Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19: An essential developmental regulator with expanding roles in cancer, stem cell differentiation, and metabolic diseases

Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Family Proteins BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 Contribute to H19-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of Cell Adhesion Molecules, Modulating Metastatic Dissemination Program in Prostate Cancer

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) remains a major clinical challenge with limited therapeutic options. The long non-coding RNA H19 has been implicated in regulating cell adhesion molecules and collective migration, key features of metastatic dissemination. This study investigates the role of the Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) proteins BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 in the H19-dependent transcriptional regulation of cell adhesion molecules. Currently, the major effects of BET inhibitors require androgen receptor (AR) expression.

METHODS

H19 was stably silenced in PC-3 (AR-null) and 22Rv1 (AR-positive) castration-resistant PCa cells. The cells were treated with the pan-BET inhibitors JQ1 and OTX015 or the BET degrader dBET6. In vivo, the effects of JQ1 were evaluated in xenograft mouse models. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and RNA-ChIP were used to assess BET protein recruitment and interaction with cell adhesion gene loci and H19. Organotypic slice cultures (OSCs) from fresh PCa surgical specimens were used as ex vivo models to validate transcriptional changes and BRD4 recruitment.

RESULTS

BET inhibition significantly reduced the expression of β4 integrin and E-cadherin and cell proliferation in both basal conditions, and following H19 knockdown in PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells. These effects were mirrored in JQ1-treated tumor xenografts, which showed marker downregulation and tumor regression. ChIP assays revealed that BRD4, more than BRD2/3, was enriched on β4 integrin and E-cadherin promoters, especially in regions marked by H3K27ac. H19 silencing markedly enhanced BRD4 promoter occupancy. RNA-ChIP confirmed a specific interaction between BRD4 and H19. These findings were validated in OSCs, reinforcing their clinical relevance.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates that BRD4 epigenetically regulates the H19-mediated transcriptional control of adhesion molecules involved in collective migration and metastatic dissemination. Importantly, these effects are independent of AR status, suggesting that targeting the H19/BRD4 axis may represent a promising therapeutic avenue for advanced PCa.

LncRNA H19 promotes adipogenic differentiation disorder by sponging miR-130b-3p to upregulate PPARγ in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a debilitating condition linked to glucocorticoid-induced adipogenic dysregulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). While long noncoding RNA H19 has been implicated in differentiation disorders across pathologies, its role in SONFH remains undefined. This study investigated H19's regulatory mechanism in SONFH progression. We observed significant upregulation of H19 in both femoral head lesions and BMSCs from SONFH patients compared to controls. Knockdown of H19 in SONFH-derived BMSCs suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, attenuated adipogenic differentiation, and reduced lipid accumulation, as evidenced by decreased Oil Red O staining and FABP4 levels. Mechanistically, H19 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-130b-3p, thereby alleviating miR-130b-3p-mediated repression of PPARγ. Luciferase assays confirmed direct binding between miR-130b-3p and H19/PPARγ, while rescue experiments demonstrated that miR-130b-3p inhibition reversed PPARγ downregulation induced by H19 silencing. Our findings reveal a novel H19/miR-130b-3p/PPARγ axis driving adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs in SONFH, positioning H19 as a potential therapeutic target. This study provides critical insights into the epigenetic regulation of BMSC lineage commitment in SONFH pathogenesis, offering new avenues for intervention.

MSC exosomes and MSC exosomes loaded with LncRNA H19 as nanotherapeutics regulate the neurogenetic potential of Müller Glial Cells in dry age-related macular degeneration

In retinal degeneration diseases such as dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Müller Glial Cells (MGCs) in mammals undergo a process of reactive gliosis leading to the progression of dry AMD. Here, It is demonstrated that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC exosomes) and MSC exosomes loaded with LncRNA H19, acting as nanotherapeutics, can be regulated by MGCs in dry AMD. In the in vivo study, MSC exosomes were administered via intravitreal injection. MSC exosomes effectively redirected MGCs from gliosis to dedifferentiation and alleviated MGCs-to-epithelial transition by inhibiting oxidative stress in mice with dry AMD induced by NaIO3. In the in vitro study, MSC exosomes promoted MGCs dedifferentiation by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and prevented oxidative stress-induced MGCs gliosis and MGCs-to-epithelial transition by inhibiting TGFβ1 signaling pathway. MSC exosomes loaded with LncRNA H19 enhanced the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the inhibition of the TGFβ1 signaling pathway compared with MSC exosomes. These results suggest that MSC exosomes regulate the neurogenetic potential of MGCs by redirecting MGCs from gliosis to dedifferentiation and alleviating the transformation of MGCs to epithelial cells through regulating oxidative stress. Regulating LncRNA H19 in MGCs to promote mammalian retinal regeneration in dry AMD was suggested for the first time.

