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Berendsen BJA, Roelofs G, van Zanten B, Driessen-van Lankveld WDM, Pikkemaat MG, Bongers IEA, de Lange E. A strategy to determine the fate of active chemical compounds in soil; applied to antimicrobially active substances. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130495. [PMID: 33878698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Data on the fate of chemical substances in the environment after e.g. manure application is mandatory input for risk assessment in perspective of a more circular biobased economy. Such fate studies include a persistence study to determine a half-life value and a mobility study. It is recognized that not only the native substance should be considered, but that also degradation products should be included that might exert a similar effect as the native substance. We report a tiered fate study strategy that starts with a persistence study. For non-persistent substances a study is performed to determine if degradation products have a similar effect as the native compound. If so, a procedure using high resolution mass spectrometry is suggested to identify the potentially active degradation products. Based on the outcomes, substances are divided into three categories: (I) persistent, (II) degradable to inactive products or (III) degradable to active products. Even though the priority is with category I and III, for all substances and possible degradation products a mobility study is proposed. The fate strategy is successfully applied to ten antimicrobially active substances originating from the tetracyclines, sulfonamides, diaminopyrimidines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and lincosamides. The fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim were relatively persistent. The sulfonamides, macrolides and lincomycin (the latter also depending on soil type) degraded relatively quickly. Tylosin A proved to degrade to antimicrobially active degradation products which were tentitatively identified as tylosin C, tylosin A acid, tylosin B acid and tylosin C acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland.
| | - Gregg Roelofs
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland
| | - Benjamin van Zanten
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland
| | | | - Mariël G Pikkemaat
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland
| | - Irma E A Bongers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland
| | - Erik de Lange
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherland
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2
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Serra-Compte A, Pikkemaat MG, Elferink A, Almeida D, Diogène J, Campillo JA, Llorca M, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Combining an effect-based methodology with chemical analysis for antibiotics determination in wastewater and receiving freshwater and marine environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116313. [PMID: 33360665 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two different methodologies were combined to evaluate the risks that antibiotics can pose in the environment; i) an effect-based methodology based on microbial growth inhibition and ii) an analytical method based on liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The first approach was adapted and validated for the screening of four antibiotic families, specifically macrolides/β-lactams, quinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines. The LC-MS method was applied for the identification and quantification of target antibiotics; then, the obtained results were combined with ecotoxicological data from literature to determine the environmental risk. The two methodologies were used for the analysis of antibiotics in water samples (wastewater, river water and seawater) and biofluids (fish plasma and mollusk hemolymph) in two monitoring campaigns undertaken in the Ebro Delta and Mar Menor Lagoon (both in the Mediterranean coast of Spain). Both approaches highlighted macrolides (azithromycin) and quinolones (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) as the main antibiotics in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents with potential risk for the environment. However, no risk for the aquatic life was identified in the river, lagoon and seawater as antibiotic levels were much lower than those in WWTP effluents. Fish from Ebro River were the organisms presenting the highest antibiotic concentration when compared with bivalves (mussels) from the Mediterranean Sea and gastropods (marine snails) from the Mar Menor Lagoon. The effect-based methodology successfully determined antibiotic risk in wastewater, but its applicability was less clear in environmental waters such as seawater, due to its high detection limits. Improving sample preconcentration could increase the method sensibility. Overall, combination of both methodologies provides comprehensive insights in antibiotic occurrence and risk associated in areas under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serra-Compte
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Mariël G Pikkemaat
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Elferink
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Almeida
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus de Montepríncipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA-Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Sant Carles de La Rapita, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Campillo
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Marine Environment and Environmental Protection Area, Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain.
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3
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Nguyen MT, De Baat ML, Van Der Oost R, Van Den Berg W, De Voogt P. Comparative field study on bioassay responses and micropollutant uptake of POCIS, Speedisk and SorbiCell polar passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:103549. [PMID: 33246138 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Routine water quality monitoring is generally performed with chemical analyses of grab samples, which has major limitations. First, snapshot samples will not give a good representation of the water quality. Second, it is not sufficient to analyze only a limited number of (priority) pollutants. These limitations can be circumvented by an alternative environmental risk assessment that combines time-integrated passive sampling (PS) with effect-based methods. This study aimed to select which of three polar PS devices was best suited for effect-based monitoring strategies. In the first part of this study, Speedisk, SorbiCell and POCIS polar PS devices were compared by simultaneous deployment at five sites. Chemical analyses of 108 moderately polar compounds (-1.82 < log D < 6.28) revealed that highest number of compounds, with the widest range of log KOW, log D and pKa, were detected in extracts of POCIS, followed by Speedisk. SorbiCell samplers accumulated the lowest numbers and concentrations of compounds, so they were not further investigated. In a follow-up study, bioassay responses were compared in extracts of POCIS and Speedisk devices deployed at eight sites. The passive sampler extracts were subjected to bioassays for non-specific toxicity, endocrine disruption, and antibiotics activities. More frequent and higher responses were induced by POCIS extracts, leading to more exceedances of effect-based trigger values for environmental risks. As POCIS outperformed Speedisk, it is better suited as PS device targeting polar compounds for semi-quantitative effect-based water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thao Nguyen
- Waterproef Laboratory, Department of Research & Validation, Edam, the Netherlands.
