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Shao Y, Ren G, Zhao J, Lu T, Liu Q, Xu L. Dynamic Distribution of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Strains of Genogroups 1, 5, and 7 after Intraperitoneal Administration in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Viruses 2022; 14:v14122634. [PMID: 36560638 PMCID: PMC9784894 DOI: 10.3390/v14122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the causative agent of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IPN and causes significant loss of fingerlings. The currently prevalent IPNV genogroups in China are genogroups 1 and 5. However, in this study, we isolated and identified a novel IPNV, IPNV-P202019, which belonged to genogroup 7. Here, a total of 200 specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout (10 g average weight) were divided randomly into four groups to investigate the distribution of different IPNV strains (genogroups 1, 5, and 7) in 9 tissues of rainbow trout by means of intraperitoneal (ip) injection. Fish in each group were monitored after 3-, 7-, 14-, 21- and 28- days post-infection (dpi). The study showed no mortality in all groups. The distribution of IPNV genogroups 1 and 5 was similar in different tissues and had a higher number of viral loads after 3, 7, or 14 dpi. However, the distribution of IPNV genogroup 7 was detected particularly in the spleen, head kidney, and feces and had a lower number of viral loads. The results of this study provide valid data for the distribution of IPNV in rainbow trout tissues and showed that IPNV genogroups 1 and 5 were still the prevalent genogroups of IPNV in China. Although rainbow trout carried IPNV genogroup 7, the viral load was too low to be pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liming Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-87930965
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Early or Simultaneous Infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Inhibits Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Replication and Induces a Stronger Antiviral Response during Co-infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081732. [PMID: 36016354 PMCID: PMC9414607 DOI: 10.3390/v14081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) are the most common viral diseases of salmon in aquaculture worldwide. The co-infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with IHN virus (IHNV) and IPN virus (IPNV) is known to occur. To determine the influence of IPNV on IHNV in co-infection, rainbow trout were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with IPNV at different time intervals prior to, simultaneously to, or after IHNV infection. The replication of IHNV in the brain, gill, heart, liver, spleen, and head kidney was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that when rainbow trout were i.p. injected with IPNV prior to, simultaneously to, or after IHNV on 2 day (d), IHNV replication was inhibited (p < 0.05) in all collected tissues. Nevertheless, when rainbow trout were i.p. injected with IPNV after IHNV on 7 d (H7P), IHNV replication was only inhibited (p < 0.05) in the liver 14 d post-IHNV infection. Moreover, stronger antiviral responses occurred in all challenge groups. Our results suggest that IPNV can inhibit IHNV replication before or simultaneously with IHNV infection, and induce a stronger antiviral response, and that this inhibition is most sensitive in the liver. Early i.p. injection of IPNV can significantly reduce the mortality of rainbow trout, compared with the group only injected with IHNV.
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Jin Y, Bergmann SM, Mai Q, Yang Y, Liu W, Sun D, Chen Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Cai W, Dong H, Li H, Yu H, Wu Y, Lai M, Zeng W. Simultaneous Isolation and Identification of Largemouth Bass Virus and Rhabdovirus from Moribund Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081643. [PMID: 36016264 PMCID: PMC9415833 DOI: 10.3390/v14081643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Largemouth bass is an important commercially farmed fish in China, but the rapid expansion of its breeding has resulted in increased incidence of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites. In this study, moribund largemouth bass containing ulcer foci on body surfaces indicated the most likely pathogens were iridovirus and rhabdovirus members and this was confirmed using a combination of immunohistochemistry, cell culture, electron microscopy and conserved gene sequence analysis. We identified that these fish had been co-infected with these viruses. We observed bullet-shaped virions (100−140 nm long and 50−100 nm in diameter) along with hexagonal virions with 140 nm diameters in cell culture inoculated with tissue homogenates. The viruses were plaque purified and a comparison of the highly conserved regions of the genome of these viruses indicated that they are most similar to largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus (HSHRV), respectively. Regression infection experiments indicated fish mortalities for LMBV-FS2021 and HSHRV-MS2021 were 86.7 and 11.1%, respectively. While co-infection resulted in 93.3% mortality that was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the single infections even though the viral loads differed by >100-fold. Overall, we simultaneously isolated and identified LMBV and a HSHRV-like virus from diseased largemouth bass, and our results can provide novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of combined virus infection especially in largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Sven M. Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-InselRiems, Germany;
| | - Qianyi Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Dongli Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yingying Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Hanxu Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yali Wu
- Foshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, Foshan 528145, China; (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingjian Lai
- Foshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, Foshan 528145, China; (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0757)-83962672
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Maj-Paluch J, Wasiak M, Bocian Ł, Reichert M. Comparison of Selected Immune Parameters in a Single Infection and Co-Infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus with Other Viruses in Rainbow Trout. Pathogens 2022; 11:658. [PMID: 35745512 PMCID: PMC9231359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) often occurs in an aquatic environment in co-infection with other viruses. In this study, we wanted to investigate the effect of this virus on the course of co-infection with other viruses in rainbow trout. For co-infection we used viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and salmonid alphavirus (SAV) field strains and infected rainbow trout divided into eight groups; I; IPNV, II; IHNV, III; VHSV, I; SAV, V; IPNV+IHNV, VI; IPNV+VHSV, VII; IPNV+SAV, and the control group. We assessed apoptosis in white blood cells and used a real time RT-PCR to analyze RNA obtained from the internal organs of the fish. During single infection and co-infection the level of expression of immune genes such as interferon and toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) was assessed. The highest mortality during the experiment was observed in group III infected by VHSV. The average percentage of apoptotic cells was higher in groups without co-infection, especially in groups II and III. Interferon expression was higher in singly infected groups, the highest being in the heart in group III, while expression of the TLR-3 gene was generally raised in all tested organs in all groups. We found that co-infection with IPNV had a positive impact on the course of infection with the viruses listed because it lowered mortality, reduced apoptosis in co-infected cells, and positively affected fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Maj-Paluch
