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Juárez-Estrada MA, Tellez-Isaias G, Graham DM, Laverty L, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Alonso-Morales RA. Identification of Eimeria tenella sporozoite immunodominant mimotopes by random phage-display peptide libraries-a proof of concept study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1223436. [PMID: 37554540 PMCID: PMC10405736 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1223436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of numerous Eimeria species, has long been recognized as an economically significant disease in the chicken industry worldwide. The rise of anti-coccidian resistance has driven a search for other parasite management techniques. Recombinant antigen vaccination presents a highly feasible alternative. Properly identifying antigens that might trigger a potent immune response is one of the major obstacles to creating a viable genetically modified vaccine. METHODS This study evaluated a reverse immunology approach for the identification of B-cell epitopes. Antisera from rabbits and hens inoculated with whole-sporozoites of E. tenella were used to identify Western blot antigens. The rabbit IgG fraction from the anti-sporozoite serum exhibited the highest reactogenicity; consequently, it was purified and utilized to screen two random Phage-display peptide libraries (12 mer and c7c mer). After three panning rounds, 20 clones from each library were randomly selected, their nucleotide sequences acquired, and their reactivity to anti-sporozoite E. tenella serum assessed. The selected peptide clones inferred amino acid sequences matched numerous E. tenella proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) repeats, and the thrombospondin type-I (TSP-1) repeats of E. tenella micronemal protein 4 (EtMIC4) matched with the c7c mer selected clones CNTGSPYEC (2/20) and CMSTGLSSC (1/20) respectively. The clone CSISSLTHC that matched with a conserved hypothetical protein of E. tenella was widely selected (3/20). Selected clones from the 12-mer phage display library AGHTTQFNSKTT (7/20), GPNSAFWAGSER (2/20) and HFAYWWNGVRGP (8/20) showed similarities with a cullin homolog, elongation factor-2 and beta-dynein chain a putative E. tenella protein, respectively. Four immunodominant clones were previously selected and used to immunize rabbits. By ELISA and Western blot, all rabbit anti-clone serums detected E. tenella native antigens. DISCUSSION Thus, selected phagotopes contained recombinant E. tenella antigen peptides. Using antibodies against E. tenella sporozoites, this study demonstrated the feasibility of screening Phage-display random peptide libraries for true immunotopes. In addition, this study looked at an approach for finding novel candidates that could be used as an E. tenella recombinant epitope-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Juárez-Estrada
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Danielle M. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lauren Laverty
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio A. Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Olajide JS, Xiong L, Yang S, Qu Z, Xu X, Yang B, Wang J, Liu B, Ma X, Cai J. Eimeria falciformis secretes extracellular vesicles to modulate proinflammatory response during interaction with mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:245. [PMID: 35804396 PMCID: PMC9270845 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protozoan parasite secretions can be triggered by various modified media and diverse physicochemical stressors. Equally, host-parasite interactions are known to co-opt the exchange and secretion of soluble biochemical components. Analysis of Eimeria falciformis sporozoite secretions in response to interaction with mouse intestinal epithelial cells (MIECs) may reveal parasite secretory motifs, protein composition and inflammatory activities of E. falciformis extracellular vesicles (EVs). METHODS Eimeria falciformis sporozoites were allowed to interact with inactivated MIECs. Parasite secretions were separated into EV and vesicle-free (VF) fractions by discontinuous centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Secreted EVs were purified in an iodixanol density gradient medium and the protein composition of both EV and VF fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatoraphy-tandem mass spectroscopy. The inflammatory activities of E. falciformis sporozoite EV on MIECs were then investigated. RESULTS During the interaction of E. falciformis sporozoites with inactivated MIECs, the parasite secreted VF and vesicle-bound molecules. Eimeria falciformis vesicles are typical pathogenic protozoan EVs with a mean diameter of 264 ± 2 nm, and enclosed heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 as classical EV marker. Refractile body-associated aspartyl proteinase (or eimepsin), GAP45 and aminopeptidase were the main components of E. falciformis sporozoite EVs, while VF proteins include Hsp90, actin, Vps54 and kinases, among others. Proteomic data revealed that E. falciformis EV and VF proteins are aggregates of bioactive, antigenic and immunogenic molecules which act in concert for E. falciformis sporozoite motility, pathogenesis and survival. Moreover, in MIECs, E. falciformis EVs induced upregulation of gene expression and secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, MCP1 as well as pyroptosis-dependent caspase 11 and NLRP6 inflammasomes with the concomitant secretion of lactate dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS Eimeria falciformis sporozoite interaction with MIECs triggered the secretion of immunogenic and antigenic proteins. In addition, E. falciformis sporozoite EVs constitute parasite-associated molecular pattern that induced inflammatory response and cell death. This study offers additional insight in the secretion and protein composition of E. falciformis secretomes as well as the proinflammatory functions of E. falciformis sporozoite EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
- Centre for Distance Learning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Ling Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Shunli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Baohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Xueting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 China
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Abstract
Apicomplexans are important pathogens that cause severe infections in humans and animals. The biology and pathogeneses of these parasites have shown that proteins are intrinsically modulated during developmental transitions, physiological processes and disease progression. Also, proteins are integral components of parasite structural elements and organelles. Among apicomplexan parasites, Eimeria species are an important disease aetiology for economically important animals wherein identification and characterisation of proteins have been long-winded. Nonetheless, this review seeks to give a comprehensive overview of constitutively expressed Eimeria proteins. These molecules are discussed across developmental stages, organelles and sub-cellular components vis-à-vis their biological functions. In addition, hindsight and suggestions are offered with intention to summarise the existing trend of eimerian protein characterisation and to provide a baseline for future studies.