| | - Milo L De Baat
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Van Der Oost
- Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willie Van Den Berg
- Waterproef Laboratory, Department of Research & Validation, Edam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim De Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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4
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Kapp K, Püssa T, Orav A, Roasto M, Raal A, Vuorela P, Vuorela H, Tammela P. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Mentha spp. Grown in Estonia. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20977615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mentha spp. are used in the food and pharmaceutical industry; the plants are characterized by natural interspecies hybridization. In this study, knowledge of the chemical composition of Mentha spp. was broadened by focusing on plants grown in a geographically small region of Estonia. The antibacterial activity of Mentha spp. essential oils and water extracts was evaluated. Polyphenolic water extracts of M. × villosa Huds., M. × suaveolens Ehrh., and M. × gracilis Sole were tested for the first time on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Leaves of cultivated and wild-grown plants ( n = 33) were collected. The microdistilled essential oil composition reflected the diversity within the genus Mentha. Determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS), major compounds were cis-piperitone oxide, carvone, linalool, menthol, and menthofuran. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-MS/MS analyses of the water extracts, no species-specific polyphenolic compounds could be proposed. Abundant polyphenols were rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, and eriocitrin. Essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus by the broth dilution method. Water extracts showed activity only against S. aureus. This study supports the use of Mentha spp. as health-promoting ingredients in food. However, further studies are still needed to widen the knowledge of the chemical composition of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen Kapp
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tõnu Püssa
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne Orav
- Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mati Roasto
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ain Raal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pia Vuorela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vuorela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Kapp K, Orav A, Roasto M, Raal A, Püssa T, Vuorela H, Tammela P, Vuorela P. Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Mint Flavorings in Candies and Food Supplements. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1089-1096. [PMID: 32365392 DOI: 10.1055/a-1158-1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mint flavorings are widely used in confections, beverages, and dairy products. For the first time, mint flavoring composition of mint candies and food supplements (n = 45), originating from 16 countries, as well as their antibacterial properties, was analyzed. The flavorings were isolated by Marcusson's type micro-apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. The total content of the mint flavoring hydrodistilled extracts was in the range of 0.01 - 0.9%. The most abundant compounds identified in the extracts were limonene, 1,8-cineole, menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone, menthol and its isomers, menthyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of 13 reference substances and 10 selected mint flavoring hydrodistilled extracts was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by broth dilution method. Linalool acetate and (-)-carvone, as most active against both bacteria, had the lowest MIC90 values. (+)-Menthyl acetate, (-)-menthyl acetate, and limonene showed no antimicrobial activity. Three of the tested extracts had antimicrobial activity against E. coli and 8 extracts against S. aureus. Their summary antimicrobial activity was not always in concordance with the activities of respective reference substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen Kapp
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Orav
- Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Mati Roasto
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | - Ain Raal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Püssa
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
| | - Heikki Vuorela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Vuorela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Jonkers TJH, Steenhuis M, Schalkwijk L, Luirink J, Bald D, Houtman CJ, Kool J, Lamoree MH, Hamers T. Development of a high-throughput bioassay for screening of antibiotics in aquatic environmental samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:139028. [PMID: 32498177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to select a Gram-positive (Gram+) and Gram-negative (Gram-) strain to measure antimicrobial activity in environmental samples, allowing high-throughput environmental screening. The sensitivity of eight pre-selected bacterial strains were tested to a training set of ten antibiotics, i.e. three Gram+ Bacillus subtilis strains with different read-outs, and five Gram- strains. The latter group consisted of a bioluminescent Allivibrio fischeri strain and four Escherichia coli strains, i.e. a wild type (WT) and three strains with a modified cell envelope to increase their sensitivity. The WT B. subtilis and an E. coli strain newly developed in this study, were most sensitive to the training set. This E. coli strain carries an open variant of an outer membrane protein combined with an inactivated multidrug efflux transport system. The assay conditions of these two strains were optimized and validated by exposure to a validation set of thirteen antibiotics with clinical and environmental relevance. The assay sensitivity ranged from the ng/mL to μg/mL range. The applicability of the assays for toxicological characterization of aquatic environmental samples was demonstrated for hospital effluent extract. A future application includes effect-directed analysis to identify yet unknown antibiotic contaminants or their transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J H Jonkers
- Department of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Schalkwijk
- Department of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joen Luirink
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bald
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corine J Houtman
- The Water Laboratory, J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Biomolecular Analysis Group, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Jaén-Gil A, Farré MJ, Sànchez-Melsió A, Serra-Compte A, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Effect-Based Identification of Hazardous Antibiotic Transformation Products after Water Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9062-9073. [PMID: 32589847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic transformation products (TPs) generated during water treatment can be considered as an environmental concern, since they can retain part of the bioactivity of the parent compound. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) was applied for the identification of bioactive intermediates of azithromycin (AZI) and ciprofloxacin (CFC) after water chlorination. Fractionation of samples allowed the identification of bioactive intermediates by measuring the antibiotic activity and acute toxicity, combined with an automated suspect screening approach for chemical analysis. While the removal of AZI was in line with the decrease of bioactivity in chlorinated samples, an increase of bioactivity after complete removal of CFC was observed (at >0.5 mgCl2/L). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that some of the CFC intermediates could contribute to the overall toxicity of the chlorinated samples. Fractionation of bioactive samples identified that the chlorinated TP296 (generated from the destruction of the CFC piperazine ring) maintained 41%, 44%, and 30% of the antibiotic activity of the parent compound in chlorinated samples at 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mgCl2/L, respectively. These results indicate the spectrum of antibacterial activity can be altered by controlling the chemical substituents and configuration of the CFC structure with chlorine. On the other hand, the potential presence of volatile DBPs and fractionation losses do not allow for tentative confirmation of the main intermediates contributing to the acute toxic effects measured in chlorinated samples. Our results encourage further development of new and advanced methodologies to study the bioactivity of isolated unknown TPs to understand their hazardous effects in treated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - María-José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Sànchez-Melsió
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Albert Serra-Compte
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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8
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Wu Q, Zhu Q, Shabbir MAB, Sattar A, Peng D, Tao Y, Chen D, Yuan Z, Wang Y. The search for a microbiological inhibition method for the rapid, broad-spectrum and high-throughput screening of six kinds of antibiotic residues in swine urine. Food Chem 2020; 339:127580. [PMID: 32858380 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a microbiological inhibition method for rapidly screening antibiotics in swine urine was established with an easy sample pre-treatment. The microbiological system consisted of an agar medium mixed with nutrients, sensitizers, a test bacterium (Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC12980) and pH indicator (bromocresol purple). It was observed that the detection limits of the test kit for twenty-eight common antimicrobial residues in urine, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, and lincosamides, were less than or equal to the maximum residue limits of the kidney, as determined by the EU and China. Moreover, the false negative rate and the false positive rate, along with other performance indexes such as interassay coefficients of variation and shelf life of the kit, all met the standard requirements of the ISO13969:2003 guidelines. Additionally, our results were consistent with those using the gold-standard physical chemistry method, which suggest the proposed method is suitable for screening antibiotic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Dapeng Peng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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9
