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Jang CS, Liu CC. Integrating quantitative microbiological risk assessment and disability-adjusted life years to evaluate the effects of urbanization on health risks for river recreationists. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172667. [PMID: 38677423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Urban rivers provide an excellent opportunity for water recreation. This study probabilistically assessed health risks associated with water recreation in urban rivers in the Bitan Scenic Area, Taiwan, by employing quantitative microbial risk assessment and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Moreover, the effects of urbanization on the health risks of river recreation induced by waterborne pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) were investigated. First, data on river E. coli levels were collected in both the Bitan Scenic Area and the upstream river section, and model parameters were obtained through a questionnaire administered to river recreationists. Monte Carlo simulation was then employed to address parameter uncertainty. Finally, DALYs were calculated to quantify the cumulative effects in terms of potential life lost and years lived with disability. The results indicated that the 90 % confidence intervals for the disease burden (DB) were 0.2-74.1 × 10-6, 0.01-94.0 × 10-6, and 0.3-128.9 × 10-6 DALY per person per year (pppy) for canoeing, swimming, and fishing, respectively, in the Bitan Scenic Area. Furthermore, urbanization near the Bitan Scenic Area approximately doubled the DB risks to river recreationists in upstream rural areas. At the 95th percentile, the DB risks exceeded the tolerances recommended by the World Health Organization (1 × 10-6) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1 × 10-4). The findings suggest that the simultaneous implementation of effluent sewer systems and best management practices can reduce health risks to river recreationists by at least half, reducing the DALY levels below 1 × 10-4 or even 1 × 10-5 pppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shin Jang
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan City 338, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Chih Liu
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan City 338, Taiwan
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Gitter A, Mena KD, Lisle JT. Informing ASR Treatment Practices in a Florida Aquifer through a Human Health Risk Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6833. [PMID: 37835103 PMCID: PMC10572346 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) can augment water supplies and hydrologic flows under varying climatic conditions. However, imposing drinking water regulations on ASR practices, including pre-treatment before injection into the aquifer, remains arguable. Microbial inactivation data-Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, poliovirus type 1 and Cryptosporidium parvum-were used in a human health risk assessment to identify how the storage time of recharged water in the Floridan Aquifer enhances pathogen inactivation, thereby mitigating the human health risks associated with ingestion. We used a quantitative microbial risk assessment to evaluate the risks for a gastrointestinal infection (GI) and the associated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year. The risk of developing a GI infection for drinking water no longer exceeded the suggested annual risk threshold (1 × 10-4) by days 31, 1, 52 and 80 for each pathogen, respectively. DALYs per person per year no longer exceeded the World Health Organization threshold (1 × 10-6) by days 27, <1, 43 and 72. In summary, storage time in the aquifer yields a significant reduction in health risk. The findings emphasize that considering microbial inactivation, caused by storage time and geochemical conditions within ASR storage zones, is critical for recharge water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gitter
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - John T. Lisle
- U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;
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3
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Goh SG, Haller L, Ng C, Charles FR, Jitxin L, Chen H, He Y, Gin KYH. Assessing the additional health burden of antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in surface waters through an integrated QMRA and DALY approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132058. [PMID: 37459761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae pose a significant threat to public health. However, limited studies have evaluated the health risks associated with exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), especially in natural environments. While quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) assesses microbial risks in terms of the probability of infection, it does not account for the severity of health outcomes. In this study, a QMRA-DALY model was developed to integrate QMRA with health burden (disability-adjusted life years (DALY)) from infections caused by ARB. The model considers uncertainties in probability