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Qu G, Xu Z, Tuo W, Li C, Lillehoj H, Wan G, Gong H, Huang J, Tian G, Li S, Liu Y, Liu L. Immunoproteomic analysis of the sporozoite antigens of Eimeria necatrix. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109642. [PMID: 34971828 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria necatrix, an apicomplexan protozoa of the genus Eimeria, causes intestinal coccidiosis that can reduce growth performance of poultry and result in high mortality in older chickens. In this report, the whole sporozoite proteins of E.necatrix were studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and Western blotting using hyper-immune chicken serum containing E.necatrix-specific antibodies. Approximately 680 protein spots for E.necatrix sporozoite were detected by 2-DE with silver staining, where 98 spots were cross-reacted with the E. necatrix-specific immune sera. Out of the 56 spots that were selected for MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis, 50 unique proteins were identified using the MASCOT software, 8 proteins were identified as known E.necatrix proteins and the rest were all putative proteins. These proteins have a wide range of known or predicted structures, cellular locations and functions, including proteins in category nuclear location & function, multifunctional- or multifunctional motifs-containing proteins, cellular transport and structure-related proteins, proteins of enzymatic activities, motor proteins-related, cell surface and organelle-related proteins. These new findings will enhance our understandings of parasite immunogenicity and immune evasion mechanisms of E. necatrix and facilitate the discovery phase of highly effective vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanggang Qu
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- The Analysis Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Hyun Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Gen Wan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Haiwei Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guichuan Tian
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Shanxin Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Liheng Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
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Ma X, Liu B, Gong Z, Qu Z, Cai J. Phosphoproteomic Comparison of Four Eimeria tenella Life Cycle Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212110. [PMID: 34829991 PMCID: PMC8624187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) involved in diverse cellular functions. It is the most prevalent PTM in both Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, but its status in Eimeria tenella has not been reported. Herein, we performed a comprehensive, quantitative phosphoproteomic profile analysis of four stages of the E. tenella life cycle: unsporulated oocysts (USO), partially sporulated (7 h) oocysts (SO7h), sporulated oocysts (SO), and sporozoites (S). A total of 15,247 phosphorylation sites on 9514 phosphopeptides corresponding to 2897 phosphoproteins were identified across the four stages. In addition, 456, 479, and 198 differentially expressed phosphoproteins (DEPPs) were identified in the comparisons SO7h vs. USO, SO vs. SO7h, and S vs. SO, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of DEPPs suggested that they were involved in diverse functions. For SO7h vs. USO, DEPPs were mainly involved in cell division, actin cytoskeleton organization, positive regulation of transport, and pyruvate metabolism. For SO vs. SO7h, they were related to the peptide metabolic process, translation, and RNA transport. DEPPs in the S vs. SO comparison were associated with the tricarboxylic acid metabolic process, positive regulation of ATPase activity, and calcium ion binding. Time course sequencing data analysis (TCseq) identified six clusters with similar expression change characteristics related to carbohydrate metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, and calcium ion transport, demonstrating different regulatory profiles across the life cycle of E. tenella. The results revealed significant changes in the abundance of phosphoproteins during E. tenella development. The findings shed light on the key roles of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the E. tenella life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (X.M.); (Z.G.); (Z.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (X.M.); (Z.G.); (Z.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-(931)-834-2580 (B.L.); +86-(931)-834-2489 (J.C.)
| | - Zhenxing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (X.M.); (Z.G.); (Z.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (X.M.); (Z.G.); (Z.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (X.M.); (Z.G.); (Z.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-(931)-834-2580 (B.L.); +86-(931)-834-2489 (J.C.)
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Ribeiro E Silva A, Sausset A, Bussière FI, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Silvestre A. Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081621. [PMID: 34442701 PMCID: PMC8399136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinome from apicomplexan parasites is composed of eukaryotic protein kinases and Apicomplexa specific kinases, such as rhoptry kinases (ROPK). Ropk is a gene family that is known to play important roles in host–pathogen interaction in Toxoplasma gondii but is still poorly described in Eimeria tenella, the parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis worldwide. In the E. tenella genome, 28 ropk genes are predicted and could be classified as active (n = 7), inactive (incomplete catalytic triad, n = 12), and non-canonical kinases (active kinase with a modified catalytic triad, n = 9). We characterized the ropk gene expression patterns by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, normalized by parasite housekeeping genes, during the E. tenella life-cycle. Analyzed stages were: non-sporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts, extracellular and intracellular sporozoites, immature and mature schizonts I, first- and second-generation merozoites, and gametes. Transcription of all those predicted ropk was confirmed. The mean intensity of transcription was higher in extracellular stages and 7–9 ropk were specifically transcribed in merozoites in comparison with sporozoites. Transcriptional profiles of intracellular stages were closely related to each other, suggesting a probable common role of ROPKs in hijacking signaling pathways and immune responses in infected cells. These results provide a solid basis for future functional analysis of ROPK from E. tenella.
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Juárez-Estrada MA, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Tellez-Isaias G, Alonso-Morales RA. Protective Immunity Induced by an Eimeria tenella Whole Sporozoite Vaccine Elicits Specific B-Cell Antigens. ANIMALS : AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FROM MDPI 2021; 11:ani11051344. [PMID: 34065041 PMCID: PMC8151427 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria tenella is a dreadful disease with a significant economic impact to the poultry industry. The disease has been controlled by routine medication of feed with synthetic chemicals or ionophore drugs. However, the rising appearance of drug resistance and public demands for reduced drug use in poultry production have driven a dramatic change, replacing anticoccidial drugs with alternative methods, such as vaccination with either virulent or attenuated Eimeria oocysts. Based on preliminary studies, the immune protection evaluating whole-sporozoites of E. tenella vaccine was verified. After this vaccine provided successful protection, the humoral response of a heterologous species like the rabbit was compared with the natural host immune response. Several B-cells antigens from the E. tenella sporozoite suitable for a genetically engineered vaccine were identified. Vaccination with newly identified recombinant antigens offers a feasible alternative for the control of avian coccidiosis into the broiler barns favoring the gradual withdrawal of the anticoccidial drugs. Abstract This study investigated protection against Eimeria tenella following the vaccination of chicks with 5.3 × 106E. tenella whole-sporozoites emulsified in the nanoparticle adjuvant IMS 1313 N VG Montanide™ (EtSz-IMS1313). One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were subcutaneously injected in the neck with EtSz-IMS1313 on the 1st and 10th days of age. Acquired immunity was assayed through a challenge with 3 × 104 homologous sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. The anticoccidial index (ACI) calculated for every group showed the effectiveness of EtSz-IMS1313 as a vaccine with an ACI of 186; the mock-injected control showed an ACI of 18 and the unimmunized, challenged control showed an ACI of −28. In a comparison assay, antibodies from rabbits and SPF birds immunized with EtSz-IMS1313 recognized almost the same polypeptides in the blotting of E. tenella sporozoites and merozoites. However, rabbit antisera showed the clearest recognition pattern. Polypeptides of 120, 105, 94, 70, 38, and 19 kDa from both E. tenella life cycle stages were the most strongly recognized by both animal species. The E. tenella zoite-specific IgG antibodies from the rabbits demonstrated the feasibility for successful B cell antigen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Juárez-Estrada
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cd. De México 04510, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cd. De México 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-V.); (R.A.A.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cd. De México 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-V.); (R.A.A.-M.)
| | | | - Rogelio A. Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cd. De México 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-V.); (R.A.A.-M.)