Mechanical forces trigger invasive behavior in synovial fibroblasts through N-cadherin/ADAM15 -dependent modulation of LncRNA H19

Joint damage caused by immune-mediated inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) preferentially affects site-specific mechano-sensitive areas. The perception of physical forces in the synovial tissue by the residing fibroblasts initiates signalling responses with impact on cellular functions. Here, we describe a mechanotransduction pathway in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF), which is critically dependent on the disintegrin metalloproteinase ADAM15 and N-cadherin (NCAD). Both molecules co-localize in NCAD-based adherens junctions and trigger mechanosignaling events involving the activation of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). The mechanically induced phosphorylation of PAK2 subsequently leads to its co-recruitment together with the adaptor molecule Nck to the NCAD/ADAM15 complex at the cell membrane. These signal transduction events initiate strain-induced downregulation of lncRNA H19 and miR-130a-3p. They finally result in an upregulation of cadherin-11 (CDH11), thereby enhancing cell invasive properties - a feature characteristic of aggressive RASFs. Accordingly, we propose a new mechano-induced pathway that causes an altered composition of cadherin expression in the adherens junctions of synovial fibroblasts and likely contributes to the site-specific variability of the aggressive RASF-phenotype in RA-pathogenesis.

Expression and clinical significance of serum lncRNA H19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Long non-coding RNA H19 (lncRNA H19) plays an important role in lipid metabolism, however, its relationship with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression and clinical significance of serum lncRNA H19 in patients with MAFLD. This study enrolled patients with MAFLD and a control group of healthy subjects from January 2023 to March 2024. The serum levels of lncRNA H19 were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The serum levels of lncRNA H19 in patients with MAFLD were significantly higher compared to the control group (P < .05). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between serum lncRNA H19 and body mass index, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and uric acid (all P < .05). Conversely, a negative correlation was observed between serum lncRNA H19 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P = .009). Additionally, significant positive associations were found between serum lncRNA H19 and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and liver stiffness measurement(all P < .05). The optimal cutoff value of serum lncRNA H19 for diagnosing MAFLD was 1.15, with an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83, and the sensitivity and specificity were observed to be 87.7% and 72.5%, respectively. The lncRNA H19 exhibits associations with metabolic risk factors, liver function, and liver fibrosis, and can serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for MAFLD.

Aging, vascular dysfunction, and the blood-brain barrier: unveiling the pathophysiology of stroke in older adults

The progressive decline of vascular integrity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is associated with aging, a major risk factor for stroke. This review describes the cellular and molecular changes in the brain microvasculature of the neurovascular unit (NVU) that contribute to the development of BBB dysfunction in aging, such as endothelial cell senescence, oxidative stress, and degradation of tight junction proteins. Stroke severity and recovery are exacerbated by BBB breakdown, leading to neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and cerebral oedema while identifying molecular mechanisms such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs and circRNAs) that drive BBB disruption in aging and stroke. Real-time assessment of BBB permeability in stroke pathophysiology is made possible using advanced imaging techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and positron emission tomography. Furthermore, biomarkers, including claudin-5, PDGFRβ, or albumin concentration, serve as markers of BBB integrity and vascular health. Restoration of BBB function and stroke recovery with emerging therapeutic strategies, including sirtuin modulators (SIRT1 and SIRT3 activators to enhance endothelial function and mitochondrial health), stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (iPSC-sEVs for BBB repair and neuroprotection), NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors (MCC950 to attenuate endothelial pyroptosis and inflammation), hydrogen-rich water therapy (to counteract oxidative stress-induced BBB damage), and neuropeptides such as cortistatin (to regulate neuroinflammation and BBB stability), is promising. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms of BBB dysfunction in aging and stroke, their relation to potential therapeutic targets, and novel approaches to improve vascular health and neuroprotection.