of infection and health burden assessment using Monte Carlo simulations. The study collected antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance data from surface waters with different land uses. Results revealed water bodies with agricultural land use to be the main AMR hotspots, with the highest additional health burden observed in infections caused by meropenem-resistant E. coli (∆DALY = 0.0105 DALY/event) compared to antibiotic-susceptible E. coli. The estimated ∆DALY for antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae was lower than for antibiotic-resistant E. coli (highest ∆DALY = 0.00048 DALY/event). The study highlights the need for better evaluation of AMR associated health burden, and effective measures to mitigate the risks associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Laurence Haller
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Francis Rathinam Charles
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Lim Jitxin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hongjie Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Pasalari H, Akbari H, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Adibzadeh A, Akbari H. Assessment of rotavirus and norovirus emitted from water spray park: QMRA, diseases burden and sensitivity analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10957. [PMID: 36254289 PMCID: PMC9568861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative model on exposure to pathogenic viruses in air of recreational area and their corresponding health effects is necessary to provide mitigation actions in content of emergency response plans (ERP). Here, the health risk associated with exposure to two pathogenic viruses of concern: Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) in air of water spray park were estimated using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model. To this end, real-time Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was employed to measure the concentration levels of RoV and NoV over a twelve-month period. The probability of infection, illness and diseases burden of gastrointestinal illness (GI) caused by RoV and NoV for both workers and visitors were estimated using QMRA and Monto-Carlo simulation technique. The annual mean concentration for RoV and NoV in sampling air of water spray park were 20and 1754, respectively. The %95 confidence interval (CI) calculated annual DALY indicator for RoV (Workers: 2.62 × 10−4–2.62 × 10−1, Visitors: 1.50 × 10−5–2.42 × 10−1) and NoV (Workers: 5.54 × 10−3–2.53 × 10−1; Visitors: 5.18 × 10−4–2.54 × 10−1) were significantly higher the recommended values by WHO and US EPA (10−6–10−4 DALY pppy). According to sensitivity analysis, exposure dose and disease burden per case (DBPC) were found as the most influencing factors on disease burden as a consequences of exposure to RoV and NoV, respectively. The comprehensive information on DALY and QMRA can aid authorities involved in risk assessment and recreational actions to adopt proper approach and mitigation actions to minimize the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pasalari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Adibzadeh
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author.
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Bortagaray V, Gamazo P, Castro S, Grilli M, Colina R, Victoria M. Comparison of the risk of infection of human rotavirus and astrovirus according to fishing and swimming activities at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3523-3533. [PMID: 36000509 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the risk of human Rotavirus (RV) and Astrovirus (HAstV) infections for swimmers and fishers at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. METHODS AND RESULTS Surface water samples were collected monthly for one year. The dose response models used were β Poisson and 1 F1 hypergeometric for RV and HAstV, respectively. The probabilities of infection were calculated using a kernel density estimate to fitting the data and then sampling from this distribution (Monte Carlo simulation). The probability of RV infection for fishers was between 0 and 65% and for swimmers was between 0 and 50% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 38% (>18 years old). For HAstV, the probability of infection for fishers was between 0% and 45% and for swimmers was between 0 and 38% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 18% (>18 years old). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that fishers are at higher risk of infection for both viruses when compared with swimmers mainly due to higher viral frequency and concentration at the site for fishing activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the different risk of infection for Rotavirus and Astrovirus, determined according to two popular activities such as swimming and fishing evidencing their negative impact in public health when contaminated waters are used mainly in developing countries like Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Gamazo
- Department of Water, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Castro