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Wasiak
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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Duan K, Zhao J, Ren G, Shao Y, Lu T, Xu L, Tang X, Zhao W, Xu L. Molecular Evolution of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030488. [PMID: 33809489 PMCID: PMC7998647 DOI: 10.3390/v13030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive virus surveillance was performed in twenty-nine salmon and trout farms from seven provinces and districts in China during the period 2017–2020. A total of 25 infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) isolates were obtained, mainly from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The molecular evolution of these Chinese IPNV isolates and the previously reported Chinese IPNV strains ChRtm213 and WZ2016 was analyzed, based on their VP2 gene coding region sequences (CDS). All 27 Chinese IPNV isolates clustered within genogroups I and V, with 24 of the IPNV isolates belonging to genogroup I (including ChRtm213 and WZ2016), and only three isolates clustering in genogroup V. The Chinese genogroup I IPNV isolates lacked diversity, composing six haplotypes with 41 polymorphic sites, and the identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among the entire VP2 gene CDS from these isolates was 97.44%–100% and 98.19%–100%, respectively. Divergence time analyses revealed that the Chinese genogroup I IPNV isolates likely diverged from Japanese IPNV isolates in 1985 (95% highest posterior density (HPD), 1965–1997), and diverged again in 2006 (95% HPD, 1996–2013) in China. Each of the three Chinese genogroup V IPNV isolates has a unique VP2 gene CDS, with a total of 21 polymorphic sites; the identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among all VP2 gene CDS from these isolates was 98.5%–99.5% and 98.6%–99.0%, respectively. The data demonstrate that genogroups I and V are more likely the currently prevalent Chinese IPNV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Guangming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lipu Xu
- Fish Disease Department of Beijing Fisheries Technical Extension Station, Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Liming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-87930965
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Research progress on hosts and carriers, prevalence, virulence of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV). J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107556. [PMID: 33596435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is one of the major viral pathogens of penaeid shrimp and it has spread worldwide. IHHNV causes substantial economic loss to the shrimp farming industry and has been listed as a notifiable crustacean disease pathogen by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In this paper, we reviewed studies on the hosts and carriers, prevalence, genotypes and virulence of IHHNV. The pathogenesis mechanisms of IHHNV and the viral interference between IHHNV and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were also discussed. The mechanism of IHHNV infection and its virulence difference in different hosts and different developmental stages have not been fully studied yet. The mechanisms underlying viral interference between IHHNV and WSSV are not yet fully understood. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms underlying IHHNV infection and to apply the insights gained from such studies for the effective control and prevention of IHHNV disease.
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Louboutin L, Cabon J, Vigouroux E, Morin T, Danion M. Comparative analysis of the course of infection and the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the 5 genotypes of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Virology 2021; 552:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Xu LM, Liu M, Zhao JZ, Ren GM, Dong Y, Shao YZ, Lu TY, Zhang QY. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus at the early stage of infection in a time dependent manner during Co-infection in Chinook salmon embryo cell lines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:361-367. [PMID: 32387559 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids can be co-infected by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) under natural or experimental conditions. To reveal the influence of IPNV on IHNV in co-infections, CHSE-214 cells were inoculated with IPNV at different time intervals prior to or after IHNV infection. Propagation of IHNV was determined by an immunofluorescence antibody test, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and virus titration. The results showed that when cells were inoculated with IPNV prior to IHNV, IHNV multiplication was inhibited. This inhibitory effect became stronger with increasing time intervals (P < 0.05). When cells were inoculated with IPNV after IHNV, the inhibitory effect became weaker with increasing time intervals (P < 0.05), and no significant inhibition was observed at 12 h (P > 0.05) compared with the single IHNV infection group. The findings suggest that IHNV is inhibited at the early stage of infection by IPNV and in a time dependent manner during co-infection. Furthermore, the effect of IPNV on IHNV entry and expression of IHNV entry-related genes clathrin, dynamin-2, adaptor protein 2, and vacuolar protein sorting 35 were also determined. The results showed that IPNV did not affect the amount of IHNV entering the cells. However, the expression levels of clathrin and dynamin-2 were significantly lower in co-infection than those in single IHNV infection, which suggests that IPNV likely inhibits IHNV by affecting IHNV invasion via downregulating IHNV entry-related genes clathrin and dynamin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Shao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Chen Y, Guo M, Wang Y, Hua X, Gao S, Wang Y, Li D, Shi W, Tang L, Li Y, Liu M. Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)-G N438A expresses VP2 gene-encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:631-642. [PMID: 30874325 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens in rainbow trout farming worldwide. Their co-infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Development of a universal virus vaccine providing broadly cross-protective immunity will be of great importance. In this study, we generated two recombinant (r) virus (rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-EGFP and rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-VP2) replacing the NV gene of the backbone of rIHNV at the single point mutation at residue 438 with an efficient green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and antigenic VP2 gene of IPNV. Meanwhile, we tested their efficacy against the wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 virus and IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge. The relative per cent survival rates of two recombinant viruses against (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 virus challenge were 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. Simultaneously, the relative per cent survival rate of rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-VP2 against IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge was 88.9%. It showed the two recombinant viruses had high protection rates and induced a high level of antibodies against IHNV or IPNV. Taken together, these results suggest the VP2 gene of IPNV can act as candidate gene for vaccine and attenuated multivalent live vaccines and molecular marker vaccines have potential application for viral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengting Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojing Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Mulei IR, Nyaga PN, Mbuthia PG, Waruiru RM, Xu C, Evensen Ø, Mutoloki S. First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:751-758. [PMID: 30805926 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Mulei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip N Nyaga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul G Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert M Waruiru
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cheng Xu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Gorgoglione B, Taylor NGH, Holland JW, Feist SW, Secombes CJ. Immune response modulation upon sequential heterogeneous co-infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and VHSV in brown trout (Salmo trutta). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:375-390. [PMID: 30797951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous and sequential infections often occur in wild and farming environments. Despite growing awareness, co-infection studies are still very limited, mainly to a few well-established human models. European salmonids are susceptible to both Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD), an endemic emergent disease caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), an OIE notifiable listed disease caused by the Piscine Novirhabdovirus. No information is available as to how their immune system reacts when interacting with heterogeneous infections. A chronic (PKD) + acute (VHS) sequential co-infection model was established to assess if the responses elicited in co-infected fish are modulated, when compared to fish with single infections. Macro- and microscopic lesions were assessed after the challenge, and infection status confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis, enabling the identification of singly-infected and co-infected fish. A typical histophlogosis associated with histozoic extrasporogonic T. bryosalmonae was detected together with acute inflammation, haemorrhaging and necrosis due to the viral infection. The host immune response was measured in terms of key marker genes expression in kidney tissues. During T. bryosalmonae/VHSV-Ia co-infection, modulation of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptide genes was strongly influenced by the viral infection, with a protracted inflammatory status, perhaps representing a negative side effect in these fish. Earlier activation of the cellular and humoral responses was detected in co-infected fish, with a more pronounced upregulation of Th1 and antiviral marker genes. These results reveal that some brown trout immune responses are enhanced or prolonged during PKD/VHS co-infection, relative to single infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK.
| | - Nick G H Taylor
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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12
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Guo M, Shi W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li D, Ren X, Hua X, Tang L, Li Y, Liu M. Recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus expressing infectious pancreatic necrosis virus VP2 protein induces immunity against both pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:187-194. [PMID: 29684608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are typical pathogens of rainbow trout. Their co-infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Although vaccines against IHNV and IPNV have been commercialized in many countries, the prevalence of IHNV and IPNV is still widespread in modern aquaculture. In the present study, two IHNV recombinant viruses displaying IPNV VP2 protein (rIHNV-IPNV VP2 and rIHNV-IPNV VP2COE) were generated using the RNA polymerase Ⅱ system to explore the immunogenicity of IHNV and IPNV. The recombinant IHNV viruses were stable, which was confirmed by sequencing, indirect immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, transmission electron microscopy and viral growth curve assay. IHNV and IPNV challenge showed that the recombinant viruses had high protection rates against IHNV and IPNV with approximately 65% relative percent survival rates. Rainbow trout (mean weight 20 g) vaccinated with these two recombinant viruses showed a high level of antibodies against IHNV and IPNV infection. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that rIHNV-IPNV VP2 and rIHNV-IPNV VP2COE might be promising vaccine candidates against IHNV and IPNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyu Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Vendramin N, Alencar ALF, Iburg TM, Dahle MK, Wessel Ø, Olsen AB, Rimstad E, Olesen NJ. Piscine orthoreovirus infection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protects against subsequent challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29534748 PMCID: PMC5850924 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is endemic in farmed rainbow trout in continental Europe and in various salmonid fish species at the Pacific coast of North America. IHN has never occurred in European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms, but is considered as a major threat for the European salmon industry. Another virus, Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), is widespread in the sea phase of Atlantic salmon, and is identified as the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between a primary PRV infection and a secondary IHNV infection under experimental conditions. A PRV cohabitation challenge was performed with Atlantic salmon. At peak of PRV viremia the fish were challenged by immersion with an IHNV genogroup E isolate. Clinical signs and morbidity were monitored. Target organs were sampled at selected time points to assess viral loads of both pathogens. Antiviral immune response and presence of histopathological findings were also investigated. Whereas the PRV-negative/IHNV positive group suffered significant decrease in survival caused by IHNV, the PRV infected groups did not suffer any morbidity and showed negligible levels of IHNV infection. Antiviral response genes were induced, as measured in spleen samples, from PRV infected fish prior to IHNV challenge. In conclusion, PRV-infection protects Atlantic salmon against IHNV infection and morbidity, most likely by inducing a protective innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccoló Vendramin