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Liu J, Tuo W, Wu X, Xiong J, Yu E, Yin C, Ma Z, Liu L. Immunoproteomic and mass spectrometric analysis of Eimeria acervulina antigens recognized by antisera from chickens infected with E. acervulina, E. tenella or E. necatrix. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32085718 PMCID: PMC7035704 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria spp. and can result in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. Due to anticoccidial drug resistance rapidly developing in the parasites and drug residues in poultry products, efficacious and safe alternative coccidia control measures are needed. The objective of the present study was to identify common protective antigens which may be used as vaccine candidates in the development of subunit, multivalent, cross-protective vaccines against most of the economically important Eimeria species. Methods Whole sporozoite proteins of Eimeria acervulina were prepared and analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by western blotting using immune sera specific to E. tenella, E. acervulina, or E. necatrix. The protein spots detected by all three immune sera were then excised from the preparative gel and protein ID was performed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. Results Approximately 620 E. acervulina sporozoite protein spots were demonstrated by 2-DE with silver staining, among which 23 protein spots were recognized by immune sera specific to all three Eimeria species. The results showed that 21 putative E. acervulina proteins were identified, which include proteins with known enzymatic properties, and those which are involved in protein translation, transport and trafficking, and ribosomal biogenesis and functions. There is one protein which may be involved in transcription and one heat-shock protein. Two proteins contain predicted domains, but with no apparent functions known. There were 2 protein spots which had no detectable proteins. None of the proteins has a predicted signal peptide or a transmembrane domain; however, 6 of the 21 putative proteins were predicted to be potentially secretory through the non-classical pathway. Conclusions Our study identified a diverse group of antigens immunologically common to all three Eimeria species, none of which was previously characterized and tested as a vaccine candidate. Further research on immunogenicity and cross-protective potential of these individual proteins as vaccine candidates will aid the development of vaccines against the most common and pathogenic Eimeria spp.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Xiong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Enchao Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Ma
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liheng Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Gu X, Liu H, Li C, Fang S, Cui P, Liao Q, Zhang S, Wang S, Duan C, Yu F, Suo X, Liu X. Selection and characterization of a precocious line of Eimeria media. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3033-3041. [PMID: 31407118 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by the infection of Eimeria parasites, is one of the most common diseases in domestic rabbits. Live anticoccidial vaccine formulated with attenuated precocious lines of pathogenic eimerian parasites is expected to be valuable for the control of rabbit coccidiosis as a similar strategy to produce anticoccidial vaccines against chicken coccidiosis has being used for several decades. Eimeria media, moderate pathogenic, is widespread in China. Therefore, attenuated anticoccidial vaccines against rabbit coccidiosis should contain vaccine strain(s) of E. media. In this study, a precocious line of E. media (Empre) was selected by collecting and propagating the early excreted oocysts with 16 successive generations. The prepatent period of Empre reduced from 108 h of its parental strain (Emwt) to 70 h. The fecundity of Empre was about 1/10 to 1/3 lower than that of Emwt. Each sporocyst of Empre sporulated oocyst contained only one large refractile body instead of two smaller ones seen in the parental strain. When vaccinated with 1 × 103 or 1 × 104 precocious line oocysts, the rabbits were completely protected against homologous challenge with the parental strain 14 days post challenge by terms of body weight gain and oocyst output counting, indicating the efficacy of Empre. Meanwhile, all immunized rabbits showed no clinical sign post immunization, indicating the safety of Empre. For co-immunization, 1 × 103Empre oocysts and 5 × 102 oocysts of a precocious line of E. intestinalis (EIP8) were inoculated to each rabbit in a trial. No diarrhea or mortality was found after vaccination, and the weight gains of the vaccinated group were similar to that of unvaccinated-unchallenged control (UUC) group, while the weight gains of the vaccinated group were similar to that of unvaccinated-unchallenged control (UUC) group (P > 0.05), but significantly higher than that of UCC group (P < 0.01) after challenge, indicating it is safe and effective when using co-immunization. These results together show that Empre, as a precocious line, is a good candidate of precocious line of E. media for anticoccidial vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Chao Li
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sufang Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Ping Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Qin Liao
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Wang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Tang X, Wang C, Liang L, Hu D, Zhang S, Duan C, Suo J, Liu X, Suo X, Cui S. Co-immunization with two recombinant Eimeria tenella lines expressing immunoprotective antigens of E. maxima elicits enhanced protection against E. maxima infection. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:347. [PMID: 31300007 PMCID: PMC6626336 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Live anticoccidial vaccines have been a tremendous success for disease prevention. The establishment of the reverse genetic manipulation platform has enabled the development of Eimeria parasites, the live anticoccidial vaccine strains, as vaccine vectors. In our previous study, recombinant E. tenella expressing a single immunodominant antigen of E. maxima (Et-EmIMP1) was able to protect chickens against challenge infection with E. maxima. This promising result encouraged us to further explore strategies to improve the protection efficacy of recombinant Eimeria and develop it as a vaccine vector. Results We constructed a novel recombinant Eimeria line expressing apical membrane antigen 1 of E. maxima (Et-EmAMA1) and then immunized chickens with Et-EmAMA1 and/or Et-EmIMP1. We found that the E. maxima soluble antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity was much stronger in the birds that were co-immunized with Et-EmAMA1 and Et-EmIMP1 than in those that were immunized with Et-EmAMA1 or Et-EmIMP1 alone. The oocyst production after E. maxima infection was significantly reduced in the recombinant Eimeria-immunized birds compared with the wild-type-immunized and naïve birds. The oocyst production in the birds co-immunized with Et-EmAMA1 and Et-EmIMP1 was consistently the lowest among the treatment groups after E. maxima infection. Conclusions These results demonstrated that Eimeria is an effective vaccine vector that can carry and deliver heterologous Eimeria antigens to the host immune system and trigger specific immune responses. Our results also suggested that increasing the number of recombinant Eimeria lines is an effective approach to enhance protective immunity against infections with heterologous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Tang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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11
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Wen J, Zou J, Huang X, Wen H, Tselmeg, Suo X, Liu X. Identification of candidate antigens by 2-DE Immunoblotting for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens and rabbits. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107723. [PMID: 31299265 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a common food-borne disease in humans. Undercooked meat is a potential source of T. gondii infection. As meat of chicken or rabbit is consumed worldwide, tools such as ELISA for the detection of infection of this parasite in rabbits and chickens are much-needed. To search diagnostic antigens of T. gondii special for rabbits and chickens, we conducted two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), Western blotting and mass spectrometry (MS) with T. gondii tachyzoite proteins. When probed with rabbit or chicken anti-T. gondii sera, about 60 positive spots among over 500 visible protein spots were detected. In subsequent mass spectrometric analysis, microneme 4 (MIC4) and a putative rhoptry protein are of diagnositic value among the 13 spots selectively picked from the equivalent gel. This study encourages further validation of these candidate antigens for the development of immunologic tools for the detection of T. gondii infection in chickens and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co.,Ltd, Information Technology Center, Huhhot, 010018, China
