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Martin EM, Mitchell EB, Yoon S, McCall JW, Fankhauser B, Mansour A, McCall S, Pollmeier M. Efficacy of moxidectin, using various dose regimens, against JYD-34, a macrocyclic lactone resistant isolate of Dirofilaria immitis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:176. [PMID: 38575969 PMCID: PMC10996163 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are the only class of drugs currently commercially available that are effective for preventing heartworm disease. The data presented in this article provide information on the efficacy of oral moxidectin against JYD-34, a known ML-resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolate, when dogs are treated under various dosing regimens. METHODS Fifty-two purpose-bred Beagle dogs were used in five laboratory studies. All dogs were inoculated with 50 D. immitis third-stage larvae (L3) (JYD-34 isolate) 30 days prior to the first treatment. Dogs were randomized to treatment (four to five animals in each group) with one, three, or five monthly doses of oral moxidectin ranging from 6 to 100 µg/kg body weight. In each study, control dogs were not treated. Five to 6 months after L3 inoculation, dogs were euthanized, and adult worms were counted to evaluate efficacy of the dosing regimens. RESULTS Adult heartworms were recovered from all control dogs, with an overall geometric mean of 29.7 worms (range 15.2 to 38.0, individual counts ranged from 8 to 51). Five monthly doses of 6 µg/kg provided 83.3% and 90.2%, efficacy, and the same number of monthly doses of 9 µg/kg demonstrated 98.8% and 94.1% efficacy. Three monthly doses of 30 and 50 µg/kg demonstrated 97.9% and 99.0% efficacy, respectively, while a single dose of 100 µg/kg demonstrated 91.1% efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Five monthly doses of 9 µg/kg provided similar or only marginally lower efficacy against JYD-34, a known ML-resistant isolate, compared to substantially higher doses administered for 3 months. This underscores the importance of duration of exposure to moxidectin when facing ML-resistant isolates. Repeated administration of lower doses of moxidectin are an alternative to higher doses in the prevention of heartworm disease associated with less susceptible or resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA, 30601, USA.
| | | | - Stephen Yoon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA, 30601, USA
| | - John W McCall
- TRS Labs, Inc, 215 Paradise Blvd, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA, 30601, USA
| | | | - Scott McCall
- TRS Labs, Inc, 215 Paradise Blvd, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | - Matthias Pollmeier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim Am Rhein, Germany
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Doran GS, Wynan M, Wynan R, Cox A, Ralph H, Stannard HJ. Extraction and analysis of moxidectin in wombat plasma and faeces. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1233:123988. [PMID: 38160526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange in wombats results from a skin infestation by Sarcoptes mites and if untreated, results in a slow and painful death. Moxidectin is a pesticide used to treat internal and external parasites in cattle, but has shown to effectively treat other animals, including wombats. Two methods were developed to analyse wombat plasma, and methods were also developed to analyse faeces and fur. Moxidectin-D3 was used as an internal standard and behaved almost identically to moxidectin, resulting in recoveries of 95-105 % across the three matrices, even when matrix interferences caused signal suppression as high 20 %, or when moxidectin loss was high. This was presumably due to the high binding efficiency of plasma for MOX and MOX-D3. Moxidectin limits of detection were 0.01 ng/mL in plasma, 0.3 ng/g dry weight equivalent for faeces and 0.5 ng/g for fur. This study also developed a method to isolate plasma macromolecules, allowing the extraction of bound moxidectin for quantitative purposes, with an LoQ of 0.05 ng/mL. This method was subsequently used to determine that moxidectin was 97-99.4 % bound to lipoproteins in wombat plasma and 98-99 % bound in sheep, cow and horse plasma. The method reported for plasma was quick, cheap, and conducive to large sample batches, while providing high sensitivity. While faecal samples required additional cleanup steps to reduce the matrix effect, co-extracted matrix components such as undigested chlorophyll continued to result in ionisation suppression in the MS/MS. The methods reported here were used to monitor moxidectin in wombats treated with a single pour-on treatment, and confirmed that the moxidectin concentration in wombat plasma had decreased by more than 90 % by 28 days after application, while providing protection against sarcoptic mites over the majority of their life cycle. Clearance of moxidectin occurred via faecal elimination over the four week period and while moxidectin accumulated on fur due to application as a pour-on, concentrations declined rapidly by the four week period as fur fell out and was replaced by fresh fur that did not contain moxidectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Doran
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albert Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Charles Sturt University, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Marie Wynan
- Jarake Wildlife Sanctuary Ltd, Nimmitabel, NSW, Australia
| | - Ray Wynan
- Jarake Wildlife Sanctuary Ltd, Nimmitabel, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Cox
- Wombat Protection Society of Australia, Tomerong, NSW, Australia
| | - Howard Ralph
- Southern Cross Wildlife Care, Braidwood, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley J Stannard
- Charles Sturt University, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Sun JG, Nie P, Herdewijn P, Li XJ. Exploring the synthetic approaches and clinical prowess of established macrocyclic pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116051. [PMID: 38104377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic compounds, characterized by cyclic structures, often originate from either modified forms of unicyclic canonical molecules or natural products. Within the field of medicinal chemistry, there has been a growing fascination with drug-like macrocycles in recent years, primarily due to compelling evidence indicating that macrocyclization can significantly influence both the biological and physiochemical properties, as well as the selectivity, when compared to their acyclic counterparts. The approval of contemporary pharmaceutical agents like Lorlatinib underscore the notable clinical relevance of drug-like macrocycles. Nonetheless, the synthesis of these drug-like macrocycles poses substantial challenges, primarily stemming from the complexity of ring-closing reactions, which are inherently dependent on the size and geometry of the bridging linker, impacting overall yields. Nevertheless, macrocycles offer a promising avenue for expanding the synthetic toolkit in medicinal chemistry, enabling the creation of bioactive compounds. To shed light on the subject, we delve into the clinical prowess of established macrocyclic drugs, spanning various therapeutic areas, including oncology, and infectious diseases. Case studies of clinically approved macrocyclic agents illustrate their profound impact on patient care and disease management. As we embark on this journey through the world of macrocyclic pharmaceuticals, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of their synthesis and clinical applications, shedding light on the pivotal role they play in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xiao-Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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Laber L, Eichberg C, Zimmerbeutel A, Düring RA, Donath TW. Effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics on seed germination of temperate grassland species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:1046-1057. [PMID: 37703534 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics are widely used to control invertebrate pests in livestock, such as sheep. While anthelmintic effects on non-target animals, such as dung-dwelling insects, are well studied, effects on seed germination are largely unknown. Seeds can come into contact with anthelmintics either during passage through the gastro-intestinal tract of grazing animals or when anthelmintics are excreted with their dung into the environment, which may result in changed germination patterns. We used four commonly applied macrocyclic lactones to assess their effects on germination: moxidectin, ivermectin, abamectin and doramectin as pure substances; moxidectin and ivermectin also in formulated form. We tested these pharmaceuticals on 17 different temperate grassland species from five plant families. Seeds were exposed to three concentrations of macrocyclic lactones (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg·l-1 ) under controlled conditions, and germination was assessed over a 6-week period. From these data, we calculated germination percentage, mean germination time and germination synchrony. Most of the tested species were significantly affected in germination percentage and/or mean germination time by at least one of the tested pharmaceuticals, with formulated moxidectin having the largest impact. In general, the effects found were species- and pharmaceutical-specific. While formulated substances generally reduced germination percentage and increased mean germination time, pure substances increased germination percentage. Synchrony showed less clear patterns in all pharmaceuticals. Although effect size and sign varied between species, our study shows that non-target effects of macrocyclic lactones commonly occur in terrestrial plants. This may impede successful seed exchange between habitats via sheep, and even translate into profound changes to grazed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laber
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Eichberg
- Geobotany, Spatial and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - A Zimmerbeutel
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - R-A Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - T W Donath
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Suárez G, Castells D, Imperiale F, Fagiolino P, Canton C, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Therapeutic advantages of the combined use of closantel and moxidectin in lambs parasitized with resistant gastrointestinal nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:28-36. [PMID: 37579583 PMCID: PMC10448036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The serious widespread development of nematode resistance has motivated the use of combined anthelmintic formulations. However, the advantages/disadvantages of the combined use of anthelmintics require further scientific characterization. The goals of the current trial were a) to characterize the pharmacokinetics of closantel (CLO) and moxidectin (MXD) administered both subcutaneously (sc) and orally either separately or co-administered (CLO + MXD) to lambs; b) to compare the nematodicidal activity of both molecules given individually or co-administered to lambs infected with resistant nematodes. Seventy (70) Corriedale lambs naturally infected with multiple resistant gastrointestinal nematodes were involved in the pharmacokinetic and efficacy trials. The animals were allocated into six groups (n = 10) and treated with either CLO, MXD, or with the CLO + MXD combined formulation by both the oral and sc routes. Additionally, an untreated control group (n = 10) was included for the efficacy trial. The efficacy was estimated by the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Higher systemic exposure of both CLO and MXD was observed after the sc compared to the oral administration in lambs. The combined administration of CLO + MXD did not markedly alter their disposition kinetics. At 13 days post-treatment, the administration of both molecules as a single active principle reached efficacy levels ranging between 80% (MXDoral), 84% (CLOoral), 85% (CLOsc), and 92% (MXDsc). The combined oral and sc treatments reached 99% efficacy. No adverse effects were observed after the combined treatment of CLO + MXD, and their co-administration did not show any adverse pharmacokinetic interaction. The combined effect of CLO + MXD successfully restored the maximum efficacy levels, which were not reached by the individual active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Suárez
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento de Clínicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Daniel Castells
- Área de Investigación del Secretariado de la Lana, Florida, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda Imperiale
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Candela Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina.
