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Scheifler M, Wilhelm L, Visser B. Lipid Metabolism in Parasitoids and Parasitized Hosts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38977639 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids have an exceptional lifestyle where juvenile development is spent on or in a single host insect, but the adults are free-living. Unlike parasites, parasitoids kill the host. How parasitoids use such a limiting resource, particularly lipids, can affect chances to survive and reproduce. In part 1, we describe the parasitoid lifestyle, including typical developmental strategies. Lipid metabolism in parasitoids has been of interest to researchers since the 1960s and continues to fascinate ecologists, evolutionists, physiologists, and entomologists alike. One reason of this interest is that the majority of parasitoids do not accumulate triacylglycerols as adults. Early research revealed that some parasitoid larvae mimic the fatty acid composition of the host, which may result from a lack of de novo triacylglycerol synthesis. More recent work has focused on the evolution of lack of adult triacylglycerol accumulation and consequences for life history traits. In part 2 of this chapter, we discuss research efforts on lipid metabolism in parasitoids from the 1960s onwards. Parasitoids are also master manipulators of host physiology, including lipid metabolism, having evolved a range of mechanisms to affect the release, synthesis, transport, and take-up of lipids from the host. We lay out the effects of parasitism on host physiology in part 3 of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Léonore Wilhelm
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
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2
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Inwood SN, Harrop TWR, Shields MW, Goldson SL, Dearden PK. Immune system modulation & virus transmission during parasitism identified by multi-species transcriptomics of a declining insect biocontrol system. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:311. [PMID: 38532315 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Argentine stem weevil (ASW, Listronotus bonariensis) is a significant pasture pest in Aotearoa New Zealand, primarily controlled by the parasitoid biocontrol agent Microctonus hyperodae. Despite providing effective control of ASW soon after release, M. hyperodae parasitism rates have since declined significantly, with ASW hypothesised to have evolved resistance to its biocontrol agent. While the parasitism arsenal of M. hyperodae has previously been investigated, revealing many venom components and an exogenous novel DNA virus Microctonus hyperodae filamentous virus (MhFV), the effects of said arsenal on gene expression in ASW during parasitism have not been examined. In this study, we performed a multi-species transcriptomic analysis to investigate the biology of ASW parasitism by M. hyperodae, as well as the decline in efficacy of this biocontrol system. RESULTS The transcriptomic response of ASW to parasitism by M. hyperodae involves modulation of the weevil's innate immune system, flight muscle components, and lipid and glucose metabolism. The multispecies approach also revealed continued expression of venom components in parasitised ASW, as well as the transmission of MhFV to weevils during parasitism and some interrupted parasitism attempts. Transcriptomics did not detect a clear indication of parasitoid avoidance or other mechanisms to explain biocontrol decline. CONCLUSIONS This study has expanded our understanding of interactions between M. hyperodae and ASW in a biocontrol system of critical importance to Aotearoa-New Zealand's agricultural economy. Transmission of MhFV to ASW during successful and interrupted parasitism attempts may link to a premature mortality phenomenon in ASW, hypothesised to be a result of a toxin-antitoxin system. Further research into MhFV and its potential role in ASW premature mortality is required to explore whether manipulation of this viral infection has the potential to increase biocontrol efficacy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Inwood
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Genomics Aotearoa, and the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W R Harrop
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Genomics Aotearoa, and the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Morgan W Shields
- BioProtection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Stephen L Goldson
- Biocontrol and Biosecurity Group, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Genomics Aotearoa, and the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Ramírez-Sotelo U, García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. An ELISA-based method for Galleria mellonella apolipophorin-III quantification. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17117. [PMID: 38500532 PMCID: PMC10946395 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models, such as murine, are used widely in pathophysiological studies because they have a high degree of similarity in body temperature, metabolism, and immune response with humans. However, non-vertebrate animal models have emerged as alternative models to study the host-pathogen interaction with minimal ethical concerns. Galleria mellonella is an alternative model that has proved useful in studying the interaction of the host with either bacteria or fungi, performing drug testing, and assessing the immunological response to different microorganisms. The G. mellonella immune response includes cellular and humoral components with structural and functional similarities to the immune effectors found in higher vertebrates, such as humans. An important humoral effector stimulated during infections is apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), an opsonin characterized by its lipid and carbohydrate-binding properties that participate in lipid transport, as well as immunomodulatory activity. Despite some parameters, such as the measurement of phenoloxidase activity, melanin production, hemocytes counting, and expression of antimicrobial peptides genes are already used to assess the G. mellonella immune response to pathogens with different virulence degrees, the apoLp-III quantification remains to be a parameter to assess the immune response in this invertebrate. Here, we propose an immunological tool based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that allows apoLp-III quantification in the hemolymph of larvae challenged with pathogenic agents. We tested the system with hemolymph coming from larvae infected with Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix brasiliensis. The results revealed significantly higher concentrations of apoLp-III when each microbial species was inoculated, in comparison with untouched larvae, or inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline. We also demonstrated that the apoLp-III levels correlated with the strains' virulence, which was already reported. To our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to quantify apoLp-III, using a quick and easy-to-use serological technique.
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Ge M, Liu B, Hu X, Zhang Q, Mou A, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xu Q. Biomineralization in a cold environment: Insights from shield compositions and transcriptomics of polar sternaspids (Sternaspidae, Polychaeta). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101187. [PMID: 38183966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The survival and physiological functions of polar marine organisms are impacted by global climate changes. Investigation of the adaptation mechanisms underlying biomineralization in polar organisms at low temperatures is important for understanding mineralized organismal sensitivity to climate change. Here, we performed electron probe analysis on the shields of Antarctic polychaete Sternaspis sendalli and Arctic polychaete Sternaspis buzhinskajae (Sternaspidae), and sequenced the transcriptomes of the tissues surrounding shields to examine biomineral characteristics and adaptive mechanisms in persistently cold environments. Compared to the temperate relative species, the relative abundance of iron, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, sulfur and silicon in two polar sternaspid shields was similar to Sternaspis chinensis. However, the diversity and expression levels of biomineralization-related shell matrix proteins differed between the polar and temperate species, suggesting distinct molecular mechanisms underlying shield formation in cold environments. Tubulin and cyclophilin were upregulated compared to the temperate species. Furthermore, 42 positively selected genes were identified in Antarctic S. sendalli, with functions in cytoskeletal structure, DNA repair, immunity, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism. Highly expressed genes in both polar species were associated with cytoskeleton, macromolecular complexes and cellular component biosynthesis. Overall, this study reveals conserved elemental composition yet distinct biomineralization processes in the shields of polar sternaspids. The unique expression of biomineralization related genes and other cold-adaptation related genes provide molecular insights into biomineralization in cold marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ge
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Anning Mou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
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Hoyos-Gonzalez N, Ochoa-Leyva A, Benitez-Cardoza CG, Brieba LG, Lukaszewicz G, Trasviña-Arenas CH, Sotelo-Mundo RR. Identification of a cryptic functional apolipophorin-III domain within the Prominin-1 gene of Litopenaeus vannamei. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 270:110928. [PMID: 38043730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) is reported as an essential protein element in lipids transport and incorporation in lepidopterans. Structurally, apoLp-III has an α-helix bundle structure composed of five α-helices. Interestingly, classic studies proposed a structural switch triggered by its interaction with lipids, where the α-helix bundle opens. Currently, the study of the apoLp-III has been limited to insects, with no homologs identified in other arthropods. By implementing a structure-based search with the Phyre2 algorithm surveying the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei's transcriptome, we identified a putative apoLp-III in this farmed penaeid (LvApoLp-III). Unlike canonical apoLp-III, the LvApoLp-III was identified as an internal domain within the transmembrane protein Prominin-1. Structural modeling using the template-based Phyre2 and template-free AlphaFold algorithms rendered two distinct structural topologies: the α-helix bundle and a coiled-coil structure. Notably, the secondary structure composition on both models was alike, with differences in the orientation and distribution of the α-helices and hydrophobic moieties. Both models provide insights into the classical structural switch induced by lipids in apoLp-III. To corroborate structure/function inferences, we cloned the synthetic LvApoLp-III domain, overexpressed, and purified the recombinant protein. Circular dichroism measurements with the recombinant LvApoLp-III agreed with the structural models. In vitro liposome interaction demonstrated that the apoLp-III domain within the PROM1 of L.vannamei associated similarly to exchangeable apolipoproteins. Altogether, this work reports the presence of an apolipophorin-III domain in crustaceans for the first time and opens questions regarding its function and importance in lipid metabolism or the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Hoyos-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. https://twitter.com/uga_langebio
| | - Adrian Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico. https://twitter.com/ibt_unam
| | - Claudia G Benitez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. https://twitter.com/IPN_mx
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. https://twitter.com/uga_langebio
| | - German Lukaszewicz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, IIMyC, FCEyN, UNMdP, CONICET, Mar del Plata B7608FBY, Argentina. https://twitter.com/fceyn_unmdp
| | - Carlos H Trasviña-Arenas