| | - Tselmeg
- College of Foreign Language, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, China
| | - Xun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Liu L, Huang X, Liu J, Li W, Ji Y, Tian D, Tian L, Yang X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X. Identification of common immunodominant antigens of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima by immunoproteomic analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34935-34945. [PMID: 28432276 PMCID: PMC5471023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical chicken coccidiosis is mostly caused by simultaneous infection of several Eimeria species, and host immunity against Eimeria is species-specific. It is urgent to identify common immunodominant antigen of Eimeria for developing multivalent anticoccidial vaccines. In this study, sporozoite proteins of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Western bot analysis was performed on the yielded 2DE gel using antisera of E. tenella E. acervulina and E. maxima respectively. Next, the detected immunodominant spots were identified by comparing the data from MALDI-TOF-MS/MS with available databases. Finally, Eimeria common antigens were identified by comparing amino acid sequence between the three Eimeria species. The results showed that analysis by 2DE of sporozoite proteins detected 629, 626 and 632 protein spots from E. tenella, E. acervulina and E. maxima respectively. Western bot analysis revealed 50 (E. tenella), 64 (E. acervulina) and 57 (E. maxima) immunodominant spots from the sporozoite 2DE gels of the three Eimeria species. The immunodominant spots were identified as 33, 27 and 25 immunodominant antigens of E. tenella, E. acervulina and E. maxima respectively. Fifty-four immunodominant proteins were identified as 18 ortholog proteins among the three Eimeria species. Finally, 5 of the 18 ortholog proteins were identified as common immunodominant antigens including elongation factor 2 (EF-2), 14-3-3 protein, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme domain-containing protein (UCE) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In conclusion, our results not only provide Eimeria sporozoite immunodominant antigen map and additional immunodominant antigens, but also common immunodominant antigens for developing multivalent anticoccidial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianrui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihong Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinchao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Li C, Liu L. Immunoproteomic analysis of the protein repertoire of unsporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:48. [PMID: 29194033 PMCID: PMC5711376 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan protozoans Eimeria spp. cause coccidioses, the most common intestinal diseases in chickens. Coccidiosis is associated with significant animal welfare issues and has a high economic impact on the poultry industry. Lack of a full understanding of immunogenic molecules and their precise functions involved in the Eimeria life cycles may limit development of effective vaccines and drug therapies. In this study, immunoproteomic approaches were used to define the antigenic protein repertoire from the total proteins of unsporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts. Approximately 101 protein spots were recognized in sera from chickens infected experimentally with E. tenella. Forty-six spots of unsporulated oocysts were excised from preparative gels and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-MS) and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. For unsporulated oocysts, 13 known proteins of E. tenella and 17 homologous proteins to other apicomplexan or protozoan parasites were identified using the 'Mascot' server. The remaining proteins were searched against the E. tenella protein sequence database using the 'Mascot in-house' search engine (version 2.1) in automated mode, and 12 unknown proteins were identified. The amino acid sequences of the unknown proteins were searched using BLAST against non-redundant sequence databases (NCBI), and 9 homologous proteins in unsporulated oocyst were found homologous to proteins of other apicomplexan parasites. These findings may provide useful evidence for understanding parasite biology, pathogenesis, immunogenicity and immune evasion mechanisms of E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Liheng Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No.1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
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14
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Song H, Dong R, Qiu B, Jing J, Zhu S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Wu L, Wang S, Miao J, Shao Y. Potential Vaccine Targets against Rabbit Coccidiosis by Immunoproteomic Analysis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:15-20. [PMID: 28285502 PMCID: PMC5365254 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify antigens for a vaccine or drug target to control rabbit coccidiosis. A combination of 2-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometric analysis were used to identify novel antigens from the sporozoites of Eimeria stiedae. Protein spots were recognized by the sera of New Zealand rabbits infected artificially with E. stiedae. The proteins were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) analysis in combination with bioinformatics. Approximately 868 protein spots were detected by silver-staining, and a total of 41 immunoreactive protein spots were recognized by anti-E. stiedae sera. Finally, 23 protein spots were successfully identified. The proteins such as heat shock protein 70 and aspartyl protease may have potential as immunodiagnostic or vaccine antigens. The immunoreactive proteins were found to possess a wide range of biological functions. This study is the first to report the proteins recognized by sera of infected rabbits with E. stiedae, which might be helpful in identifying potential targets for vaccine development to control rabbit coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Song
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ronglian Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Baofeng Qiu
- Nantong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nantong 226004, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shunxing Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yingmei Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Liucheng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shengcun Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jin Miao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yixiang Shao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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15
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Tang X, Liu X, Tao G, Qin M, Yin G, Suo J, Suo X. "Self-cleaving" 2A peptide from porcine teschovirus-1 mediates cleavage of dual fluorescent proteins in transgenic Eimeria tenella. Vet Res 2016; 47:68. [PMID: 27352927 PMCID: PMC4924277 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The "self-cleaving" 2A sequence of picornavirus, which mediates ribosome-skipping events, enables the generation of two or more separate peptide products from one mRNA containing one or more "self-cleaving" 2A sequences. In this study, we introduced a single 2A sequence of porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) linked to two fluorescent protein genes, the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) gene and the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene, in a single cassette into transgenic Eimeria tenella (EtER). As expected, we obtained two separated protein molecules rather than a fused protein, although the two molecules were translated from the same mRNA carrying a single "self-cleaving" 2A sequence. Importantly, RFP led by a secretion signal was secreted into parasitophorous vacuoles, while EYFP localized mainly to the nucleus of EtER. Our results demonstrate that the "self-cleaving" 2A sequence actively mediated cleavage of polyproteins in the apicomplexan parasite E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Tang
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Geru Tao
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mei Qin
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guangwen Yin