Exploring the cytotoxic effects of bioactive compounds from Alcea rosea against stem cell driven colon carcinogenesis

Seven compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of Alcea rosea and were examined for their cytotoxicity against HCT116, HT29 and SW480 colon cancer cells. It was found that two compounds (C4 and C5) exhibited strong anti-colon cancer activities. These two compounds were used to study their properties that include MTT activity (with IC50 of C4 as 74.71, 129.0 and 131.4 µg/ml in HCT116, HT29 and SW480 respectively, whereas IC50 of C5 as 128.1, 168.4 and 225.8 µg/ml in HCT116, HT29 and SW480 cells respectively), colony formation activity, wound healing activity, spheroid formation activity, DAPI-PI staining, acridine-orange and ethidium bromide staining, ROS measurement, and rhodamine-123 staining in both HCT116 and HT29 colon cancer cells. Both the compounds showed significant increase in apoptosis as visualized by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol/propidium iodide (DAPI-PI) and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining. The induction of apoptosis was further confirmed by the expressions of cleaved PARP and caspase 3. ROS generation and its effect on MMP were measured by staining cells with Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and Rhodamine. Expression levels of EMT associated markers like Cyclin D1, Slug, Vimentin, and E-Cadherin were also studied. Both the compounds down regulate protein levels of Slug, Cyclin D1, and Vimentin in a concentration-dependent manner. Eeffect of C4 and C5 compounds on key signaling protein like Wnt3a, Notch1, and Shh were evaluated. Additionally, mRNA levels of these genes were also analyzed. C4 exhibited the best binding affinity when docked with Shh and Wnt3a and Notch1. Similarly, C5 exhibited - 8.8, -8.2 and - 7.6 kcal⋅mol- 1 with Shh, Wnt3a and Notch1. The present findings provide insight and immense scientific support and integrity to a piece of indigenous knowledge. However, validation in living organisms is necessary before progressing to clinical trials and advancing it into a marketable pharmaceutical product.

Circulating lncRNA HOTAIR is a biomarker for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mediator of miR-326 exosomal export

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children worldwide. In the present investigation, the circulating RNAs (circRNAs) HOTAIR, NEAT1, H19, PCAT1, and SNHG1 were selected as potential biomarkers for childhood ALL (pALL) based on their predicted interactions with miR-326, a recognized tumor suppressor implicated in pALL, along with comprehensive in silico analyses. Subsequently, the expression levels of the circRNAs were examined in 50 pALL samples and 20 healthy controls using RT-qPCR. Notably, HOTAIR was identified as a 95% specific biomarker of cancer susceptibility, exhibiting a substantial increase in expression within the bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood samples. 22 B-ALL patients with elevated relative expression levels of circHOTAIR (≥ 1.87) were then monitored at three distinct time intervals during chemotherapy. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in HOTAIR expression only among treatment-sensitive patients (P < 0.0001). This finding positions HOTAIR as a novel prognostic factor (AUC = 0.955), which may be used for monitoring the efficacy of chemotherapy in a non-invasive, cost-effective manner. Additionally, the regulatory inter-connection between HOTAIR and miR-326 was investigated by transfecting B-ALL RN-95 cells with exogenous miR-326. Data showed a time-dependent increase in cytoplasmic HOTAIR levels, alongside RAB35, resulting in a corresponding reduction in the cytoplasmic and exosomal miR-326 levels. While the results are preliminary due to the sample size, this study is the first to identify circHOTAIR as both a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in B-ALL. Furthermore, it elucidates the role of HOTAIR as a sponge for miR-326, orchestrating its efflux from the cell via exosomes through RAB35.

Effective Bone Tissue Fabrication Using 3D-Printed Citrate-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds Laden with BMP9-Stimulated Human Urine Stem Cells

Effective repair of large bone defects through bone tissue engineering (BTE) remains an unmet clinical challenge. Successful BTE requires optimal and synergistic interactions among biocompatible scaffolds, osteogenic factors, and osteoprogenitors to form a highly vascularized microenvironment for bone regeneration and osseointegration. We sought to develop a highly effective BTE system by using 3D printed citrate-based mPOC/hydroxyapatite (HA) composites laden with BMP9-stimulated human urine stem cells (USCs). Specifically, we synthesized and characterized methacrylate poly(1,8 octamethylene citrate) (mPOC), mixed it with 0%, 40% or 60% HA (i.e., mPOC-0HA, mPOC-40HA, or mPOC-60HA), and fabricated composite scaffold via micro-continuous liquid interface production (μCLIP). The 3D-printed mPOC-HA composite scaffolds were compatible with human USCs that exhibited high osteogenic activity in vitro upon BMP9 stimulation. Subcutaneous implantation of mPOC-HA scaffolds laden with BMP9-stimulated USCs revealed effective bone formation in all three types of mPOC-HA composite scaffolds. Histologic evaluation revealed that the mPOC-60HA composite scaffold yielded the most mature bone, resembling native bone tissue with extensive scaffold-osteointegration. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the citrate-based mPOC-60HA composite, human urine stem cells, and the potent osteogenic factor BMP9 constitute a desirable triad for effective bone tissue engineering.