- Department of Mathematics and Estadistic from litoral (DMEL), CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Grilli
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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Bradshaw JK, Snyder B, Spidle D, Sidle RC, Sullivan K, Molina M. Sediment and fecal indicator bacteria loading in a mixed land use watershed: Contributions from suspended sediment and bedload transport. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:598-611. [PMID: 33025617 PMCID: PMC9126178 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overland transport of fecal bacteria in water and their resuspension from bed sediments are important transport mechanisms that help explain the transport of enteric pathogens in watersheds. In this study, multiyear monitoring along with regression relationships between sediment and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were used to investigate annual loading in the South Fork Broad River watershed, located in northeastern Georgia, USA. Suspended transport was the dominant transport mechanism contributing to in-stream total annual loads for sediment (81.4-98.1%) and FIB (>98%). Annual bedload transport of FIB was small and Escherichia coli (up to 1.8%) contributed more to annual bedload FIB than enterococci (≤0.03%). Bedload contributions of FIB increased with the duration of critical discharge exceedance, indicating a prolonged risk of exposure to enteric pathogens during extended periods of high flows, which is important during major storm events. The risk of exposure to enteric pathogens through pathways such as recreational use and drinking water treatment could be much greater because fecal bacteria are released from sediment during higher flows and dominantly transported in suspension when bedload are not actively moving. Therefore, the combined contribution of fecal bacteria from overland and bedload-associated transport should be considered in risk assessments. Discharge, bedload, and FIB data collected over 2 yr in this study can supplement future hydrologic modeling and microbial risk assessment modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kenneth Bradshaw
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley RD, Building SC-200, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Ecosystem Processes Division, 960 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Blake Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Laboratory of Services & Applied Sciences Division, 980 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605
| | - David Spidle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Laboratory of Services & Applied Sciences Division, 980 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605
| | - Roy C. Sidle
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sustainability Research Centre, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Ecosystem Processes Division, 960 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Marirosa Molina
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Durham, NC 27709
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Bray RT, Jankowska K, Kulbat E, Łuczkiewicz A, Sokołowska A. Ultrafiltration Process in Disinfection and Advanced Treatment of Tertiary Treated Wastewater. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030221. [PMID: 33804673 PMCID: PMC8003589 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of research on the use of ultrafiltration, using membranes of 200 and 400 kDa separation, for disinfection of municipal treated wastewater. The research was conducted on a fractional technical scale using real municipal treated wastewater from two large wastewater treatment plants treating most of the wastewater over the one-million polycentric Gdańsk agglomeration (1.2 million inhabitants). UF 200 kDa and UF 400 kDa processes enabled further improvement of the physical and chemical parameters of treated wastewater. Total phosphorus (to below 0.2 mg/L–UF 200 kDa, 0.13 mg/L–UF 400 kDa) and turbid substances (to below 0.2 mg/L, both membranes) were removed in the highest degree. COD was reduced efficiently (to below 25.6 mgO2/L–UF 200 kDa, 26.8 mgO2/L–UF 400 kDa), while total nitrogen was removed to a small extent (to 7.12 mg/L–UF 200 kDa and 5.7 mg/L–UF 400 kDa. Based on the reduction of indicator bacteria; fecal coliforms including E. coli (FC) and fecal enterococci (FE) it was found that the ultrafiltration is an effective method of disinfection. Not much indicator bacterial were observed in the permeate after processes (UF 200 kDa; FC—5 CFU/L; FE—1 CFU/L and UF 400 kDa; FC—70 CFU/L; FE—10 CFU/L. However, microscopic analysis of prokaryotic cells and virus particles showed their presence after the application of both membrane types; TCN 3.0 × 102 cells/mL–UF 200 kDa, 5.0 × 103 cells/mL–UF 400 kDa, VP 1.0 × 105/mL. The presence of potentially pathogenic, highly infectious virus particles means that ultrafiltration cannot be considered a sufficient disinfection method for treated wastewater diverted for reuse or discharged from high load wastewater treatment plants to recreational areas. For full microbiological safety it would be advisable to apply an additional disinfection method (e.g., ozonation).