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Kura K, Milton P, Hamley JID, Walker M, Bakajika DK, Kanza EM, Opoku NO, Howard H, Nigo MM, Asare S, Olipoh G, Attah SK, Mambandu GL, Kennedy KK, Kataliko K, Mumbere M, Halleux CM, Hopkins A, Kuesel AC, Kinrade S, Basáñez MG. Can mass drug administration of moxidectin accelerate onchocerciasis elimination in Africa? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220277. [PMID: 37598705 PMCID: PMC10440165 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and modelling studies suggest that elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission (EoT) throughout Africa may not be achievable with annual mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin alone, particularly in areas of high endemicity and vector density. Single-dose Phase II and III clinical trials demonstrated moxidectin's superiority over ivermectin for prolonged clearance of O. volvulus microfilariae. We used the stochastic, individual-based EPIONCHO-IBM model to compare the probabilities of reaching EoT between ivermectin and moxidectin MDA for a range of endemicity levels (30 to 70% baseline microfilarial prevalence), treatment frequencies (annual and biannual) and therapeutic coverage/adherence values (65 and 80% of total population, with, respectively, 5 and 1% of systematic non-adherence). EPIONCHO-IBM's projections indicate that biannual (six-monthly) moxidectin MDA can reduce by half the number of years necessary to achieve EoT in mesoendemic areas and might be the only strategy that can achieve EoT in hyperendemic areas. Data needed to improve modelling projections include (i) the effect of repeated annual and biannual moxidectin treatment; (ii) inter- and intra-individual variation in response to successive treatments with moxidectin or ivermectin; (iii) the effect of moxidectin and ivermectin treatment on L3 development into adult worms; and (iv) patterns of adherence to moxidectin and ivermectin MDA. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klodeta Kura
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Philip Milton
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jonathan I. D. Hamley
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Didier K. Bakajika
- Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN), African Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO/AFRO/ESPEN), Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Eric M. Kanza
- Programme Nationale de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive (PNLMTN-CTP), Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nicholas O. Opoku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Hayford Howard
- Liberia Institute for Biomedical Research (LIBR), Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Maurice M. Nigo
- Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Nyankunde, Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - George Olipoh
- Precious Minerals Marketing Company, National Assay Centre, Technical Department, Diamond House, Accra, GA-143-2548, Ghana
| | - Simon K. Attah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Germain L. Mambandu
- Inspection Provinciale de la Santé de la Tshopo, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kambale Kasonia Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kambale Kataliko
- Centre de Santé CECA 20 de Mabakanga, Beni, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mupenzi Mumbere
- Medicines Development for Global Health, 18 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Christine M. Halleux
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Hopkins
- Neglected and Disabling Diseases of Poverty Consultant, Gravesend, Kent DA11 OSL, UK
| | - Annette C. Kuesel
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Sally Kinrade
- Medicines Development for Global Health, 18 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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Robaina D, Caballero J, Suárez G. Syringe immersion test as in vitro bioassay against Rhipicephalus microplus: Macrocyclic lactones dose-response relationship. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1259-1267. [PMID: 38027395 PMCID: PMC10658028 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i10.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For the diagnosis of tick sensitivity against different acaricides, there are in vitro and in vivo methods. The main in vivo method, the stable test, is considered a defining methodology. In Uruguay, the Rhipicephalus microplus (R. microplus) strain Mozo is used as the standard susceptible strain by the regulatory authorities. In vitro techniques applied both on adult and larvae stages are validated by FAO and can serve as an orientation diagnosis of the resistance profile developed in field conditions. An alternative was proposed as a modification of the larval immersion test (LIT), where syringes were used seeking to reduce the work necessary to perform the original technique, resulting in the syringe immersion test (SIT). Aim The aim of this study was to expand the SIT for the characterization of sensitivity to Macrocyclic Lactones (MLs) in R. microplus and provide information on field strain sensitivity of R. microplus larvae. Methods Log-logistic dose-response model for Ivermectin (IVM), Doramectin (DRM), and Moxidectin (MOX) were performed using concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 20.0 ppm (n = 6, 3 replicates per level on each drug). Larvae sensitivity results were determined after 24 hours of incubation at 27°C/90% RH, counting live/dead larvae. The final model will be decided as the best fit according to the model selection AIC criteria for each drug. Pharmacodynamic parameters [lower limit, slope, and effective dose at different levels (ED20, ED50, ED80, and ED95)] and its 95% confidence interval were considered for drug comparison. Results Dose-response models were fitted for IVM, DRM, and MOX. MOX had the lowest ED50 of the three drugs, implying that MOX is of higher potency (two folds) when compared to IVM and DRM on R. microplus larvae using SIT. DRM had a different slope compared to IVM and MOX (p < 0.05), while IVM and MOX showed a similar slope (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study allowed us to standardize the technique for larvae immersion for each ML, granting a new tool for in vitro test as a screening technique for tick sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Robaina
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento Hospital y Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessica Caballero
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento Hospital y Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Suárez
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento Hospital y Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Das NC, Chakraborty P, Nandy S, Dey A, Malik T, Mukherjee S. Programmed cell death pathways as targets for developing antifilarial drugs: Lessons from the recent findings. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2819-2840. [PMID: 37605891 PMCID: PMC10538269 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
More than half a century has passed since the introduction of the National Filariasis Control Program; however, as of 2023, lymphatic filariasis (LF) still prevails globally, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions, posing a substantial challenge to the objective of worldwide elimination. LF is affecting human beings and its economically important livestock leading to a crucial contributor to morbidities and disabilities. The current scenario has been blowing up alarms of attention to develop potent therapeutics and strategies having efficiency against the adult stage of filarial nematodes. In this context, the exploration of a suitable drug target that ensures lethality to macro and microfilariae is now our first goal to achieve. Apoptosis has been the potential target across all three stages of filarial nematodes viz. oocytes, microfilariae (mf) and adults resulting in filarial death after receiving the signal from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and executed through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Hence, it is considered a leading target for developing antifilarial drugs. Herein, we have shown the efficacy of several natural and synthetic compounds/nanoformulations in triggering the apoptotic death of filarial parasites with little or no toxicity to the host body system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chandra Das
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
| | - Pritha Chakraborty
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life SciencePresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
- School of PharmacyGraphic Era Hill UniversityDehradunIndia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life SciencePresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
| | | | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
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Mitchell E, Tielemans E, McCall JW, Baker C, Martin E, Frost J, Yoon S, Fankhauser B. Efficacy of an oral combination of moxidectin, afoxolaner, and pyrantel pamoate for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104957. [PMID: 37454406 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis, the mosquito-borne agent of dirofilariosis, a chronic and sometimes fatal cardiopulmonary canine disease, is endemic in most warm and temperate regions in the world. The efficacy of an oral endectoparasiticide product (test product or TP) combining moxidectin, afoxolaner, and pyrantel pamoate was evaluated for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs, in two laboratory and one field studies. In each laboratory study, 20 D. immitis-naïve beagle dogs were experimentally infected with D. immitis. Ten control dogs were sham-treated, and ten dogs were administered the TP targeting the minimum effective dose, six times monthly and starting 30 days post infection. At necropsy seven months after inoculations, no heartworms were found in any of the TP treated dog, whereas 19 to 42 live heartworms were found in the control dogs. In each study, treatment efficacy was 100% and the difference between treated and untreated groups was highly significant (p < 0.0001). A field study was conducted through the full transmission season in several heartworm-endemic regions of the United States. One hundred and twenty client-owned dogs that were negative for D. immitis at enrollment were administered twelve monthly oral doses of the TP at label dose. Blood tests for D. immitis antigen and modified Knott's tests for microfilariae remained negative through the full duration of the study, demonstrating that all dogs were protected from heartworm infection during the full transmission season. These studies demonstrated that TP administered monthly for at least six doses is effective at preventing dirofilariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mitchell
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - John W McCall
- TRS Labs, Inc., 215 Paradise Blvd., Athens, GA 30607, USA
| | - Christine Baker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Justin Frost
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Stephen Yoon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
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10