- Centro de Investigación sobre Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Unidad Sede Sur, Tlalpan, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Ejido La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Gao X, Zhang J, Qin Q, Wu P, Zhang H, Meng Q. Metabolic changes during larval-pupal metamorphosis of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1663-1676. [PMID: 37200210 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is essential for insect metamorphosis. The accumulation and utilization of energy is still not completely clear during larval-pupal metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. We used metabolome and transcriptome analysis to reveal key metabolic changes in the fat body and plasma and the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism of Helicoverpa armigera, an important global agricultural insect pest, during larval-pupal metamorphosis. During the feeding stage, activation of aerobic glycolysis provided intermediate metabolites and energy for cell proliferation and lipid synthesis. During the non-feeding stages (the initiation of the wandering stage and the prepupal stage), aerobic glycolysis was suppressed, while, triglyceride degradation was activated in the fat body. The blocking of metabolic pathways in the fat body was probably caused by 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced cell apoptosis. 20-hydroxyecdysone cooperated with carnitine to promote the degradation of triglycerides and the accumulation of acylcarnitines in the hemolymph, allowing rapid transportation and supply of lipids from the fat body to other organs, which provided a valuable reference for revealing the metabolic regulation mechanism of lepidopteran larvae during the last instar. Carnitine and acylcarnitines are first reported to be key factors that mediate the degradation and utilization of lipids during larval-pupal metamorphosis of lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Iwański B, Andrejko M. Changes in the apolipophorin III in Galleria mellonella larvae treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104536. [PMID: 37414244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have demonstrated a correlation in time between changes in the amount of apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) in the fat body and hemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (exoA). An increase in the amount of apoLp-III was detected 1-8 h after the challenge; then, a temporary decrease was observed after 15 h followed by an increase in the level of apoLp-III, however to a different extent. The profile of apoLp-III forms in the hemolymph, hemocytes, and fat body of the exoA-challenged larvae was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with anti-apoLp-III antibodies. Two apoLp-III forms differing in isoelectric point values estimated at ∼ 6.5 and ∼ 6.1 in the hemolymph and ∼ 6.5 and ∼ 5.9 in the hemocytes as well as one isoform with pI ∼ 6.5 in the fat body with an additional apoLp-III-derived polypeptide with estimated pI ∼ 6.9 were detected in the control insects. The injection of exoA caused a significant decrease in the abundance of both apoLp-III isoforms in the insect hemolymph. In the hemocytes, a decrease in the amount of the pI ∼ 5.9 isoform was detected, while the major apoLp-III isoform (pI ∼ 6.5) remained unchanged. In addition, appearance of an additional apoLp-III-derived polypeptide with an estimated pI ∼ 5.2 was observed. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of the main isoform in the fat body between the control and exoA-challenged insects, but the polypeptide with pI ∼ 6.9 disappeared completely. It should be noted that the decrease in the amount of apoLp-III and other proteins was especially noticeable at the time points when exoA was detected in the studied tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Iwański
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mariola Andrejko
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Hu X, Wang Y, Chi X, Wang H, Liu Z, Ma L, Xu B. Oleic Acid Promotes the Biosynthesis of 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid via Species-Selective Remodeling of TAGs in Apis mellifera ligustica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13361. [PMID: 37686166 PMCID: PMC10487919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of oleic acid (OA) supplementation on the biosynthesis of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) in Apis mellifera ligustica. In experiment 1, varying concentrations of OA (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) were added to an artificial diet for newly emerged bees reared in cages. Analysis of 10-HDA content and gene expression in the mandibular gland (MG) revealed that the 8% OA treatment had the greatest impact on promoting the synthesis of 10-HDA. Subsequent investigations utilized RNA-seq and lipidomics to characterize the molecular signature in the MG after feeding the 8% OA diet. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG) were found to be the predominant lipids in the MG of worker bees. A total of 154 TAGs were identified, with TAG (18:1-18:1-18:1) exhibiting the highest abundance, which increased by 1.5 times. The major TAG species contained palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) in their structure, which was associated with fatty acid composition of diet. The increase in abundance of main TAGs may be attributed to the upregulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpat) and glycerol kinase (GK) gene expression at the transcriptional level. The upregulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to carbohydrate metabolism may contribute to meeting the heightened metabolic demands of the MGs in worker bees. Royal jelly (RJ) samples from bee colonies fed with the 8% OA diet exhibited higher 10-HDA level than RJ collected from bee colonies fed with the artificial diet. These results indicate that 8% OA addition in the diet enhanced biosynthesis of 10-HDA in the mandibular gland, which was accompanied by significant and highly species-selective remodeling of TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Xuepeng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Lanting Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.); (X.C.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (L.M.)
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Liu Y, Li X, Lin L. Transcriptome of the pygmy grasshopper Formosatettix qinlingensis (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15123. [PMID: 37016680 PMCID: PMC10066883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Formosatettix qinlingensis (Zheng, 1982) is a tiny grasshopper endemic to Qinling in China. For further study of its transcriptomic features, we obtained RNA-Seq data by Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform. Firstly, transcriptomic analysis showed that transcriptome read numbers of two female and one male samples were 25,043,314, 24,429,905, and 25,034,457, respectively. We assembled 65,977 unigenes, their average length was 1,072.09 bp, and the length of N50 was 2,031 bp. The average lengths of F. qinlingensis female and male unigenes were 911.30 bp, and 941.82 bp, and the N50 lengths were 1,745 bp and 1,735 bp, respectively. Eight databases were used to annotate the functions of unigenes, and 23,268 functional unigenes were obtained. Besides, we also studied the body color, immunity and insecticide resistance of F. qinlingensis. Thirty-nine pigment-related genes were annotated. Some immunity genes and signaling pathways were found, such as JAK-STAT and Toll-LIKE receptor signaling pathways. There are also some insecticide resistance genes and signal pathways, like nAChR, GST and DDT. Further, some of these genes were differentially expressed in female and male samples, including pigment, immunity and insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic study of F. qinlingensis will provide data reference for gene prediction and molecular expression study of other Tetrigidae species in the future. Differential genetic screening of males and females provides a basis for studying sex and immune balance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Paget BW, Kleffmann T, Whiteman KE, Thomas MF, McMahon CD. Quantitative comparison of manuka and clover honey proteomes with royal jelly. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0272898. [PMID: 36763642 PMCID: PMC9916596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly and honey are two substances produced successively by the worker bee caste. Modern proteomics approaches have been used to explore the protein component of each substance independently, but to date none have quantitatively compared the protein profile of honey and royal jelly directly. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) was used to compare protein quantities of bee origin in mānuka and clover honey to royal jelly. Two analysis techniques identified 76 proteins in total. Peptide intensity was directly compared for a subset of 31 proteins that were identified with high confidence, and the relative changes in protein abundance were compared between each honey type and royal jelly. Major Royal Jelly Proteins (MRJPs) had similar profiles in both honeys, except MRJP6, which was significantly more abundant in clover honey. Proteins involved in nectar metabolism were more abundant in honey than in royal jelly as expected. However, the trend revealed a potential catalytic role for MRJP6 in clover honey and a nectar- or honey-specific role for uncharacterised protein LOC408608. The abundance of MRJP6 in mānuka honey was equivalent to royal jelly suggesting a potential effect of nectar type on expression of this protein. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD038889.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake W. Paget
- Hamilton Laboratory, ManukaMed LP, Masterton, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Division of Health Sciences, Research Infrastructure Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark F. Thomas
- Hamilton Laboratory, ManukaMed LP, Masterton, New Zealand
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Alviar KB, Rotenberg D, Martin KM, Whitfield AE. The physical interactome between Peregrinus maidis proteins and the maize mosaic virus glycoprotein provides insights into the cellular biology of a rhabdovirus in the insect vector. Virology 2022; 577:163-173. [PMID: 36395538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdovirus glycoproteins (G) serve multifunctional roles in virus entry, assembly, and exit from animal cells. We hypothesize that maize mosaic virus (MMV) G is required for invasion, infection, and spread in Peregrinus maidis, the planthopper vector. Using a membrane-based yeast two-hybrid assay, we identified 107 P. maidis proteins that physically interacted with MMV G, of which approximately 53% matched proteins with known functions including endocytosis, vesicle-mediated transport, protein synthesis and turnover, nuclear export, metabolism and host defense. Physical interaction networks among conserved proteins indicated a possible cellular coordination of processes associated with MMV G translation, protein folding and trafficking. Non-annotated proteins contained predicted functional sites, including a diverse array of ligand binding sites. Cyclophilin A and apolipophorin III co-immunoprecipitated with MMV G, and each showed different patterns of localization with G in insect cells. This study describes the first protein interactome for a rhabdovirus spike protein and insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Alviar
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kathleen M Martin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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12
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Fertility costs of cryptic viral infections in a model social insect. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15857. [PMID: 36151143 PMCID: PMC9508145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Declining insect populations emphasize the importance of understanding the drivers underlying reductions in insect fitness. Here, we investigated viruses as a threat to social insect reproduction, using honey bees as a model species. We report that in two independent surveys (N = 93 and N = 54, respectively) of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens taken from a total of ten beekeeping operations across British Columbia, high levels of natural viral infection are associated with decreased ovary mass. Failed (poor quality) queens displayed higher levels of viral infection, reduced sperm viability, smaller ovaries, and altered ovary protein composition compared to healthy queens. We experimentally infected queens with Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) and found that the ovary masses of IAPV-injected queens were significantly smaller than control queens, demonstrating a causal relationship between viral infection and ovary size. Queens injected with IAPV also had significantly lower expression of vitellogenin, the main source of nutrition deposited into developing oocytes, and higher levels of heat-shock proteins, which are part of the honey bee’s antiviral response. This work together shows that viral infections occurring naturally in the field are compromising queen reproductive success.