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xun Suo
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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16
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From the Macro to the Micro: Gel Mapping to Differentiate between Sporozoites of Two Immunologically Distinct Strains of Eimeria maxima (Strains M6 and Guelph). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143232. [PMID: 26641262 PMCID: PMC4671645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two immunologically distinct strains of E. maxima were examined in this study: the M6 strain and the Guelph strain. The differential expression between the sporozoites of the two strains of E. maxima was determined by image analysis of 100 μg of protein from each strain separated by standard one- and conventional two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to differences in both molecular weight and the electrophoretic mobility, differences in the intensity of polypeptide bands for example, GS 136.4 and M6 169 were explored. Pooled gels were prepared from each strain. A representative 2D-PAGE gel spanning a non-linear pH range of 3-10 of E. maxima strain M6 consisted of approximately 694 polypeptide spots with about 67 (9.6%) of the polypeptide spots being unique relative to the other strain. E. maxima strain GS had about 696 discernable polypeptide spots with 69 spots (9.9%) that differed from those of the M6 strain. In-depth characterization of the variable polypeptide spots; unique polypeptide spots (absence or presence) and shared polypeptide spots with modifications may lead to novel vaccine target in the form of multi-component, multi-stage, multi-immunovariant strains, multi-species subunit vaccine, and diagnostic probe for E. maxima.
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17
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Cao X, Fu Z, Zhang M, Han Y, Han Q, Lu K, Li H, Zhu C, Hong Y, Lin J. Excretory/secretory proteome of 14-day schistosomula, Schistosoma japonicum. J Proteomics 2015; 130:221-30. [PMID: 26453986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a serious public health problem, with 200 million people infected and 779 million people at risk worldwide. The schistosomulum is the early stage of the complex lifecycle of Schistosoma japonicum in their vertebrate hosts, and is the main target of vaccine-induced protective immunity. Excretory/secretory (ES) proteins play a major role in host-parasite interactions and ES protein compositions of schistosomula of S. japonicum have not been characterized to date. In the present study, the proteome of ES proteins from 14 day schistosomula of S. japonicum was analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 713 unique proteins were finally identified. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that identified proteins were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, degradation, response to stimulus, oxidation-reduction, biological regulation and binding. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that thioredoxin peroxidase identified in this study had the effect on inhibiting MHCII and CD86 expression on LPS-activated macrophages. The present study provides insight into the growth and development of the schistosome in the final host and valuable information for screening vaccine candidates for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Cao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henran University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanhui Han
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qian Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangang Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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18
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El-Ashram S, Yin Q, Barta JR, Khan J, Liu X, Suo X. Immunoproteomic technology offers an extraordinary diagnostic approach for Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:18-30. [PMID: 26415530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunoproteomic technology offers an exceptional tool to fill the blanks that still exist in diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection despite its annotated sequence. The pitfalls of serological assays and current immunoproteomic approaches are accentuated, and new approaches are presented to improve the signal and to eliminate the noise produced by blocking-specific background. This review also highlights examples where immunoproteomic studies have contributed to broaden our understanding of toxoplasmosis diagnosis. Further promising solutions, which immunoproteomic technology can grant for toxoplasmosis diagnosis are part of an intense discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed El-Ashram
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Qing Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Jamal Khan
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
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Chapman HD, Barta JR, Blake D, Gruber A, Jenkins M, Smith NC, Suo X, Tomley FM. A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 83:93-171. [PMID: 23876872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This disease is worldwide in occurrence and costs the animal agricultural industry many millions of dollars to control. In recent years, the modern tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology have been used to expand greatly our knowledge of these parasites and the disease they cause. Such studies are essential if we are to develop new means for the control of coccidiosis. In this chapter, selective aspects of the biology of these organisms, with emphasis on recent research in poultry, are reviewed. Topics considered include taxonomy, systematics, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, transfection, oocyst biogenesis, host cell invasion, immunobiology, diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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Shen XJ, Li T, Fu JJ, Zhang KY, Wang XY, Liu YC, Zhang HJ, Fan C, Fei CZ, Xue FQ. Proteomic analysis of the effect of diclazuril on second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:903-9. [PMID: 24346578 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diclazuril has long been used as an effective benzeneacetonitrile anticoccidial for the control of Eimeria tenella that causes coccidiosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticoccidial effects of diclazuril remains elusive. In this study, a proteomic analysis of the effect of diclazuril on second-generation merozoites of E. tenella was performed. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 13 target proteins were found to be significantly affected by diclazuril treatment, with 11 of these proteins being identified as annotated proteins from E. tenella or other Apicomplexa parasites. These proteins contribute to various functions, including metabolism, protein synthesis, and host cell invasion. Using RT-PCR, we identified the potential pattern of transcriptional regulation induced by diclazuril, and we suggest some promising targets for the intervention of E. tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jiong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
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21
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García-Lunar P, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Ortega-Mora L, Alvarez-García G. First 2-DE approach towards characterising the proteome and immunome of Besnoitia besnoiti in the tachyzoite stage. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Crystalloid body, refractile body and virus-like particles in Apicomplexa: what is in there? Parasitology 2012; 139:285-93. [PMID: 22217113 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The phylum of Apicomplexa comprises parasitic protozoa that share distinctive features such as the apical complex, the apicoplast, specialized cytoskeletal components and secretory organelles. Other unique cytoplasmic inclusions sharing similar features have been described in some representatives of Apicomplexa, although under different denominations. These are the crystalloid body, present for example in Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium and Cystoisospora; the refractile body in Eimeria and Lankesterella; and virus-like particles, also present in Eimeria and Cryptosporidium. Yet, the specific role of these cytoplasmic inclusions in the cell cycle of these protozoa is still unknown. Here, we discuss their morphology, possible inter-relatedness and speculate upon their function to bring these organelles back to the attention of the scientific community and promote new interest towards original research on these elusive structures.
