animal gelatins can be found as adulterants. Authentication remains a quality concern. Peptide markers were developed by searching the protein database. However, donkeys and horses share the same database, and there is no specific marker for donkeys. Here, solutions are sought following a database-independent strategy. The peptide profiles of authentic samples of different animal gelatins were compared using LC-QTOF-MS/MS. Fourteen specific markers, including four donkey-specific, one horse-specific, three cattle-specific, and six pig-specific peptides, were successfully found. As these donkey-specific peptides are not included in the current proteomics database, their sequences were determined by de novo sequencing. A quantitative LC-QQQ multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was further developed to achieve highly sensitive and selective analysis. The specificity and applicability of these markers were confirmed by testing multiple authentic samples and 110 batches of commercial Ejiao products, 57 of which were found to be unqualified. These results suggest that these markers are specific and accurate for authentication purposes.

Mass spectrometry in food authentication and origin traceability

Food authentication and origin traceability are popular research topics, especially as concerns about food quality continue to increase. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays an indispensable role in food authentication and origin traceability. In this review, the applications of MS in food authentication and origin traceability by analyzing the main components and chemical fingerprints or profiles are summarized. In addition, the characteristic markers for food authentication are also reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of MS-based techniques for food authentication, as well as the current trends and challenges, are discussed. The fingerprinting and profiling methods, in combination with multivariate statistical analysis, are more suitable for the authentication of high-value foods, while characteristic marker-based methods are more suitable for adulteration detection. Several new techniques have been introduced to the field, such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS), and ion mobility mass spectrometry, for the determination of food adulteration due to their fast and convenient analysis. As an important trend, the miniaturization of MS offers advantages, such as small and portable instrumentation and fast and nondestructive analysis. Moreover, many applications in food authentication are using AIMS, which can help food authentication in food inspection/field analysis. This review provides a reference and guide for food authentication and traceability based on MS.

Screening of specific quantitative peptides of beef by LC-MS/MS coupled with OPLS-DA

A rapid, simple, and efficient analysis methodology for screening specific quantitative peptides of beef was established based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The OPLS-DA model was built to select species-specific peptides that make a significant contribution to classification. Peptides with statistical significance were selected based on the variable importance in the projection (VIP) values and univariate P values. After the workflow of the statistical process, three specific quantitative peptides were identified by using homemade products with different beef contents. A quantification method for selected specific quantitative peptides was established by using LC-MS/MS. The quantitative results were applied to commercialized beef products. The developed method has high sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability. The results of this study proved that the integration of LC-MS/MS coupled with OPLS-DA is an efficient method for screening specific quantitative peptides and identification of the authenticity of meat products.

Proteomic Technologies and their Application for Ensuring Meat Quality, Safety and Authenticity

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Proteomic tools were extensively used to understand the relationship between muscle proteome and conversion of muscle to meat, post-mortem proteolysis, meat texture, and variation in meat color. Developments in proteomic tools have also resulted in their application for addressing the safety and authenticity issues including meat species identification, detection of animal byproducts, non-meat ingredients and tissues in meat products, traceability, identification of genetically modified ingredients, chemical residues and other harmful substances. Proteomic tools are also being used in some of the potential areas like understanding the effect of animal transportation, stunning, slaughter stress, halal authentication and issues related to animal welfare. Emerging advances in proteomic and peptidomic technologies and their application in traceability, meat microbiology, safety and authentication are taking a major stride as an interesting and complementary alternative to DNA-based methods currently in use. Future research in meat science need to be linked to emerging metabolomic, lipidomic and other omic technologies for ensuring integrated meat quality and safety management. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of the use of proteomics for the assessment of quality and safety in the meat value chain and their potential application is discussed.