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Kožárová I, Juščáková D, Šimková J, Milkovičová M, Kožár M. Effective screening of antibiotic and coccidiostat residues in food of animal origin by reliable broad-spectrum residue screening tests. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1761270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Kožárová
- Katedra hygieny a technológie potravín, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Juščáková
- Katedra hygieny a technológie potravín, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Šimková
- Katedra chémie, biochémie a biofyziky, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Milkovičová
- Katedra chémie, biochémie a biofyziky, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kožár
- Klinika malých zvierat, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
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10
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Ma Z, Liu J, Li H, Zhang W, Williams MA, Gao Y, Gudda FO, Lu C, Yang B, Waigi MG. A Fast and Easily Parallelizable Biosensor Method for Measuring Extractable Tetracyclines in Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:758-767. [PMID: 31682442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of extractable antibiotics in soils is important to assessing their bioavailability and mobility, and ultimately their ecotoxicological and health risks. This study aimed to establish a biosensor method for detecting extractable tetracyclines in soils (Alfisol, Mollisol, and Ultisol) using whole-cell biosensors containing a reporter plasmid (pMTGFP or pMTmCherry) carrying fluorescent protein genes tightly controlled by tetracyclines-responsive control region (tetRO). This whole-cell biosensor method can simultaneously measure 96 or more samples within 6 h and is easily parallelizable, whereas a typical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method may require 7 times more of analysis time and much greater cost to achieve similar analytical throughput. The biosensor method had a detection limit for each of six tetracyclines between 5.32-10.2 μg/kg soil, which is considered adequate for detecting tetracyclines in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extracts of soils. Relative standard deviation was between 19.8-51.2% for the biosensor Escherichia coli DH5α/pMTGFP and 2.98-25.8% for E. coli DH5α/pMTmCherry, respectively, suggesting that E. coli DH5α/pMTmCherry was superior to E. coli DH5α/pMTGFP for detecting extractable tetracyclines in soils. This new, fast, easily parallelizable, and cost-effective biosensor method has the potential for measuring extractable concentrations of tetracyclines for a large number of soil samples in large-scale monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ma
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Mark A Williams
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Fredrick Owino Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Chao Lu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
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11
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Marques A, Veigas B, Araújo A, Pagará B, Baptista PV, Águas H, Martins R, Fortunato E. Paper-Based SERS Platform for One-Step Screening of Tetracycline in Milk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17922. [PMID: 31784619 PMCID: PMC6884497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the last decade, the expansion of food testing has been gradually moving towards ordinary high throughput screening methods performed on-site. The demand for point-of-care testing, able to distinguish molecular signatures with high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity has been significantly increasing. This new requirement relies on the on-site detection and monitorization of molecular signatures suitable for the surveillance of food production and processing. The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to disease control of livestock but has also created problems for the dairy industry and consumers. Its therapeutic and subtherapeutic use has increased the risk of contamination in milk in enough concentrations to cause economic losses to the dairy industry and have a health impact in highly sensitive individuals. This study focuses on the development of a simple Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) method for fast high throughput screening of tetracycline (TET) in milk. For this, we integrate a paper-based low-cost, fully recyclable and highly stable SERS platform, with a minimal sample preparation protocol. A two-microliter sample of milk solutions spiked with TET (from 0.01 to 1000 ppm) is dried on a silver nanoparticle coated cardboard substrate and measured via a Raman spectrophotometer. The SERS substrate showed to be extremely stable with a shelf life of several months. A global spectrum principal component analysis approach was used to test all the detected vibrational modes and their correlation with TET concentration. Peak intensity ratios (455 cm-1/1280 cm-1 and 874 cm-1/1397 cm-1) were found to be correlated with TET concentrations in milk, achieving a sensitivity as low as 0.1 ppm. Results indicate that this SERS method combined with portable Raman spectrometer is a potential tool that can be used on-site for the monitoring of TET residues and other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marques
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bruno Veigas
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Andreia Araújo
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- INCM, Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Pagará
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Viana Baptista
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Hugo Águas
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- i3N|CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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12
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Ezenduka EV, Okorie-Kanu OJ, Nwanta JA. Comparative analysis of two microbiological tests in the detection of oxytetracycline residue in chicken using ELISA as gold standard. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:617-629. [PMID: 31542990 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1669639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The validity of two microbiological methods: Tube (Premi® Test) and Plate (Three Plate Test) Test for the detection of oxytetracycline (OTC) in poultry was done using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) immunoassay as gold standard. OTC was administered to two groups of birds: intramuscular drug administration (group A) and oral drug administration (group B). Liver and muscle tissue samples from birds in both groups were tested for the presence of OTCwith the Four Plate Test (FPT), Premi® Test and ELISA. For muscle tissues, FPT had a sensitivity of 71.4% and 60%, while Premi® Test had a sensitivity of 57% and 20% for intramuscular and orally treated birds, respectively. For the liver tissues, FPT had 87.5% and 83.5% while Premi® Test had 37.5% and 16.6% sensitivity for intramuscular and orally treated birds, respectively. The two tests had 100% specificity for OTC in tissues of birds from both treatment groups. There is a strong correlation (r = 0.93) between the inhibition zones of FPT and ELISA concentrations in OTC detection. FPT, therefore, has a higher sensitivity for OTC than Premi® Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka
- Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - John Anaelom Nwanta
- Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
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13
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De Baat ML, Kraak MHS, Van der Oost R, De Voogt P, Verdonschot PFM. Effect-based nationwide surface water quality assessment to identify ecotoxicological risks. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:434-443. [PMID: 31125803 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of the toxic effects observed in surface waters cannot be attributed to compounds regularly measured by water authorities. Hence, there is an urgent need for an effect-based monitoring strategy that employs bioassays to identify environmental risks. The aim of the present study was to perform an effect-based nationwide water quality assessment to identify ecotoxicological risks in a wide variety of surface waters. At 45 locations silicone rubbers and polar organic chemical integrative samplers were exposed to surface water for 6 weeks. Alongside the passive samplers an in-situ daphnid test was performed. Subsequent to field exposure, accumulated compounds were extracted from the passive samplers after which a battery of in vivo and in vitro bioassays was exposed to the extracts. The bioassay battery was selected such that it could identify the risks posed by a wide range of chemical pollutants and their transformation products, while simultaneously allowing for targeted identification of groups of compounds that cause specific effects. Bioassay responses were compared to effect-based trigger values to identify potential ecotoxicological risks at the investigated locations. Responses were observed in all bioassays, and trigger values were exceeded in 9 out of the 21 applied assays, allowing for ranking of the investigated locations based on ecotoxicological risks. No relationship between land use and the identification of ecotoxicological risks was observed. Based on the results, considerations regarding future improvements of effect-based monitoring are given. It is concluded that effect-based water quality assessment allowed prioritization of sites based on ecotoxicological risks, identified the presence of hazardous compounds regardless of being listed as priority substances, and meanwhile could prevent costly chemical analysis at sites with low ecotoxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L De Baat