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23
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Lal K, Bromley E, Oakes R, Prieto JH, Sanderson SJ, Kurian D, Hunt L, Yates JR, Wastling JM, Sinden RE, Tomley FM. Proteomic comparison of four Eimeria tenella life-cycle stages: unsporulated oocyst, sporulated oocyst, sporozoite and second-generation merozoite. Proteomics 2009; 9:4566-76. [PMID: 19795439 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the proteomes of four life-cycle stages of the Apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella. A total of 1868 proteins were identified, with 630, 699, 845 and 1532 found in early oocysts (unsporulated), late oocysts (sporulated), sporozoites and second-generation merozoites, respectively. A multidimensional protein identification technology shotgun approach identified 812 sporozoites, 1528 merozoites and all of the oocyst proteins, whereas 2-D gel proteomics identified 230 sporozoites and 98 merozoite proteins. Comparing the invasive stages, we find moving junction components RON2 in both, whereas AMA-1 and RON4 are found only in merozoites and AMA-2 and RON5 are only found in sporozoites, suggesting stage-specific moving junction proteins. During early oocyst to sporozoite development, refractile body and most "glideosome" proteins are found throughout, whereas microneme and most rhoptry proteins are only found after sporulation. Quantitative analysis indicates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are the most abundant metabolic groups detected in all stages. The mannitol cycle "off shoot" of glycolysis was not detected in merozoites but was well represented in the other stages. However, in merozoites we find more protein associated with oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting a metabolic shift mobilising greater energy production. We find a greater abundance of protein linked to transcription, protein synthesis and cell cycle in merozoites than in sporozoites, which may be residual protein from the preceding massive replication during schizogony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Lal
- The Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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24
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Immunoproteomic analysis of the second-generation merozoite proteins of Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Zimmermann J, Saalbach I, Jahn D, Giersberg M, Haehnel S, Wedel J, Macek J, Zoufal K, Glünder G, Falkenburg D, Kipriyanov SM. Antibody expressing pea seeds as fodder for prevention of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in chickens. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:79. [PMID: 19747368 PMCID: PMC2755478 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis caused by protozoans of genus Eimeria is a chicken parasitic disease of great economical importance. Conventional disease control strategies depend on vaccination and prophylactic use of anticoccidial drugs. Alternative solution to prevent and treat coccidiosis could be provided by passive immunization using orally delivered neutralizing antibodies. We investigated the possibility to mitigate the parasitic infection by feeding poultry with antibody expressing transgenic crop seeds. RESULTS Using the phage display antibody library, we generated a panel of anti-Eimeria scFv antibody fragments with high sporozoite-neutralizing activity. These antibodies were expressed either transiently in agrobacteria-infiltrated tobacco leaves or stably in seeds of transgenic pea plants. Comparison of the scFv antibodies purified either from tobacco leaves or from the pea seeds demonstrated no difference in their antigen-binding activity and molecular form compositions. Force-feeding experiments demonstrated that oral delivery of flour prepared from the transgenic pea seeds had higher parasite neutralizing activity in vivo than the purified antibody fragments isolated from tobacco. The pea seed content was found to protect antibodies against degradation by gastrointestinal proteases (>100-fold gain in stability). Ad libitum feeding of chickens demonstrated that the transgenic seeds were well consumed and not shunned. Furthermore, feeding poultry with shred prepared from the antibody expressing pea seeds led to significant mitigation of infection caused both by high and low challenge doses of Eimeria oocysts. CONCLUSION The results suggest that our strategy offers a general approach to control parasitic infections in production animals using cost-effective antibody expression in crop seeds affordable for the animal health market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zimmermann
- Novoplant GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 1b, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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26
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Jahn D, Matros A, Bakulina AY, Tiedemann J, Schubert U, Giersberg M, Haehnel S, Zoufal K, Mock HP, Kipriyanov SM. Model structure of the immunodominant surface antigen of Eimeria tenella identified as a target for sporozoite-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:655-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Fetterer RH, Jenkins MC, Miska KB, Barfield RC. Characterization of the antigen SO7 during development of Eimeria tenella. J Parasitol 2008; 93:1107-13. [PMID: 18163345 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1171r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental expression of the antigen SO7, which has been previously shown to protect chickens against infection by several Eimeria species, was investigated. Using RT-PCR, mRNA for SO7 was found to be restricted primarily to unsporulated oocysts (0 hr). Western blot (WB) analysis with an antibody to recombinant SO7 (rbSO7) revealed expression of the protein from 6 to 72 hr (fully sporulated) of sporulation and in sporozoites (SZ). SO7 was absent in host-derived second-stage merozoites (MZ) and was present in culture-derived first-stage MZ but at a level of only 25% of that exhibited by SZ. During invasion of Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells by SZ in vitro, the level of SO7 within cells, as determined by WB analysis, remained relatively constant until 48 hr of development and then decreased by about 40% at the next time point (72 hr). The SO7 secreted into the culture media during in vitro development increased to a relative maximum at 48 hr and then decreased to about 20% of maximum at 72 hr. Immunostaining with anti-rbSO7 indicates that SO7 is highly concentrated in both refractile bodies (RB) of SZ, with some limited distribution in the apical complex. Anti-rbSO7 intensively stained the intracellular parasites and the first-stage schizonts during in vitro development of E. tenella in MDBK cells. Upon release from the schizonts, the first-stage merozoites stained with 1 or 2 bright spots typically at each end. The results suggest that SO7 is closely associated with the SZ RB and is developmentally regulated but may not play a direct role in cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20750, USA.