Identification and quantification of fox meat in meat products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Over the years, food adulteration has become an important global problem, threatening public health safety and the healthy development of food industry. This study established a liquid chromatography-tandem mass (LC-MS/MS) method for accurate identification and quantitative analysis of fox meat products. High-resolution mass was used for data collection, and Proteome Discoverer was used for data analysis to screen fox-specific peptides. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted using the data obtained from the label-free analysis of different contents of simulated samples. Samples with different contents were distinguished without interfering with each other, suggesting the feasibility of quantitative analysis of fox meat content. The linear correlation coefficient and recovery rate were calculated to determine the fox peptides that can be used for accurate quantification. The established LC-MS/MS method can be used for the accurate identification and quantification of actual samples. In addition, this method can provide technical support for law enforcement departments.

Identification of meat species in processed meat products by using protein based laser induced breakdown spectroscopy assay

The detection of meat fraud and mislabeling in processed meat products is a raising concern for consumers. The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate the potential of protein-based laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method to be used for the identification of beef, chicken, and pork in fermented sausage and salami products. In this respect, bulk protein and protein fractions rich in sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein of sausage and salami products were obtained and subjected to LIBS analysis. LIBS spectrum was evaluated with chemometric methods to classify meat species and determine adulteration ratio by using principal component analysis and partial least square analysis, respectively. Limit of detection values for chicken and pork adulteration in beef sausage were found as 3.68 and 3.83% for myofibrillar fraction, while those values in beef salami were found as 3.80 and 3.47% for sarcoplasmic fraction, respectively.

Rapid LC-MS/MS method for the detection of seven animal species in meat products

The adulteration of meat products has been reported worldwide, and detection of specific peptides through mass spectrometry (MS) is a reliable method for meat species identification. However, the practical application of this method is limited by complicated steps and long reaction time of the traditional sample preparation. Therefore, this paper introduced a convenient and time-saving sample preparation by optimizing the steps of reduction, alkylation, digestion, and purification. With the rapid sample preparation, 35 species-specific peptides for seven species (pig, cattle, sheep, deer, chicken, duck, and turkey) were screened using high-resolution MS, and a rapid LC-MS/MS method was established. The method only takes 3 h from sample receipt to results. The meat species of 20 processed meat products were detected, and three samples were found potentially adulterated. The method is proved to have high sensitivity, specificity, practicability with respect to rapid identification of meat species in meat products.

LC-MS-based metabolomics reveals metabolite dynamic changes during irradiation of goat meat

The current study applied an untargeted metabolomics approach by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitaltrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Oritrap-MS) to identify the chemical composition of irradiated goat meat and investigate the effect of irradiation on its metabolic profile and meat quality. A total of 103 metabolites were identified as differential metabolites responsible for metabolic changes in irradiated goat meat, which were involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism and purine metabolism. Differential metabolites comprising amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives were determined as the discriminating factors responsible for the meat quality during irradiation. Specifically, the levels of L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-histidine, guanosine, guanine, creatinine, glutathione and nicotinic acid were increased while inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) were decreased. Overall, except for L-phenylalanine and guanine, other related metabolites significantly decreased with storage. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the effect of irradiation doses and storage time on goat meat metabolism at the molecular level, so as to assess the quality of irradiated goat meat. Satisfactory results with linearity (R² > 0.995), precision (RSD less than 8.9%) and recovery (83%-106%) were obtained, demonstrating that the untargeted mebabolomics approach was appropriate for monitoring the changes of small molecular metabolites in irradiated goat meat and irradiation is a feasible method for goat meat preservation.

Omics-Based Analytical Approaches for Assessing Chicken Species and Breeds in Food Authentication

Chicken is known to be the most common meat type involved in food mislabeling and adulteration. Establishing a method to authenticate chicken content precisely and identifying chicken breeds as declared in processed food is crucial for protecting consumers' rights. Categorizing the authentication method into their respective omics disciplines, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, and the implementation of bioinformatics or chemometrics in data analysis can assist the researcher in improving the currently available techniques. Designing a vast range of instruments and analytical methods at the molecular level is vital for overcoming the technical drawback in discriminating chicken from other species and even within its breed. This review aims to provide insight and highlight previous and current approaches suitable for countering different circumstances in chicken authentication.