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Kim YC, Kwon WJ, Kim MS, Kim KI, Min JG, Jeong HD. High prevalence of betanodavirus barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus as well as red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus genotype in shellfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:233-246. [PMID: 29027679 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Using two serially executed PCRs, the discriminative multiplex two-step RT-PCR (DMT-2 RT-PCR) following the detection seminested two-step RT-PCR (DSN-2 RT-PCR), we found a high frequency presence of BFNNV genotype as well as RGNNV in various domestic and imported shellfish. This was definitely different from the previous reports of outbreaks and asymptomatic infection only by the RGNNV genotype in cultured finfish in Korea. Cultivation of NNV entrapped in shellfish was performed successfully by a blind passage. Thus, in an attempt to elucidate the epidemiology of betanodavirus, experiments conducted on 969 shellfish samples concluded that (i) distribution of NNV genotype, especially BFNNV, in shellfish is clearly different from that found in finfish of the world; (ii) unlike RGNNV, which showed a high rate in summer, BFNNV showed no seasonal variation and this result suggests BFNNVs in the marine environment remain fairly constant throughout the year; and (iii) the entrapped virus in shellfish was alive and culturable in vitro. These results are the first report of high level prevalence of in vitro culturable NNV in shellfish, for both BFNNV and RGNNV, which may present a potential risk in transmitting nodaviruses to host species in a marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - W J Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - M S Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - K I Kim
- Aquaculture Industry Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - J G Min
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H D Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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15
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Lin Q, Fu X, Li N, Wan Q, Chen W, Huang Y, Huang Z, Li J, Zhao L, Lin L. Co-infections of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). Microb Pathog 2017; 111:422-430. [PMID: 28890148 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the quite common co-infections of viruses in the cultured fish, most of the previous studies have just simply focused on the infection of a single pathogen. In this report, we observed that about 13% of cultured Chinese perch have been co-infected by infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV). Furthermore, Chinese perch could co-infected by ISKNV and SCRV by intraperitoneally injection with the two viruses. Interestingly, we revealed that the two viruses could even co-infect a single cell of Chinese perch in vivo and a single Chinese perch brain cells (CPB) cell in vitro. The dynamic co-infected viruses loads in the different tissues of Chinese perch showed dependent. When CPB cells were infected with the same 10 MOI of SCRV and ISKNV, the replication of SCRV overwhelmed the replication of ISKNV. When the MOI of ISKNV (10 MOI) was 10,000 times of MOI of SCRV (0.001 MOI), the dynamic virus loads of the two viruses in CPB cells indicated that co-infections could synergistically stimulate both viruses replication at the late time points but not at early time points. The co-infections of ISKNV and SCRV in the cultured Chinese perch will shed a new light on the prevention of the viral diseases of Chinese perch. The development of multivalent vaccine which could be effective for preventing against the co-infections of the viruses is highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
| | - Li Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
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16
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López-Vázquez C, Alonso MC, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. In vivo study of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coexistence in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1129-1139. [PMID: 28032357 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of IPNV-VHSV coinfection and superinfection on the mortality caused by both viruses in Senegalese sole has been analysed. No effect was observed after coinfection. However, a clear viral interference was recorded between a primary IPNV and a subsequent VHSV infection, which led to a survival increase in the infected sole of 50% points when compared with fish infected only with VHSV. The significantly higher Mx transcriptional values in the fish pre-exposed to IPNV (at least at first days after superinfection) and the increased daily mortality when low Mx transcriptional levels were recorded suggest that Mx may be involved in the protective effect against VHSV infection. However, in fish subjected to VHSV primary/IPNV secondary infection, no interference was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Málaga, Spain
| | - C P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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17
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Xu L, Zhao J, Liu M, Ren G, Jian F, Yin J, Feng J, Liu H, Lu T. Bivalent DNA vaccine induces significant immune responses against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5700. [PMID: 28720888 PMCID: PMC5515949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens of salmon and trout. An active bivalent DNA vaccine was constructed with the glycoprotein gene of Chinese IHNV isolate Sn1203 and VP2-VP3 gene of Chinese IPNV isolate ChRtm213. Rainbow trout (5 g) were vaccinated by intramuscular injection with 1.0 µg of the bivalent DNA vaccine and then challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of IHNV, IPNV, or both, at 30 and 60 days post-vaccination (d.p.v.). High protection rates against IHNV were observed, with 6% and 10% cumulative mortality, respectively, compared with 90-94% in the mock-vaccinated groups. IPNV loads (531-fold and 135-fold, respectively) were significantly reduced in the anterior kidneys of the vaccinated trout. Significant protection against co-infection with IHNV and IPNV was observed, with cumulative mortality rates of 6.67% and 3.33%, respectively, compared with 50.0% and 43.3%, respectively, in the mock-vaccinated groups. No detectable infective IHNV or IPNV was recovered from vaccinated trout co-infected with IHNV and IPNV. The bivalent DNA vaccine increased the expression of Mx-1 and IFN-γ at 4, 7, and 15 d.p.v, and IgM at 21 d.p.v., and induced high titres (≥160) of IHNV and IPNV neutralizing antibodies at 30 and 60 d.p.v.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jian
- Benxi AgriMarine Industries Inc., Benxi, 117000, P.R. China
| | - Jiasheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Ji Feng
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, P.R. China.