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Islam MMM, Islam MA. Quantifying public health risks from exposure to waterborne pathogens during river bathing as a basis for reduction of disease burden. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:292-305. [PMID: 32589616 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) technique was applied to assess the public health risk from exposure to infectious microorganisms at bathing areas of three rivers in Bangladesh. The QMRA assessed the probability of illness due to the accidental ingestion of river water impacted by untreated sewage. The simplified QMRA was based on average concentrations of four reference pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Cryptosporidium spp, norovirus and rotavirus relative to indicator bacterium E. coli. Public health risk was estimated as the probability of infection and illness from a single exposure of bathers. The risks of illness were ranged from 7 to 10% for E. coli O157:H7, 13 to 19% for Cryptosporidium, 7 to 10% for norovirus and 12 to 17% for rotavirus. The overall risk of illness at the rivers was slightly higher in children (9-19%) compared to adults (7-16%). The risks of illness in individuals exposed to the river bathing were unacceptably high, exceeding the USEPA acceptable risk of 3-6 illnesses per hundred bathing events. This study gives a basis for reducing the burden of disease in the population by applying appropriate risk management. Findings and methods of this study will be helpful for other countries with similar socio-economic and geographic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Majedul Islam
- Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Md Atikul Islam
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Hashemi SY, Momenabadi V, Faramarzi A, Kiani A. Trends in burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Iran, 1995-2015: findings from the global burden of disease study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 78:45. [PMID: 32509302 PMCID: PMC7249692 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disorder that progresses over time, and currently it is the fourth leading cause of death across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that the disease will become the third leading cause of death by 2030. The present study aimed to assess the burden trends of COPD in Iran by estimating the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1995 to 2015. Methods Data were retrospectively collected as the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) from 1995 to 2015 and published by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. We applied DALYs, incidence and prevalence rate to report the burden of COPD in Iran. To assess the statistical significance according to trend, the Cochran-Armitage test was applied. Additionally, the t-test was used to analyze the DALYs number by gender and Onaway ANOVA by age groups at a significance level set atP < 0.05. Results From 1995 to 2015, there were approximately 1.1 million DALYs attributable to COPD in Iran. In both genders and at all ages, the number of DALYs increased significantly from 176,224 in 1995 to 253,618 in 2015. The incidence and prevalence rate were 76.65 and 1491.37 per 100,000 population, respectively in both genders in 2015 in Iran. It is noticeable that the number of deaths during the study years, 1995 to 2015, was 39,064. This study showed that the COPD burden was significantly different by age groups and gender. Conclusions COPD is still a public health problem in Iran and has an increasing trend. The majority of DALYs were due to the years of life lost as a result of premature death (YLLs), indicating that prevention and early detection, especially in the age groups of 15 to 70 years, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Momenabadi
- Department of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran., Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ahmad Faramarzi
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amin Kiani
- School of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Pasalari H, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Aminikhah M, Jafari AJ, Farzadkia M. Assessment of airborne enteric viruses emitted from wastewater treatment plant: Atmospheric dispersion model, quantitative microbial risk assessment, disease burden. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:464-473. [PMID: 31325891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
From a health prospective, it is critical to provide a comprehensive model which integrates all the parameters involved in virus transmission and its consequences on human body. In order to estimate the health risks, for workers and residents, associated with an exposure airborne viruses emitted from a wastewater treatment (WWTP), the concentration levels of viruses in emitted bioaerosols over a twelve-month period were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A combined Gaussian plum dispersion model and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) with Monte-Carlo simulation served as suitable explanatory tools to estimate the risk of acquiring gastrointestinal illness (GI) due to exposure to air containing Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) bioaerosols. Additionally, DALY metric was applied to quantify the disability and mortality for workers and residents. RoV and NoV were detected above aeration tank with annual mean concentration 27 and 3099 (Viruses/m3.h), respectively. The medium calculated DALY indicator based on viral loads in contaminant source (RoV:5.76 × 10-2 and NoV:1.23 × 10-1) and estimated in different distances away (300-1000 m) (RoV:2.87 × 10-2- 2.75 × 10-2 and NoV:1.14 × 10-1-1.13 × 10-1) were markedly higher than the threshold values recommended by US EPA (10-4 DALY pppy) and WHO (10-6 DALY pppy). The sensitivity analysis highlighted dose exposure and disease burden per case (DBPC) as two most influential factors for both workers and residents following exposure to two pathogens of concern. Due to high resistance and high concentration in the environment, the presence of RoV and NoV can intensify the consequences of diarrhea especially for children under five years of age; A comprehensible and transparent presentation of DALYs and QMRA can help decision makers and responsibilities to justify the priorities of exposure to wastewater in comparison with other risks of daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pasalari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aminikhah
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
