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Aitken JM, Aitken JE, Agrawal G. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease-Diagnostic Microbiological Investigations Can Inform New Therapeutic Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38391544 PMCID: PMC10886072 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne's disease (JD), which is a chronic infectious gastrointestinal disease of ruminants and is often fatal. In humans, MAP has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) for over a century, without conclusive evidence of pathogenicity. Numerous researchers have contributed to the subject, but there is still a need for evidence of the causation of CD by MAP. An infectious aetiology in CD that is attributable to MAP can only be proven by bacteriological investigations. There is an urgency in resolving this question due to the rising global incidence rates of CD. Recent papers have indicated the "therapeutic ceiling" may be close in the development of new biologics. Clinical trial outcomes have demonstrated mild or inconsistent improvements in therapeutic interventions over the last decades when compared with placebo. The necessity to revisit therapeutic options for CD is becoming more urgent and a renewed focus on causation is essential for progress in identifying new treatment options. This manuscript discusses newer interventions, such as vaccination, FMT, dietary remediation and gut microbiome regulation, that will become more relevant as existing therapeutic options expire. Revisiting the MAP theory as a potential infectious cause of CD, rather than the prevailing concept of an "aberrant immune response" will require expanding the current therapeutic programme to include potential new alternatives, and combinations of existing treatments. To advance research on MAP in humans, it is essential for microbiologists and medical scientists to microscopically detect CWDM and to biologically amplify the growth by directed culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Jack E Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Salem M, El-Deeb W, Abdel-Moein K, El-Sayed A, Fayed A, Housawi F, Al-Naeem A, Zschöck M. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in an Egyptian mixed breeding farm and comparative molecular characterisation of isolates from cattle, camels and cats – a case report. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study records and investigates an outbreak of Johne’s Disease in a mixed breeding camel – cattle farm and the possible role of non-domestic non-ruminants animals in the epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Egypt. For this reason, faecal samples were collected from 24 dairy cattle and from 15 one humped Arabian camels suffering from diarrhoea. Moreover, intestinal tissue samples were provided from 7 cats and 2 rats that were caught from the same farm and were euthanized before necropsy. Samples were examined using traditional culture and IS900 PCR techniques together with the application of BstEII-IS900 RFLP for typing of obtained isolates. Interestingly, MAP was recovered from cattle (n=8) and from camels (n=3) and non-domestic cats (n=3) reared under local conditions in this farm in Egypt. The obtained results highlight the potential role of cats in the epidemiology of MAP, a subject which needs further investigation and might have a public health importance, catsbeing common members of many families.
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Balseiro A, Perez V, Juste RA. Chronic regional intestinal inflammatory disease: A trans-species slow infection? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:88-100. [PMID: 30711052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in humans and paratuberculosis in domestic and wild ruminants can be defined as chronic regional intestinal inflammatory diseases (CRIID). This review is a literature overview on these diseases in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, equids and ruminants with a focus on pathological and microbiological features aimed identifying common characteristics that could lead to a unified pathological classification for a better understanding of their mechanisms and causes. The result is a framework of inflammatory forms throughout the different species indicative of common mechanisms of the slow infection type characterized by a time course varying from weeks to months or even years, and where the inflammatory component would be more prominent in the intestinal interphase between host and environment and be morphologically characterized by an infiltrate ranging from lymphoplasmacytic to histiocytic. This should provide new insights for causation demonstration and therapeutic approaches in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valentin Perez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Direccion. Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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Chaubey KK, Singh SV, Gupta S, Singh M, Sohal JS, Kumar N, Singh MK, Bhatia AK, Dhama K. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - an important food borne pathogen of high public health significance with special reference to India: an update. Vet Q 2018; 37:282-299. [PMID: 29090657 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1397301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review underlines the public health significance of 'Indian Bison Type' of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and also its potential as 'zoonotic infection'. In the absence of control programs, bio-load of MAP is increasing and if we take total population of animals (500 million plus) and human beings (1.23 billion plus) into account, the number of infected animals and human beings will run into millions in India. Our research on screening of over 26,000 domestic livestock for MAP infection using 4 different diagnostic tests (microscopy, culture, ELISA and PCR), during last 31 years has shown that the average bio-load of MAP in the livestock population of India is very high (cattle 43%, buffaloes 36%, goats 23% and sheep 41%). 'Mass screening' of 28,291 human samples between 2008-2016 revealed also high bio-load of MAP. It has been proved that MAP is not in-activated during pasteurization and therefore live bacilli are continuously reaching human population by consumption of even pasteurized milk and other milk products. Live bacilli have also been recovered from meat products and the environment thus illustrating the potential of MAP as pathogen of public health concern. However, at present, there is inadequate scientific evidence to confirm a conclusive link between MAP infection and Johne's disease in ruminants and some cases of Crohn's disease in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- c Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology, Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- d Veterinary Type Culture Collection, NRC On Equines , Indian Council of Agricultural Research , Hisar , India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- e Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , UP , India