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18
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Røsæg MV, Lund M, Nyman IB, Markussen T, Aspehaug V, Sindre H, Dahle MK, Rimstad E. Immunological interactions between Piscine orthoreovirus and Salmonid alphavirus infections in Atlantic salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:308-319. [PMID: 28323214 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) and pancreas disease (PD) cause substantial losses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The respective causative agents, Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), are widespread and often concurrently present in farmed salmon. An experimental infection in Atlantic salmon was conducted to study the interaction between the two viruses, including the immunological mechanisms involved. The co-infected fish were infected with PRV four or ten weeks before they were infected with SAV. The SAV RNA level and the PD specific lesions were significantly lower in co-infected groups compared to the group infected by only SAV. The expression profiles of a panel of innate antiviral response genes and the plasma SAV neutralization titers were examined. The innate antiviral response genes were in general upregulated for at least ten weeks after the primary PRV infection. Plasma from co-infected fish had lower SAV neutralizing titers compared to the controls infected with only SAV. Plasma from some individuals infected with only PRV neutralized SAV, but heat treatment removed this effect. Field studies of co-infected fish populations indicated a negative correlation between the two viruses in randomly sampled apparently healthy fish, in line with the experimental findings, but a positive correlation in moribund or dead fish. The results indicate that the innate antiviral response induced by PRV may temporary protect against a secondary SAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Vikan Røsæg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway; SalMar ASA, Kverva, Norway
| | - Morten Lund
- Sections of Immunology and Virology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Berg Nyman
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Turhan Markussen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hilde Sindre
- Sections of Immunology and Virology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Krudtaa Dahle
- Sections of Immunology and Virology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Parreño R, Almagro L, Belló-Pérez M, Medina-Gali RM, Estepa A, Perez L. Restricted replication of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in a birnavirus-carrier cell culture. Arch Virol 2016; 162:1037-1041. [PMID: 28005211 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are economically important pathogens of the salmonid aquaculture industry. In previous work we demonstrated that a cell line persistently infected with IPNV (EPCIPNV) exhibited antiviral activity against superinfection with the heterologous virus VHSV. This work extends our study by analyzing the replication of VHSV in the IPNV-persistently infected cells. At early and late stages of infection VHSV RNA synthesis, as well as VHSV-induced syncytia formation, were examined in EPCIPNV cultures. During the course of VHSV infection the accumulation of VHSV RNA is inhibited in EPCIPNV cells. Typical VHSV-induced membrane fusion at the late stages of infection is also absent in the IPNV carrier cultures. VHSV binding and fusion to EPCIPNV cells did not appear to be impaired, but a potent inhibitory effect on VHSV RNA synthesis is exerted at early times of infection in the IPNV carrier culture. In conclusion, the EPCIPNV cells are considered to be a useful system to study viral interference as well to analyze the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of superinfection exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parreño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Lucía Almagro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Melissa Belló-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Regla M Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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Parreño R, Torres S, Almagro L, Belló-Pérez M, Estepa A, Perez L. Induction of viral interference by IPNV-carrier cells on target cells: A cell co-culture study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:483-489. [PMID: 27693199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
IPNV is a salmonid birnavirus that possesses the ability to establish asymptomatic persistent infections in a number of valuable fish species. The presence of IPNV may interfere with subsequent infection by other viruses. In the present study we show that an IPNV-carrier cell line (EPCIPNV) can induce an antiviral state in fresh EPC by co-cultivating both cell types in three different ways: a "droplet" culture system, a plastic chamber setup, and a transmembrane (Transwell®) system. All three cell co-culture methods were proven useful to study donor/target cell interaction. Naïve EPC cells grown in contact with EPCIPNV cells develop resistance to VHSV superinfection. The transmembrane system seems best suited to examine gene expression in donor and target cells separately. Our findings point to the conclusion that one or more soluble factors produced by the IPNV carrier culture induce the innate immune response within the target cells. This antiviral response is associated to the up-regulation of interferon (ifn) and mx gene expression in target EPC cells. To our knowledge this is the first article describing co-culture systems to study the interplay between virus-carrier cells and naive cells in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parreño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Susana Torres
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Lucía Almagro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Melissa Belló-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Lund M, Røsæg MV, Krasnov A, Timmerhaus G, Nyman IB, Aspehaug V, Rimstad E, Dahle MK. Experimental Piscine orthoreovirus infection mediates protection against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Res 2016; 47:107. [PMID: 27769313 PMCID: PMC5075195 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases are among the main challenges in farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The most prevalent viral diseases in Norwegian salmon aquaculture are heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and pancreas disease (PD) caused by Salmonid alphavirus (SAV). Both PRV and SAV target heart and skeletal muscles, but SAV additionally targets exocrine pancreas. PRV and SAV are often present in the same locations and co-infections occur, but the effect of this crosstalk on disease development has not been investigated. In the present experiment, the effect of a primary PRV infection on subsequent SAV infection was studied. Atlantic salmon were infected with PRV by cohabitation, followed by addition of SAV shedder fish 4 or 10 weeks after the initial PRV infection. Histopathological evaluation, monitoring of viral RNA levels and host gene expression analysis were used to assess disease development. Significant reduction of SAV RNA levels and of PD specific histopathological changes were observed in the co-infected groups compared to fish infected by SAV only. A strong correlation was found between histopathological development and expression of disease related genes in heart. In conclusion, experimentally PRV infected salmon are less susceptible to secondary SAV infection and development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lund