Development of a two-level control system for the analysis of the composition of meat products

Because of the increased demand for processed meat, there is an urgent need to introduce specific identification methods. Strategies such as molecular genetics and the physical condition of meat are used to quickly explore multi-component products. However, a single methodology does not always unambiguously classify a product as counterfeit. In laboratory practice, as a rule, screening techniques are rarely used in the first stage, followed by arbitration. This work aimed to study individual methodologies using artificially falsified meat samples as examples and to identify their composition based on muscle tissue. For the experiments, the three most common types of raw meat were selected: pork, beef, and chicken. The calculation of the content of muscle tissue was carried out according to the BEFFE method. The study of muscle protein was carried out by ICA, ELISA, PCR, microstructural analysis, and mass spectrometric identification. In this connection, we proposed a multilevel control system for multicomponent meat products. Both classical methodologies, such as calculation by prescription bookmarks (BEFFE) and microstructural analysis, and approaches of highly sensitive methodologies, such as identification of muscle tissue by marker peptides (LC/MS-MRM) and semi-quantitative PCR analysis, were evaluated.

A quantitative method for detecting meat contamination based on specific polypeptides

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed to establish a quantitative detection method for meat contamination based on specific polypeptides.

METHODS

Thermally stable peptides with good responses were screened by high resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Standard curves of specific polypeptide were established by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Finally, the adulteration of commercial samples was detected according to the standard curve.

RESULTS

Fifteen thermally stable peptides with good responses were screened. The selected specific peptides can be detected stably in raw meat and deep processed meat with the detection limit up to 1% and have a good linear relationship with the corresponding muscle composition.

CONCLUSION

This method can be effectively used for quantitative analysis of commercial samples.

Mass spectrometry-based protein and peptide profiling for food frauds, traceability and authenticity assessment

The ever-growing use of mass spectrometry (MS) methodologies in food authentication and traceability originates from their unrivalled specificity, accuracy and sensitivity. Such features are crucial for setting up analytical strategies for detecting food frauds and adulterations by monitoring selected components within food matrices. Among MS approaches, protein and peptide profiling has become increasingly consolidated. This review explores the current knowledge on recent MS techniques using protein and peptide biomarkers for assessing food traceability and authenticity, with a specific focus on their use for unmasking potential frauds and adulterations. We provide a survey of the current state-of-the-art instrumentation including the most reliable and sensitive acquisition modes highlighting advantages and limitations. Finally, we summarize the recent applications of MS to protein/peptide analyses in food matrices and examine their potential in ensuring the quality of agro-food products.

Collagen derived species-specific peptides for distinguishing donkey-hide gelatin (Asini Corii Colla)

Objective

As an important food therapy product with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) applications, donkey-hide gelatin (Asini Corii Colla, ACC) has been used for thousands of years. However, till now few effective strategy had been proposed to distinguish ACC from other animal hide gelatins, especially closely related horse- and mule-hide gelatins, which was an embarrassment of ACC quality control.

Methods

Combined mass spectrometry and bioinformatic methods have been applied to identify and verify two ACC-specific peptides (Pep-1 and Pep-2) capable of distinguishing ACC from other closely related animal gelatins with high selectivity.

Results

It confirmed that these two peptides could be not only used for distinguishing ACC from highly homologous horse-hide and mule-hide gelatins as well as other animal hide gelatins.

Conclusion

The present study provides a simple method for species-specific peptides discovery, which can be used for assessing the quality of animal gelatin products, and ensure they are authenticable and traceable.