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Marsh AE, Lakritz J. Reflecting on the past and fast forwarding to present day anthelmintic resistant Ancylostoma caninum-A critical issue we neglected to forecast. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 22:36-43. [PMID: 37229949 PMCID: PMC10229760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reports of anthelmintic resistance in Ancylostoma caninum are increasing in frequency in the United States of America (USA). In the last few years in vitro and in vivo studies characterized individual isolates, demonstrating multiple anthelmintic drug resistance (MADR). In 2021, the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists initiated a hookworm task force to address this issue. The first report of drug resistant A. caninum occurred in 1987 in Australian racing Greyhounds. In the last five years multiple case reports and investigations show drug resistant A. caninum is becoming a much greater problem in the USA and now extends beyond racing Greyhounds into the general companion animal dog population. The literature, regarding drug resistance in livestock and equine nematodes, provides helpful guidance along with diagnostic methods to better understand the evolution and selection of canine MADR hookworms; however, there are limitations and caveats due to A. caninum's unique biology and zoonotic potential. Mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelminthic drugs to humans to reduce morbidity associated with human hookworms (Necator americanus) should consider the factors that contributed to the development of MADR A. caninum. Finally, as Greyhound racing undergoes termination in some regions and the retired dogs undergo subsequent rehoming, drug resistant parasites, if present, are carried with them. Drug resistant A. caninum requires greater recognition by the veterinary community, and small animal practitioners need to be aware of the spread into current pet dog populations. The current understanding of anthelmintic resistance, available treatments, and environmental mitigation for these drug resistant A. caninum isolates must be monitored for horizontal spread. A major goal in this emerging problem is to prevent continued dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Lakritz
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, USA
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11
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Dantas-Torres F, Ketzis J, Pérez Tort G, Mihalca AD, Baneth G, Otranto D, Watanabe M, Linh BK, Inpankaew T, Borrás P, Arumugam S, Penzhorn BL, Ybañez AP, Irwin P, Traub RJ. Heartworm adulticide treatment: a tropical perspective. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:148. [PMID: 37106364 PMCID: PMC10141906 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis (the canine heartworm) is widespread in the tropics, with prevalence surpassing 30% in high-risk areas. In addition to the suitable climatic conditions that favour mosquito abundance and filarial larva development, there is low compliance with the recommended year-round use of preventives in these transmission hotspots. This represents a major concern, considering that melarsomine (first-line heartworm adulticide) is unavailable in several tropical countries, resulting in the so-called slow-kill protocol being the only available adulticide treatment option. In this article, the members of TroCCAP (Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites) review the current distribution of heartworm in the tropics and the availability of melarsomine, and discuss alternatives for the management of heartworm infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Gabriela Pérez Tort
- University of Buenos Aires and Virreyes Veterinary Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gad Baneth
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Bui Khanh Linh
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Pablo Borrás
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sangaran Arumugam
- Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca J Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Hürlimann E, Hofmann D, Keiser J. Ivermectin and moxidectin against soil-transmitted helminth infections. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:272-284. [PMID: 36804383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin and moxidectin, two macrocyclic lactones, are potent antiparasitic drugs currently registered and mainly used against filarial diseases; however, their potential value for improved soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control has been acknowledged. This review provides insights on recent studies evaluating the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin as single or coadministered therapy against human soil-transmitted helminthiases (including Strongyloides stercoralis infections) and on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters measured in treated populations. Furthermore, we discuss current gaps for research, highlight advantages - but also existing challenges - for uptake of ivermectin and/or moxidectin treatment schemes into routine STH control in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Hürlimann
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Hofmann
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Takano K, de Hayr L, Carver S, Harvey RJ, Mounsey KE. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for treating sarcoptic mange with cross-relevance to Australian wildlife. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 21:97-113. [PMID: 36906936 PMCID: PMC10023865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is the microscopic burrowing mite responsible for sarcoptic mange, which is reported in approximately 150 mammalian species. In Australia, sarcoptic mange affects a number of native and introduced wildlife species, is particularly severe in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and an emerging issue in koala and quenda. There are a variety of acaricides available for the treatment of sarcoptic mange which are generally effective in eliminating mites from humans and animals in captivity. In wild populations, effective treatment is challenging, and concerns exist regarding safety, efficacy and the potential emergence of acaricide resistance. There are risks where acaricides are used intensively or inadequately, which could adversely affect treatment success rates as well as animal welfare. While reviews on epidemiology, treatment strategies, and pathogenesis of sarcoptic mange in wildlife are available, there is currently no review evaluating the use of specific acaricides in the context of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and subsequent likelihood of emerging drug resistance, particularly for Australian wildlife. This review critically evaluates acaricides that have been utilised to treat sarcoptic mange in wildlife, including dosage forms and routes, pharmacokinetics, mode of action and efficacy. We also highlight the reports of resistance of S. scabiei to acaricides, including clinical and in vitro observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takano
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan de Hayr
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J Harvey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate E Mounsey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Pfarr KM, Krome AK, Al-Obaidi I, Batchelor H, Vaillant M, Hoerauf A, Opoku NO, Kuesel AC. The pipeline for drugs for control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases: 1. Anti-infective drugs for regulatory registration. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:82. [PMID: 36859332 PMCID: PMC9979492 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization 'Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030' outlines the targets for control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). New drugs are needed to achieve some of them. We are providing an overview of the pipeline for new anti-infective drugs for regulatory registration and steps to effective use for NTD control and elimination. Considering drugs approved for an NTD by at least one stringent regulatory authority: fexinidazole, included in WHO guidelines for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense African trypanosomiasis, is in development for Chagas disease. Moxidectin, registered in 2018 for treatment of individuals ≥ 12 years old with onchocerciasis, is undergoing studies to extend the indication to 4-11-year-old children and obtain additional data to inform WHO and endemic countries' decisions on moxidectin inclusion in guidelines and policies. Moxidectin is also being evaluated for other NTDs. Considering drugs in at least Phase 2 clinical development, a submission is being prepared for registration of acoziborole as an oral treatment for first and second stage T.b. gambiense African trypanosomiasis. Bedaquiline, registered for tuberculosis, is being evaluated for multibacillary leprosy. Phase 2 studies of emodepside and flubentylosin in O. volvulus-infected individuals are ongoing; studies for Trichuris trichuria and hookworm are planned. A trial of fosravuconazole in Madurella mycetomatis-infected patients is ongoing. JNJ-64281802 is undergoing Phase 2 trials for reducing dengue viral load. Studies are ongoing or planned to evaluate oxantel pamoate for onchocerciasis and soil-transmitted helminths, including Trichuris, and oxfendazole for onchocerciasis, Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium cysticercosis, Echinococcus granulosus and soil-transmitted helminths, including Trichuris. Additional steps from first registration to effective use for NTD control and elimination include country registrations, possibly additional studies to inform WHO guidelines and country policies, and implementation research to address barriers to effective use of new drugs. Relative to the number of people suffering from NTDs, the pipeline is small. Close collaboration and exchange of experience among all stakeholders developing drugs for NTDs may increase the probability that the current pipeline will translate into new drugs effectively implemented in affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Pfarr
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna K. Krome
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Issraa Al-Obaidi
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michel Vaillant
- grid.451012.30000 0004 0621 531XCompetence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicholas O. Opoku
- grid.449729.50000 0004 7707 5975Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Annette C. Kuesel
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Rowland Yeo K, Wesche D. PBPK modeling of ivermectin-Considerations for the purpose of developing alternative routes to optimize its safety profile. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:598-609. [PMID: 36840414 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although single-dose ivermectin has been widely used in mass-drug administration programs for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis for many years, ivermectin may have utility as an endectocide with mosquito-lethal effects at dosages greater and longer than those used to treat helminths. The final physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for ivermectin described here was able to capture, with reasonable accuracy, observed plasma drug concentration-time profiles and exposures of ivermectin after a single oral dose of the drug in healthy male (dose range 6-30 mg) and female subjects, in both fasted and fed states, in African patients with onchocerciasis (150 μg/kg) and in African children. The PBPK model can be used for further work on lactation, pediatric dosing (considering CYP3A4 and Pg-p ontogenies), and pregnancy, especially if nonstandard doses will be used. The key findings of our study indicate that absorption of ivermectin may be highly dependent on bile micelle-mediated solubility. The drug is highly lipophilic and permeable, and its plasma exposure appears to be associated with the body mass index of an individual. These are all factors that need to be considered when extrapolating to more complex oral formulations or alternative routes of administration. Administering lower doses over a longer period may attenuate the dependence on bile micelle-mediated solubility. With relevant inputs, the verified PBPK model developed here could be used to simulate plasma exposures following administration of ivermectin by complex generics in development.