The plasticity of epithelial cells and its potential in the induced differentiation of gastric cancer

Cell plasticity refers to the deviation of cells from normal terminal differentiation states when faced with environmental and genetic toxic stresses, resulting in the phenomenon of transforming into other cell or tissue phenotypes. Unlocking phenotype plasticity has been defined as a hallmark of malignant tumors. The stomach is one of the organs in the body with the highest degree of self-renewal and exhibits significant cell plasticity. In this paper, based on the review of the characteristics of normal differentiation of gastric epithelial cells and their markers, the four main phenotypes of gastric epithelial cell remodeling and their relationship with gastric cancer (GC) are drawn. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory factors and mechanisms that affect gastric epithelial cell plasticity and outline the current status of research and future prospection for the treatment targeting gastric epithelial cell plasticity. This study has important theoretical reference value for the in-depth exploration of epithelial cell plasticity and the tumor heterogeneity caused by it, as well as for the precise treatment of GC.

H19 promotes polarization and alternative splicing in tumor-associated macrophages, facilitating pancreatic cancer progression

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial physiological role in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. However, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in TAMs within pancreatic tumors remains unclear. By lncRNA sequencing between TAMs and resident macrophages from normal tissues in pancreatic cancer, it is found that H19 is highly expressed in TAMs and is correlated with the prognosis and stages of pancreatic cancer. Constructing a co-culture model of THP-1 derived TAMs and pancreatic cancer cells, H19 promotes the polarization of TAMs towards the M2 phenotype and the secretion of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β, both in vivo and in vitro, indirectly enhancing pancreatic cancer proliferation and metastasis. Mechanistically, H19 competitively binds to the mRNA of YTHDC1 with MiR-107, and also interacts with the YTHDC1 protein, regulating the stability of SRSF1 and thereby affecting the alternative splicing of IL-6 and IL-10. Utilizing organoids and the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, it is found that ruxolitinib may represent a promising treatment option for PDAC patients with high H19 expression.

Unraveling the noncoding RNA landscape in glioblastoma: from pathogenesis to precision therapeutics

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive type IV brain tumor that originates from astrocytes and has a poor prognosis. Despite intensive research, survival rates have not significantly improved. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of carcinogenesis, progression, and increased treatment resistance in GBM cells. They influence angiogenesis, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and invasion in GBM cells. ncRNAs, such as long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are commonly dysregulated in GBM. miRNAs, such as miR-21, miR-133a, and miR-27a-3p, are oncogenes that increase cell proliferation, metastasis, and migration by targeting TGFBR1 and BTG2. In contrast, lncRNAs, such as HOXD-AS2 and LINC00511, are oncogenes that increase the migration, invasion, and proliferation of cells. CircRNAs, such as circ0001730, circENTPD7, and circFOXO3, are oncogenes responsible for cell growth, angiogenesis, and viability. Developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting ncRNAs, cell migration, and angiogenesis is a promising approach for GBM. By targeting these dysregulated ncRNAs, we can potentially restore a healthy balance in gene expression and influence disease progression. ncRNAs abound within GBM, demonstrating significant roles in governing the growth and behavior of these tumors. They may also be useful as biomarkers or targets for therapy. The use of morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) suppressing the oncogene expression of HOTAIR, BCYRN1, and cyrano, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) suppressing the expression of ncRNAs such as MALAT1 and miR-10b, locked nucleic acids (LNAs) suppressing miR-21, and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) suppressing the expression of miR-155 inhibited the PI3K pathway, tumor growth, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Targeting oncogenic ncRNAs with RNA-interfering strategies such as MOs, ASOs, LNAs, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and PNA approaches may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for GBM. This review emphasizes the critical role of ncRNAs in GBM pathogenesis, as well as the potential for new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to improve the prognosis and quality of life for GBM patients.

Long noncoding RNAs in ubiquitination, protein degradation, and human diseases

Protein stability and turnover is critical in normal cellular and physiological process and their misregulation may contribute to accumulation of unwanted proteins causing cellular malfunction, neurodegeneration, mitochondrial malfunction, and disrupted metabolism. Signaling mechanism associated with protein degradation is complex and is extensively studied. Many protein and enzyme machineries have been implicated in regulation of protein degradation. Despite these insights, our understanding of protein degradation mechanisms remains limited. Emerging studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in various cellular and physiological processes including metabolism, cellular homeostasis, and protein turnover. LncRNAs, being large nucleic acids (>200 nt long) can interact with various proteins and other nucleic acids and modulate protein structure and function leading to regulation of cell signaling processes. LncRNAs are widely distributed across cell types and may exhibit tissue specific expression. They are detected in body fluids including blood and urine. Their expressions are also altered in various human diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, immune disorder, and others. LncRNAs are being recognized as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review article focuses on the emerging role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), in the regulation of protein polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.