Multispecies Identification of Oilseed- and Meat-Specific Proteins and Heat-Stable Peptide Markers in Food Products

Consumer demand for both plant products and meat products enriched with plant raw materials is constantly increasing. Therefore, new versatile and reliable methods are needed to find and combat fraudulent practices in processed foods. The objective of this study was to identify oilseed species-specific peptide markers and meat-specific markers that were resistant to processing, for multispecies authentication of different meat and vegan food products using the proteomic LC-MS/MS method. To assess the limit of detection (LOD) for hemp proteins, cooked meatballs consisting of three meat species and hemp cake at a final concentration of up to 7.4% were examined. Hemp addition at a low concentration of below 1% was detected. The LOD for edestin subunits and albumin was 0.9% (w/w), whereas for 7S vicilin-like protein it was 4.2% (w/w). Specific heat-stable peptides unique to hemp seeds, flaxseed, nigella, pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower seeds, as well as guinea fowl, rabbit, pork, and chicken meat, were detected in different meat and vegan foods. Most of the oilseed-specific peptides were identified as processing-resistant markers belonging to 11S globulin subunits, namely conlinin, edestin, helianthinin, pumpkin vicilin-like or late embryogenesis proteins, and sesame legumin-like as well as 2S albumins and oleosin isoforms or selected enzymic proteins.

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY BOTTOM-UP PROTEOMIC METHODS IN ANIMAL SPECIES ANALYSIS OF PROCESSED MEAT FOR FOOD AUTHENTICATION AND THE DETECTION OF ADULTERATIONS

This review offers an overview of the current status and the most recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques with both high-resolution and low-resolution tandem mass analyzers applied to the identification and detection of heat-stable species-specific peptide markers of meat in highly processed food products. We present sets of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, which turned out to be the source of 105 heat-stable peptides, detectable in processed meat using LC-MS/MS. A list of heat-stable species-specific peptides was compiled for eleven types of white and red meat including chicken, duck, goose, turkey, pork, beef, lamb, rabbit, buffalo, deer, and horse meat, which can be used as markers for meat authentication. Among the 105 peptides, 57 were verified by multiple reaction monitoring, enabling identification of each species with high specificity and selectivity. The most described and monitored species by LC-MS/MS so far are chicken and pork with 26 confirmed heat-stable peptide markers for each meat. In thermally processed samples, myosin, myoglobin, hemoglobin, l-lactase dehydrogenase A and β-enolase are the main protein sources of heat-stable markers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.

Peptide markers for distinguishing guinea fowl meat from that of other species using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The inability to easily identify the animal species in highly processed meat products makes them highly susceptible to adulterations. Reliable methods for detecting the species origin of meat used in processed food are required to ensure adequate labelling and minimize food fraud and allergenic potential. Liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry was employed to identify new heat-stable guinea-fowl-specific peptide markers that can differentiate guinea fowl meat from other commonly consumed animal species, including closely related poultry species, in highly processed food products. We identified 26 unique guinea-fowl-specific markers. The high stability of guinea-fowl-specific peptides was confirmed by analysing food products with guinea fowl meat content ranging from 4% to 100%. The findings indicate that sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS methods can be developed for the targeted detection and quantification of guinea fowl meat in highly processed meat products.

Rapid point-of-care testing methods/devices for meat species identification: A review

The authentication of animal species is an important issue due to an increasing trend of adulteration and mislabeling of animal species in processed meat products. Polymerase chain reaction is the most sensitive and specific technique for nucleic acid-based animal species detection. However, it is a time-consuming technique that requires costly thermocyclers and sophisticated labs. In recent times, there is a need of on-site detection by point-of-care (POC) testing methods and devices under low-resource settings. These POC devices must be affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment free, and delivered to the end users. POC devices should also confirm the concept of micro total analysis system. This review discusses POC testing methods and devices that have been developed for meat species identification. Recent developments in lateral flow assay-based devices for the identification of animal species in meat products are also reviewed. Advancements in increasing the efficiency of lateral flow detection are also discussed.