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16
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Mitchell E, Tielemans E, McCall JW, Baker C, Martin E, Frost J, Yoon S, Fankhauser B. Efficacy for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs of an oral combination of moxidectin, afoxolaner, and pyrantel pamoate. Res Vet Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Ibrahim KA, Eleyan M, Khwanes SA, Mohamed RA, Ayesh BM. Alpha-mangostin attenuates the apoptotic pathway of abamectin in the fetal rats' brain by targeting pro-oxidant stimulus, catecholaminergic neurotransmitters, and transcriptional regulation of reelin and nestin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022; 45:2496-2508. [PMID: 34338122 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1960856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abamectin, an avermectin member, can induce significant neurodegeneration symptoms in non-target organisms. However, its neurodevelopmental influences in mammals are unclear. Here, we focus on the antiapoptotic action of alpha-mangostin against the developmental neurotoxicity of abamectin with the possible involvement of reelin and nestin mRNA gene expression. Thirty-two pregnant rats were allocated to four groups (8 rats/group); control, alpha-mangostin (20 mg/kg/d), abamectin (0.5 mg/kg), and co-treated group (alpha-mangostin + abamectin). The animals have gavaged their doses during the gestation period. The fetotoxicity and many signs of growth retardation were observed in the abamectin-intoxicated rats. In comparison with the control group, abamectin prompted a significant elevation (p < 0.05) in the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, along with many symptoms of histopathological changes in the fetal cerebral cortex. However, the glutathione, dopamine, and serotonin concentrations together with the activities of glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were markedly decreased (p < 0.05) in the abamectin group. Moreover, abamectin remarkably upregulated (p < 0.05) the brain mRNA gene expression of reelin, nestin, and caspase-9 as well as the immunoreactivity of Bax and caspase-3 proteins in the cerebral cortex. It should be noted that alpha-mangostin mitigated the developmental neurotoxicity of abamectin to the normal range by recovering the levels of oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers, catecholamines; and apoptosis-related proteins with the involvement of reelin and nestin genes regulation. Those records revealed that the transcription regulation of reelin and nestin could be involved in the neuroprotective efficacy of alpha-mangostin, especially avermectin's developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairy A Ibrahim
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Eleyan
- Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Soad A Khwanes
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania A Mohamed
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basim M Ayesh
- Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza, Palestine
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18
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Buonfrate D, Rodari P, Barda B, Page W, Einsiedel L, Watts M. Current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for Strongyloidiasis and the complications in its treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1617-1628. [PMID: 35983698 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2114829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strongyloidiasis, an infection caused by the soil-transmitted helminth Strongyloides stercoralis, can lead immunocompromised people to a life-threatening syndrome. We highlight here current and emerging pharmacotherapeutic strategies for strongyloidiasis and discuss treatment protocols according to patient cohort. We searched PubMed and Embase for papers published on this topic between 1990 and May 2022. AREAS COVERED Ivermectin is the first-line drug, with an estimated efficacy of about 86% and excellent tolerability. Albendazole has a lower efficacy, with usage advised when ivermectin is not available or not recommended. Moxidectin might be a valid alternative to ivermectin, with the advantage of being a dose-independent formulation. EXPERT OPINION The standard dose of ivermectin is 200 µg/kg single dose orally, but multiple doses might be needed in immunosuppressed patients. In the case of hyperinfection, repeated doses are recommended up to 2 weeks after clearance of larvae from biological fluids, with close monitoring and further dosing based on review. Subcutaneous ivermectin is used where there is impaired intestinal absorption/paralytic ileus. In pregnant or lactating women, studies have not identified increased risk with ivermectin use. However, with limited available data, a risk-benefit assessment should be considered for each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital, via Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Rodari
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital, via Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Barda
- Ospedale La Carità, Ospedale regionale di Locarno, Locarno 6600, Switzerland
| | - Wendy Page
- Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation, 1424 Arnhem Rd, Nhulunbuy NT 0880, Australia
| | - Lloyd Einsiedel
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Matthew Watts
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - New South Wales Health Pathology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Transgenic Expression of Haemonchus contortus Cytochrome P450 Hco-cyp-13A11 Decreases Susceptibility to Particular but Not All Macrocyclic Lactones in the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169155. [PMID: 36012413 PMCID: PMC9409383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of reported macrocyclic lactones (ML) resistance cases across all livestock hosts is steadily increasing. Different studies in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus assume the participation of cytochrome P450s (Cyps) enzymes in ML resistance. Still, functional data about their individual contribution to resistance or substrate specificity is missing. Via microinjection, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing HCON_00141052 (transgene-Hco-cyp-13A11) from extrachromosomal arrays were generated. After 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of ivermectin (IVM), ivermectin aglycone (IVMa), selamectin (SEL), doramectin (DRM), eprinomectin (EPR), and moxidectin (MOX), motility assays were performed to determine the impact of the H. contortus Cyp to the susceptibility of the worms against each ML. While transgene-Hco-cyp-13A11 significantly decreased susceptibility to IVM (four-fold), IVMa (2-fold), and SEL (3-fold), a slight effect for DRM and no effect for MOX, and EPR was observed. This substrate specificity of Hco-cyp-13A11 could not be explained by molecular modeling and docking studies. Hco-Cyp-13A11 molecular models were obtained for alleles from isolates with different resistance statuses. Although 14 amino acid polymorphisms were detected, none was resistance specific. In conclusion, Hco-cyp-13A11 decreased IVM, IVMa, and SEL susceptibility to a different extent, but its potential impact on ML resistance is not driven by polymorphisms.
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Jacova R, Kennedy C. Avermectin Toxicity to Benthic Invertebrates is Modified by Sediment Organic Carbon and Chemical Residence Time. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1918-1936. [PMID: 35579385 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals used in sea lice management strategies in salmonid aquaculture include the avermectin class of compounds that can accumulate and persist in the sediments underneath salmon farms and directly impact nontarget benthic fauna. The effects of sediment organic carbon content and chemical residence time (CRT) on the lethal and sublethal toxicity of emamectin benzoate (EB; formulation: Slice®) and ivermectin (purified) and a combination of both were examined in two benthic invertebrates, the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius and the polychaete Neanthes virens. In both species, increased sediment organic carbon content significantly reduced lethal toxicity, a modulation that was more pronounced for ivermectin and combination exposures. At a CRT of 4 months, lethal toxicity was reduced in E. estuarius but was unaffected in N. virens. Sublethal toxicity in N. virens (burrowing behavior) was modulated by sediment organic carbon and CRT in a similar manner to the trend in lethal toxicity. Inconsistencies in behavior (phototaxis) in E. estuarius made conclusions regarding toxicity modification by sediment organic carbon or CRT inconclusive. Our results indicate that environmental factors including sediment organic carbon content and the time compounds reside in sediments are important modifiers of chemotherapeutant toxicity in nontarget benthic species and should be considered when regulatory decisions regarding their use are made. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1918-1936. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Jacova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Gupta S, Vohra S, Sethi K, Gupta S, Bera BC, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:240. [PMID: 35869164 PMCID: PMC9307293 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High cytotoxicity and increasing resistance reports of existing chemotherapeutic agents against T. evansi have raised the demand for novel, potent, and high therapeutic index molecules for the treatment of surra in animals. In this regard, repurposing approach of drug discovery has provided an opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of existing drugs against new organism. With this objective, the macrocyclic lactone representative, ivermectin, has been investigated for the efficacy against T. evansi in the axenic culture medium. To elucidate the potential target of ivermectin in T. evansi, mRNA expression profile of 13 important drug target genes has been studied at 12, 24, and 48 h interval. In the in vitro growth inhibition assay, ivermectin inhibited T. evansi growth and multiplication significantly (p < 0.001) with IC50 values of 13.82 μM, indicating potent trypanocidal activity. Cytotoxicity assays on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Vero cell line showed that ivermectin affected the viability of cells with a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) at 17.48 and 22.05 μM, respectively. Data generated showed there was significant down-regulation of hexokinase (p < 0.001), ESAG8 (p < 0.001), aurora kinase (p < 0.001), casein kinase 1 (p < 0.001), topoisomerase II (p < 0.001), calcium ATPase 1 (p < 0.001), ribonucleotide reductase I (p < 0.05), and ornithine decarboxylase (p < 0.01). The mRNA expression of oligopeptidase B remains refractory to the exposure of the ivermectin. The arginine kinase 1 and ribonucleotide reductase II showed up-regulation on treatment with ivermectin. The ivermectin was found to affect glycolytic pathways, ATP-dependent calcium ATPase, cellular kinases, and other pathway involved in proliferation and maintenance of internal homeostasis of T. evansi. These data imply that intervention with alternate strategies like nano-formulation, nano-carriers, and nano-delivery or identification of ivermectin homologs with low cytotoxicity and high bioavailability can be explored in the future as an alternate treatment for surra in animals.