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M H S Kraak
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P De Voogt
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - P F M Verdonschot
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, UR, the Netherlands
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14
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Li L, Lin Z, Huang Z, Peng A. Rapid detection of sulfaguanidine in fish by using a photonic crystal molecularly imprinted polymer. Food Chem 2019; 281:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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16
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Mu Z, Zou Z, Yang Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Huang J, Cai R, Liu Y, Mo Y, Wang B, Dang Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Tan Q, Liu X, Hu C, Li H, Wei S, Lou C, Yu Y, Wang J. A genetically engineered Escherichia coli that senses and degrades tetracycline antibiotic residue. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:196-203. [PMID: 30345405 PMCID: PMC6190513 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the abuse of antibiotics, antibiotic residues can be detected in both natural environment and various industrial products, posing threat to the environment and human health. Here we describe the design and implementation of an engineered Escherichia coli capable of degrading tetracycline (Tc)-one of the commonly used antibiotics once on humans and now on poultry, cattle and fisheries. A Tc-degrading enzyme, TetX, from the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis was cloned and recombinantly expressed in E. coli and fully characterized, including its K m and k cat value. We quantitatively evaluated its activity both in vitro and in vivo by UV-Vis spectrometer and LC-MS. Moreover, we used a tetracycline inducible amplification circuit including T7 RNA polymerase and its specific promoter PT7 to enhance the expression level of TetX, and studied the dose-response of TetX under different inducer concentrations. Since the deployment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) outside laboratory brings about safety concerns, it is necessary to explore the possibility of integrating a kill-switch. Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems were used to construct a mutually dependent host-plasmid platform and biocontainment systems in various academic and industrious situations. We selected nine TA systems from various bacteria strains and measured the toxicity of toxins (T) and the detoxifying activity of cognate antitoxins (A) to validate their potential to be used to build a kill-switch. These results prove the possibility of using engineered microorganisms to tackle antibiotic residues in environment efficiently and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Mu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuoning Zou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ye Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianyi Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiling Cai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ye Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yajin Mo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Boyi Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Dang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongming Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yushan Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yueren Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingyang Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Team for iGEM 2016, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hua Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Biomacromolecules, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sha Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Biomacromolecules, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chunbo Lou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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17
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Dhakal S, Chao K, Huang Q, Kim M, Schmidt W, Qin J, Broadhurst CL. A Simple Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Method for on-Site Screening of Tetracycline Residue in Whole Milk. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E424. [PMID: 29389871 PMCID: PMC5856142 DOI: 10.3390/s18020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic and subtherapeutic use of veterinary drugs has increased the risk of residue contamination in animal food products. Antibiotics such as tetracycline are used for mastitis treatment of lactating cows. Milk expressed from treated cows before the withdrawal period has elapsed may contain tetracycline residue. This study developed a simple surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) method for on-site screening of tetracycline residue in milk and water. Six batches of silver colloid nanoparticles were prepared for surface enhancement measurement. Milk-tetracycline and water-tetracycline solutions were prepared at seven concentration levels (1000, 500, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 ppm) and spiked with silver colloid nanoparticles. A 785 nm Raman spectroscopic system was used for spectral measurement. Tetracycline vibrational modes were observed at 1285, 1317 and 1632 cm-1 in water-tetracycline solutions and 1322 and 1621 cm-1 (shifted from 1317 and 1632 cm-1, respectively) in milk-tetracycline solutions. Tetracycline residue concentration as low as 0.01 ppm was detected in both the solutions. The peak intensities at 1285 and 1322 cm-1 were used to estimate the tetracycline concentrations in water and milk with correlation coefficients of 0.92 for water and 0.88 for milk. Results indicate that this SERS method is a potential tool that can be used on-site at field production for qualitative and quantitative detection of tetracycline residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Dhakal
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Kuanglin Chao
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Qing Huang
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, CAS 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Moon Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - C Leigh Broadhurst
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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18
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van der Oost R, Sileno G, Janse T, Nguyen MT, Besselink H, Brouwer A. SIMONI (Smart Integrated Monitoring) as a novel bioanalytical strategy for water quality assessment: Part II-field feasibility survey. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2400-2416. [PMID: 28470932 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Because it is impossible to chemically analyze all relevant micropollutants, the implementation of bioanalytical tools is essential to estimate ecological risks of chemical mixtures in regular water-monitoring programs. The first tier of the Smart Integrated Monitoring (SIMONI) strategy, which was described in part I, is based on the combination of passive sampling and bioanalytical measurements. Bioassay responses are compared with effect-based trigger values (EBT), and an overall SIMONI score on all bioassay data was designed to indicate environmental risks. The present study is focused on analyzing the feasibility of the hazard identification tier by evaluating results of 45 field campaigns at sites with different pollution profiles near the city of Amsterdam. A Daphnia assay was performed in situ, while silicon rubber or polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) extracts were tested with 4 nonspecific (daphnids, algae, bacteria, and cell culture) and 10 specific (9 Chemical Activated Luciferase Gene Expression [CALUX] assays and antibiotics scan) bioassays. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the relevance of 2 classification variables in the SIMONI score formula on all bioanalytical data. The model indicated increased risks for the ecosystem at surface waters in greenhouse areas and undiluted wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. The choice of testing specific bioassays on either polar or nonpolar passive sampling extracts is cost-effective and still provided meaningful insights on micropollutant risks. Statistical analyses revealed that the model provides a relevant overall impact assessment based on bioassay responses. Data analyses on the chemically determined mixture toxic pressure and bioanalytical methods provided similar insights in relative risk ranking of water bodies. The SIMONI combination of passive sampling and bioanalytical testing appears to be a feasible strategy to identify chemical hazards. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2400-2416. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Sileno
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Janse
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mai Thao Nguyen