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Katoch S, Dohru S, Sharma M, Vashist V, Chahota R, Dhar P, Thakur A, Verma S. Seroprevalence of viral and bacterial diseases among the bovines in Himachal Pradesh, India. Vet World 2017; 10:1421-1426. [PMID: 29391682 PMCID: PMC5771166 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1421-1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study was designed to measure the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial diseases: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, bovine leukemia, bovine parainfluenza, bovine respiratory syncytial disease, brucellosis, and paratuberculosis among bovine of Himachal Pradesh during the year 2013-2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS The serum samples were collected from seven districts of state, namely, Bilaspur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Lahul and Spiti, Mandi, Sirmour, and Solan. The samples were screened using indirect ELISA kits to measure the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial diseases. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was 24.24%, bovine viral diarrhea 1.52%, bovine leukemia 9.09%, bovine parainfluenza 57.58%, bovine respiratory syncytial disease 50%, brucellosis 19.69%, and paratuberculosis 9.09% in Himachal Pradesh. The seroprevalence of bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine leukemia, bovine parainfluenza, bovine respiratory syncytial disease, and paratuberculosis in the state varied significantly (p<0.01) while was insignificant for bovine viral diarrhea and brucellosis (p>0.01). Multiple seropositivity has been observed in this study. Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 was observed commonly in mixed infection with almost all viruses and bacteria under study. CONCLUSION The viral and bacterial diseases are prevalent in the seven districts of Himachal Pradesh investigated in the study. Therefore, appropriate management practices and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Katoch
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Dohru
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikram Vashist
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prasenjit Dhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis – An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh AV, Chauhan DS, Singh SV, Kumar V, Singh A, Yadav A, Yadav VS. Current status of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in animals & humans in India: What needs to be done? Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:661-671. [PMID: 28361818 PMCID: PMC5393076 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1401_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has emerged as a major health problem for domestic livestock and human beings. Reduced per animal productivity of domestic livestock seriously impacts the economics of dairy farming globally. High to very high bioload of MAP in domestic livestock and also in the human population has been reported from north India. Presence of live MAP bacilli in commercial supplies of raw and pasteurized milk and milk products indicates its public health significance. MAP is not inactivated during pasteurization, therefore, entering into human food chain daily. Recovery of MAP from patients with inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease and animal healthcare workers suffering with chronic gastrointestinal problems indicate a close association of MAP with a number of chronic and other diseases affecting human health. Higher bioload of MAP in the animals increases the risk of exposure to the human population with MAP. This review summarizes the current status of MAP infection in animals as well as in human beings and also highlights the prospects of effective management and control of disease in animals to reduce the risk of exposure to human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vir Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Education & Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India
| | - Abhinendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Virendra Singh Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Saminathan M, Rana R, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Malik YS, Dhama K. Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.18006/2016.4(3s).338.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Davis WC. On deaf ears, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis Crohn’s and other diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:13411-13417. [PMID: 26730151 PMCID: PMC4690169 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The historic suggestion that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) might be a zoonotic pathogen was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) with those present in cattle infected with Map, the etiological agent of Johne’s disease. Reluctance to fully explore this possibility has been attributed to the difficulty in demonstrating the presence of Map in tissues from patients with CD. Advances in technology have resolved this problem and revealed the presence of Map in a significant proportion of patients with CD and other diseases. The seminal finding from recent investigations, however, is the detection of Map in healthy individuals with no clinical signs of disease. The latter observation indicates all humans are susceptible to infection with Map and lends support to the thesis that Map is zoonotic, with a latent stage of infection similar to tuberculosis, where infection leads to the development of an immune response that controls but does not eliminate the pathogen. This clarifies one of the reasons why it has been so difficult to document that Map is zoonotic and associated with the pathogenesis of CD and other diseases. As discussed in the present review, a better understanding of the immune response to Map is needed to determine how infection is usually kept under immune control during the latent stage of infection and elucidate the triggering events that lead to disease progression in the natural host and pathogenesis of CD and immune related diseases in humans.