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13
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Wan S, Li Q, Yu H, Liu S, Kong L. Transcriptome analysis based on dietary beta-carotene supplement reveals genes potentially involved in carotenoid metabolism in Crassostrea gigas. Gene 2022; 818:146226. [PMID: 35063572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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14
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Limberger GM, Esteves KP, Halal LM, Nery LEM, da Fonseca DB. Chronic immune challenge is detrimental to female survival, feeding behavior, and reproduction in the field cricket Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775). J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:423-434. [PMID: 35195757 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physiological trade-offs among expensive fitness-related traits, such as reproduction and immunity, are common in life histories of animals. An immune challenge can have different effects on female reproduction mediated by resource allocation and acquisition. In this study, employing a widely used method to challenge the insect immune system (nylon implant), we assessed the effects of mounting a chronic immune response simulating three successive immune assaults on survival and reproduction of mated females of Gryllus assimilis. We also verified feeding behavior following an implantation, which can be important in explaining trade-off dynamics in terms of energy acquisition. For this, three experimental groups were designed (Control, Sham, and Implant) with oviposition rates, egg morphometry, and nymph vigour observed over 3 weeks, at which ovarian mass and unlaid eggs were quantified from remaining individuals. The results showed that chronic implants were detrimental to female survival and reproduction throughout the experiments; Surgical Sham had no effect on survival compared to the control, but did on reproductive aspects such as oviposition rates and hatchling vigour. These negative effects on reproduction in Sham disappeared in the last experimental week, but still strong in the implanted females. Such immune challenge affected the feeding behavior of implanted females by reducing food consumption compared to control after infection, which is probably explained by illness-induced anorexia that takes place to maximize the immune system performance as a part of sickness behavior, exacerbating the adverse effects observed on reproduction (i.e., fewer and smaller eggs, and low vigour of nymphs) and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Limberger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil.
| | | | - Lamia Marques Halal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
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15
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Lethcoe K, Fox CA, Ryan RO. Foam fractionation of a recombinant biosurfactant apolipoprotein. J Biotechnol 2022; 343:25-31. [PMID: 34808251 PMCID: PMC8714704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Locusta migratoria apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) possesses the ability to exist as a water soluble amphipathic α-helix bundle and a lipid surface seeking apolipoprotein. The intrinsic ability of apoLp-III to transform phospholipid vesicles into reconstituted discoidal high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) has led to myriad applications. To improve the yield of recombinant apoLp-III, studies were performed in a bioreactor. Induction of apoLp-III expression generated a protein product that is secreted from E. coli into the culture medium. Interaction of apoLp-III with gas and liquid components in media produced large quantities of thick foam. A continuous foam fractionation process yielded a foamate containing apoLp-III as the sole major protein component. The yield of recombinant apoLp-III was ~0.2 g / liter bacterial culture. Mass spectrometry analysis verified the identity of the target protein and indicated no modifications or changes to apoLp-III occurred as a result of foam fractionation. The functional ability of apoLp-III to induce rHDL formation was evaluated by incubating foam fractionated apoLp-III with phosphatidylcholine vesicles. FPLC size exclusion chromatography revealed a single major population of particles in the size range of rHDL. The results described offer a novel approach to bioreactor-based apoLp-III production that takes advantage of its intrinsic biosurfactant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Lethcoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Colin A Fox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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16
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Kaczmarek A, Boguś M. The metabolism and role of free fatty acids in key physiological processes in insects of medical, veterinary and forensic importance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12563. [PMID: 35036124 PMCID: PMC8710053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most widespread group of organisms and more than one million species have been described. These animals have significant ecological functions, for example they are pollinators of many types of plants. However, they also have direct influence on human life in different manners. They have high medical and veterinary significance, stemming from their role as vectors of disease and infection of wounds and necrotic tissue; they are also plant pests, parasitoids and predators whose activities can influence agriculture. In addition, their use in medical treatments, such as maggot therapy of gangrene and wounds, has grown considerably. They also have many uses in forensic science to determine the minimum post-mortem interval and provide valuable information about the movement of the body, cause of the death, drug use, or poisoning. It has also been proposed that they may be used as model organisms to replace mammal systems in research. The present review describes the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in key physiological processes in insects. By focusing on insects of medical, veterinary significance, we have limited our description of the physiological processes to those most important from the point of view of insect control; the study examines their effects on insect reproduction and resistance to the adverse effects of abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (pathogens) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Abstract
AbstractTrade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined, categorized, and studied in at least six, not mutually exclusive, ways. (1) Allocation constraints are caused by a limited resource (e.g., energy, time, space, essential nutrients), such that increasing allocation to one component necessarily requires a decrease in another (if only two components are involved, this is referred to as the Y-model, e.g., energy devoted to size versus number of offspring). (2) Functional conflicts occur when features that enhance performance of one task decrease performance of another (e.g., relative lengths of in-levers and out-levers, force-velocity trade-offs related to muscle fiber type composition). (3) Shared biochemical pathways, often involving integrator molecules (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, transcription factors), can simultaneously affect multiple traits, with some effects being beneficial for one or more components of Darwinian fitness (e.g., survival, age at first reproduction, fecundity) and others detrimental. (4) Antagonistic pleiotropy describes genetic variants that increase one component of fitness (or a lower-level trait) while simultaneously decreasing another. (5) Ecological circumstances (or selective regime) may impose trade-offs, such as when foraging behavior increases energy availability yet also decreases survival. (6) Sexual selection may lead to the elaboration of (usually male) secondary sexual characters that improve mating success but handicap survival and/or impose energetic costs that reduce other fitness components. Empirical studies of trade-offs often search for negative correlations between two traits that are the expected outcomes of the trade-offs, but this will generally be inadequate if more than two traits are involved and especially for complex physiological networks of interacting traits. Moreover, trade-offs often occur only in populations that are experiencing harsh environmental conditions or energetic challenges at the extremes of phenotypic distributions, such as among individuals or species that have exceptional athletic abilities. Trade-offs may be (partially) circumvented through various compensatory mechanisms, depending on the timescale involved, ranging from acute to evolutionary. Going forward, a pluralistic view of trade-offs and constraints, combined with integrative analyses that cross levels of biological organization and traditional boundaries among disciplines, will enhance the study of evolutionary organismal biology.