- Waterproef Laboratory, Research & validation, Edam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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van der Oost R, Sileno G, Suárez-Muñoz M, Nguyen MT, Besselink H, Brouwer A. SIMONI (smart integrated monitoring) as a novel bioanalytical strategy for water quality assessment: Part i-model design and effect-based trigger values. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2385-2399. [PMID: 28470755 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is virtually impossible to reliably assess water quality with target chemical analyses only. Therefore, a complementary effect-based risk assessment by bioanalyses on mixtures of bioavailable micropollutants is proposed: the Smart Integrated Monitoring (SIMONI) strategy. The goal of this strategy is to obtain more reliable information on the water quality to select optimum measures for improvement. The SIMONI strategy is 2-tiered. Tier 1 is a bioanalytical hazard identification of sites. A tier 2 ecological risk assessment is carried out only at a limited number of sites where increased hazards are detected in tier 1. Tier 2 will be customized, based on tier 1 evaluation and additional knowledge of the aquatic system. The present study focuses on the tier 1 bioanalytical hazard identification to distinguish "hot spots" of chemical pollution. First, a selection was made of relevant and cost-effective bioanalytical endpoints to cover a wide spectrum of micropollutant modes of action. Specific endpoints may indicate which classes of chemicals might cause adverse effects. Second, effect-based trigger values (EBT) were derived for these bioassays to indicate potential ecological risks. Comparison of EBT with bioassay responses should discriminate sites exhibiting different chemical hazards. Third, a model was designed to estimate the overall risks for aquatic ecosystems. The associated follow-up for risk management is a "toxicity traffic light" system: green, low hazard (no action required); orange, potential risk (further research needed); and red, high risk (mitigation measures). Thanks to cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and relevance, the SIMONI strategy has the potential to become the first bioanalytical tool to be applied in regular water quality monitoring programs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2385-2399. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Sileno
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Suárez-Muñoz
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mai Thao Nguyen
- Waterproef Laboratory, Research & Validation, Edam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Ecological Sciences, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Wegh RS, Berendsen BJA, Driessen-Van Lankveld WDM, Pikkemaat MG, Zuidema T, Van Ginkel LA. Non-targeted workflow for identification of antimicrobial compounds in animal feed using bioassay-directed screening in combination with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1935-1947. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. Wegh
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Tina Zuidema
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Kaufmann A. High throughput-screening of animal urine samples: It is fast but is it also reliable? Drug Test Anal 2017; 8:491-7. [PMID: 27443203 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced analytical technologies like ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry can be used for veterinary drug screening of animal urine. The technique is sufficiently robust and reliable to detect veterinary drugs in urine samples of animals where the maximum residue limit of these compounds in organs like muscle, kidney, or liver has been exceeded. The limitations and possibilities of the technique are discussed. The most critical point is the variability of the drug concentration ratio between the tissue and urine. Ways to manage the false positive and false negatives are discussed. The capability to confirm findings and the possibility of semi-targeted analysis are also addressed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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22
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Serra-Compte A, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D. Multi-residue method for the determination of antibiotics and some of their metabolites in seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 104:3-13. [PMID: 27908699 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in seafood for human consumption may pose a risk for consumers. A methodology for the analysis of antibiotics in seafood based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction, followed by detection and quantification using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed. The analytical method was evaluated for the determination of 23 antibiotics (including parent compounds and some metabolites) in fish, mussels and clams. Recoveries ranged between 30% and 70% for most of the compounds and method detection and quantification limits (MDLs and MQLs) were between 0.01 and 0.31 ng/g dry weigh (dw) and 0.02-1.03 ng/g (dw) respectively. Real seafood samples were analysed using this method. Nine antibiotics were found at levels above MDLs; however none of them exceed the maximum residue limits (MRL) established by the authorities. Tetracycline was the most ubiquitous compound, presenting also the highest concentration: 5.63 ng/g (dw) in fish from Netherlands. In addition, an alternative technique based on microbial growth inhibition was explored as semiquantitative detection method of antibiotics in seafood. This methodology could be applied as a fast screening technique for the detection of macrolides and β-lactams in seafood but further research is needed for other antibiotics families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serra-Compte
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Gondová Z, Kožárová I, Poláková Z, Mad’arová M. Comparison of Four Microbiological Inhibition Tests for the Screening of Antimicrobial Residues in the Tissues of Food-Producing Animals. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gaudin V, Hedou C, Soumet C, Verdon E. Evaluation and validation of a multi-residue method based on biochip technology for the simultaneous screening of six families of antibiotics in muscle and aquaculture products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:403-19. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1125529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The tetracyclines (TCs) are widely used in the treatment of several diseases of cattle and their residues may be present in milk. To control these residues it is necessary to have available inexpensive screening methods, user-friendly and capable of analysing a high number of samples. The purpose of this study was to design a bioassay of microbiological inhibition in microtiter plates with spores of Bacillus pumilus to detect TCs at concentrations corresponding to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Several complementary experiments were performed to design the bioassay. In the first study, we determined the concentration of spores that produce a change in the bioassay's relative absorbance in a short time period. Subsequently, we assessed the concentration of chloramphenicol required to decrease the detection limit (DL) of TCs at MRLs levels. Thereafter, specificity, DL and cross-specificity of the bioassay were estimated. The most appropriate microbiological inhibition assay had a B. pumilus concentration of 1·6 × 109 spores/ml, fortified with 2500 μg chloramphenicol/l (CAP) in Mueller Hinton culture medium using brilliant black and toluidine blue as redox indicator. This bioassay detected 117 μg chlortetracycline/l, 142 μg oxytetracycline/l and 105 μg tetracycline/l by means of a change in the indicator's colour in a period of 5 h. The method showed good specificity (97·9%) which decreased slightly (93·3%) in milk samples with high somatic cell counts (>250 000 cells/ml). Furthermore, other antimicrobials studied (except neomycin) must be present in milk at high concentrations (from >5 to >100 MRLs) to produce positive results in this assay, indicating a low cross specificity.
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Hua Y, Ou C, Chen G, Zhang X, Cai Y, Yang Z, Wang L, Chen M. Visualized detection of vancomycin by supramolecular hydrogelations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on a visualized detection system for vancomycin based on supramolecular hydrogelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Hua
- Department of Cardiology
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510280
- P. R. China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Department of Cardiology
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510280
- P. R. China
| | - Guoqin Chen
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Nankai University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Yanbin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Nankai University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Nankai University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Nankai University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510280
- P. R. China
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Biosensors, antibiotics and food. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 145:153-85. [PMID: 25216955 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43619-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are medicine's leading asset for fighting microbial infection, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. However, the misuse of antibiotics has led to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria and the development of multiple resistant pathogens. Therefore, antibiotics are rapidly losing their antimicrobial value. The use of antibiotics in food production animals is strictly controlled by the European Union (EU). Veterinary use is regulated to prevent the spread of resistance. EU legislation establishes maximum residue limits for veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin and enforces the establishment and execution of national monitoring plans. Among samples selected for monitoring, suspected noncompliant samples are screened and then subjected to confirmatory analysis to establish the identity and concentration of the contaminant. Screening methods for antibiotic residues are typically based on microbiological growth inhibition, whereas physico-chemical methods are used for confirmatory analysis. This chapter discusses biosensors, especially whole-cell based biosensors, as emerging screening methods for antibiotic residues. Whole-cell biosensors can offer highly sensitive and specific detection of residues. Applications demonstrating quantitative analysis and specific analyte identification further improve their potential as screening methods.