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Naser SA, Sagramsingh SR, Naser AS, Thanigachalam S. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Crohn's disease in some inflammatory bowel disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7403-7415. [PMID: 24966610 PMCID: PMC4064085 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that plagues millions all over the world. This debilitating bowel disease can start in early childhood and continue into late adulthood. Signs and symptoms are usually many and multiple tests are often required for the diagnosis and confirmation of this disease. However, little is still understood about the cause(s) of CD. As a result, several theories have been proposed over the years. One theory in particular is that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is intimately linked to the etiology of CD. This fastidious bacterium also known to cause Johne’s disease in cattle has infected the intestines of animals for years. It is believed that due to the thick, waxy cell wall of MAP it is able to survive the process of pasteurization as well as chemical processes seen in irrigation purification systems. Subsequently meat, dairy products and water serve as key vehicles in the transmission of MAP infection to humans (from farm to fork) who have a genetic predisposition, thus leading to the development of CD. The challenges faced in culturing this bacterium from CD are many. Examples include its extreme slow growth, lack of cell wall, low abundance, and its mycobactin dependency. In this review article, data from 60 studies showing the detection and isolation of MAP by PCR and culture techniques have been reviewed. Although this review may not be 100% comprehensive of all studies, clearly the majority of the studies overwhelmingly and definitively support the role of MAP in at least 30%-50% of CD patients. It is very possible that lack of detection of MAP from some CD patients may be due to the absence of MAP role in these patients. The latter statement is conditional on utilization of methodology appropriate for detection of human MAP strains. Ultimately, stratification of CD and inflammatory bowel disease patients for the presence or absence of MAP is necessary for appropriate and effective treatment which may lead to a cure.
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Vir Singh S, Kumar N, Singh Soha J, Vir Singh A, Kumar Sing P, Das Agrawa N, Gupta S, Kumar Chau K, Kumar A, Dutta Rawa K, Deb R, Dhama K. First Mass Screening of the Human Population to Estimate the Bio-load of Mycobacterium
avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in North India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2014.237.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shoor VS, Naveen K, Jagdip SS, Ajay VS, Pravin KS, Narottam DA, Saurabh G, Kundan KC, Rajib D, Kuldeep D, Krishna DR. First mass screening of the human population to estimate the bio-load of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in North India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5897/jphe2013.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Singh SV, Singh AV, Kumar A, Singh PK, Deb R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Dhama K. Survival mechanisms of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> within host species and in the environment—A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ns.2013.56088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Singh SV, Singh AV, Singh PK, Gupta S, Singh H, Singh B, Kumar ORV, Rajendiran AS, Swain NN, Sohal JS. Evaluation of “Indigenous Vaccine” Developed Using “Indian Bison Type” Genotype of <i>Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis</i> Strain “S5” of Goat Origin in a Sheep Flock Endemic for Johne’s Disease: A Three Years Trial in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2013.32009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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M. paratuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 65 and Human Diseases: Bridging Infection and Autoimmunity. Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:150824. [PMID: 23056923 PMCID: PMC3465878 DOI: 10.1155/2012/150824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the known infectious cause of Johne's disease, an enteric inflammatory disease mostly studied in ruminant animals. MAP has also been implicated in the very similar Crohn's disease of humans as well as sarcoidosis. Recently, MAP has been associated with juvenile sarcoidosis (Blau syndrome), autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, and multiple sclerosis. While it is intuitive to implicate MAP in granulomatous diseases where the microbe participates in the granuloma, it is more difficult to assign a role for MAP in diseases where autoantibodies are a primary feature. MAP may trigger autoimmune antibodies via its heat shock proteins. Mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 (HSP65) is an immunodominant protein that shares sequential and conformational elements with several human host proteins. This molecular mimicry is the proposed etiopathology by which MAP stimulates autoantibodies associated with autoimmune (type 1) diabetes, autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis, and multiple sclerosis. This paper proposes that MAP is a source of mycobacterial HSP65 and acts as a trigger of autoimmune disease.