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18
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Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Wiater A, Pleszczyńska M, Cytryńska M. Activation of cellular immune response in insect model host Galleria mellonella by fungal α-1,3-glucan. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:6000214. [PMID: 33232457 PMCID: PMC7726367 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1,3-glucan, in addition to β-1,3-glucan, is an important polysaccharide component of fungal cell walls. It is reported for many fungal species, including human pathogenic genera: Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Pneumocystis, plant pathogens, e.g. Magnaporthe oryzae and entomopathogens, e.g. Metarhizium acridum. In human and plant pathogenic fungi, α-1,3-glucan is considered as a shield for the β-1,3-glucan layer preventing recognition of the pathogen by the host. However, its role in induction of immune response is not clear. In the present study, the cellular immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan was investigated for the first time. The changes detected in the total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DHC), formation of hemocyte aggregates and changes in apolipophorin III localization indicated activation of G. mellonella cellular mechanisms in response to immunization with A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Our results, which have clearly demonstrated the response of the insect immune system to this fungal cell wall component, will help in understanding the α-1,3-glucan role in immune response against fungal pathogens not only in insects but also in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stączek
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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19
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Hu X, Zhang W, Chi X, Wang H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Ma L, Xu B. Non-targeted lipidomics and transcriptomics analysis reveal the molecular underpinnings of mandibular gland development in Apis mellifera ligustica. Dev Biol 2021; 479:23-36. [PMID: 34332994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mandibular gland is an important exocrine gland of worker bees, which mainly secretes fatty acids and pheromones. Lipids have important roles in energy storage, membrane structure stabilization, and signaling. However, molecular underpinnings of mandibular gland development and lipid remodeling at the different physiological stages of worker bees is still lacking. In this study, we used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to reveal the morphological changes in secretory cells, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and RNA-seq to investigate the lipidome and gene transcripts during development. The morphology of secretory cells was flat in newly emerged workers, becoming vacuolated and turgid when they were activated in nurse bees and foragers. Transport vesicles became denser from newly emerged bees to 21-day worker bees. Concentrations of 10-HDA reached a maximum within 15d workers and changes in genes expression were consistent with 10-HDA content. Non-targeted lipidomics analysis of newly emerged, 6d, and 15d worker bees revealed that PC and TAG were the main lipids in mandibular gland, and lipids dramatically altered across developmental stages. TAG 54:4 was increased most strongly at 6d and 15d worker bees, meanwhile, the abundances of TAG 54:1 and TAG 54:2 were decreased sharply. Further, transcriptomics analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in key nutrient metabolic pathways, particularly lipid metabolism, in 6d and 15d bees. This multi-omic perspective provides a unique resource and deeper insight into bee mandibular gland development and baseline data for further study of the mandibular gland in worker bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Lanting Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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20
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Wu W, Lin S, Zhao Z, Su Y, Li R, Zhang Z, Guo X. Bombyx mori Apolipophorin-III inhibits Beauveria bassiana directly and through regulating expression of genes relevant to immune signaling pathways. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107647. [PMID: 34303711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insect Apolipophorin-III is a multifunctional protein and also plays an important role in insect innate immunity. Early transcriptome and proteome studies indicated that the gene expression level of Bombyx mori Apolipophorin-III (BmApoLp-III) in silkworm larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana was significantly up-regulated. In this study, BmApoLp-III gene was cloned, its expression patterns in different larval tissues investigated, the BmApoLp-III protein was successfully expressed with prokaryotic expression system and its antifungal effect was verified. The results showed that the BmApoLp-III gene was expressed in all the tested tissues of the 5th instar larvae infected by B. bassiana, with the highest expression in fat body. The fungistatic zone test showed that the recombinant BmApoLp-III has a significant antifungal effect on B. bassiana. Injecting purified BmApoLp-III to the larvae delayed the onset and death of the infected larvae. Conversely, silencing BmApoLp-III gene by RNAi resulted in early morbidity and death of the infected larvae. At the same time, injecting BmApoLp-III up-regulated the expression of genes including BmβGRP4 and BmMyd88 in the Toll signaling pathway, BmCTL5 and BmHOP in the Jak/STAT signaling pathway, serine proteinase inhibitor BmSerpin5, and antimicrobial peptide BmCecA, but down-regulated the expression of BmTak1 of Imd signaling pathway; while silencing BmApoLp-III gene down-regulated the expression of BmβGRP1 and BmSpaetzle, BmCTL5 and BmHOP, BmSerpin2 and BmSerpin5, BmBAEE and BmPPO2 of relevant pathways and BmCecA, but up-regulated the expression of BmPGRP-Lc and BmTak1 of Imd pathway. These results indicate that the BmApoLp-III could not only directly inhibit B. bassiana, but also participate in regulation of the expression of immune signaling pathway related genes, promote the expression of immune effectors, and indirectly inhibit the reproduction of B. bassiana in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanming Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Su Lin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yun Su
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ruilin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
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21
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Kothari S, Bala N, Patel AB, Donovan A, Narayanaswami V. The LDL receptor binding domain of apolipoprotein E directs the relative orientation of its C-terminal segment in reconstituted nascent HDL. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183618. [PMID: 33831404 PMCID: PMC8211829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) (299 residues) is a highly helical protein that plays a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis. It comprises a four-helix bundle N-terminal (NT) and a C-terminal (CT) domain that can exist in lipid-free and lipid-associated states. In humans, there are two major apoE isoforms, apoE3 and apoE4, which differ in a single residue in the NT domain, with apoE4 strongly increasing risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It has been proposed that the CT domain initiates rapid lipid binding, followed by a slower NT domain helix bundle opening and lipid binding to yield discoidal reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL). However, the contribution of the NT domain on the CT domain organization in HDL remains poorly understood. To understand this, we employed Cys-specific cross-linking and spatially-sensitive fluorophores in the NT and CT domains of apoE3 and apoE4, and in isolated CT domain. We noted that the helices in isolated CT domain are oriented parallel to those in the neighboring molecule in rHDL, whereas full length apoE3 and apoE4 adopt either an anti-parallel or hairpin-like organization. It appears that the bulky NT domain determines the spatial organization of its CT domain in rHDL, a finding that has significance for apoE4, which is more susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in AD brains, showing increased accumulation of neurotoxic NT and CT fragments. We envisage that the structural organization of HDL apoE would have profound functional consequences in its ability to regulate cholesterol homeostasis in AD and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kothari
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Bala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A B Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Donovan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - V Narayanaswami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
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22
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Feeding and condition shifts after encountering a pathogen. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Feeding behaviour is a dynamic process, especially if an individual is dealing with an infection. Here, we used Tenebrio molitor beetles to evaluate the effects of changes in diet macronutrients (protein:carbohydrate) on: (i) feeding behaviour before and after infection (using the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii) in males; and (ii) body condition, measured as the amount of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the body, in males and females. Given that females also depend on the nutrients from the spermatophore, we also addressed the impact on female condition of using spermatophores from males whose diets differed in macronutrients whether they were confronting an infection. We found that males with different diets and regardless of their infection status, and females with different diets, all consumed less of the protein-rich diet but more of the carbohydrate-rich diet. In addition, infection in males produced anorexia. The infection resulted in males and the females they mated with, with fewer body proteins and lipids. This suggests that unlike studies in other insects, T. molitor does not consume large amounts of protein during the adult stage, even during an infection. Females’ condition depended strongly on that of their mates, improving even when paired with infected males. This implies that females may be using the nutrients that the males transfer during mating for maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
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23
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Andrejko M, Mak P, Siemińska-Kuczer A, Iwański B, Wojda I, Suder P, Kuleta P, Regucka K, Cytryńska M. A comparison of the production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins by Galleria mellonella larvae in response to infection with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains differing in the profile of secreted proteases. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104239. [PMID: 33845095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The work presents identification of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) in the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (ATCC 27,853 and PA18), differing in the profile of secreted proteases. The insects were immunized with bacteria cultivated in rich (LB) and minimal (M9) media, which resulted in appearance of a similar broad set of AMPs in the hemolymph. Among them, 13 peptides and proteins were identified, i.e. proline-rich peptides 1 and 2, lebocin-like anionic peptide 1 and anionic peptide 2, defensin/galiomicin, cecropin, cecropin D-like peptide, apolipophoricin, gallerimycin, moricin-like peptide B, lysozyme, apolipophorin III, and superoxide dismutase. Bacterial strain- and/or medium-dependent changes in the level of proline-rich peptide 1, anionic peptide 1 and 2, moricin-like peptide B, cecropin D-like and gallerimycin were observed. The analysis of the expression of genes encoding cecropin, gallerimycin, and galiomicin indicated that they were differently affected by the bacterial strain but mainly by the medium used for bacterial culture. The highest expression was found for the LB medium. In addition to the antibacterial and antifungal activity, proteolytic activity was detected in the hemolymph of the P. aeruginosa-infected insects. Based on these results and those presented in our previous reports, it can be postulated that the appearance of AMPs in G. mellonella hemolymph can be triggered not only by P. aeruginosa pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but also by bacterial extracellular proteases secreted during infection. However, although there were no qualitative differences in the set of AMPs depending on the P. aeruginosa strain and medium, differences in the level of particular AMPs synthesized in response to the bacteria used were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Andrejko
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Siemińska-Kuczer
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Iwański
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Sciences and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paula Kuleta
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Regucka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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24
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The C-Terminus of Perilipin 3 Shows Distinct Lipid Binding at Phospholipid-Oil-Aqueous Interfaces. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040265. [PMID: 33917451 PMCID: PMC8067514 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitously expressed organelles; the only intracellular organelles that contain a lipid monolayer rather than a bilayer. Proteins localize and bind to this monolayer as they do to intracellular lipid bilayers. The mechanism by which cytosolic LD binding proteins recognize, and bind, to this lipid interface remains poorly understood. Amphipathic α-helix bundles form a common motif that is shared between cytosolic LD binding proteins (e.g., perilipins 2, 3, and 5) and apolipoproteins, such as apoE and apoLp-III, found on lipoprotein particles. Here, we use pendant drop tensiometry to expand our previous work on the C-terminal α-helix bundle of perilipin 3 and the full-length protein. We measure the recruitment and insertion of perilipin 3 at mixed lipid monolayers at an aqueous-phospholipid-oil interface. We find that, compared to its C-terminus alone, the full-length perilipin 3 has a higher affinity for both a neat oil/aqueous interface and a phosphatidylcholine (PC) coated oil/aqueous interface. Both the full-length protein and the C-terminus show significantly more insertion into a fully unsaturated PC monolayer, contrary to our previous results at the air-aqueous interface. Additionally, the C-terminus shows a preference for lipid monolayers containing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), whereas the full-length protein does not. These results strongly support a model whereby both the N-terminal 11-mer repeat region and C-terminal amphipathic α-helix bundle domains of perilipin 3 have distinct lipid binding, and potentially biological roles.