Procedures for the identification and detection of adulteration of fish and meat products

The addition or exchange of cheaper fish species instead of more expensive fish species is a known form of fraud in the food industry. This can take place accidentally due to the lack of expertise or act as a fraud. The interest in detecting animal species in meat products is based on religious demands (halal and kosher) as well as on product adulterations. Authentication of fish and meat products is critical in the food industry. Meat and fish adulteration, mainly for economic pursuit, is widespread and leads to serious public health risks, religious violations, and moral loss. Economically motivated adulteration of food is estimated to create damage of around € 8 to 12 billion per year. Rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are keys to effectively supervising meat and fish adulteration. Various analytical methods often based on protein or DNA measurements are utilized to identify fish and meat species. Although many strategies have been adopted to assure the authenticity of fish and meat and meat a fish products, such as the protected designation of origin, protected geographical indication, certificate of specific characteristics, and so on, the coverage is too small, and it is unrealistic to certify all meat products for protection from adulteration. Therefore, effective supervision is very important for ensuring the suitable development of the meat industry, and rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are fundamental technical support for this goal. Recently, several methods, including DNA analysis, protein analysis, and fat-based analysis, have been effectively employed for the identification of meat and fish species.

Fraud in Animal Origin Food Products: Advances in Emerging Spectroscopic Detection Methods over the Past Five Years

Animal origin food products, including fish and seafood, meat and poultry, milk and dairy foods, and other related products play significant roles in human nutrition. However, fraud in this food sector frequently occurs, leading to negative economic impacts on consumers and potential risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, the development of analytical techniques that can rapidly detect fraud and verify the authenticity of such products is of paramount importance. Traditionally, a wide variety of targeted approaches, such as chemical, chromatographic, molecular, and protein-based techniques, among others, have been frequently used to identify animal species, production methods, provenance, and processing of food products. Although these conventional methods are accurate and reliable, they are destructive, time-consuming, and can only be employed at the laboratory scale. On the contrary, alternative methods based mainly on spectroscopy have emerged in recent years as invaluable tools to overcome most of the limitations associated with traditional measurements. The number of scientific studies reporting on various authenticity issues investigated by vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fluorescence spectroscopy has increased substantially over the past few years, indicating the tremendous potential of these techniques in the fight against food fraud. It is the aim of the present manuscript to review the state-of-the-art research advances since 2015 regarding the use of analytical methods applied to detect fraud in food products of animal origin, with particular attention paid to spectroscopic measurements coupled with chemometric analysis. The opportunities and challenges surrounding the use of spectroscopic techniques and possible future directions will also be discussed.

Sarcoplasmic Proteome Profile and Internal Color of Beef Longissimus Lumborum Steaks Cooked to Different Endpoint Temperatures

The complex relationship between endpoint temperature, sarcoplasmic proteome, and internal color in cooked steaks is yet to be examined. The objective of the present study was to characterize the changes in sarcoplasmic proteome and their influence on the internal color of beef longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks cooked to different endpoint temperatures. Two 2.5-cm-thick LL steaks were fabricated from 9 beef strip loins and were cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of either 60°C (C-60) or 71°C (C-71). Cooked steaks were cooled and sliced parallel to the grilled surface, and internal color was evaluated instrumentally. Sarcoplasmic proteome from the interiors of the cooked steaks was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the gel images were digitally analyzed. The protein spots exhibiting more than 2-fold intensity differences (P &lt; 0.05) were subjected to in-gel tryptic digestion and were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. The C-60 steaks demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.05) redness and color stability than the C-71 ones. Eleven differentially abundant protein spots were identified, and they belonged to 6 functional groups (transport proteins, enzymes in energy metabolism, chaperones, antioxidant proteins, enzymes in amino acid metabolism, and glycolytic enzymes). While 10 spots were overabundant (P &lt; 0.05) in C-60 steaks, 1 spot was overabundant (P &lt; 0.05) in C-71 steaks. The spot overabundant in C-71 samples was identified as myoglobin, suggesting the possible role of post-translational modifications in the heme protein’s thermal stability. The results indicated that the endpoint cooking temperature influenced sarcoplasmic proteome profile and internal color of cooked beef LL steaks. The overabundant proteins in steaks cooked to 60°C may be exploited as potential biomarkers for undercooked beef, which is a source for foodborne infections.