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Federigi I, Verani M, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 144:334-350. [PMID: 31180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the aims of and approaches to the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of untreated recreational waters. The literature search was conducted on four databases and yielded 54 papers, which were analyzed on a quantitative (time-trend, geographical distribution, water type) and qualitative (aims, source of microbial data, pathogens and their measurement or estimation, ways to address variability and uncertainty, sensitivity analysis) basis. In addition, the parameters, implications, and limitations were discussed for each QMRA step. Since 2003, the number of papers has greatly increased, highlighting the importance of QMRA for the risk management of recreational waters. Nevertheless, QMRA still exhibits critical issues, above all regarding contamination data and dose-response relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first review to give a wide panoramic view on QMRA in relation to recreational exposure to untreated waters. This could be useful in identifying the current knowledge gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Federigi
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- QMRA Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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Brouwer AF, Masters NB, Eisenberg JNS. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Infectious Disease Transmission Modeling of Waterborne Enteric Pathogens. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 5:293-304. [PMID: 29679300 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Waterborne enteric pathogens remain a global health threat. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and infectious disease transmission modeling (IDTM) are used to assess waterborne pathogen risks and evaluate mitigation. These modeling efforts, however, have largely been conducted independently for different purposes and in different settings. In this review, we examine the settings where each modeling strategy is employed. RECENT FINDINGS QMRA research has focused on food contamination and recreational water in high-income countries (HICs) and drinking water and wastewater in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). IDTM research has focused on large outbreaks (predominately LMICs) and vaccine-preventable diseases (LMICs and HICs). Human ecology determines the niches that pathogens exploit, leading researchers to focus on different risk assessment research strategies in different settings. To enhance risk modeling, QMRA and IDTM approaches should be integrated to include dynamics of pathogens in the environment and pathogen transmission through populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nina B Masters
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Tong R, Liu J, Ma X, Yang Y, Shao G, Li J, Shi M. Occupational exposure to respirable dust from the coal-fired power generation process: sources, concentration, and health risk assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 75:260-273. [PMID: 31210102 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1626330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the contamination levels of respirable dust released in the work environment and the induced workers' health risk at a coal-fired power plant, we collected 405 dust samples from different dusty workstations by personal sampling during the coal-fired power generation process. Then, an inhalation risk assessment model from the USEPA was combined with the Monte Carlo simulation method to quantitatively evaluate the health risk caused by dust inhalation. Of 10 workstations researched, the dust concentration in the most workstations exceeded the prescribed occupational exposure limit. Workers engaged in ash removal suffered the highest health risk at 4.08 × 10-6 ± 2.85 × 10-6 (95% CI), closely followed by those involved in other job categories. The results can contribute to the formulation of targeted dust prevention measures and implementation of risk management for the coal-fired power sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Tong
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiefeng Liu
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Shao
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Sedji MI, Varbanov M, Meo M, Colin M, Mathieu L, Bertrand I. Quantification of human adenovirus and norovirus in river water in the north-east of France. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30497-30507. [PMID: 30168112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a major cause of infection and have been proposed as viral indicators of water quality. Human noroviruses (NoV) are the main cause of viral acute gastroenteritis. Quantitative data on the environmental prevalence of both viruses are needed. The genomes of HAdVs enteric adenovirus type 41 (HAdV41) and noroviruses of genogroups I and II (NoV GGI and GGII) were quantified over a 6-month period in a river located in north-eastern France. The samples were collected downstream from the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant. The viruses were concentrated using a glass wool method and the viral genomes were quantified using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). All river water samples (15/15) were positive for the genomes of HAdVs, HAdV41, NoV GGI and NoV GGII. Concentrations of HAdVs, HAdV41 and NoV GII genomes were similar and HAdV41 represented ~ 80% of HAdVs. Infectious HAdVs were quantified in these samples using an integrated cell culture-quantitative PCR method (ICC-qPCR); they were detected in 93% (14/15) and quantified in 53% (8/15) of the samples. Thus, infectious HAdVs represented 0.3 to 12.2% of total HAdV particles detected by ddPCR. Infectious HAdV41 particles were found in 73% (11/15) of the samples. This common presence of pathogenic enteric viruses underlines the impact of wastewater discharge on quality of surface waters and may constitute a threat for human health. The relative abundance of genome of HAdV41 underlines the need for studies focusing on the specific detection of its infectious forms along water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Iris Sedji
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM (Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Marie Meo
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Marius Colin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM (Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, LCPME, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Bertrand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France.