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25
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Peng Y, Kelle R, Little C, Michonova E, Kornev KG, Alexov E. pH-Dependent Interactions of Apolipophorin-III with a Lipid Disk. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416520420041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is required for stabilization of molecular shuttles of lipid fuels in insects and is found to contribute to the insect immune reaction. Rearrangement of its five [Formula: see text]-helices enables ApoLp-III to reversibly associate with lipids. We investigate computationally the conformational changes of ApoLp-III and the pH-dependence of the binding free energy of ApoLp-III association with a lipid disk. A dominant binding mode along with several minor, low population, modes of the ApoLp-III binding to a lipid disk was identified. The pH-dependence of the binding energy for ApoLp-III with the lipid disk is predicted to be significant, with the pH-optimum at pH[Formula: see text]. The calculations suggest that there are no direct interactions between the lipid head groups and titratable residues of ApoLp-III. In the physiological pH range from 6.0 to 9.0, the binding free energy of ApoLp-III with the lipid disk decreases significantly with respect to its optimal value at pH 8.0 (at pH[Formula: see text], it is 1.02[Formula: see text]kcal/mol and at pH[Formula: see text] it is 0.23[Formula: see text]kcal/mol less favorable than at the optimal pH[Formula: see text]), indicating that the pH is an important regulator of ApoLp-III lipid disk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Rudolfs Kelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Erskine College, Due West, SC 29639, USA
| | - Chandler Little
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Erskine College, Due West, SC 29639, USA
| | | | - Kostantin G. Kornev
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Emil Alexov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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26
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Uversky VN, Albar AH, Khan RH, Redwan EM. Multifunctionality and intrinsic disorder of royal jelly proteome. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000237. [PMID: 33463023 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Royal Jelly (RJ) is a gelatinous white-yellowish fluid, possessing a sour taste and a slight phenolic smell that is secreted by the hypopharyngeal and mandibular salivary glands of the nurse honeybees, and is used in nutrition of larvae and adult queens. Similar to other substances associated with the activities of honeybees, RJ not only contains nutritive components, such as carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, lipids, vitamins, and mineral salts, but also represents a natural ingredient with cosmetic and health-promoting properties. RJ is characterized by remarkable multifunctionality, possessing numerous biological activities. Although this multifunctionality of RJ can be considered as a consequence of its complex nature, many proteins and peptides in RJ are polyfunctional entities themselves. In this article, we show that RJ proteins contain different levels of intrinsic disorder, have sites of post-translational modifications, can be found in multiple isoforms, and many of them possess disorder-based binding sites, suggesting that the conformational ensembles of the RJ proteins might undergo change as a result of their interaction with specific binding partners. All these observations suggest that the multifunctionality of proteins and peptides from RJ is determined by their structural heterogeneity and polymorphism, and serve as an illustration of the protein structure-function continuum concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589 80203, Saudi Arabia.,Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region 142290, Russia.,Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589 80203, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Russell BA, Horn JV, Weers PM. Fragments of Locusta migratoria apoLp-III provide insight into lipid binding. BBA ADVANCES 2021; 1. [PMID: 36267477 PMCID: PMC9581338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2021.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) from Locusta migratoria is an exchangeable apolipoprotein with a critical role in lipid transport in insects. The protein is composed of a bundle of five amphipathic α-helices which undergo a large conformational change upon lipid binding. To better understand the apoLp-III lipid binding interaction, the protein was cleaved by cyanogen bromide upon introduction of a S92M mutation, generating an N-terminal fragment corresponding to the first three helices (NTH1–3) and a C-terminal fragment of the last two helices (CTH4–5). MALDI-TOF analysis of the HPLC purified fragments provided masses of 9863.8 Da for NTH1–3 and 7497.0 Da for CTH4–5 demonstrating that the intended fragments were obtained. Circular dichroism spectra revealed a decrease in helical content from 82% for the intact protein to 57% for NTH1–3 and 41% for CTH4–5. The fragments adopted considerably higher α-helical structure in the presence of trifluoroethanol or phospholipids. Equimolar mixing of the two fragments did not result in changes in helical content or tryptophan fluorescence, indicating recombination into the native protein fold did not occur. The rate of protein induced dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle solubilization increased 15-fold for NTH1–3 and 100-fold for CTH4–5 compared to the intact protein. Despite the high activity in phospholipid vesicle interaction, CTH4–5 did not protect phospholipase-treated low-density lipoprotein from aggregation. In contrast, NTH1–3 provided protection to lipoprotein aggregation similar to the intact protein, indicating that specific amino acid residues in this part of apoLp-III are essential for lipoprotein binding interaction.
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28
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Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Frąc M, Gruszecki WI, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Reszczyńska E, Skorupska D, Mak P, Cytryńska M. Identification and characterization of Staphylococcus spp. and their susceptibility to insect apolipophorin III. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1015-1032. [PMID: 32811181 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the effect of an insect antimicrobial protein, apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), against two newly isolated, identified and characterized clinical strains of Staphylococcus spp. Materials & methods: Both strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic and phenotypic profiling. The antibacterial activity of apoLp-III was tested using a colony counting assay. ApoLp-III interaction with bacterial cell surface was analyzed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Results: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus capitis were identified. ApoLp-III exerted a dose-dependent bactericidal effect on the tested strains. The differences in the Staphylococcus spp. surface components may contribute to the various sensitivities of these strains to apoLp-III. Conclusion: ApoLp-III may provide a baseline for development of antibacterial preparations against Staphylococcus spp. involved in dermatological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 St., 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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29
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Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Luchowski R, Reszczyńska E, Śmiałek J, Mak P, Gruszecki WI, Cytryńska M. Choline Supplementation Sensitizes Legionella dumoffii to Galleria mellonella Apolipophorin III. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165818. [PMID: 32823647 PMCID: PMC7461559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of Legionella dumoffii can be inhibited by Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) which is an insect homologue of human apolipoprotein E., and choline-cultured L. dumoffii cells are considerably more susceptible to apoLp-III than bacteria grown without choline supplementation. In the present study, the interactions of apoLp-III with intact L. dumoffii cells cultured without and with exogenous choline were analyzed to explain the basis of this difference. Fluorescently labeled apoLp-III (FITC-apoLp-III) bound more efficiently to choline-grown L. dumoffii, as revealed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cell envelope of these bacteria was penetrated more deeply by FITC-apoLp-III, as demonstrated by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analyses. The increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to apoLp-III was also accompanied by alterations in the cell surface topography and nanomechanical properties. A detailed analysis of the interaction of apoLp-III with components of the L. dumoffii cells was carried out using both purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and liposomes composed of L. dumoffii phospholipids and LPS. A single micelle of L. dumoffii LPS was formed from 12 to 29 monomeric LPS molecules and one L. dumoffii LPS micelle bound two molecules of apoLp-III. ApoLp-III exhibited the strongest interactions with liposomes with incorporated LPS formed of phospholipids isolated from bacteria cultured on exogenous choline. These results indicated that the differences in the phospholipid content in the cell membrane, especially PC, and LPS affected the interactions of apoLp-III with bacterial cells and suggested that these differences contributed to the increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to G. mellonella apoLp-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Justyna Śmiałek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.Ś.); (P.M.)