- Section of Immunology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Vikan Røsæg
- SalMar ASA, Kverva, Norway
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Gerrit Timmerhaus
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingvild Berg Nyman
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Yan DC, Huang J, Yang B, Sun HS, Wang YY, Liu X. Competition of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for binding to shrimp cellular membrane. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1225-1229. [PMID: 27169386 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are two widespread shrimp viruses. The interference of IHHNV on WSSV was the first reported case of viral interference that involved crustacean viruses and has been subsequently confirmed. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of WSSV resistance through IHHNV infection are practically unknown. In this study, the interference mechanisms between IHHNV and WSSV were studied using a competitive ELISA. The binding of WSSV and IHHNV to cellular membrane of Litopenaeus vannamei was examined. The results suggested that there existed a mutual competition between IHHNV and WSSV for binding to receptors present on cellular membrane of L. vannamei and that the inhibitory effects of WSSV towards IHHNV were more distinct than those of IHHNV towards WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Yan
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - J Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - B Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - H S Sun
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Y Y Wang
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - X Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Haenen OLM, Schuetze H, Cieslak M, Oldenburg S, Spierenburg MAH, Roozenburg-Hengst I, Voorbergen-Laarman M, Engelsma MY, Olesen NJ. First evidence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:971-979. [PMID: 26763082 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2008, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was detected for the first time in the Netherlands. The virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from a put-and-take fishery with angling ponds. IHNV is the causative agent of a serious fish disease, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). From 2008 to 2011, we diagnosed eight IHNV infections in rainbow trout originating from six put-and-take fisheries (symptomatic and asymptomatic fish), and four IHNV infections from three rainbow trout farms (of which two were co-infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, IPNV), at water temperatures between 5 and 15 °C. At least one farm delivered trout to four of these eight IHNV-positive farms. Mortalities related to IHNV were mostly <40%, but increased to nearly 100% in case of IHNV and IPNV co-infection. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 12 isolates clustered into two different monophyletic groups within the European IHNV genogroup E. One of these two groups indicates a virus-introduction event by a German trout import, whereas the second group indicates that IHNV was already (several years) in the Netherlands before its discovery in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L M Haenen
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - H Schuetze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, NRL for EUS and ISA, Bundesforschungs Institut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Cieslak
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, NRL for EUS and ISA, Bundesforschungs Institut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S Oldenburg
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority NVWA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M A H Spierenburg
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority NVWA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Roozenburg-Hengst
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M Voorbergen-Laarman
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M Y Engelsma
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N J Olesen
- Fish Diseases Unit (EURL), Section for Virology, DTU National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Carballo C, Garcia-Rosado E, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. SJNNV down-regulates RGNNV replication in European sea bass by the induction of the type I interferon system. Vet Res 2016; 47:6. [PMID: 26743933 PMCID: PMC4705746 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
European sea bass is highly susceptible to the betanodavirus RGNNV genotype, although the SJNNV genotype has also been detected in this fish species. The coexistence of both genotypes may affect the replication of both viruses by viral interaction or by stimulation of the host antiviral defense system in which the IFN I system plays a key role. IFN I triggers the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes, including Mx genes, whose expression has been used as a reporter of IFN I activity. The present study evaluated the effect of a primary exposure to an SJNNV isolate on a subsequent RGNNV infection and analyzed the role of the IFN I system in controlling VNNV infections in sea bass using different in vivo approaches. VNNV infection and Mx transcription were comparatively evaluated after single infections, superinfection (SJ+RG) and co-infection (poly I:C+RG). The single RGNNV infection resulted in a 24% survival rate, whereas the previous SJNNV or poly I:C inoculation increased the survival rate up to 96 and 100%, respectively. RGNNV replication in superinfection was reduced compared with RGNNV replication after a single inoculation. Mx transcription analysis shows differential induction of the IFN I system by both isolates. SJNNV was a potent Mx inducer, whereas RGNNV induced lower Mx transcription and did not interfere with the IFN I system triggered by SJNNV or poly I:C. This study demonstrates that an antiviral state exists after SJNNV and poly I:C injection, suggesting that the IFN I system plays an important role against VNNV infections in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,IFAPA centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Reyes-López FE, Romeo JS, Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-Cerpa S, Sandino AM, Tort L, Mackenzie S, Imarai M. Differential immune gene expression profiles in susceptible and resistant full-sibling families of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:210-221. [PMID: 26123889 