RNA Interference Unleashed: Current Perspective of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Therapeutics in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the debilitating pain phenotypes that leads to the progressive degeneration of the central as well as peripheral nervous system. NP is often associated with hyperalgesia, allodynia, paresthesia, tingling, and burning sensations leading to disability, motor dysfunction, and compromised psychological state of the patients. Most of the conventional pharmacological agents are unable to improve the devastating conditions of pain because of their limited efficacy, undesirable side effects, and multifaceted pathophysiology of the diseased condition. A rapid rise in new cases of NP warrants further research for identifying the potential novel therapeutic modalities for treating NP. Recently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach has shown therapeutic potential in many disease conditions including NP. Delivery of siRNAs led to potential and selective downregulation of target mRNA and abolished the pain-related behaviors/pathophysiological pain response. The crucial role of siRNA in the treatment of NP by considering all of the pathways associated with NP that could be managed by siRNA therapeutics has been discussed. However, their therapeutic use is limited by several hurdles such as instability in systemic circulation due to their negative charge and membrane impermeability, off-target effects, immunogenicity, and inability to reach the intended site of action. This review also emphasizes several strategies and techniques to overcome these hurdles for translating these therapeutic siRNAs from bench to bedside by opening a new avenue for obtaining a potential therapeutic approach for treating NP.

The Combination of Natural Compounds Escin-Bromelain-Ginkgo Biloba-Sage Miltiorrhiza (EBGS) Reduces Platelet Adhesion to TNFα-Activated Vascular Endothelium through FAK Signaling

Thrombosis is a key process that determines acute coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, together with cancer. Platelet adhesion and subsequent activation and aggregation are critical processes that cause thrombus formation after endothelial damage. To date, high hopes are associated with compounds of natural origin, which show anticoagulant action without undesirable effects and can be proposed as supportive therapies. We investigated the effect of the new combination of four natural compounds, escin-bromelain-ginkgo biloba-sage miltiorrhiza (EBGS), on the initial process of the coagulation cascade, which is the adhesion of platelets to activated vascular endothelium. Our results demonstrated that EBGS pretreatment of endothelial cells reduces platelet adhesion even in the presence of the monocyte-lymphocyte population. Our data indicate that EBGS exerts its effects by inhibiting the transcription of adhesion molecules, including P-selectin, platelet membrane glycoprotein GP1b, integrins αV and β3, and reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and the metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EBGS inhibited the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), strictly involved in platelet adhesion, and whose activity is correlated with that of integrin β3. The results shown in this manuscript suggest a possible inhibitory role of the new combination EBGS in the reduction in platelet adhesion to activated endothelium, thus possibly preventing coagulation cascade initiation.

Function and Therapeutic Potential of Non-Coding RNA in Ameloblastoma

Ameloblastoma (AB) is a common odontogenic tumor that develops in the mouth. Despite its benign nature, AB exhibits significant invasiveness leading to tumor metastasis and high postoperative recurrence rates. Studies have shown a relationship between the occurrence and development of various tumors and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). NcRNA, transcribed from the genomes of mammals and other complex organisms, are often products of alternative splicing and processing into smaller products. MicroRNA (miRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are the main types of ncRNA. NcRNA play increasingly significant roles in the pathogenesis of human cancers, regulating their occurrence and progression as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. They are involved in tumor development and progression through alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, transcriptional regulation, mRNA stability, protein translation, and chromatin remodeling and modification. The importance of ncRNA in AB has received significant attention in recent years. However, the biological functions and mechanisms of ncRNA in AB remain largely unknown. In this review, we not only explore the functions and roles of ncRNA in AB, but also describe and envision their potential functional roles as biomarkers in AB diagnosis. In particular, we highlight the potential of miR-29a as a molecular marker for diagnosis and therapy. As promising novel therapeutic targets, the biological functions of ncRNA need further study, which is indispensable.