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.Ś.); (P.M.)
| | - Wiesław I. Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
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30
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Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhao X, Yu Z, Guo H, Yang Y, Zhang J, Moussian B, Zhang J. Apolipophorin-II/I Contributes to Cuticular Hydrocarbon Transport and Cuticle Barrier Construction in Locusta migratoria. Front Physiol 2020; 11:790. [PMID: 32733279 PMCID: PMC7360829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipophorins are carrier proteins that bind lipids and mediate their transport from tissue to tissue in animals. Apolipophorin I and II (apoLp-II/I) are the major apolipophorins in insects. The implication of apoLp-II/I in cuticle lipid-barrier formation in insects has not been addressed to date. In the present study, we investigated the function of apoLp-II/I in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (LmapoLp-II/I). During the development of fifth instar nymphs, LmapoLp-II/I transcript levels increased until mid-instar, and then decreased gradually until molting to the adult stage. We found that LmapoLp-II/I was predominately expressed in the fat body and the integument including oenocytes and epidermal cells. Immunodetection experiments revealed that LmapoLp-I mainly localized in the cytoplasm of oenocytes and epidermal cells. Silencing of LmapoLp-II/I caused molting defects in nymphs. Importantly, RNA interference against LmapoLp-II/I resulted in a significant decrease in the content of cuticle surface lipids including alkanes and methyl alkanes. Cuticular permeability was significantly enhanced in these nymphs in Eosin Y penetration assays. By consequence, desiccation resistance and insecticide tolerance of dsLmapoLp-II/I-treated locusts were reduced. Taken together, our results indicate that LmapoLp-II/I is involved in the transport and deposition of surface-cuticular lipids that are crucial for maintaining normal cuticle barrier function in L. migratoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Zhao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhitao Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongfang Guo
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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31
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Apolipophorin III interaction with phosphatidylglycerol and lipopolysaccharide: A potential mechanism for antimicrobial activity. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 229:104909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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32
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Toprak U, Hegedus D, Doğan C, Güney G. A journey into the world of insect lipid metabolism. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21682. [PMID: 32335968 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is fundamental to life. In insects, it is critical, during reproduction, flight, starvation, and diapause. The coordination center for insect lipid metabolism is the fat body, which is analogous to the vertebrate adipose tissue and liver. Fat body contains various different cell types; however, adipocytes and oenocytes are the primary cells related to lipid metabolism. Lipid metabolism starts with the hydrolysis of dietary lipids, absorption of lipid monomers, followed by lipid transport from midgut to the fat body, lipogenesis or lipolysis in the fat body, and lipid transport from fat body to other sites demanding energy. Lipid metabolism is under the control of hormones, transcription factors, secondary messengers and posttranscriptional modifications. Primarily, lipogenesis is under the control of insulin-like peptides that activate lipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, whereas lipolysis is coordinated by the adipokinetic hormone that activates lipolytic transcription factors, such as forkhead box class O and cAMP-response element-binding protein. Calcium is the primary-secondary messenger affecting lipid metabolism and has different outcomes depending on the site of lipogenesis or lipolysis. Phosphorylation is central to lipid metabolism and multiple phosphorylases are involved in lipid accumulation or hydrolysis. Although most of the knowledge of insect lipid metabolism comes from the studies on the model Drosophila; other insects, in particular those with obligatory or facultative diapause, also have great potential to study lipid metabolism. The use of these models would significantly improve our knowledge of insect lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dwayne Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cansu Doğan
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Güney
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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33
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Cinel SD, Hahn DA, Kawahara AY. Predator-induced stress responses in insects: A review. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104039. [PMID: 32113954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predators can induce extreme stress and profound physiological responses in prey. Insects are the most dominant animal group on Earth and serve as prey for many different predators. Although insects have an extraordinary diversity of anti-predator behavioral and physiological responses, predator-induced stress has not been studied extensively in insects, especially at the molecular level. Here, we review the existing literature on physiological predator-induced stress responses in insects and compare what is known about insect stress to vertebrate stress systems. We conclude that many unrelated insects share a baseline pathway of predator-induced stress responses that we refer to as the octopamine-adipokinetic hormone (OAH) axis. We also present best practices for studying predator-induced stress responses in prey insects. We encourage investigators to compare neurophysiological responses to predator-related stress at the organismal, neurohormonal, tissue, and cellular levels within and across taxonomic groups. Studying stress-response variation between ecological contexts and across taxonomic levels will enable the field to build a holistic understanding of, and distinction between, taxon- and stimulus-specific responses relative to universal stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Cinel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
The composition of insect hemolymph can change depending on many factors, e.g. access to nutrients, stress conditions, and current needs of the insect. In this chapter, insect immune-related polypeptides, which can be permanently or occasionally present in the hemolymph, are described. Their division into peptides or low-molecular weight proteins is not always determined by the length or secondary structure of a given molecule but also depends on the mode of action in insect immunity and, therefore, it is rather arbitrary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with their role in immunity, modes of action, and classification are presented in the chapter, followed by a short description of some examples: cecropins, moricins, defensins, proline- and glycine-rich peptides. Further, we will describe selected immune-related proteins that may participate in immune recognition, may possess direct antimicrobial properties, or can be involved in the modulation of insect immunity by both abiotic and biotic factors. We briefly cover Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs), Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (Dscam), Hemolin, Lipophorins, Lysozyme, Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitor (IMPI), and Heat Shock Proteins. The reader will obtain a partial picture presenting molecules participating in one of the most efficient immune strategies found in the animal world, which allow insects to inhabit all ecological land niches in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Dittmann M, Buczkowski G, Scharf M, Bennett G. Gene expression changes in response to field-to-lab transition in the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103901. [PMID: 31207215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression research is a valuable tool for investigating how gene regulation and expression control the underlying behaviors that structure a eusocial insect colony. However, labs that focus on ant research frequently keep ant colonies in the lab for ease of sampling. It is typically impractical to accurately emulate the field conditions where ants are collected from, so laboratory colonies can be exposed to drastically different environmental conditions and food sources than they are naturally exposed to in the wild. These shifts in diet and environment can cause changes in the gene expression of the ants, affecting downstream behavioral and physiological systems. To examine the nature of these changes, colonies of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), were excavated from North Carolina and transferred to the lab, where they were sampled monthly. Illumina and qPCR analyses were conducted on forager samples to detect any changes in gene expression. Approximately six percent of the Argentine ant genome, which represents 765 genes, showed changes in gene regulation after six months in the laboratory environment. The subset of these genes examined via qPCR show that the expression of many genes are correlated with each other, indicating that these genes might be a part of a regulatory network. These findings showed that ant colonies kept in the lab experience changes in gene expression, resulting in downstream effects. Therefore, lab ant colonies are not necessarily representative of wild colonies when conducting experiments on the gene expression, behavior, and physiology of these colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Dittmann
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Michael Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gary Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Song J, Wang C. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of genetic factors influencing adductor muscle coloration in QN Orange scallops. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:363. [PMID: 31072381 PMCID: PMC6509969 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Color polymorphism, a high-valued trait, is frequently observed in molluscan shellfish. The QN Orange scallop, a new scallop strain successively selected from the interspecific hybrids of the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians) and the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus), is distinguished from other scallops by its orange adductor muscles. In this study, to reveal the mechanisms of the formation of adductor muscle coloration in the QN Orange scallops, we compared the proteome and transcriptome of orange adductor muscles of the QN Orange and those of white adductor muscles of the Bohai Red scallop, another strain selected from the interspecific hybrids of the bay scallop and the Peruvian scallop. Results Transcriptomic analysis revealed 416 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between white and orange adductor muscles, among which 216 were upregulated and 200 were downregulated. Seventy-four differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 36 upregulated and 38 downregulated proteins, were identified through label-free proteomics. Among the identified DEGs and DEPs, genes related to carotenoids biosynthesis including apolipophorin, and Cytochrome P450 and those related to melanin biosynthesis including tyrosinase and Ras-related protein Rab-11A were found to express at higher levels in orange adductor muscles. The high expression levels of VPS (vacuolar protein sorting) and TIF (translation initiation factor) in orange adductor muscle tissues indicated that carotenoid accumulation may be affected by proteins outside of the carotenoid pathway. Conclusions Our results implied that the coloration of orange adductor muscles in the QN Orange scallops may be controlled by genes modulating accumulation of carotenoids and melanins. This study may provide valuable information for understanding the mechanisms and pathways underlying adductor muscle coloration in molluscan shellfish. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5717-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Song
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chunde Wang
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. .,Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Lipid-bound apoLp-III is less effective in binding to lipopolysaccharides and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles compared to the lipid-free protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 458:61-70. [PMID: 31016454 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is an insect apolipoprotein that is predominantly present in a lipid-free state in the hemolymph. ApoLp-III from Galleria mellonella is able to interact with membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria, as part of an innate immune response to infection. The protein also exists in a lipoprotein-associated state when large amounts of lipids are mobilized. Therefore, lipid-bound apoLp-III was generated to analyze the binding interaction with lipopolysaccharides and phosphatidylglycerol, both abundantly present in membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. G. mellonella apoLp-III was lipidated with palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine to form lipid-protein complexes. The particle shape was discoidal with a 16.4 nm diameter, a molecular mass of 460 kDa, and contained 4 apoLp-III molecules. These discoidal lipoproteins were used to compare the lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylglycerol binding activity with lipid-free apoLp-III. Lipopolysaccharide binding interaction was analyzed by non-denaturing PAGE, showing reduced ability of the lipid-bound protein to form lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes and to disaggregate lipopolysaccharide micelles. The apoLp-III-induced release of calcein from phosphatidylglycerol vesicles was decreased approximately fivefold when the protein was in the lipid-bound form, indicating reduced binding interaction with the phosphatidylglycerol membrane surface. These results show that when apoLp-III adopts a lipid-bound conformation, it is markedly less effective in interacting with lipopolysaccharides and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles. Thus, in order to be an effective antimicrobial protein, apoLp-III needs to be in a lipid-free state.