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Mackowiak M, Leifels M, Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Wingender J. Distribution of Escherichia coli, coliphages and enteric viruses in water, epilithic biofilms and sediments of an urban river in Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:650-659. [PMID: 29358142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of surface water is commonly evaluated by quantification of bacterial or viral indicators such as Escherichia coli and coliphages, or by direct testing for pathogens such as enteric viruses. Retention of fecally derived organisms in biofilms and sediments is less frequently considered. In this study, we assessed the distribution of E. coli, somatic coliphages, and enteric viruses including human adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), norovirus genogroup GII (NoV GII) and group A rotavirus (RoV) in an urban river environment in Germany. 24 samples each of water, epilithic biofilms and sediments were examined. E. coli and somatic coliphages were prevalent not only in the flowing water, but also in epilithic biofilms and sediments, where they were accumulated compared to the overlying water. During enhanced rainfall, E. coli and coliphage concentrations increased by approximately 2.5 and 1 log unit, respectively, in the flowing water, whereas concentrations did not change significantly in epilithic biofilms and sediments. The occurrence of human enteric viruses detected by qPCR was higher in water than in biofilms and sediments. 87.5% of all water samples were positive for HAdV. Enteric viruses found less frequently were EV, RoV and NoV GII in 20.8%, 16.7% and 8.3% of the water samples, respectively. In epilithic biofilms and sediments, HAdV was found in 54.2% and 50.0% of the samples, respectively, and EV was found in 4.2% of both biofilm and sediment samples. RoV and NoV GII were not detected in any of the biofilms and sediments. Overall, the prevalence of enteric viruses was in the order of HAdV > EV > RoV ≥ NoV GII. In conclusion, epilithic biofilms and sediments can be reservoirs for fecal indicators and enteric viruses and thus should be taken into consideration when assessing microbial pollution of surface water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mackowiak
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Mats Leifels
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Jurzik
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jost Wingender
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Tobollik M, Plaß D, Steckling N, Mertes H, Myck T, Ziese T, Wintermeyer D, Hornberg C. [Environmental burden of disease in Germany]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:747-756. [PMID: 29700552 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental risk factors can have a substantial impact on population health. With the environmental burden of disease (EBD) approach, the health losses attributable to environmental risk factors can be quantified using disability-adjusted life years (DALY). OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to present and discuss available EBD estimates with a focus on Germany. MATERIALS Using current EBD studies, the share of the burden of disease attributable to environmental risk factors globally and DALYs for Germany are presented. Ambient particulate matter (PM), water-related risks and environmental noise are used as examples to emphasize the importance of availability and quality of input data for burden of disease assessments. RESULTS The share of the global burden of disease attributable to environmental risk factors varies according to the available studies and lies between 13 and 22%. For Germany, EBD estimates are available for 12 environmental risk factors. Most estimates are available for particulate matter in ambient air, however, the estimated burden differs greatly. Nonetheless, according to current knowledge, particulate matter pollution is the environmental risk factor with the highest burden of disease in Germany. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the estimated burden of disease for the considered risk factors are due to varying underlying assumptions, e. g. for life expectancy or counterfactual value and the input data used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Tobollik
- Fachgebiet Expositionsschätzung und gesundheitsbezogene Indikatoren, Umweltbundesamt, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Deutschland.