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28
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Cogburn LA, Porter TE, Duclos MJ, Simon J, Burgess SC, Zhu JJ, Cheng HH, Dodgson JB, Burnside J. Functional genomics of the chicken--a model organism. Poult Sci 2007; 86:2059-94. [PMID: 17878436 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.10.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the sequencing of the genome and the development of high-throughput tools for the exploration of functional elements of the genome, the chicken has reached model organism status. Functional genomics focuses on understanding the function and regulation of genes and gene products on a global or genome-wide scale. Systems biology attempts to integrate functional information derived from multiple high-content data sets into a holistic view of all biological processes within a cell or organism. Generation of a large collection ( approximately 600K) of chicken expressed sequence tags, representing most tissues and developmental stages, has enabled the construction of high-density microarrays for transcriptional profiling. Comprehensive analysis of this large expressed sequence tag collection and a set of approximately 20K full-length cDNA sequences indicate that the transcriptome of the chicken represents approximately 20,000 genes. Furthermore, comparative analyses of these sequences have facilitated functional annotation of the genome and the creation of several bioinformatic resources for the chicken. Recently, about 20 papers have been published on transcriptional profiling with DNA microarrays in chicken tissues under various conditions. Proteomics is another powerful high-throughput tool currently used for examining the dynamics of protein expression in chicken tissues and fluids. Computational analyses of the chicken genome are providing new insight into the evolution of gene families in birds and other organisms. Abundant functional genomic resources now support large-scale analyses in the chicken and will facilitate identification of transcriptional mechanisms, gene networks, and metabolic or regulatory pathways that will ultimately determine the phenotype of the bird. New technologies such as marker-assisted selection, transgenics, and RNA interference offer the opportunity to modify the phenotype of the chicken to fit defined production goals. This review focuses on functional genomics in the chicken and provides a road map for large-scale exploration of the chicken genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cogburn
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717, USA.
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29
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Kiel M, Josh P, Jones A, Windon R, Hunt P, Kongsuwan K. Identification of immuno-reactive proteins from a sheep gastrointestinal nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1419-29. [PMID: 17561021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock animals are prevalent and costly problems worldwide. Currently, infections are controlled by anthelmintic chemicals but increasing drug resistance has prompted research interest to shift towards alternative methods of control such as vaccine development and selection of worm-resistant animals. The present study analyses proteins from Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective L3s that are recognised by IgG of immune sheep. Following protein separation via two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot probing with plasma from sheep resistant to T. colubriformis, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses were used to identify immuno-reactive protein spots. We were able to identify 28 immune targets, including aspartyl protease inhibitor, enolase, chaperone proteins, galectin, glycolytic enzymes, kinase, phosphatase and structural muscle proteins such as myosin, paramyosin, calponin and DIM-1. The data suggest that immune responses to T. colubriformis are dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens, including several cytoplasmically expressed proteins. The results have new implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin host-parasite interaction during gastrointestinal nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kiel
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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30
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Chich JF, Schaeffer B, Bouin AP, Mouthon F, Labas V, Larramendy C, Deslys JP, Grosclaude J. Prion infection-impaired functional blocks identified by proteomics enlighten the targets and the curing pathways of an anti-prion drug. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1774:154-67. [PMID: 17174161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prion-induced neurodegeneration results from multiple cellular alterations among which the accumulation of a modified form of the host protein PrP is but a hallmark. Drug treatments need understanding of underlying mechanisms. Proteomics allows getting a comprehensive view of perturbations leading to neuronal death. Heparan sulfate mimetics has proved to be efficient to clear scrapie protein in cultured cells and in animals. To investigate the mechanisms of drug attack, protein profiles of the neuronal cell line GT1 and its chronically Chandler strain infected counterpart were compared, either in steady state cultures or after a 4-day drug treatment. Differentially expressed proteins were associated into functional blocks relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. Protein structure repair and modification, proteolysis, cell shape and energy/oxidation players were affected by infection, in agreement with prion biology. Unexpectedly, novel affected blocks related to translation, nucleus structure and DNA replication were unravelled displaying commonalities with proliferative processes. The drug had a double action in infected cells by reversing protein levels back to normal in some blocks and by heightening survival functions in others. This study emphasizes the interest of a proteomic approach to unravel novel networks involved in prion infection and curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Chich
- Biologie Physico-Chimique des Prions, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France.
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31
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de Venevelles P, François Chich J, Faigle W, Lombard B, Loew D, Péry P, Labbé M. Study of proteins associated with the Eimeria tenella refractile body by a proteomic approach. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1399-407. [PMID: 16959255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Refractile bodies (RB), whose function is still unknown, are specific structures of Eimeriidae parasites. In order to study their proteome, RB were purified from Eimeria tenella sporozoites by a new procedure using a reversible fixation followed by centrifugation. RB proteins were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Around 76 and 89 spots were detected on RB two-dimensional gels using gradients in the 3-10 and 4-7 range, respectively. RB proteins were located mainly between pH 5 and 7. RB gels were then compared with previously established maps of the entire sporozoite proteome. Proteins appearing in new spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Thirty protein isoforms were located in RB. Added to the already known RB proteins such as Eimepsin and SO7', the new RB proteins were defined as haloacid dehalogenase, hydrolase, subtilase, lactacte dehydrogenase or ubiquitin family proteins. The RB proteome analysis confirmed the hypothesis that this structure is a reservoir for proteins necessary to invasion but also suggests that RB have energetic and metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick de Venevelles
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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32
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Bernal D, Carpena I, Espert AM, De la Rubia JE, Esteban JG, Toledo R, Marcilla A. Identification of proteins in excretory/secretory extracts of Echinostoma friedi (Trematoda) from chronic and acute infections. Proteomics 2006; 6:2835-43. [PMID: 16572468 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the investigation of Echinostoma friedi excretory/secretory products using a proteomic approach combined with the use of heterologous antibodies. We have identified 18 protein spots corresponding to ten proteins, including cytoskeletal proteins like actin, tropomyosin, and paramyosin; glycolytic enzymes like enolase, glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase, and aldolase; detoxifying enzymes like GSTs; and stress proteins like heat shock protein (Hsp) 70. Among these proteins, both actin and, to a lesser extent, Hsp70, exhibited differential expression patterns between chronic and acute infections in the Echinostoma-rodent model, suggesting that these proteins may play a role in the survival within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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33