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Culture- and quantitative IS900 real-time PCR-based analysis of the persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a controlled dairy cow farm environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6608-14. [PMID: 22773642 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01264-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor the persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples taken from a Holstein farm with a long history of clinical paratuberculosis. A herd of 606 head was eradicated, and mechanical cleaning and disinfection with chloramine B with ammonium (4%) was carried out on the farm; in the surrounding areas (on the field and field midden) lime was applied. Environmental samples were collected before and over a period of 24 months after destocking. Only one sample out of 48 (2%) examined on the farm (originating from a waste pit and collected before destocking) was positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by cultivation on solid medium (Herrold's egg yolk medium). The results using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that a total of 81% of environmental samples with an average mean M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cell number of 3.09 × 10(3) were positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis before destocking compared to 43% with an average mean M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cell number of 5.86 × 10(2) after 24 months. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive samples were detected in the cattle barn as well as in the calf barn and surrounding areas. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected from different matrices: floor and instrument scrapings, sediment, or scraping from watering troughs, waste pits, and cobwebs. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA was also detected in soil and plants collected on the field midden and the field 24 months after destocking. Although the proportion of positive samples decreased from 64% to 23% over time, the numbers of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells were comparable.
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Mayberry JF, Farrukh A. Gastroenterology and the provision of care to Panjabi patients in the UK. Frontline Gastroenterol 2012; 3:191-198. [PMID: 28839663 PMCID: PMC5517281 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2012-100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panjabi is spoken by 1.3 million people in the UK. It is the second most common language used in the country and is the first choice of 75% of Panjabis. It is becoming more common. For many patients it forms part of the barrier which limits access to gastrointestinal services. The provision of appropriate support services is woeful and yet seldom leads to formal complaints. This review considers the impact of gastrointestinal disorders on the Panjabi community and assesses some of the interventions that could be developed to ensure equity of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Francis Mayberry
- Department of Digestive Diseases, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Affifa Farrukh
- Department of Digestive Diseases, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Singh PK, Singh SV, Singh MK, Saxena VK, Horin P, Singh AV, Sohal JS. Effect of genetic variation in the MHC Class II DRB region on resistance and susceptibility to Johne’s disease in endangered Indian Jamunapari goats. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:314-20. [PMID: 22321606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Singh
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, UP, India.
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Davis WC, Madsen-Bouterse SA. Crohn's disease and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: the need for a study is long overdue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:1-6. [PMID: 22209202 PMCID: PMC3273645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The initial suggestion that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) might be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with CD with those present in cattle infected with Map, the etiological agent of Johne's disease (JD). Recent investigations have now revealed the presence of Map or Map DNA in blood or lesions from adults and children with CD. Of special interest, Map has also been found in patients with other diseases as well as healthy subjects. The latter observations indicate all humans are susceptible to infection with Map and that, like with other mycobacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, infection does not invariably lead to development of clinical disease but rather development of a persistent latent stage of infection where an immune response controls but does not eliminate the pathogen. Limited information has been obtained on the immune response to Map in healthy subjects and patients with CD. Understanding how Map may be involved in the pathogenesis of CD will require a better understanding of the immune response to Map in one of its common hosts as well as healthy humans and patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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