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Kheradmand E, Rafii F, Yazdi MH, Sepahi AA, Shahverdi AR, Oveisi MR. The antimicrobial effects of selenium nanoparticle-enriched probiotics and their fermented broth against Candida albicans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:48. [PMID: 24906455 PMCID: PMC4060857 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Lactic acid bacteria are considered important probiotics for prevention of some infections. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of selenium dioxide on the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. johnsonii against Candida albicans. Methods Lactobacillus plantarum and L. johnsonii cells, grown in the presence and absence of selenium dioxide, and their cell-free spent culture media were tested for antifungal activity against C. albicans ATCC 14053 by a hole-plate diffusion method and a time-kill assay. Results Both L. plantarum and L. johnsonii reduced selenium dioxide to cell-associated elemental selenium nanoparticles. The cell-free spent culture media, from both Lactobacillus species that had been grown with selenium dioxide for 48 h, showed enhanced antifungal activity against C. albicans. Enhanced antifungal activity of cell biomass against C. albicans was also observed in cultures grown with selenium dioxide. Conclusions Selenium dioxide-treated Lactobacillus spp. or their cell-free spent broth inhibited the growth of C. albicans and should be investigated for possible use in anti-Candida probiotic formulations in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ahmad Reza Shahverdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Evaluation of the antibacterial residue surveillance programme in Danish pigs using Bayesian methods. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Microbial based assay for specific detection of β-lactam group of antibiotics in milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011; 51:1161-6. [PMID: 24876650 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The spore forming Bacillus cereus (66) was screened for the induction of β-lactamase in presence of an inducer using iodometric assay. A significant induction in marker enzyme was observed in B. cereus 66 at maximum residual limit (MRL) of penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, cefalexin, and cephazolin belonging to β-lactam group of antibiotics. A microbial based assay, where enzyme induction was optimized at pH 7.0, temperature 30°C, and whey powder (0.25%) after 4 h of incubation. The spore based assay was tested with milk samples spiked with 6 different β-lactam antibiotics. The results were 100 and 83.33% in correlation with microbial receptor and inhibition based assay, respectively. Overall, spore based assay can be a useful and cost effective tool for the specific detection of β-lactam group of antibiotics in milk.
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Development and validation of a multiclass method for the determination of veterinary drug residues in chicken by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 89:201-8. [PMID: 22284481 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A multiclass method has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of 20 veterinary drug residues belonging to several classes, as quinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides, anthelmintics, avermectins and diamino derivatives, and benzathine, used as a marker of the presence of penicillin, in muscle chicken. It has been based on QuEChERS methodology (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) and ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Several chromatographic conditions were optimized, obtaining a running time <8.5 min. The developed method was validated on the basis of international guidelines. Mean recoveries ranged from 70 to 120%, except for benzathine (65.6% at 20 μg kg(-1)) and sulfadimidine (69.0% at 100 μg kg(-1)). Repeatability was lower than 20.0% except for sulfachlorpyridazine (22.1% at 20 μg kg(-1)) and tylosin (20.5% and 20.6% at 30 and 50 μg kg(-1), respectively), whereas reproducibility was lower than 25% except for flumequine (27.4% at 20 μg kg(-1)) and benzathine (37.8% and 27% at 20 and 50 μg kg(-1), respectively). Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) ranged from 3.0 to 6.0 μg kg(-1) and 10.0 to 20.0 μg kg(-1), respectively, except for tylosin that showed a LOD and LOQ of 9.0 and 30.0 μg kg(-1). Decision limit (CC(α)) and detection capability (CC(β)) were calculated and CC(β) ranged from 24.1 μg kg(-1) (mebendazole) to 423.6 μg kg(-1) (flumequine). Finally, the method was applied to real samples and traces of some compounds were found in eight samples of chicken and benzathine was detected in one sample at 29.9 μg kg(-1).
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Abstract
Coral disease has emerged over recent decades as a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems, with declines in coral cover and diversity of Caribbean reefs providing an example of the potential impacts of disease at regional scales. If similar trends are to be mitigated or avoided on reefs worldwide, a deeper understanding of the factors underlying the origin and spread of coral diseases and the steps that can be taken to prevent, control, or reduce their impacts is required. In recent years, an increased focus on coral microbiology and the application of classic culture techniques and emerging molecular technologies has revealed several coral pathogens that could serve as targets for novel coral disease diagnostic tools. The ability to detect and quantify microbial agents identified as indicators of coral disease will aid in the elucidation of disease causation and facilitate coral disease detection and diagnosis, pathogen monitoring in individuals and ecosystems, and identification of pathogen sources, vectors, and reservoirs. This information will advance the field of coral disease research and contribute knowledge necessary for effective coral reef management. This paper establishes the need for sensitive and specific molecular-based coral pathogen detection, outlines the emerging technologies that could serve as the basis of a new generation of coral disease diagnostic assays, and addresses the unique challenges inherent to the application of these techniques to environmentally derived coral samples.
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Dang PK, Degand G, Douny C, Ton VD, Maghuin-Rogister G, Scippo ML. Optimisation of a new two-plate screening method for the detection of antibiotic residues in meat. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MWANGI WILLIAMWACHIRA, SHITANDI ANAKALO, NGURE RAPHAEL. EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF BACILLUS CEREUS FOR ASSAY OF TETRACYCLINES IN CHICKEN MEAT. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pikkemaat M, Rapallini M, Zuidema T, Elferink J, Oostra-van Dijk S, Driessen-van Lankveld W. Screening methods for the detection of antibiotic residues in slaughter animals: comparison of the European Union Four-Plate Test, the Nouws Antibiotic Test and the Premi®Test (applied to muscle and kidney). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 28:26-34. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.535027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Pikkemaat
- a RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre , PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - M.L.B.A. Rapallini
- b Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority , Region East, PO Box 144, NL-6700 AC Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - T. Zuidema
- a RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre , PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - J.W.A. Elferink
- a RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre , PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - S. Oostra-van Dijk
- a RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre , PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - W.D.M. Driessen-van Lankveld
- a RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre , PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen , The Netherlands
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Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:854-9. [PMID: 21098247 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01126-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefquinome has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and was developed especially for use in animals. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV-visible detection for quantification of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma was developed and validated. Separation of cefquinome from plasma components was achieved on a Phenomenex Gemini C(18) column (250 mm by 4.6 mm; internal diameter [i.d.], 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water and was delivered at a rate of 0.9 ml/min. A simple and rapid sample preparation involved the addition of methanol to 200 μl of plasma to precipitate plasma proteins followed by direct injection of 50 μl of supernatant into the high-performance liquid chromatography system. The linearity range of the proposed method was 0.02 to 12 μg/ml. The intraday and interday coefficients of variation obtained from cefquinome were less than 5%, and biases ranged from -3.76% to 1.24%. Mean recovery based on low-, medium-, and high-quality control standards ranged between 92.0 and 93.9%. Plasma samples were found to be stable in various storage conditions (freeze-thaw, postpreparative, short-term, and long-term stability). The method described was found to be readily available, practicable, cheap, rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate. It was successfully applied to the study of the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in sheep. This method can be very useful and an alternate to performing pharmacokinetic studies in the determination of cefquinome for clinical use.