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Brosson D, Kuhn L, Delbac F, Garin J, P Vivarès C, Texier C. Proteomic analysis of the eukaryotic parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporidia): a reference map for proteins expressed in late sporogonial stages. Proteomics 2006; 6:3625-35. [PMID: 16691553 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a unicellular obligate intracellular parasite considered as an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. The differentiation phase of its life cycle leads to the formation of stress-resistant spores. The E. cuniculi genome (2.9 Mbp) having been sequenced, we undertook a descriptive proteomic study of a spore-rich cell population isolated from culture supernatants. A combination of 2-DE and 2-DE-free techniques was applied to whole-cell protein extracts. Protein identification was performed using an automated MALDI-TOF-MS platform and a nanoLC-MS/MS instrument. A reference 2-DE map of about 350 major spots with multiple isoforms was obtained, and for the first time in microsporidia, a large set of unique proteins (177) including proteins with unknown function in a proportion of 25.6% was identified. The data are mainly discussed with reference to secretion and spore structural features, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, cell cycle control and parasite survival in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brosson
- Equipe Parasitologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LBP, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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34
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1110-21. [PMID: 16106339 DOI: 10.1002/jms.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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35
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Belli SI, Walker RA, Flowers SA. Global protein expression analysis in apicomplexan parasites: Current status. Proteomics 2005; 5:918-24. [PMID: 15759314 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Members of the phylum Apicomplexa are important protozoan parasites that cause some of the most serious, and in some cases, deadly diseases in humans and animals. They include species from the genus Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Eimeria, Neospora, Cryptosporidium, Babesia and Theileria. The medical, veterinary and economic impact of these pathogens on a global scale is enormous. Although chemo- and immuno-prophylactic strategies are available to control some of these parasites, they are inadequate. Currently, there is an urgent need to design new vaccines or chemotherapeutics for apicomplexan diseases. High-throughput global protein expression analyses using gel or non-gel based protein separation technologies coupled with mass spectrometry and bioinformatics provide a means to identify new drug and vaccine targets in these pathogens. Protein identification based proteomic projects in apicomplexan parasites is currently underway, with the most significant progress made in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. More recently, preliminary two-dimensional gel electrophoresis maps of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum tachyzoites and Eimeria tenella sporozoites, have been produced, as well as for micronemes in E. tenella. In this review, the status of proteomics in the analysis of global protein expression in apicomplexan parasites will be compared and the challenges associated with these investigations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina I Belli
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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36
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Labbé M, de Venevelles P, Girard-Misguich F, Bourdieu C, Guillaume A, Péry P. Eimeria tenella microneme protein EtMIC3: identification, localisation and role in host cell infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 140:43-53. [PMID: 15694485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for Eimeria tenella protein EtMIC3 was cloned by screening a sporozoite cDNA library with two independent monoclonal antibodies raised against the oocyst stage. The deduced sequence of EtMIC3 is 988 amino acids long. The protein presents seven repeats in tandem, with four highly conserved internal repeats and three more divergent external repeats. Each repeat is characterised by a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site, WRCY, and a reminiscent motif of the thrombospondin1 (TSP1)-type I domain, CXXXCG. The protein EtMIC3 is localised at the apex of free parasite stages. It is not detected in the early intracellular parasite stage but is synthesised in mature schizonts. Secretion of the protein is induced when sporozoites are incubated in complete medium at 41 degrees C. Strangely enough, the two independent mAb that allow cloning of EtMIC3 interfere with parasitic growth in different ways. One is able to inhibit parasite invasion whereas the other inhibits development. Expression and localisation of the protein EtMIC3 are consistent with a protein involved in the invasion process as is expected for a microneme protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Labbé
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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37
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Shirley MW, Smith AL, Tomley FM. The Biology of Avian Eimeria with an Emphasis on their Control by Vaccination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2005; 60:285-330. [PMID: 16230106 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(05)60005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the biology of the avian species of Eimeria are currently benefiting from the availability of a comprehensive sequence for the nuclear genome of Eimeria tenella. Allied to some recent advances in transgenic technologies and genetic approaches to identify protective antigens, some elements are now being assembled that should be helpful for the development of a new generation of vaccines. In the meantime, control of avian coccidiosis by vaccination represents a major success in the fight against infections caused by parasitic protozoa. Live vaccines that comprise defined populations of oocysts are used routinely and this form of vaccination is based upon the long-established fact that chickens infected with coccidial parasites rapidly develop protective immunity against challenge infections with the same species. Populations of wild-type Eimeria parasites were the basis of the first live vaccines introduced around 50 years ago and the more recent introduction of safer, live-attenuated, vaccines has had a significant impact on coccidiosis control in many areas of the world. In Europe the introduction of vaccination has coincided with declining drug efficacy (on account of drug resistance) and increasing concerns by consumers about the inclusion of in-feed medication and prospects for drug residues in meat. The use of attenuated vaccines throughout the world has also stimulated a greater interest in the vaccines that comprise wild-type parasites and, during the past 3 years worldwide, around 3x10(9) doses of each type of vaccine have been used. The need for only small numbers of live parasites to induce effective protective immunity and the recognition that Eimeria spp. are generally very potent immunogens has stimulated efforts to develop other types of vaccines. None has succeeded except for the licensing, within several countries in 2002, of a vaccine (CoxAbic vaccine; Abic, Israel) that protects via the maternal transfer of immunoglobulin to the young chick. Building on the success of viral vaccines that are delivered via the embryonating egg, an in ovo coccidiosis vaccine (Inovocox, Embrex Inc.) is currently in development. Following successful field trials in 2001, the product will be ready for Food and Drug Administration approval in 2005 and a manufacturing plant will begin production for sale in late 2005. Limited progress has been achieved towards the development of subunit or recombinant vaccines. No products are available and studies to identify potential antigens remain compromised by an absence of effective in vitro assays that correlate with the induction of protective immunity in the host. To date, only a relatively small portfolio of molecules has been evaluated for an ability to induce protection in vivo. Although Eimeria are effective immunogens, it is probable that to date none of the antigens that induce potent protective immune responses during the course of natural infection has been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Shirley
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton Nr Newbury, Berks RG20 7NN, UK.
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