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify at the expression level the immune-related genes associated with IPN-susceptible and resistant phenotypes in Atlantic salmon full-sibling families. We have analyzed thirty full-sibling families infected by immersion with IPNV and then classified as resistant or susceptible using a multivariate survival analysis based on a gamma-Cox frailty model and the Kaplan-Meier mortality curves. In four families within each group head kidneys were pooled for real-time PCR and one-color salmon-specific oligonucleotide microarray (21K) analysis at day 1 and 5 post-infection. Transcripts involved in innate response (IL-6, IFN-α), antigen presentation (HSP-70, HSP-90, MHC-I), TH1 response (IL-12, IFN-γ, CRFB6), immunosuppression (IL-10, TGF-β1) and leukocyte activation and migration (CCL-19, CD18) showed a differential expression pattern between both phenotypes, except in IL-6. In susceptible families, except for IFN-γ, the expressions dropped to basal values at day 5 post-infection. In resistant families, unlike susceptible families, levels remained high or increased (except for IL-6) at day 5. Transcriptomic analysis showed that both families have a clear differential expression pattern, resulting in a marked down-regulation in immune related genes involved in innate response, complement system, antigen recognition and activation of immune response in IPN-resistant. Down-regulation of genes, mainly related to tissue differentiation and protein degradation metabolism, was also observed in resistant families. We have identified an immune-related gene patterns associated with susceptibility and resistance to IPNV infection of Atlantic salmon. This suggests that a limited immune response is associated with resistant fish phenotype to IPNV challenge while a highly inflammatory but short response is associated with susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jose S Romeo
- Departamento de Matemática y Ciencia de la Computación, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile; Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, UK
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Lhorente JP, Gallardo JA, Villanueva B, Carabaño MJ, Neira R. Disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): coinfection of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis and the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95397. [PMID: 24736323 PMCID: PMC3988197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring coinfections of pathogens have been reported in salmonids, but their consequences on disease resistance are unclear. We hypothesized that 1) coinfection of Caligus rogercresseyi reduces the resistance of Atlantic salmon to Piscirickettsia salmonis; and 2) coinfection resistance is a heritable trait that does not correlate with resistance to a single infection. Methodology In total, 1,634 pedigreed Atlantic salmon were exposed to a single infection (SI) of P. salmonis (primary pathogen) or coinfection with C. rogercresseyi (secondary pathogen). Low and high level of coinfection were evaluated (LC = 44 copepodites per fish; HC = 88 copepodites per fish). Survival and quantitative genetic analyses were performed to determine the resistance to the single infection and coinfections. Main Findings C. rogercresseyi significantly increased the mortality in fish infected with P. salmonis (SI mortality = 251/545; LC mortality = 544/544 and HC mortality = 545/545). Heritability estimates for resistance to P. salmonis were similar and of medium magnitude in all treatments (h2SI = 0.23±0.07; h2LC = 0.17±0.08; h2HC = 0.24±0.07). A large and significant genetic correlation with regard to resistance was observed between coinfection treatments (rg LC-HC = 0.99±0.01) but not between the single and coinfection treatments (rg SI-LC = −0.14±0.33; rg SI-HC = 0.32±0.34). Conclusions/Significance C. rogercresseyi, as a secondary pathogen, reduces the resistance of Atlantic salmon to the pathogen P. salmonis. Resistance to coinfection of Piscirickettsia salmonis and Caligus rogercresseyi in Atlantic salmon is a heritable trait. The absence of a genetic correlation between resistance to a single infection and resistance to coinfection indicates that different genes control these processes. Coinfection of different pathogens and resistance to coinfection needs to be considered in future research on salmon farming, selective breeding and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A. Gallardo
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Roberto Neira
- Aquainnovo S.A, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chen YM, Wang TY, Chen TY. Immunity to betanodavirus infections of marine fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:174-83. [PMID: 23916690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Betanodaviruses cause viral nervous necrosis in numerous fish species, but some species are resistant to infection by these viruses. It is essential to fully characterize the immune responses that underlie this protective response. Complete characterization of the immune responses against nodaviruses may allow the development of methods that stimulate fish immunity and of an effective betanodavirus vaccine. Such strategies could include stimulation of specific immune system responses or blockage of factors that decrease the immune response. The innate immune system clearly provides a front-line defense, and this includes the production of interferons and other cytokines. Interferons that are released inside infected cells and that suppress viral replication may be the most ancient form of innate immunity. This review focuses on the immune responses of fish to betanodavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mao Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Research Center of Ocean Environment and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Wu YC, Kai YH, Chi SC. Persistently betanodavirus-infected barramundi (Lates calcarifer) exhibit resistances to red sea bream iridovirus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:666-674. [PMID: 23831937 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) are two important pathogens that have caused acute, highly contagious, and widespread diseases among wild and cultured fish, especially at larval and juvenile stages. We discovered that the pathogenicity of NNV to the 80 days post-hatch (dph) barramundi is lower than that to the 14 dph barramundi. Following NNV challenge, no mortality occurred in the 80 dph barramundi, but NNV RNA2 and barramundi Mx (BMx) gene expression was detected in the brain and liver. The 80 dph barramundi pre-challenged with NNV became more resistant to the following RSIV challenge (mortality: 62%) compared to the NNV-free barramundi challenged with RSIV (mortality: 100%). A similar phenomenon was revealed in the cell culture system that RSIV proliferated less progeny in the barramundi brain (BB) cell line which exhibit persistent NNV infection than in NNV-free cured BB (cBB) cell line. The potential factors involved in the resistance of the persistently NNV-infected barramundi and BB cells to the secondary RSIV infection were examined in this study. We prove that barramundi anti-NNV polyclonal antibodies do not cross-neutralize RSIV, and NNV infection does not interfere with RSIV replication. However, the interferon (IFN) response and BMx gene expression in cBB cells suppresses the RSIV proliferation. Our study suggests that the NNV-induced IFN response and BMx expression are responsible for the resistance of barramundi to RSIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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29