Regulatory role of lncH19 in RAC1 alternative splicing: implication for RAC1B expression in colorectal cancer

Aberrant alternative splicing events play a critical role in cancer biology, contributing to tumor invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. Recent studies have shown that alternative splicing is a key feature for transcriptomic variations in colorectal cancer, which ranks third among malignant tumors worldwide in both incidence and mortality. Long non-coding RNAs can modulate this process by acting as trans-regulatory agents, recruiting splicing factors, or driving them to specific targeted genes. LncH19 is a lncRNA dis-regulated in several tumor types and, in colorectal cancer, it plays a critical role in tumor onset, progression, and metastasis. In this paper, we found, that in colorectal cancer cells, the long non-coding RNA H19 can bind immature RNAs and splicing factors as hnRNPM and RBFOX2. Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified 57 transcripts associated with lncH19 and containing binding sites for both splicing factors, hnRNPM, and RBFOX2. Among these transcripts, we identified the mRNA of the GTPase-RAC1, whose alternatively spliced isoform, RAC1B, has been ascribed several roles in the malignant transformation. We confirmed, in vitro, the binding of the splicing factors to both the transcripts RAC1 and lncH19. Loss and gain of expression experiments in two colorectal cancer cell lines (SW620 and HCT116) demonstrated that lncH19 is required for RAC1B expression and, through RAC1B, it induces c-Myc and Cyclin-D increase. In vivo, investigation from biopsies of colorectal cancer patients showed higher levels of all the explored genes (lncH19, RAC1B, c-Myc and Cyclin-D) concerning the healthy counterpart, thus supporting our in vitro model. In addition, we identified a positive correlation between lncH19 and RAC1B in colorectal cancer patients. Finally, we demonstrated that lncH19, as a shuttle, drives the splicing factors RBFOX2 and hnRNPM to RAC1 allowing exon retention and RAC1B expression. The data shown in this paper represent the first evidence of a new mechanism of action by which lncH19 carries out its functions as an oncogene by prompting colorectal cancer through the modulation of alternative splicing.

Epigenetics of cerebrovascular diseases: an update review of clinical studies

Cerebrovascular diseases, especially stroke, are critical and heterogenous clinical conditions associated with high mortality and chronic disability. Genome-wide association studies reveal substantial stroke heritability, though specific genetic variants account for a minor fraction of stroke risk, suggesting an essential role for the epigenome. Epigenome-wide association studies and candidate gene approaches show that DNA methylation patterns significantly influence stroke susceptibility. Additionally, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA regulate gene expression in response to ischemic conditions. In this updated review, we summarized the progress of knowledge on epigenetics in the field of ischemic stroke underlying opportunities and challenges.

Role of long noncoding RNAs in diabetes-associated peripheral arterial disease

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that heightens the risks of many vascular complications, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Various types of cells, including but not limited to endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and macrophages (MΦs), play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of DM-PAD. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are epigenetic regulators that play important roles in cellular function, and their dysregulation in DM can contribute to PAD. This review focuses on the developing field of lncRNAs and their emerging roles in linking DM and PAD. We review the studies investigating the role of lncRNAs in crucial cellular processes contributing to DM-PAD, including those in ECs, VSMCs, and MΦ. By examining the intricate molecular landscape governed by lncRNAs in these relevant cell types, we hope to shed light on the roles of lncRNAs in EC dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and vascular remodeling contributing to DM-PAD. Additionally, we provide an overview of the research approach and methodologies, from identifying disease-relevant lncRNAs to characterizing their molecular and cellular functions in the context of DM-PAD. We also discuss the potential of leveraging lncRNAs in the diagnosis and therapeutics for DM-PAD. Collectively, this review provides a summary of lncRNA-regulated cell functions contributing to DM-PAD and highlights the translational potential of leveraging lncRNA biology to tackle this increasingly prevalent and complex disease.

Establishment and characterization of a rat model of scalp-cranial composite defect for multilayered tissue engineering

Composite cranial defects have individual functional and aesthetic ramifications, as well as societal burden, while posing significant challenges for reconstructive surgeons. Single-stage composite reconstruction of these deformities entail complex surgeries that bear many short- and long-term risks and complications. Current research on composite scalp-cranial defects is sparse and one-dimensional, often focusing solely on bone or skin. Thus, there is an unmet need for a simple, clinically relevant composite defect model in rodents, where there is a challenge in averting healing of the skin component via secondary intention. By utilizing a customizable (3D-printed) wound obturator, the scalp wound can be rendered non-healing for a long period (more than 6 weeks), with the cranial defect patent. The wound obturator shows minimal biotoxicity and will not cause severe endocranium-granulation adhesion. This composite defect model effectively slowed the scalp healing process and preserved the cranial defect, embodying the characteristics of a "chronic composite defect". In parallel, an autologous reconstruction model was established as the positive control. This positive control exhibited reproducible healing of the skin within 3 weeks with variable degrees of osseointegration, consistent with clinical practice. Both models provide a stable platform for subsequent research not only for composite tissue engineering and scaffold design but also for mechanistic studies of composite tissue healing.