| | - Dietrich Plaß
- Fachgebiet Expositionsschätzung und gesundheitsbezogene Indikatoren, Umweltbundesamt, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Nadine Steckling
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Hanna Mertes
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Myck
- Fachgebiet Lärmminderung bei Anlagen und Produkten, Lärmwirkungen, Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Ziese
- Fachgebiet Gesundheitsberichterstattung, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Dirk Wintermeyer
- Fachgebiet Expositionsschätzung und gesundheitsbezogene Indikatoren, Umweltbundesamt, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Claudia Hornberg
- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Deutschland
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Editorial. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:627-628. [PMID: 27926428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Leifels M, Hamza IA, Krieger M, Wilhelm M, Mackowiak M, Jurzik L. From Lab to Lake - Evaluation of Current Molecular Methods for the Detection of Infectious Enteric Viruses in Complex Water Matrices in an Urban Area. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167105. [PMID: 27880820 PMCID: PMC5120873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR methods are commonly used to monitor enteric viruses in the aquatic environment because of their high sensitivity, short reaction times and relatively low operational cost. However, conclusions for public health drawn from results of such molecular techniques are limited due to their inability to determine viral infectivity. Ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA) are capable to penetrate the damaged or compromised capsid of the inactivated viruses and bind to the viral nucleic acids. We assessed whether dye treatment is a suitable approach to improve the ability of qPCR to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious human adenovirus, enterovirus and rotavirus A in surface water of an urban river and sewage before and after UV disinfection. Like the gold standard of cell culture assays, pretreatment EMA-/PMA-qPCR succeeded in removing false positive results which would lead to an overestimation of the viral load if only qPCR of the environmental samples was considered. A dye pretreatment could therefore provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive tool to improve the efficacy of molecular quantification methods in regards to viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Leifels
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marion Krieger
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Mackowiak
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre – Aquatic Microbiology, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Jurzik
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany
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Kistemann T, Schmidt A, Flemming HC. Post-industrial river water quality-Fit for bathing again? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:629-642. [PMID: 27498630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For the Ruhr River, bathing has been prohibited for decades. However, along with significant improvements of the hygienic water quality, there is an increasing demand of using the river for recreational purposes, in particular for bathing. In the "Safe Ruhr" interdisciplinary research project, demands, options and chances for lifting the bathing ban for the Ruhr River were investigated. As being the prominent reason for persisting recreational restrictions, microbiological water quality was in the focus of interest. Not only the faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) as required by the European Bathing Water Directive were considered, but also pathogens such as Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Campylobacter, Leptospira, enteroviruses and protozoan parasites. In this introductory paper, we firstly relate current recreational desires to historical experiences of river bathing. After recapitulating relevant microbial river contamination sources (predominantly sewage treatment plants, combined sewer overflows, and surface runoffs), we review existing knowledge about the relationships of FIOs and pathogens in rivers designated for recreational purposes, and then trace the evolution, rationale and validity of recreational freshwater quality criteria which are, despite obvious uncertainties, mostly relying on the FIO paradigm. In particular, the representativeness of FIOs is critically discussed. The working programme of Safe Ruhr, aiming at initiating and facilitating a process towards legalisation of Ruhr River bathing, is outlined. Sources of contamination can be technically handled which leaves the actual measures to political decisions. As contaminations are transient, only occasionally exceeding legal limits, a flexible bathing site management, warning bathers of non-safe situations, may amend technical interventions and offer innovative solutions. As a result, a situation-adapted system for lifting of the bathing ban for Ruhr River appears realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kistemann
- IHPH-Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schmidt
- IHPH-Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Curt Flemming
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, D-45476 Mülheim, Germany
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