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22
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Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Macrocyclic Lactones, Monensin, and Fipronil in Bovine Liver by UHPLC-MS/MS Using a QuEChERS Extraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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de Souza RB, Guimarães JR. Effects of Avermectins on the Environment Based on Its Toxicity to Plants and Soil Invertebrates-a Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:259. [PMID: 35789787 PMCID: PMC9243718 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avermectins are pharmaceutical drugs widely used mainly in livestock to combat both ectoparasites and endoparasites. Drugs belonging to this family include ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, selamectin, eprinomectin, and emamectin benzoate, and they share similar chemical characteristics. When administered to livestock, between 80 and 98% of the drug is estimated to leave the body without being metabolized in feces, thus reaching the soil. For this reason, concern for avermectin contamination in soil is increasing, and researchers are focused on estimating the effects on non-target organisms, such as plants and soil invertebrates. This review aimed to compile and discuss updated data of avermectin toxicity on non-target organisms to better comprehend its effect on the environment. Effects on plants are scarcely studied, since they were not believed to absorb these drugs. However, recent studies suggest that plants can be negatively affected. Regarding soil invertebrates, negative effects such as increased mortality and reduced reproduction are best known to dung-beetles. Recently, some studies have also suggested that earthworms, springtails, and enchytraeids can be adversely affected by avermectin exposure. Since ivermectin was the first avermectin marketed, most of the data refers to this product. According to new data on scientific literature, avermectins can now be considered harmful to non-target organisms, and its prudent use is recommended in order to reduce negative effects on the environment. For future investigations, inclusion of avermectins other than ivermectin, as well as field and "omics" studies is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B. de Souza
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, R. Saturnino de Brito, 224 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-889 Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, R. Saturnino de Brito, 224 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-889 Brazil
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Bains J, Carver S, Hua S. Pathophysiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Enhancing the Control of Sarcoptes scabiei in Wombats Through Improved Transdermal Drug Delivery. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:944578. [PMID: 35836504 PMCID: PMC9274280 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.944578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic scabiei is an invasive parasitic mite that negatively impacts wombats, causing sarcoptic mange disease, characterized by alopecia, intense pruritus, hyperkeratosis, and eventual mortality. Evidence suggests that wombats may be unable to recovery from infection without the assistance of treatments. Transdermal drug delivery is considered the most ideal route of administration for in situ treatment in free-ranging wombats, as it is non-invasive and avoids the need to capture affected individuals. Although there are effective antiparasitic drugs available, an essential challenge is adequate administration of drugs and sufficient drug retention and absorption when delivered. This review will describe the implications of sarcoptic mange on the physiology of wombats as well as discuss the most widely used antiparasitic drugs to treat S. scabiei (ivermectin, moxidectin, and fluralaner). The prospects for improved absorption of these drugs will be addressed in the context of pathophysiological and pharmaceutical considerations influencing transdermal drug delivery in wombats with sarcoptic mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskaran Bains
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Susan Hua
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DeMel D, Gleeson M, Schachterle K, Thomer A. Successful treatment of ivermectin overdose in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) using gastric lavage and intravenous lipid emulsion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:680-684. [PMID: 35708909 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical signs and outcome following ivermectin overdose in a bearded dragon. This case also describes the novel use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) as a rescue therapy in reptiles, as well as the use of aggressive gastrointestinal decontamination. CASE SUMMARY A 4-year-old female intact bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) (0.6 kg) was admitted to the ICU at a specialty hospital following accidental overdose of 40 mg (66.7 mg/kg) of ivermectin enterally. The patient was physically inverted to allow passive reflux of the medication, then sedated for gastric lavage. A 20% ILE was administered intravenously due to the high risk for fatality. Additional treatments included 2 doses of activated charcoal, as well as SC fluids, enteral nutrition, and sucralfate. The patient was profoundly sedate until day 4 when mild improvements in mentation were noted. The patient started ambulating on its own on day 6 and was discharged from the hospital on day 13. The patient was alive 720 days postdischarge. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first case report describing the events following ivermectin overdose and the use of ILE therapy and activated charcoal in a bearded dragon. These therapies were tolerated with no adverse effects noted in this patient. This report provides evidence that complete recovery from ivermectin overdose is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle DeMel
- ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospital, Culver City, California, USA
| | - Molly Gleeson
- ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospital, Culver City, California, USA
| | | | - Amanda Thomer
- ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospital, Culver City, California, USA
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26
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Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatments in Small Ruminants in Germany. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121501. [PMID: 35739838 PMCID: PMC9219448 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitic worms are a major threat to the health and production of sheep and goats worldwide, particularly because many worms have become resistant to commonly applied drugs. This problem is well known around the world, but the situation is currently not well studied in Germany. This study was therefore performed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments against infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. Faecal samples from animal groups were examined before and after treatment, the worm eggs in the feaces were counted, and the reduction in egg excretion following treatment was calculated. Eggs of Haemonchus contortus (barber’s pole worm) were stained to differentiate them from other gastrointestinal nematodes. Treatments were chosen and carried out by farmers together with their local veterinarian. Additional information was collected by questionnaires to check if the treatments were performed correctly. Reduced effectiveness was observed for all available drugs, but some showed better treatment success than others. The barber’s pole worm frequently survived treatments by most products. The high percentage of treatment failures is highly concerning, and it is necessary to develop and/or apply alternative methods of worm control to prevent the deterioration of this situation. Abstract Widespread anthelmintic resistance is a concern for small ruminant health and production worldwide. The current situation regarding anthelmintic efficacy is, however, not very well studied in Germany. Thus, a nationwide field study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of 253 treatments performed in 223 small ruminant flocks by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) using pooled samples and a modified McMaster method. The percentage of Haemonchus contortus and non-Haemonchus eggs was determined by fluorescence microscopy following peanut agglutinin–fluorescein isothiocyanate staining. Treatments were chosen and performed by farmers together with their local veterinarian, and potentially confounding factors for FECRT results were addressed as far as possible by rigorous inclusion criteria. Reduced effectiveness was observed for treatments with all examined anthelmintic classes, but treatments with benzimidazoles and moxidectin showed significantly poorer results than monepantel, a closantel and mebendazole combination, and levamisole. Low case numbers precluded reliable assessment of avermectins. Unsuccessful treatments were frequently associated with the survival of H. contortus, but this was also observed for non-Haemonchus genera. The results are highly concerning, and sustainable approaches to parasite control are urgently needed to prevent further deterioration of this situation.
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Ferreira LC, Lima EF, Silva ALP, Oliveira CSM, Silva Filho GM, Sousa LC, Klafke GM, Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR. Cross-resistance between macrocyclic lactones in populations of Rhipicephalus microplus in Brazil's semiarid region. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:109-117. [PMID: 35817880 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus, also known as the cattle tick, is the parasite with the greatest impact on cattle in Brazil. The most common method for controlling this tick is the application of synthetic chemical acaricides, especially ivermectin, which belongs to the group of macrocyclic lactones (MLs). However, because ivermectin is widely used, there is concern about the development of cross-resistance within this chemical class. Thus, engorged females were collected from farms with a history of resistance to ivermectin, which was the only one among the MLs that was used as an endectocide drug. Using larval immersion tests (LIT), bioassays were performed with ivermectin, moxidectin and eprinomectin on populations of R. microplus from the semiarid region of the states of Paraíba and Ceará, Brazil. Epidemiological questionnaires were applied to collect information about tick control management. All the evaluated populations showed cross-resistance between ivermectin and moxidectin, but only one population showed cross-resistance between ivermectin and eprinomectin. Weekly or monthly administration of injectable 1% ivermectin on farms was reported. It was concluded that the frequent use of ivermectin may lead to the development of cross-resistance to moxidectin. For eprinomectin, despite the structural similarity, cross-resistance was not observed in three tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Claudino Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenida Universitária S/N, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Estefany Ferreira Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ana Luzia Peixoto Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Silva Menezes Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Moreira Silva Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luana Carneiro Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenida Universitária S/N, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Bakajika D, Kanza EM, Opoku NO, Howard HM, Mambandu GL, Nyathirombo A, Nigo MM, Kennedy KK, Masembe SL, Mumbere M, Kataliko K, Bolay KM, Attah SK, Olipoh G, Asare S, Vaillant M, Halleux CM, Kuesel AC. Effect of a single dose of 8 mg moxidectin or 150 μg/kg ivermectin on O. volvulus skin microfilariae in a randomized trial: Differences between areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Ghana and impact of intensity of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010079. [PMID: 35476631 PMCID: PMC9084535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our study in CDTI-naïve areas in Nord Kivu and Ituri (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC), Lofa County (Liberia) and Nkwanta district (Ghana) showed that a single 8 mg moxidectin dose reduced skin microfilariae density (microfilariae/mg skin, SmfD) better and for longer than a single 150μg/kg ivermectin dose. We now analysed efficacy by study area and pre-treatment SmfD (intensity of infection, IoI). Methodology/Principal findings Four and three IoI categories were defined for across-study and by-study area analyses, respectively. We used a general linear model to analyse SmfD 1, 6, 12 and 18 months post-treatment, a logistic model to determine the odds of undetectable SmfD from month 1 to month 6 (UD1-6), month 