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Antiviral activity produced by an IPNV-carrier EPC cell culture confers resistance to VHSV infection. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Naturally occurring viral infections have the potential to introduce confounding variability that leads to invalid and misinterpreted data. Whereas the viral diseases of research rodents are well characterized and closely monitored, no naturally occurring viral infections have been characterized for the laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio), an increasingly important biomedical research model. Despite the ignorance about naturally occurring zebrafish viruses, zebrafish models are rapidly expanding in areas of biomedical research where the confounding effects of unknown infectious agents present a serious concern. In addition, many zebrafish research colonies remain linked to the ornamental (pet) zebrafish trade, which can contribute to the introduction of new pathogens into research colonies, whereas mice used for research are purpose bred, with no introduction of new mice from the pet industry. Identification, characterization, and monitoring of naturally occurring viruses in zebrafish are crucial to the improvement of zebrafish health, the reduction of unwanted variability, and the continued development of the zebrafish as a model organism. This article addresses the importance of identifying and characterizing the viral diseases of zebrafish as the scope of zebrafish models expands into new research areas and also briefly addresses zebrafish susceptibility to experimental viral infection and the utility of the zebrafish as an infection and immunology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Crim
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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31
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Chaves-Pozo E, Guardiola FA, Meseguer J, Esteban MA, Cuesta A. Nodavirus infection induces a great innate cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in resistant, gilthead seabream, and susceptible, European sea bass, teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1159-1166. [PMID: 22981914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) virus produces great mortalities in fish having susceptible and reservoir species between the most important marine aquaculture species. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) is considered, towards the interferon (IFN), the most important mechanism of the immune response to fight against viral infections but it has been very scarcely evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the effects of VNNV infection in the reservoir gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and susceptible European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Firstly, after experimental infection we found mortalities in the sea bass (55%) but no in the seabream. Moreover, VNN virus replicates in the brain of both species as it was reflected by the high up-regulation of the Mx gene expression. Interestingly, the head-kidney leucocyte cell-mediated cytotoxic activity was significantly increased in both species reaching highest activity at 7 days: 3.65- and 2.7-fold increase in seabream and sea bass, respectively. This is supported by the significant up-regulation of the non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor (NCCRP-1) in the two fish species. By contrast, phagocytosis was unaffected in both species. The respiratory burst was increased in seabream 7 days post-infection whilst in sea bass this activity was significantly decreased at days 7 and 15. Our results demonstrate the significance of the CMC activity in both gilthead seabream and European sea bass against nodavirus infections but further studies are still needed to understand the role of cytotoxic cells in the antiviral immune response and the mechanisms involved in either reservoir or susceptible fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
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Characterization of an infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus carrier cell culture with resistance to superinfection with heterologous viruses. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Esteban MA, Meseguer J, Tafalla C, Cuesta A. NK-like and oxidative burst activities are the main early cellular innate immune responses activated after virus inoculation in reservoir fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:433-438. [PMID: 18657621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are a major problem in fish farming and a deeper knowledge of the immunological mechanisms playing a part in the antiviral defence is still important. Moreover, fish farming practices (high densities, new areas of culture and egg/larvae/adult transport) are significantly increasing the spread of viruses and the number of susceptible or reservoir fish species. In this last point, no studies have focused on the immunological mechanisms playing a part in the antiviral responses in reservoir and non-susceptible fish species. Thus, we have evaluated the very early innate immune responses of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to the virus causing viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHSV) in salmonids since this virus has been found in seabream and neighbouring farmed marine fish species acting as a viral reservoir. The virus was detected in liver, head-kidney, spleen and peritoneal cavity suggesting that the virus reached these tissues but did not replicate as viral expression was almost absent by 72 h post-inoculation. Interestingly, VHSV provoked an influx of leucocytes to the peritoneal cavity and a redistribution of peritoneal exudate (PELs) and head-kidney (HKLs) leucocytes and their innate immune responses (non-specific cytotoxic (NCC or NK-like) activity, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity) were generally increased demonstrating that the immune system is activated and involved in the clearance of the virus. Strikingly, NK-like, ROI and MPO were the most enhanced by the presence of VHSV in both PELs and HKLs suggesting that these early innate immune events are crucial during early viral infection stages in non-susceptible or reservoir species. Differences in the immunological mechanisms between susceptible and reservoir species and with other particulate antigens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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