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Harwood G, Amdam G, Freitak D. The role of Vitellogenin in the transfer of immune elicitors from gut to hypopharyngeal glands in honey bees (Apis mellifera). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:90-100. [PMID: 30578811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Female insects that survive a pathogen attack can produce more pathogen-resistant offspring in a process called trans-generational immune priming. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera), the egg-yolk precursor protein Vitellogenin transports fragments of pathogen cells into the egg, thereby setting the stage for a recruitment of immunological defenses prior to hatching. Honey bees live in complex societies where reproduction and communal tasks are divided between a queen and her sterile female workers. Worker bees metabolize Vitellogenin to synthesize royal jelly, a protein-rich glandular secretion fed to the queen and young larvae. We ask if workers can participate in trans-generational immune priming by transferring pathogen fragments to the queen or larvae via royal jelly. As a first step toward answering this question, we tested whether worker-ingested bacterial fragments can be transported to jelly-producing glands, and what role Vitellogenin plays in this transport. To do this, we fed fluorescently labelled Escherichia coli to workers with experimentally manipulated levels of Vitellogenin. We found that bacterial fragments were transported to the glands of control workers, while they were not detected at the glands of workers subjected to RNA interference-mediated Vitellogenin gene knockdown, suggesting that Vitellogenin plays a role in this transport. Our results provide initial evidence that trans-generational immune priming may operate at a colony-wide level in honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Harwood
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA.
| | - Gro Amdam
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biology, Division of Zoology, University of Graz, A8010 Graz, Austria
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Yu HZ, Wang J, Zhang SZ, Toufeeq S, Li B, Li Z, Yang LA, Hu P, Xu JP. Molecular characterisation of Apolipophorin-III gene in Samia cynthia ricini and its roles in response to bacterial infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 159:61-70. [PMID: 30347207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is an abundant hemolymph protein mainly involved in lipid transport and innate immunity in insects. In the present study, the gene Samia cynthia ricini ApoLp-III (ScApoLp-III) was identified from a transcriptome database, and contained 790 nucleotides with a putative open reading frame (ORF) of 561 bp encoding 186 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ScApoLp-III had significant homology with ApoLp-III protein from Antheraea pernyi. Higher ScApoLp-III expression levels were found in the fat body and silk gland by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Injection of Staphylococcus aureus induced up-regulation of ScApoLp-III in the midgut, fat body and hemocytes. However, ScApoLp-III was down-regulated in the midgut and fat body after Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection, indicating that ScApoLp-III may contribute to the host's defense against invading pathogens. Additionally, recombinant ScApoLp-III was found to bind different bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis. Bactericidal tests showed that recombinant ScApoLp-III strongly inhibited Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. However, it had no obvious influence on Gram-positive bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that the ScApoLp-III might play an important role in the innate immunity of S. c. ricini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China; National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Ang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Pei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China.
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Fei DQ, Yu HZ, Xu JP, Zhang SZ, Wang J, Li B, Yang LA, Hu P, Xu X, Zhao K, Shahzad T. Isolation of ferritin and its interaction with BmNPV in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:130-137. [PMID: 29793044 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitous iron storage protein that plays an important role in host defence against pathogen infections. In the present study, native ferritin was isolated from the hemolymph of Bombyx mori using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results revealed that ferritin consisted of two subunits, designated as BmFerHCH and BmFerLCH. Previously integrated previous transcriptome and iTRAQ data showed that the two subunits were down-regulated in resistant silkworm strain BC9 and there was no obvious change in the expression levels of the subunits in susceptible silkworm strain P50 after BmNPV infection. Virus overlay assays revealed that B. mori ferritin as the form of heteropolymer had an interaction with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), but it can't interact with BmNPV after depolymerisation. What's more, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis suggested that BmFerHCH and BmFerLCH could be induced by bacteria, virus and iron. This is the first study to extract B. mori ferritin successfully and confirms their roles in the process of BmNPV infection. All these results will lay a foundation for further research the function of B. mori ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qiong Fei
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China; National Navel Orange Engineering and Technology Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China.
| | - Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Li-Ang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Pei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Toufeeq Shahzad
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
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Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Mak P, Sowa-Jasiłek A, Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Suder P, Wydrych J, Grygorczuk K, Jakubowicz T, Cytryńska M. Studies on localization and protein ligands of Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III during immune response against different pathogens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 105:18-27. [PMID: 29289504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A lipid-binding protein apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), an exchangeable component of lipophorin particles, is involved in lipid transport and immune response in insects. In Galleria mellonella, apoLp-III binding to high-density lipophorins and formation of low-density lipophorin complexes upon immune challenge was reported. However, an unanswered question remains whether apoLp-III could form different complexes in a pathogen-dependent manner. Here we report on pathogen- and time-dependent alterations in the level of apoLp-III free and lipophorin-bound form that occur in the hemolymph and hemocytes shortly after immunization of G. mellonella larvae with different pathogens, i.e. Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus, yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, and filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum. These changes were accompanied by differently persistent re-localization of apoLp-III in the hemocytes. The apoLp-III-interacting proteins were recovered from immune hemolymph by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose bed with immobilized anti-apoLp-III antibodies. ApoLp-I, apoLp-II, hexamerin, and arylphorin were identified as main components that bound to apoLp-III; the N-terminal amino acid sequences of G. mellonella apoLp-I and apoLp-II were determined for the first time. In the recovered complexes, the pathogen-dependent differences in the content of individual apolipophorins were detected. Apolipophorins may thus be postulated as signaling molecules responding in an immunogen-dependent manner in early steps of G. mellonella immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stączek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Sowa-Jasiłek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Biochemistry and Neurobiology Department, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grygorczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa Jakubowicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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42
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Ararso Z, Ma C, Qi Y, Feng M, Han B, Hu H, Meng L, Li J. Proteome Comparisons between Hemolymph of Two Honeybee Strains (Apis mellifera ligustica) Reveal Divergent Molecular Basis in Driving Hemolymph Function and High Royal Jelly Secretion. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:402-419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Ararso
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuan Ma
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuping Qi
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mao Feng
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Han
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Hu
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lifeng Meng
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural
Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Mirheydari M, Mann EK, Kooijman EE. Interaction of a model apolipoprotein, apoLp-III, with an oil-phospholipid interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:396-406. [PMID: 29030246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are "small" organelles that play an important role in de novo synthesis of new membrane, and steroid hormones, as well as in energy storage. The way proteins interact specifically with the oil-(phospho-)lipid monolayer interface of lipid droplets is a relatively unexplored but crucial question. Here, we use our home built liquid droplet tensiometer to mimic intracellular lipid droplets and study protein-lipid interactions at this interface. As model neutral lipid binding protein, we use apoLp-III, an amphipathic α-helix bundle protein. This domain is also found in proteins from the perilipin family and in apoE. Protein binding to the monolayer is studied by the decrease in the oil/water surface tension. Previous work used POPC (one of the major lipids found on lipid droplets) to form the phospholipid monolayer on the triolein surface. Here we expand this work by incorporating other lipids with different physico-chemical properties to study the effect of charge and lipid head-group size. This study sheds light on the affinity of this important protein domain to interact with lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mirheydari
- Physics Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
| | - Elizabeth K Mann
- Physics Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Edgar E Kooijman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
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Kumar M, Mohanty AK, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Dey G, Advani J, Pinto SM, Kumar A, Prasad TSK. Response to Blood Meal in the Fat Body of Anopheles stephensi Using Quantitative Proteomics: Toward New Vector Control Strategies Against Malaria. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:520-530. [PMID: 28873011 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a grand challenge for disruptive innovation in global health therapeutics and diagnostics. Anopheles stephensi is one of the major vectors of malaria in Asia. Vector and transmission control are key focus areas in the fight against malaria, a field of postgenomics research where proteomics can play a substantive role. Moreover, to identify novel strategies to control the vector population, it is necessary to understand the vector life processes at a global and molecular scale. In this context, fat body is a vital organ required for vitellogenesis, vector immunity, vector physiology, and vector-parasite interaction. Given its central role in energy metabolism, vitellogenesis, and immune function, the proteome profile of the fat body and the impact of blood meal (BM) ingestion on the protein abundances of this vital organ have not been investigated so far. Therefore, using a proteomics approach, we identified the proteins expressed in the fat body of An. stephensi and their differential expression in response to BM ingestion. In all, we identified 3,218 proteins in the fat body using high-resolution mass spectrometry, of which 483 were found to be differentially expressed in response to the BM ingestion. Bioinformatics analysis of these proteins underscored their role in amino acid metabolism, vitellogenesis, lipid transport, signal peptide processing, mosquito immunity, and oxidation-reduction processes. Interestingly, we identified five novel genes, which were found to be differentially expressed upon BM ingestion. Proteins that exhibited altered expression in the present study are potential targets for vector control strategies and development of transmission blocking vaccines in the fight against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | | | | | - Gourav Dey