12 (UD1-12) and month 18 (UD1-18), and descriptive statistics to quantitate inter-interindividual response differences. Twelve months post-treatment, treatment differences (difference in adjusted geometric mean SmfD after moxidectin and ivermectin in percentage of the adjusted geometric mean SmfD after ivermectin treatment) were 92.9%, 90.1%, 86.8% and 84.5% in Nord Kivu, Ituri, Lofa and Nkwanta, and 74.1%, 84.2%, 90.0% and 95.4% for participants with SmfD 10–20, ≥20-<50, ≥50-<80, ≥80, respectively. Ivermectin’s efficacy was lower in Ituri and Nkwanta than Nord Kivu and Lofa (p≤0.002) and moxidectin’s efficacy lower in Nkwanta than Nord Kivu, Ituri and Lofa (p<0.006). Odds ratios for UD1-6, UD1-12 or UD1-18 after moxidectin versus ivermectin treatment exceeded 7.0. Suboptimal response (SmfD 12 months post-treatment >40% of pre-treatment SmfD) occurred in 0%, 0.3%, 1.6% and 3.9% of moxidectin and 12.1%, 23.7%, 10.8% and 28.0% of ivermectin treated participants in Nord Kivu, Ituri, Lofa and Nkwanta, respectively. Conclusions/Significance The benefit of moxidectin vs ivermectin treatment increased with pre-treatment IoI. The possibility that parasite populations in different areas have different drug susceptibility without prior ivermectin selection pressure needs to be considered and further investigated. Clinical Trial Registration Registered on 14 November 2008 in Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT00790998). Onchocerciasis or river blindness is a parasitic disease primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen. It can cause debilitating morbidity including severe itching, skin changes, visual impairment and even blindness. Many years of control efforts, today primarily based on mass administration of ivermectin (MDA) in endemic communities, have reduced morbidity and the percentage of infected individuals so that elimination of parasite transmission is now planned. WHO estimated that in 2020 more than 239 million people required MDA. Ivermectin may not be sufficiently efficacious to achieve elimination everywhere. Our study in areas in Liberia, Ghana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo where MDA had not been implemented yet showed that one treatment with 8 mg moxidectin reduced parasite levels in the skin better and for longer than one treatment with 150 μg/kg ivermectin, the dose used during MDA. Here we show that people with higher numbers of parasites in the skin benefited more from moxidectin treatment than those with lower numbers and that the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin differed between study areas. Provided WHO and countries include moxidectin in guidelines and policies, this information could help decisions on when and where to use moxidectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Bakajika
- Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicale de l’Ituri, Hôpital Générale de Référence de Rethy, Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Eric M. Kanza
- Centre de Recherche Clinique de Butembo, Université Catholique du Graben, Site Horizon, Butembo, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | | | - Hayford M. Howard
- Clinical Research Center, Liberia Institute for Biomedical Research, Bolahun, Liberia
| | - Germain L. Mambandu
- Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicale de l’Ituri, Hôpital Générale de Référence de Rethy, Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Amos Nyathirombo
- Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicale de l’Ituri, Hôpital Générale de Référence de Rethy, Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Maurice M. Nigo
- Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicale de l’Ituri, Hôpital Générale de Référence de Rethy, Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Kambale Kasonia Kennedy
- Centre de Recherche Clinique de Butembo, Université Catholique du Graben, Site Horizon, Butembo, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Safari L. Masembe
- Centre de Recherche Clinique de Butembo, Université Catholique du Graben, Site Horizon, Butembo, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Mupenzi Mumbere
- Centre de Recherche Clinique de Butembo, Université Catholique du Graben, Site Horizon, Butembo, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Kambale Kataliko
- Centre de Recherche Clinique de Butembo, Université Catholique du Graben, Site Horizon, Butembo, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Kpehe M. Bolay
- Clinical Research Center, Liberia Institute for Biomedical Research, Bolahun, Liberia
| | - Simon K. Attah
- Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Center, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - George Olipoh
- Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Center, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Sampson Asare
- Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Center, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Michel Vaillant
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Christine M. Halleux
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annette C. Kuesel
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Moxidectin: A Viable Alternative for the Control of Ivermectin-Resistant Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Beef Cattle. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in cattle especially for avermectins, is a challenge for controlling parasites in some herds. Thus, field studies demonstrating the increase in productivity by the use of anthelmintic formulations, even when a suboptimal treatment (efficacy below 95%), can contribute to the development of gastrointestinal nematodes control programs in beef cattle. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy and productive performance in pasture-raised beef calves, treated with macrocyclic lactones. A Split plot in time randomized block design was used to assess weight gain and reduction in fecal egg count (FECs) of treatments: 1% moxidectin (1% MOX), ivermectin (IVM) and abamectin (ABM) (2.25% IVM+1.25% ABM), 4% IVM, 3.15% IVM and placebo. For the evaluation of FECs and weight gain of the animals, individual samples were collected seven days before treatment and, +14, +30, +56, +91 and +118 days post-treatment (DPT). The efficacies in the 14th DPT were: 72.3% (1% MOX), 22.1% (4% IVM), 22% (2.25% IVM + 1.25% ABM) and 0% (3.15% ivermectin). 1% MOX was the only treatment that resulted in a significant increase in weight gain of the animals compared to the placebo group after 118 days of treatment, with a difference of 7.6 kg. Therefore, MOX remains a viable alternative for the control of helminths resistant to avermectins and still capable of resulting in significant productive gains, even with an efficacy below 95%.
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30
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Savadelis MD, McTier TL, Kryda K, Maeder SJ, Woods DJ. Moxidectin: heartworm disease prevention in dogs in the face of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:82. [PMID: 35277180 PMCID: PMC8915515 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease continues to increase and spread, remaining one of the most important and pathogenic parasitic diseases of dogs, despite the regular use of macrocyclic lactones (MLs) in preventive products. Dogs harboring strains of D. immitis resistant to MLs, the only drug class available for heartworm prevention in the United States, have been documented and proven. As no new products are available utilizing a novel drug class for the prevention of this disease, the only options for combating ML resistance include increasing the dose and/or changing the dosage regime of current MLs, or by optimizing the formulations of MLs currently available. Moxidectin provides a unique opportunity for optimization of the dose and formulation, which may provide improved efficacy against ML-resistant strains. Currently there are oral, topical, and injectable moxidectin products approved for heartworm prevention in the USA. Two new products (ProHeart® 12 and Simparica Trio®), available in many countries around the world including the USA, take advantage of the unique attributes of moxidectin for providing robust heartworm prevention against the strains of heartworm to which most dogs in the USA will likely be exposed. Both products have demonstrated 100% preventive efficacy in laboratory studies against recently collected field strains of heartworm, and also in large field studies, where the majority of dogs were living in the southern USA in areas where ML resistance has been confirmed to occur, therefore under elevated heartworm challenge. Based on the data summarized here, these products offer important advances in heartworm prevention and provide additional options for veterinarians and pet owners to protect their dogs from developing heartworm disease.
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Salman M, Abbas RZ, Mehmood K, Hussain R, Shah S, Faheem M, Zaheer T, Abbas A, Morales B, Aneva I, Martínez JL. Assessment of Avermectins-Induced Toxicity in Animals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030332. [PMID: 35337129 PMCID: PMC8950826 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones, particularly the avermectins, have completely revolutionized the approaches aimed at control of parasites. These avermectins are the most widely used anti-parasitic drugs in veterinary field with sales exceeding one billion US dollars annually. However, before clinical usage, their safety evaluation in the animals is a major critical factor that must be considered. Many studies have reported the negative effects of avermectins like ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, and eprinomectin on the host animals. These harmful effects arise from avermectins targeting GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channels present both in the parasites and the host animals. In this review, various modes of avermectins action along with the negative effects on the host like nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disruption were discussed in detail. Furthermore, other important issues like ecotoxicity, drug resistance, and drug residues in milk associated with avermectins usage were also discussed, which need special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.A.); (B.M.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Sehar Shah
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Mehwish Faheem
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 59300, Pakistan;
| | - Bernardo Morales
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.Z.A.); (B.M.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Ina Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - José L. Martínez
- Vicerrectoria de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.Z.A.); (B.M.); (J.L.M.)
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Mounsey K, Harvey RJ, Wilkinson V, Takano K, Old J, Stannard H, Wicker L, Phalen D, Carver S. Drug dose and animal welfare: important considerations in the treatment of wildlife. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1065-1071. [PMID: 35147771 PMCID: PMC8832083 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A recent publication in Parasitology Research by (Old et al. Parasitol Res 120:1077-1090, 2021) raises the topical and often controversial issue of the treatment of wildlife by personnel with little or no formal scientific training (e.g. wildlife carers). In a valuable contribution to the subject, Old and colleagues document a wide range of topical (pour-on) application doses and frequencies of moxidectin (Cydectin®) administered in situ to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) by members of the wildlife carer/treater community in southeast Australia to treat sarcoptic mange disease. This treatment occurred under minor use permits issued by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Management Authority (APVMA). These permits do not require veterinary supervision, although carers are registered and are expected to comply with the guidelines of this permit.The prevalence and severity of sarcoptic mange in wildlife is influenced by a variety of factors including mite biology, environmental conditions, population density, animal behaviour and immune susceptibility (Browne et al. Bioscience, 2021). In bare-nosed wombats, combinations of these elements play a substantial role in making the treatment of an already difficult disease more complex. (Moroni et al. Parasit Vectors 13:471, 2020) comment that any pharmacological treatment of free-ranging wildlife must consider these factors when assessing their feasibility and implications, especially in the context of emerging drug resistance and potential long-term ecological impacts. As individuals with significant interest in sarcoptic mange and representing a range of professional research and veterinary expertise, we see value in providing expert commentary on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Mounsey
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia. .,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, 4556, Australia.