Comparative review and the recent progress in detection technologies of meat product adulteration

Meat adulteration, mainly for the purpose of economic pursuit, is widespread and leads to serious public health risks, religious violations, and moral loss. Rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are keys to effectively supervising meat adulteration. Considering the importance and rapid advances in meat adulteration detection technologies, a comprehensive review to summarize the recent progress in this area and to suggest directions for future progress is beneficial. In this review, destructive meat adulteration technologies based on DNA, protein, and metabolite analyses and nondestructive technologies based on spectroscopy were comparatively analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages, application situations of these technologies were discussed. In the future, determining suitable indicators or markers is particularly important for destructive methods. To improve sensitivity and save time, new interdisciplinary technologies, such as biochips and biosensors, are promising for application in the future. For nondestructive techniques, convenient and effective chemometric models are crucial, and the development of portable devices based on these technologies for onsite monitoring is a future trend. Moreover, omics technologies, especially proteomics, are important methods in laboratory detection because they enable multispecies detection and unknown target screening by using mass spectrometry databases.

LC-QTOF-MS identification of rabbit-specific peptides for authenticating the species composition of meat products

Rabbit is a healthy meat, with low allergenicity and excellent nutritional properties. The global popularity of rabbit meat makes it a target for food fraud. We present a LC-QTOF-MS/MS approach for detecting and identifying rabbit-specific peptide-markers from thermally processed meat products to differentiate rabbit from other commonly-consumed animal species. We identified 49 heat-stable specific peptides. We selected the most stable markers for testing complex meat matrices by analysing pâtés-type products with a rabbit meat content ranging from 5% to 85%. Of the 49 heat-stable peptides detected in pure cooked rabbit meat, three were consistently detected in all investigated pâté samples i.e., SSVFVADPK, AFFGHYLYEVAR and PHSHPALTPEQK. Monitoring meat species other than rabbit in the examined pâtés using pork-, lamb- and chicken-specific peptides identified the presence of undeclared chicken in two samples. The results confirm that LC-QTOF-MS/MS is a suitable tool for multi-species detection in processed meat products, particularly for authentication purposes.

Comparison of heat-stable peptides using a multiple-reaction monitoring method to identify beef muscle tissue

Nowadays, proteomics is widely used as an analytical control method. A new method for determining animal tissue species-specificity based on a combination of two effective methods of food analysis, liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS), was used in this work. Using this approach, it became possible to detect peptides. This work presents a comparison of species-specific, heat-stable peptides for the identification of beef. The objects of the study were native and boiled model mixtures containing beef with concentrations of 8% (w/w) and 16% (w/w). Pork was also added to the recipe to control for false-positive results. A high-performance liquid chromatography technique with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) was used. Analysis of finished samples takes 25 minutes and is adapted to detect marker peptides. From the processing of the obtained data, three beef marker peptides were identified that were accepted as the best candidates. Two peptide prototypes, NDMAAQYK and YLEFISDAIIHVLHAK from the myoglobin protein and SNVSDAVAQSAR from the triosephosphate isomerase protein, were selected as potential biomarkers. For all samples, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was set above 10. Temperature was not found to affect the structure and detection of marker peptides in samples with a muscle tissue concentration of 8% (w/w) at p <0.05. This approach is universally applicable for comparing biomarkers of other types of meat and to identify the most suitable candidates.

Current analytical methods for porcine identification in meat and meat products

Authentication of meat products is critical in the food industry. Meat adulteration may lead to religious apprehensions, financial gain and food-toxicities such as meat allergies. Thus, empirical validation of the quality and constituents of meat is paramount. Various analytical methods often based on protein or DNA measurements are utilized to identify meat species. Protein-based methods, including electrophoretic and immunological techniques, are at times unsuitable for discriminating closely related species. Most of these methods have been replaced by more accurate and sensitive detection methods, such as DNA-based techniques. Emerging technologies like DNA barcoding and mass spectrometry are still in their infancy when it comes to their utilization in meat detection. Gold nanobiosensors have shown some promise in this regard. However, its applicability in small scale industries is distant. This article comprehensively reviews the recent developments in the field of analytical methods used for porcine identification.