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- 4 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- 3 National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR) , Panjim, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,4 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India .,5 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences , Bangalore, India
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45
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Liu NY, Wang JQ, Zhang ZB, Huang JM, Zhu JY. Unraveling the venom components of an encyrtid endoparasitoid wasp Diversinervus elegans. Toxicon 2017; 136:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Evolution of human apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms: Gene structure, protein function and interaction with dietary factors. Ageing Res Rev 2017. [PMID: 28647612 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a member of the vertebrate protein family of exchangeable apolipoproteins that is characterized by amphipathic α-helices encoded by multiple nucleotide tandem repeats. Its equivalent in flying insects - apolipophorin-III - shares structural and functional commonalities with APOE, suggesting the possibility of an evolutionary relationship between the proteins. In contrast to all other known species, human APOE is functionally polymorphic and possesses three major allelic variants (ε4, ε3 and ε2). The present review examines the current knowledge on APOE gene structure, phylogeny and APOE protein topology as well as its human isoforms. The ε4 allele is associated with an increased age-related disease risk but is also the ancestral form. Despite increased mortality in the elderly, ε4 has not become extinct and is the second-most common allele worldwide after ε3. APOE ε4, moreover, shows a non-random geographical distribution, and similarly, the ε2 allele is not homogenously distributed among ethnic populations. This likely suggests the existence of selective forces that are driving the evolution of human APOE isoforms, which may include differential interactions with dietary factors. To that effect, micronutrients such as vitamin D and carotenoids or dietary macronutrient composition are elucidated with respect to APOE evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, H. Rodewald Str. 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, H. Rodewald Str. 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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47
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Wu Y, Zheng H, Corona M, Pirk C, Meng F, Zheng Y, Hu F. Comparative transcriptome analysis on the synthesis pathway of honey bee (Apis mellifera) mandibular gland secretions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4530. [PMID: 28674395 PMCID: PMC5495765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretions from mandibular glands (MGs) have important caste-specific functions that are associated with the social evolution of honey bees. To gain insights into the molecular architecture underlying these caste differences, we compared the gene expression patterns of MGs from queens, queenright workers (WQRs) and queenless workers (WQLs) using high-throughput RNA-sequencing technology. In total, we identified 46 candidate genes associated with caste-specific biosynthesis of fatty acid pheromones in the MG, including members of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family and genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and ω-oxidation. For further identification of the CYP450s genes involved in the biosynthesis of MG secretions, we analyzed by means of qPCR, the expression levels of six of the CYP450 genes most abundantly expressed in the transcriptome analysis across different castes, ages, tasks and tissues. Our analysis revealed that CYP6AS8 and CYP6AS11, the most abundantly expressed CYP450 genes in worker and queen MGs, respectively, are selectively expressed in the MGs of workers and queens compared to other tissues. These results suggest that these genes might be responsible for the critical bifurcated hydroxylation process in the biosynthesis pathway. Our study contributes to the description of the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived pheromones in the MGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuQi Wu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - HuoQing Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.
| | - Miguel Corona
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Christian Pirk
- Social Insect research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fei Meng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - YuFei Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - FuLiang Hu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.
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48
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Horn JVC, Ellena RA, Tran JJ, Beck WHJ, Narayanaswami V, Weers PMM. Transfer of C-terminal residues of human apolipoprotein A-I to insect apolipophorin III creates a two-domain chimeric protein with enhanced lipid binding activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1317-1325. [PMID: 28434970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is an insect apolipoprotein (18kDa) that comprises a single five-helix bundle domain. In contrast, human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is a 28kDa two-domain protein: an α-helical N-terminal domain (residues 1-189) and a less structured C-terminal domain (residues 190-243). To better understand the apolipoprotein domain organization, a novel chimeric protein was engineered by attaching residues 179 to 243 of apoA-I to the C-terminal end of apoLp-III. The apoLp-III/apoA-I chimera was successfully expressed and purified in E. coli. Western blot analysis and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of the C-terminal domain of apoA-I within the chimera. While parent apoLp-III did not self-associate, the chimera formed oligomers similar to apoA-I. The chimera displayed a lower α-helical content, but the stability remained similar compared to apoLp-III, consistent with the addition of a less structured domain. The chimera was able to solubilize phospholipid vesicles at a significantly higher rate compared to apoLp-III, approaching that of apoA-I. The chimera was more effective in protecting phospholipase C-treated low density lipoprotein from aggregation compared to apoLp-III. In addition, binding interaction of the chimera with phosphatidylglycerol vesicles and lipopolysaccharides was considerably improved compared to apoLp-III. Thus, addition of the C-terminal domain of apoA-I to apoLp-III created a two-domain protein, with self-association, lipid and lipopolysaccharide binding properties similar to apoA-I. The apoA-I like behavior of the chimera indicate that these properties are independent from residues residing in the N-terminal domain of apoA-I, and that they can be transferred from apoA-I to apoLp-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V C Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Rachel A Ellena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Jesse J Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Wendy H J Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Vasanthy Narayanaswami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Paul M M Weers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States.
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49
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Dhawan R, Gupta K, Kajla M, Kakani P, Choudhury TP, Kumar S, Kumar V, Gupta L. Apolipophorin-III Acts as a Positive Regulator of Plasmodium Development in Anopheles stephensi. Front Physiol 2017; 8:185. [PMID: 28439240 PMCID: PMC5383653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (ApoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune responses of insects. Here we report the molecular and functional characterization of Anopheles stephensi Apolipophorin-III (AsApoLp-III) gene. This gene consists of 679 nucleotides arranged into two exons of 45 and 540 bp that give an ORF encoding 194 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 19 amino acid residues, the 175-residues in mature AsApoLp-III protein has a calculated molecular mass of 22 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the divergence of mosquitoes (Order Diptera) ApoLp-III from their counterparts in moths (Order: Lepidoptera). Also, it revealed a close relatedness of AsApoLp-III to ApoLp-III of An. gambiae. AsApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in Plasmodium berghei infected mosquito midguts suggesting its crucial role in parasite development. AsApoLp-III silencing decreased P. berghei oocysts numbers by 7.7 fold against controls. These effects might be due to the interruption of AsApoLp-III mediated lipid delivery to the developing oocysts. In addition, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an antiplasmodial gene, is also highly induced in AsApoLp-III silenced midguts suggesting that this gene acts like an agonist and protects Plasmodium against the mosquito immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Dhawan
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Mithilesh Kajla
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Tania P Choudhury
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India.,Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
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50
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Kirschman LJ, Quade AH, Zera AJ, Warne RW. Immune function trade-offs in response to parasite threats. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:199-204. [PMID: 28109904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune function is often involved in physiological trade-offs because of the energetic costs of maintaining constitutive immunity and mounting responses to infection. However, immune function is a collection of discrete immunity factors and animals should allocate towards factors that combat the parasite threat with the highest fitness cost. For example, animals on dispersal fronts of expanding population may be released from density-dependent diseases. The costs of immunity, however, and life history trade-offs in general, are often context dependent. Trade-offs are often most apparent under conditions of unusually limited resources or when animals are particularly stressed, because the stress response can shift priorities. In this study we tested how humoral and cellular immune factors vary between phenotypes of a wing dimorphic cricket and how physiological stress influences these immune factors. We measured constitutive lysozyme activity, a humoral immune factor, and encapsulation response, a cellular immune factor. We also stressed the crickets with a sham predator in a full factorial design. We found that immune strategy could be explained by the selective pressures encountered by each morph and that stress decreased encapsulation, but not lysozyme activity. These results suggest a possible trade-off between humoral and cellular immunity. Given limited resources and the expense of immune factors, parasite pressures could play a key factor in maintaining insect polyphenism via disruptive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Adam H Quade
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Zera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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