| | - Robert J Harvey
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Victoria Wilkinson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Kotaro Takano
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Julie Old
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury campus, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Hayley Stannard
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Leanne Wicker
- Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
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Dinesh Kumar N, ter Ellen BM, Bouma EM, Troost B, van de Pol DPI, van der Ende-Metselaar HH, van Gosliga D, Apperloo L, Carpaij OA, van den Berge M, Nawijn MC, Stienstra Y, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Smit JM. Moxidectin and Ivermectin Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Vero E6 Cells but Not in Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0154321. [PMID: 34633839 PMCID: PMC8765325 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01543-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral therapies are urgently needed to treat and limit the development of severe COVID-19 disease. Ivermectin, a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent, has been shown to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in Vero cells at a concentration of 5 μM. These limited in vitro results triggered the investigation of ivermectin as a treatment option to alleviate COVID-19 disease. However, in April 2021, the World Health Organization stated the following: "The current evidence on the use of ivermectin to treat COVID-19 patients is inconclusive." It is speculated that the in vivo concentration of ivermectin is too low to exert a strong antiviral effect. Here, we performed a head-to-head comparison of the antiviral activity of ivermectin and the structurally related, but metabolically more stable moxidectin in multiple in vitro models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including physiologically relevant human respiratory epithelial cells. Both moxidectin and ivermectin exhibited antiviral activity in Vero E6 cells. Subsequent experiments revealed that these compounds predominantly act on the steps following virus cell entry. Surprisingly, however, in human-airway-derived cell models, both moxidectin and ivermectin failed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, even at concentrations of 10 μM. These disappointing results call for a word of caution in the interpretation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of drugs solely based on their activity in Vero cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that even using a high-dose regimen of ivermectin, or switching to another drug in the same class, is unlikely to be useful for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram M. ter Ellen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M. Bouma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berit Troost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise P. I. van de Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi H. van der Ende-Metselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Djoke van Gosliga
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Apperloo
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Orestes A. Carpaij
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C. Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ymkje Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dutra FVA, Teixeira LS, Pires BC, Florez DHÂ, Teixeira RA, Borges KB. Development and validation of analytical methods by HPLC for quality control of avermectins and milbemycins in bulk samples. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Peterson EM, Green FB, Subbiah S, Emert A, Smith PN. Agrochemical occurrence on colocated wildflowers and wild bees collected near beef cattle feed yards and row crops. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:163-173. [PMID: 33913622 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that agrochemicals can pose significant threats to native pollinators; however, relatively little is known about pollinator risks associated with agrochemicals that are used on beef cattle feed yards. Recently, feed yard-derived agrochemicals and those from row crop agriculture were quantified on wildflowers growing on the High Plains, USA. To better characterize pollinator risks on the High Plains, we collected colocated wildflowers and foraging bees across three field seasons for analytical determination of residual agrochemicals. Agrochemicals were detected and quantified on the majority of wildflowers (85%) and nearly half of bees (49%). Permethrin was the most frequently detected analyte on wildflowers (32%) and bees (17%). Flower hazard quotients and flower hazard indices were calculated to deterministically evaluate risk to foraging pollinators. Mean flower hazard quotients exceeded one for 5/16 analytes (31%), and flower hazard quotients calculated for 30% of wildflowers were greater than 50. Flower hazard quotients for clothianidin exceeded 400 for 14% of wildflowers, which portends conditions conducive to frequent bee mortalities. Flower hazard indices were greater on wildflowers from mid-July to mid-September as compared with wildflowers collected earlier in the summer, which coincides with row crop planting and increased prevalence of feed yard flies. Hazard quotients and hazard index values calculated from agrochemical residue data suggest that pollinators frequenting wildflowers near beef cattle feed yards and row crops on the High Plains are at risk from both individual sources, and more so when considered in combination. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:163-173. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Peterson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Frank B Green
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Emert
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Philip N Smith
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Macrocyclic lactone resistance in Dirofilaria immitis: risks for prevention of heartworm disease. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1121-1132. [PMID: 34717929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, can be lethal in dogs and cats. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, and occurs in many parts of the world. Prevention relies on macrocyclic lactones. Macrocyclic lactones used are ivermectin, selamectin, abamectin, eprinomectin, milbemycin oxime and moxidectin, administered at 30-day intervals during the transmission season. Some moxidectin formulations are long-acting injectables. In the USA, preventives are recommended throughout the year. Loss of efficacy of macrocyclic lactone preventives was reported in 2005 and proof of resistance in the USA was published a decade later. Understanding factors which promote resistance is important to maintain control. Factors important for resistance development are discussed. Better, inexpensive tests to confirm resistance are needed. Infection in animals under chemoprophylaxis per se does not imply resistance because lack of compliance in preventive use could be the reason. In vivo confirmation of resistance is expensive, slow and ethically questionable. A microfilariae suppression test can be a surrogate test, but requires a high dose of a macrocyclic lactone and repeated blood microfilaria counts 2-4 weeks later. DNA single nucleotide polymorphism markers have been successfully used. However, the specific genetic changes which cause resistance are unknown. Surveys to map and follow the extent of resistance are needed. Long acting mosquito repellants and insecticides can play a useful role. High dose rate formulations of moxidectin, coupled with mosquito biting mitigation may reduce transmission of resistant genotypes. Doxycycline, daily for 28 days, as anti-Wolbachia treatment, can reduce transmission and remove adult parasites. However, new classes of heartworm preventives are needed. While any preventive strategy must be highly effective, registration requirements for 100% efficacy may hinder development of useful new classes of preventives. Continued reliance on macrocyclic lactone preventives, when they do not work against resistant genotypes, will spread resistance, and allow for more disease.
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Borges DGL, de Almeida Borges F, Vieira MC, Pupin RC, de Araújo MA, de Castro Guizelini C, de Lemos RAA. Poisoning of calves reared with cows treated with abamectin. Toxicon 2021; 203:115-116. [PMID: 34662630 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe an outbreak of poisoning by abamectin in calves less than four months of age whose mothers were treated with a pour-on product containing this ingredient. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical signs, absence of macroscopic and histopathological findings (characteristic of this type of poisoning) and the detection of abamectin in tissues of the animals submitted to necropsy. Based on this report, the recommendation is the use with caution of pour-on formulations containing abamectin on cows having given birth less than four months earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyego Gonçalves Lino Borges
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Rayane Chitolina Pupin
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto de Araújo
- Hospital Veterinário, Clínica de Grandes Animais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Castro Guizelini
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Amaral de Lemos
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Ngwewondo A, Scandale I, Specht S. Onchocerciasis drug development: from preclinical models to humans. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3939-3964. [PMID: 34642800 PMCID: PMC8599318 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Twenty diseases are recognized as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) by World Health Assembly resolutions, including human filarial diseases. The end of NTDs is embedded within the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, under target 3.3. Onchocerciasis afflicts approximately 20.9 million people worldwide with > 90% of those infected residing in Africa. Control programs have made tremendous efforts in the management of onchocerciasis by mass drug administration and aerial larviciding; however, disease elimination is not yet achieved. In the new WHO roadmap, it is recognized that new drugs or drug regimens that kill or permanently sterilize adult filarial worms would significantly improve elimination timelines and accelerate the achievement of the program goal of disease elimination. Drug development is, however, handicapped by high attrition rates, and many promising molecules fail in preclinical development or in subsequent toxicological, safety and efficacy testing; thus, research and development (R&D) costs are, in aggregate, very high. Drug discovery and development for NTDs is largely driven by unmet medical needs put forward by the global health community; the area is underfunded and since no high return on investment is possible, there is no dedicated drug development pipeline for human filariasis. Repurposing existing drugs is one approach to filling the drug development pipeline for human filariasis. The high cost and slow pace of discovery and development of new drugs has led to the repurposing of “old” drugs, as this is more cost-effective and allows development timelines to be shortened. However, even if a drug is marketed for a human or veterinary indication, the safety margin and dosing regimen will need to be re-evaluated to determine the risk in humans. Drug repurposing is a promising approach to enlarging the pool of active molecules in the drug development pipeline. Another consideration when providing new treatment options is the use of combinations, which is not addressed in this review. We here summarize recent advances in the late preclinical or early clinical stage in the search for a potent macrofilaricide, including drugs against the nematode and against its endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Ngwewondo
- Centre of Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Scandale
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Jimenez Castro PD, Venkatesan A, Redman E, Chen R, Malatesta A, Huff H, Zuluaga Salazar DA, Avramenko R, Gilleard JS, Kaplan RM. Multiple drug resistance in hookworms infecting greyhound dogs in the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:107-117. [PMID: 34492564 PMCID: PMC8426179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ancylostoma caninum is the most prevalent nematode parasite of dogs. We confirmed multiple-drug resistance (MDR) in several A. caninum isolates to all anthelmintic drug classes approved for the treatment of hookworms in dogs in the USA. Cases of MDR hookworms appear to be highly overrepresented in greyhounds. The aims of this study were to evaluate the drug-resistant phenotypes and genotypes of the A. caninum infecting greyhounds. Fecal samples from greyhounds of the USA were acquired from two greyhound adoption kennels, one active greyhound racing kennel, and three veterinary practices. Fecal egg counts (FECs) were performed on fecal samples from 219 greyhounds, and despite treatment with anthelmintics, the mean FEC was 822.4 eggs per gram (EPG). Resistance to benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones were measured using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval development assay (LDA), respectively. We performed 23 EHA and 22 LDA on either individual or pooled feces, representing 54 animals. Mean and median IC50 and IC95 values for the EHA were 5.3 μM, 3.6 μM, and 24.5 μM, 23.4 μM, respectively. For the LDA, the median IC50 value was >1000 nM. These values ranged 62–81 times higher than our susceptible laboratory isolate. Only post-treatment samples were available. For samples collected <10 days post-treatment with albendazole, moxidectin, or a combination of febantel-pyrantel-moxidectin, the mean FEC were 349, 333, and 835 EPG, respectively. We obtained DNA from hookworm eggs isolated from 70 fecal samples, comprised of 60 individual dogs and 10 pools. Deep sequencing of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene only revealed the presence of the F167Y (TTC>TAC) resistance polymorphism in 99% of these samples. These clinical, in vitro, and genetic data provide strong evidence that greyhound dogs in the USA are infected with MDR A. caninum at very high levels in prevalence and infection intensity. Conclusive evidence that most racing greyhounds in the USA are infected with MDR A. caninum. 79% of the samples from racing or retired greyhounds were positive. IC50 values for BZs and MLs were 62–81 times higher in greyhounds. The F167Y SNP was detected in 99% of samples, and in more than 2/3 the frequency was ≥ 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Grupo de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