LncRNA H19 knockdown promotes neuropathologic and functional recovery via the Nrf2/HO-1 axis after traumatic brain injury

AIMS

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) stands as a significant concern in public health, frequently leading to enduring neurological deficits. Long non-coding RNA H19 (lncRNA H19) exerts a potential regulator role in the pathology of brain injury. This study investigates the effects of lncRNA H19 knockdown (H19-KD) on the pathophysiology of TBI and its potential neuroprotective mechanisms.

METHODS

Controlled cortical impact was employed to establish a stable TBI mouse model. The expression levels of various genes in perilesional cortex and striatum tissue after TBI was detected by RT-qPCR. AAV9-shRNA-H19 was injected into the lateral ventricle of mice to knockdown the expression of lncRNA H19. Various behavioral tests were performed to evaluate sensorimotor and cognitive functions after TBI. Immunofluorescence and Nissl staining were performed to assess brain tissue damage and neuroinflammation. The Nrf2 and HO-1 expression was performed by Western blot.

RESULTS

After TBI, the expression of lncRNA H19 was elevated in perilesional tissue and gradually reverted to baseline. Behavioral tests demonstrated that H19-KD significantly promoted the recovery of sensorimotor and cognitive functions after TBI. Besides, H19-KD reduced brain tissue loss, preserved neuronal integrity, and ameliorated white matter damage at the histological level. In addition, H19-KD restrained the pro-inflammatory and facilitated anti-inflammatory phenotypes of microglia/macrophages, attenuating the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. Furthermore, H19-KD promoted activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis after TBI, while suppression of Nrf2 partially abolished the neuroprotective effect.

CONCLUSION

H19-KD exerts neuroprotective effects after TBI in mice, partially mediated by the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis.

Epigenetic modulation of long noncoding RNA H19 in oral squamous cell carcinoma-A narrative review

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) showed a seemingly increasing incidence in the last decade. In India, despite the use of tobacco decreased rapidly, in the past five years, the incidence pattern of OSCC over gender and age showed a drastic shift. About 51 % of the head and neck cancers are not associated with habits. Studies exploring various contributing factors in the incidence of this malignancy have documented. Recently, the epigenetic factors associated with the induction and progression of OSCC were explored. More than 90 % of the human genome is made up of non-coding transcriptome, which believed to be noises. However, these non-coding RNAs were identified to be the major epigenetic modulators, which raises concern over incidence of carcinoma in non-habit patients. H19 is a long non coding RNA which proved to be an effective biomarker in various carcinoma. Its role in oral squamous cell cancer was not investigated in depth. This review discusses in detail the various epigenetic role of H19 in inducing oral carcinogenesis.

Insights into the Crosstalk Between miR-200a/lncRNA H-19 and IL-6/SIRT-1 Axis in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent malignancy that poses a significant threat to women's well-being. Novel biomarker identification helps to improve clinical outcomes and provide tailored treatments. Our research aims to explore the diagnostic potential of miR-200a/lncRNA H-19 and interleukin-6 (IL-6)/SIRT-1 axis crosstalk and evaluate the impact of metastasis on gene expression, which provides valuable insights into the diagnosis and treatment of BC. In this case-control study, we collected blood samples from 54 nonmetastatic breast cancer (NMBC) patients, 46 metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, and 50 healthy individuals. We used real time-polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression levels of lncRNA H-19 and miR-200a, whereas enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the IL-6 levels. In addition, we evaluated SIRT-1 expression level using a Western blot assay. The levels of lncRNA H-19, miR-200a, and IL-6 were higher in BC patients, whereas SIRT-1 levels were lower. Patients with MBC had higher levels of lncRNA H-19, miR-200a, and IL-6 than those with NMBC. In addition, the expression of lncRNA H-19 and miR-200a showed a negative correlation with SIRT-1 expression, whereas the levels of lncRNA H-19 and miR-200a showed a positive correlation with IL-6 expression level. The diagnostic potential of lncRNA H-19 and miR-200a in BC is undeniable. Moreover, the robust association of IL-6/SIRT-1 with lncRNA H-19/miR-200a expression presents a promising opportunity for clinical outcomes and tailored treatments.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a superior cell source for bone tissue engineering

Effective bone regeneration through tissue engineering requires a combination of osteogenic progenitors, osteoinductive biofactors and biocompatible scaffold materials. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent the most promising seed cells for bone tissue engineering. As multipotent stem cells that can self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages including bone and fat, MSCs can be isolated from numerous tissues and exhibit varied differentiation potential. To identify an optimal progenitor cell source for bone tissue engineering, we analyzed the proliferative activity and osteogenic potential of four commonly-used mouse MSC sources, including immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEF), immortalized mouse bone marrow stromal stem cells (imBMSC), immortalized mouse calvarial mesenchymal progenitors (iCAL), and immortalized mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMAD). We found that iMAD exhibited highest osteogenic and adipogenic capabilities upon BMP9 stimulation in vitro, whereas iMAD and iCAL exhibited highest osteogenic capability in BMP9-induced ectopic osteogenesis and critical-sized calvarial defect repair. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that, while each MSC line regulated a distinct set of target genes upon BMP9 stimulation, all MSC lines underwent osteogenic differentiation by regulating osteogenesis-related signaling including Wnt, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Hippo and JAK-STAT pathways. Collectively, our results demonstrate that adipose-derived MSCs represent optimal progenitor sources for cell-based bone tissue engineering.