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Ezenduka EV, Oboegbulem SI, Nwanta JA, Onunkwo JI. Prevalence of antimicrobial residues in raw table eggs from farms and retail outlets in Enugu State, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:557-9. [PMID: 21104128 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production results in their accumulation in the body tissues and products such as milk and egg. The subsequent accumulation of these drugs and their metabolites in body cells is known as drug residue. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in eggs from poultry farms and retail outlets in Enugu State, Nigeria. Eggs from 25 selected commercial farms and ten retail outlets were screened for the prevalence of antimicrobial residue. Also, structured questionnaires were administered to 25 commercial farms in the state to determine the management practices and the most widely used antimicrobial drugs in farms and possible association between the management practices and the occurrence of antimicrobial residues in eggs from these farms. All the 25 farms surveyed use oxytetracycline. Eggs from nine of the surveyed farms tested positive for antimicrobial residue and three of the ten surveyed farms also tested positive for antimicrobial residue. No association was observed (p 0.05; Fisher's exact test) between the occurrence of antibiotic residues in eggs and farm size, feed source and housing systems. This study was able to demonstrate the presence of antimicrobial residues in eggs destined for human consumption. Drugs like nitrofurans which has been banned for use in food animals are still very much in use in Enugu State, Nigeria. Antibiotics given as feed additives may give rise to drug residues in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekene V Ezenduka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
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Gaudin V, Hedou C, Rault A, Verdon E. Validation of a Five Plate Test, the STAR protocol, for the screening of antibiotic residues in muscle from different animal species according to European Decision 2002/657/EC. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:935-52. [PMID: 20432095 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003677483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The STAR protocol is a Five Plate Test (FPT) developed several years ago at the Community Reference Laboratory (CRL) for the screening of antimicrobial residues in milk and muscle. This paper presents the validation of this method according to European Decision 2002/657/EC and to an internal guideline for validation. A validation protocol based on 'simulated tissues' and on a list of 16 representative antimicrobials to be validated was implemented in our laboratory during several months for the STAR protocol. The performance characteristics of the method were determined (specificity, detection capabilities CCbeta, applicability, ruggedness). In conclusion, the STAR protocol is applicable to the broad-spectrum detection of antibiotic residues in muscles of different animal species (pig, cattle, sheep, poultry). The method has good specificity (false-positive rate = 4%). The detection capabilities were determined for 16 antibiotics from different families in relation to their respective maximum residue limit (MRL): beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins < or = MRL), tetracyclines (< or = MRL and < or = 2.5 MRL), macrolides (2 MRL), quinolones (< or = 2 MRL), some sulphonamides (< or = 3 MRL), and trimethoprim (2 MRL). However, the sensitivity of the STAR protocol towards aminoglycosides (> 8 MRL) and florfenicol (< or = 10 MRL) was unsatisfactory (>>MRL). The two objectives of this study were met: firstly, to validate the STAR protocol according to European Decision 2002/657/EC, then to demonstrate that the validation guideline developed to implement this decision is applicable to microbiological plate tests even for muscle. The use of simulated tissue appeared a good compromise between spiked discs with antibiotic solutions and incurred tissues. In addition, the choice of a list of representative antibiotics allowed the reduction of the scope of the validation, which was already costly in time and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gaudin
- Community Reference Laboratory, AFSSA Fougères-LERMVD, La Haute Marche-BP 90203, F-35302 Fougere Cedex, France.
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Dang PK, Degand G, Danyi S, Pierret G, Delahaut P, Ton VD, Maghuin-Rogister G, Scippo ML. Validation of a two-plate microbiological method for screening antibiotic residues in shrimp tissue. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 672:30-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van der Grinten E, Pikkemaat MG, van den Brandhof EJ, Stroomberg GJ, Kraak MHS. Comparing the sensitivity of algal, cyanobacterial and bacterial bioassays to different groups of antibiotics. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:1-6. [PMID: 20430416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics may affect both primary producers and decomposers, potentially disrupting ecosystem processes. Hence, it is essential to assess the impact of antibiotics on aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the potential of a recently developed test for detecting antibiotics in animal tissue, the Nouws Antibiotic Test (NAT), as a sensitive bioassay to assess the effects of antibiotics in water. To this purpose, we determined the toxicity of sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, flumequine, tylosin, streptomycin, and oxytetracycline, using the NAT adapted for water exposure. The sensitivity of the NAT was compared to that of bioassays with bacteria (Microtox), cyanobacteria and green algae. In the Microtox test with Vibrio fischeri as test organism, no effects were observed for any of the test compounds. For three of the six antibiotics tested, the cyanobacteria were more vulnerable than the green algae when using photosynthetic efficiency as an endpoint. The lowest EC50 values for four out of six tested antibiotics were obtained using the NAT bacterial bioassay. The bacterial plate system responded to antibiotics at concentrations in the microgL(-1) and lower mgL(-1) range and, moreover, each plate proved to be specifically sensitive to the antibiotics group it was designed for. It is concluded that the NAT bioassay adapted for water exposure is a sensitive test to determine the presence of antibiotics in water. The ability of this test to distinguish five major antibiotic groups is a very strong additional value.
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van Holthoon F, Mulder PPJ, van Bennekom EO, Heskamp H, Zuidema T, van Rhijn HJA. Quantitative analysis of penicillins in porcine tissues, milk and animal feed using derivatisation with piperidine and stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:3027-40. [PMID: 20186537 PMCID: PMC2844525 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Penicillins are used universally in both human and veterinary medicine. The European Union (EU) has established maximum residue levels (MRLs) for most ß-lactam antibiotics in milk and animal tissues and included them in the National Residue Monitoring Programs. In this study, a novel method is described for the determination and confirmation of eight penicillins in porcine tissues, milk and animal feed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). To prevent degradation of penicillin residues during workup, a derivatisation procedure was developed, by which penicillins were converted to stable piperidine derivatives. Deuterated piperidine derivatives were synthesised for all relevant penicillins, enabling the use of isotope dilution for accurate quantification. Penicillin residues were derivatised in the crude extract with piperidine and isolated using solid-phase extraction. The penicillin piperidine derivatives were determined by LC–MS/MS. The method was validated at the current MRLs, which range from 25–300 µg kg−1 in muscle and kidney to 4–30 µg kg−1 in milk as well as at the target value of 100 µg kg−1 chosen for animal feed, according to the EU requirements for a quantitative confirmatory method. Accuracy ranged from 94–113% (muscle), 83–111% (kidney) and 87–103% (milk) to 88–116% (animal feed). Intra-day precision (relative standard deviation (RSD)r) ranged from 5–13% (muscle, n = 18), 4–17% (kidney, n = 7) and 5–18% (milk, n = 7) to 11–32% (animal feed, n = 18). Inter-day precision (RSDRL, n = 18) ranged from 6–23% (muscle) to 11–36% (animal feed). From the results, it was concluded that the method was fit for purpose at the target MRLs in animal tissue and target levels for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique van Holthoon
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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De Brabander H, Noppe H, Verheyden K, Vanden Bussche J, Wille K, Okerman L, Vanhaecke L, Reybroeck W, Ooghe S, Croubels S. Residue analysis: Future trends from a historical perspective. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7964-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kožárová I, Janošová J, Máté D, Tkáčiková S. Evaluation of three different microbial inhibition tests for the detection of sulphamethazine residues in the edible tissues of rabbit. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:978-87. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902839715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pikkemaat MG. Microbial screening methods for detection of antibiotic residues in slaughter animals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:893-905. [PMID: 19484227 PMCID: PMC2758187 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of food products from animal origin for the presence of antimicrobial residues is preferably done using microbial screening methods because of their high cost-effectiveness. Traditionally applied methods fail to detect the maximum residue limits which were established when EU Council Regulation 2377/90 came into effect. Consequently, during the last decade this has led to the development of improved microbial screening methods. This review provides an overview of the efforts expended to bring antibiotic screening methods into compliance with EU legislation. It can be concluded that the current situation is still far from satisfactory. Microbial inhibition assay for muscle samples ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariël G Pikkemaat
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Bovee TFH, Pikkemaat MG. Bioactivity-based screening of antibiotics and hormones. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8035-50. [PMID: 19342055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactivity-based screening methods are relatively cheap, quick and easy to use tools. Especially with respect to antimicrobial residues and compounds with hormonal activity, they form a very cost-effective alternative to physical chemical methods in large-scale surveillance and monitoring programs, where their main purpose is to identify samples that require additional chemical confirmation. A major advantage is their intrinsic capability to detect unknown compounds and new hazards. This review shows an overview of the available methods and their potential and limitations for regulatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Virolainen NE, Pikkemaat MG, Elferink JWA, Karp MT. Rapid detection of tetracyclines and their 4-epimer derivatives from poultry meat with bioluminescent biosensor bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11065-70. [PMID: 18998699 DOI: 10.1021/jf801797z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline (TC) specific luminescent bacterial biosensors were used in a rapid TC residue assay sensitized to meet the EU maximum residue limit (MRL) for TC residues in poultry muscle tissue (100 microg kg(-1)) by membrane-permeabilizing and chelating agents polymyxin B and EDTA. Sensitivities of 5 ng g(-1) for doxycycline, 7.5 ng g(-1) for chlortetracycline, and 25 ng g(-1) for tetracycline and oxytetracycline were reached. Except for doxycycline, the MRLs of these tetracyclines include their 4-epimer metabolites. In the biosensor assay, all four 4-epimers showed induction capacity and antimicrobial activity, and antimicrobial activity was also observed in the inhibition assay, although with lower efficiency than that of the corresponding parent compound in both assays. The biosensor assay is an inexpensive and rapid high-throughput screening method for the detection of 4-epimer TC residues along with their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Virolainen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
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48
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Hoogenboom LAP, Bokhorst JG, Northolt MD, van de Vijver LPL, Broex NJG, Mevius DJ, Meijs JAC, Van der Roest J. Contaminants and microorganisms in Dutch organic food products: a comparison with conventional products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1195-207. [PMID: 18608495 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802014930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic products were analysed for the presence of contaminants, microorganisms and antibiotic resistance and compared with those from conventional products. No differences were observed in the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in organic and conventional wheat, during both a dry period and a very wet period which promoted the production of these toxins. Nitrate levels in head lettuce produced organically in the open field were much lower than those in conventional products. In iceberg lettuce and head lettuce from the greenhouse, no differences were detected. Organically produced carrots contained higher nitrate levels than conventional products. Both organic and conventional products contained no residues of non-polar pesticides above the legal limits, although some were detected in conventional lettuce. Organic products contained no elevated levels of heavy metals. Salmonella was detected in 30% of pig faeces samples obtained from 30 organic farms, similar to the incidence at conventional farms. At farms that switched to organic production more then 6 years ago no Salmonella was detected, with the exception of one stable with young pigs recently purchased from another farm. No Salmonella was detected in faeces at the nine farms with organic broilers, and at one out of ten farms with laying hens. This is comparable with conventional farms where the incidence for Salmonella lies around 10%. Campylobacter was detected in faeces at all organic broiler farms, being much higher than at conventional farms. One of the most remarkable results was the fact that faeces from organic pigs and broilers showed a much lower incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, except for Campylobacter in broilers. It is concluded that the organic products investigated scored as equally well as conventional products with regard to food safety and at the same time show some promising features with respect to antibiotic resistance.
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49
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van Holthoon FL, Essers ML, Mulder PJ, Stead SL, Caldow M, Ashwin HM, Sharman M. A generic method for the quantitative analysis of aminoglycosides (and spectinomycin) in animal tissue using methylated internal standards and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 637:135-43. [PMID: 19286022 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are a large and diverse group of antibiotics. Although AGs may cause side effects of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, they are still occasionally being used for the treatment of serious infections. In this study the development of a method is described for the quantitative determination and confirmation of seven aminoglycosides (and relevant isomers) and spectinomycin in animal tissues. The extraction was based on an extraction followed by a concentration and clean-up step using weak cation exchange solid phase extraction. The separation was performed by ion-pair liquid chromatography on a C(18) column followed by mass spectrometric detection. The method was validated according to the EU requirements for a quantitative confirmatory method. Permethylated aminoglycosides (in-house synthesised internal standards) were used for accurate quantification. The accuracy of the analyses of AGs in kidney ranged from 94 to 111%, intra-day precision ranged between 2.5 and 7.4% (R.S.D.(r)) and inter-day precision ranged between 2.2 and 17.3% (R.S.D.(RL), n=21, MRL level). Accuracy (muscle tissue) varied from 83 to 128% with an intra-day precision between 2.2 and 17.3% (R.S.D.(r), n=7, MRL level). From the results it was concluded that the method was able to monitor MRL levels which ranged from 750 to 20,000 microgkg(-1) for kidney and from 50 to 10,000 microgkg(-1) for muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique L van Holthoon
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Pikkemaat MG, Rapallini MLBA, Dijk SOV, Elferink JWA. Comparison of three microbial screening methods for antibiotics using routine monitoring samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 637:298-304. [PMID: 19286043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring large numbers of slaughter animals for the presence of antimicrobial residues is preferably carried out using microbiological screening methods, because of their high cost-effectiveness. An evaluation of the Nouws antibiotic test (NAT) was performed on routine monitoring samples and the performance of the method was compared with two other microbial screening methods: Screening test for antibiotic residues (STAR) and Premi Test. Analysis of 591 samples yielded four MRL violations. Three of them concerned tetracyclines that were only detected with the NAT and the STAR method. The fourth, 172 microgkg(-1) Sulfadiazine, was detected by all three methods. Additionally, 156 microgkg(-1) Tulathromycin was found in porcine meat, while for this residue no MRL in muscle has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariël G Pikkemaat
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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