Insights into the roles of non-coding RNAs and angiogenesis in glioblastoma: An overview of current research and future perspectives

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of primary brain cancer with a poor prognosis, and despite intensive research, survival rates have not significantly improved. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of GBM pathogenesis, including angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth and invasion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as regulators of angiogenesis in GBM. miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-10b, and miR-26a promote angiogenesis by targeting anti-angiogenic factors, while lncRNAs such as H19 and MALAT1 inhibit angiogenesis by regulating pro-angiogenic factors. CircRNAs, such as circSMARCA5 and circBACH2, also regulate angiogenesis through various mechanisms. Similarly, signaling pathways such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway play critical roles in angiogenesis and have been targeted for GBM therapy. However, resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies is a significant obstacle in clinical practice. Developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting ncRNAs and angiogenesis is a promising approach for GBM. Potential targets include miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and downstream signaling pathways that regulate angiogenesis. This review highlights the critical roles of ncRNAs and angiogenesis in GBM pathogenesis and the potential for new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to improve the prognosis and quality of life for GBM patients.

Dysfunction in IGF2R Pathway and Associated Perturbations in Autophagy and WNT Processes in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Cell Lines

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder characterized by overgrowth, stemming from various genetic and epigenetic changes. This study delves into the role of IGF2 upregulation in BWS, focusing on insulin-like growth factor pathways, which are poorly known in this syndrome. We examined the IGF2R, the primary receptor of IGF2, WNT, and autophagy/lysosomal pathways in BWS patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines, showing different genetic and epigenetic defects. The findings reveal a decreased expression and mislocalization of IGF2R protein, suggesting receptor dysfunction. Additionally, our results point to a dysregulation in the AKT/GSK-3/mTOR pathway, along with imbalances in autophagy and the WNT pathway. In conclusion, BWS cells, regardless of the genetic/epigenetic profiles, are characterized by alteration of the IGF2R pathway that is associated with the perturbation of the autophagy and lysosome processes. These alterations seem to be a key point of the molecular pathogenesis of BWS and potentially contribute to BWS's characteristic overgrowth and cancer susceptibility. Our study also uncovers alterations in the WNT pathway across all BWS cell lines, consistent with its role in growth regulation and cancer development.

Noncoding RNAs in hepatitis: Unraveling the apoptotic pathways

Hepatitis is a worldwide health issue that causes inflammation of the liver and is frequently brought on by viral infections, specifically those caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. Although the pathophysiological causes of hepatitis are complex, recent research indicates that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating apoptosis, an essential process for maintaining liver homeostasis and advancing the illness. Noncoding RNAs have been linked to several biological processes, including apoptosis. These RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Distinct expression patterns characterising different stages of the disease have been discovered, indicating dysregulation of these non-coding RNAs in liver tissues infected with hepatitis. The complex interplay that exists between these noncoding RNAs and apoptotic effectors, including caspases and members of the Bcl-2 family, plays a role in the precarious equilibrium that regulates cell survival and death during hepatitis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of ncRNA-mediated apoptosis in hepatitis, as well as insights into possible therapeutic targets and diagnostic indicators.

LncRNAs and CircRNAs as Strategies against Pathological Conditions Caused by a Hypoxic/Anoxic State

Brain damage can be induced by oxygen deprivation. It is known that hypoxic or anoxic conditions can lead to changes in the expression levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which, in turn, can be related to Central Nervous System (CNS) injuries. Therefore, it could be useful to investigate the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), as well as the underlying mechanisms which are able to modulate them in brain damage induced by hypoxic or anoxic conditions. In this review, we focused on recent research that associates these conditions with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs). The results of this review demonstrate that the expression of both lncRNAs and circRNAs can be influenced by oxygen deprivation conditions and so they can contribute to inducing damage or providing neuroprotection by affecting specific molecular pathways. Furthermore, several experimental studies have shown that ncRNA activity can be regulated by compounds, thus also modifying their transcriptomic profile and their effects on CNS damages induced by hypoxic/anoxic events.