| | - Abhinaya Venkatesan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abigail Malatesta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hannah Huff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel A Zuluaga Salazar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Corporación Universitaria Santa Rosa de Cabal-UNISARC, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Russell Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Muniz MS, Halbach K, Alves Araruna IC, Martins RX, Seiwert B, Lechtenfeld O, Reemtsma T, Farias D. Moxidectin toxicity to zebrafish embryos: Bioaccumulation and biomarker responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117096. [PMID: 33866217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moxidectin is an antiparasitic drug belonging to the class of the macrocyclic lactones, subgroup mylbemicins. It is used worldwide in veterinary practice, but little is known about its potential environmental risks. Thus, we used the zebrafish embryo as a model system to study the potential effects of moxidectin on aquatic non-target organisms. The analyses were performed in two experimental sets: (1) acute toxicity and apical endpoints were characterized, with biomarker assays providing information on the activity levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE); and (2) internal concentration and spatial distribution of moxidectin were determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS imaging (MALDI-MSi). The acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos (96 hpf) appeared mainly as a decrease in hatching rates (EC50 = 20.75 μg/L). It also altered the enzymatic activity of biomarker enzymes related to xenobiotic processing, anaerobic metabolism, and oxidative stress (GST, LDH, and CAT, respectively) and strongly accumulated in the embryos, as internal concentrations were 4 orders of magnitude higher than those detected in exposure solutions. MALDI-MSi revealed accumulations of the drug mainly in the head and eyes of the embryos (72 and 96 hpf). Thus, our results show that exposure to moxidectin decreases hatching success by 96 h and alters biochemical parameters in the early life stages of zebrafish while accumulating in the head and eye regions of the animals, demonstrating the need to prioritize this compound for environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Silva Muniz
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Katharina Halbach
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Igor Cauê Alves Araruna
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rafael Xavier Martins
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Davi Farias
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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Grell T, Barbero M, Pattarino F, Giovenzana GB, Colombo V. Solvatomorphism of Moxidectin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164869. [PMID: 34443452 PMCID: PMC8398095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvatomorphism of the anthelmintic drug moxidectin is investigated, and a new solvatomorph with nitromethane is reported. Moreover, the hitherto unknown crystal structures of the solvatomorphs with ethanol and 2-propanol are reported and discussed. The thermal characterization of these solvatomorphs through variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction analysis (VT-PXRD) is also described, providing new insights into the crystallochemistry of this active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Grell
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Mauro Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (F.P.); (G.B.G.)
| | - Franco Pattarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (F.P.); (G.B.G.)
| | - Giovanni Battista Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (F.P.); (G.B.G.)
| | - Valentina Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-4450
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Noack S, Harrington J, Carithers DS, Kaminsky R, Selzer PM. Heartworm disease - Overview, intervention, and industry perspective. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:65-89. [PMID: 34030109 PMCID: PMC8163879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm, is a major parasitic threat for dogs and cats around the world. Because of its impact on the health and welfare of companion animals, heartworm disease is of huge veterinary and economic importance especially in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Within the animal health market many different heartworm preventive products are available, all of which contain active components of the same drug class, the macrocyclic lactones. In addition to compliance issues, such as under-dosing or irregular treatment intervals, the occurrence of drug-resistant heartworms within the populations in the Mississippi River areas adds to the failure of preventive treatments. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the disease, summarize the current disease control measures and highlight potential new avenues and best practices for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Noack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - John Harrington
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, 30601, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Douglas S Carithers
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd, 30096, Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Ronald Kaminsky
- paraC Consulting, Altenstein 13, 79685, Häg-Ehrsberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Jacobson LS, DiGangi BA. An Accessible Alternative to Melarsomine: "Moxi-Doxy" for Treatment of Adult Heartworm Infection in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702018. [PMID: 34386540 PMCID: PMC8353148 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine heartworm infection, caused by the filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis, represents a serious and expanding animal welfare concern that is expected to increase due to the effects of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. A body of evidence has emerged to support the use of a non-arsenical adulticide treatment protocol, using moxidectin and doxycycline to kill adult heartworms over a prolonged period. While a three-dose protocol using the arsenical drug melarsomine is currently the safest and most effective treatment for heartworm infection, this drug is not available in some countries and is inaccessible for many owners and animal shelters. Moxidectin-doxycycline (moxi-doxy) provides a viable alternative to no treatment at all, in cases where arsenical treatment is not possible. Based on current evidence, the most effective non-arsenical treatment regimen is doxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q 12 or 24 h for 28 days, combined with topical moxidectin at label dose. Moxidectin is repeated monthly until no antigen detected (NAD) status is confirmed. Sustained release injectable moxidectin, in combination with doxycycline, may provide an alternative in remote regions or in settings where significant compliance or accessibility concerns exist, but more studies are needed. In moxi-doxy protocols, doxycycline should be repeated annually until NAD. This review summarizes the safety and efficacy of moxi-doxy, addresses controversies surrounding this treatment approach, and provides detailed recommendations for treatment regimens and post-treatment testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S. Jacobson
- Shelter Medicine Advancement, Toronto Humane Society, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian A. DiGangi
- Shelter and Veterinary Services, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York, NY, United States
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Mayinda GDK, Serreau D, Gesbert A, Reigner F, Sutra JF, Lespine A, Sallé G. Ivermectin treatment in lactating mares results in suboptimal ivermectin exposure in their suckling foals. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109511. [PMID: 34237517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The management of equine strongyles has become problematic over the last decade because of an increased prevalence of drug-resistant isolates worldwide. Therapeutic options are therefore limited, leaving macrocyclic lactones as the most often effective drug class. However, their lipophilic properties result in a long-lasting elimination that could favour drug resistance selection. As a result, ivermectin treatment in lactating mares could promote suboptimal exposure of their foal parasites to ivermectin, thereby selecting for more resistant worms. To test for this putative transfer, we selected two groups of six foal-mare pairs, one group of mares receiving ivermectin and the other being left untreated. We compared faecal egg count trajectories in foals from the two groups and quantified plasma ivermectin concentrations in ivermectin treated mares and their foals during seven days. Our results showed limited but sustained plasmatic exposure of foals associated with non-significant faecal egg count reduction (P = 0.69). This suggests that ivermectin treatment in lactating mares results in suboptimal exposure to the drug in their foal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Serreau
- NRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Amandine Gesbert
- INRAE, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- INRAE, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-François Sutra
- INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, UMR1436 INTHERES, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lespine
- INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, UMR1436 INTHERES, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- NRAE, Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Heinrich AP, Zöltzer T, Böhm L, Wohde M, Jaddoudi S, El Maataoui Y, Dahchour A, Düring RA. Sorption of selected antiparasitics in soils and sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:77. [PMID: 34249591 PMCID: PMC8253237 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary pharmaceuticals can enter the environment when excreted after application and burden terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, knowledge about the basic process of sorption in soils and sediments is limited, complicating regulatory decisions. Therefore, batch equilibrium studies were conducted for the widely used antiparasitics abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin to add to the assessment of their environmental fate. RESULTS We examined 20 soil samples and six sediments from Germany and Morocco. Analysis was based on HPLC-fluorescence detection after derivatization. For soils, this resulted in distribution coefficients K D of 38-642 mL/g for abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin. Moxidectin displayed K D between 166 and 3123 mL/g. Normalized to soil organic carbon, log K OC coefficients were 3.63, 3.93, 4.12, and 4.74 mL/g, respectively, revealing high affinity to organic matter of soils and sediments. Within sediments, distribution resulted in higher log K OC of 4.03, 4.13, 4.61, and 4.97 mL/g for the four substances. This emphasizes the diverse nature of organic matter in both environmental media. The results also confirm a newly reported log KOW for ivermectin which is higher than longstanding assumptions. Linear sorption models facilitate comparison with other studies and help establish universal distribution coefficients for the environmental risk assessment of veterinary antiparasitics. CONCLUSIONS Since environmental exposure affects soils and sediments, future sorption studies should aim to include both matrices to review these essential pharmaceuticals and mitigate environmental risks from their use. The addition of soils and sediments from the African continent (Morocco) touches upon possible broader applications of ivermectin for human use. Especially for ivermectin and moxidectin, strong sorption further indicates high hydrophobicity and provides initial concern for potential aquatic or terrestrial ecotoxicological effects such as bioaccumulation. Our derived K OW estimates also urge to re-assess this important regulatory parameter with contemporary techniques for all four substances. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-021-00513-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Patrick Heinrich
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Timm Zöltzer
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonard Böhm
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Wohde
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara Jaddoudi
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment (LMNE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Av Ibn Battouta Agdal, BP1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yassine El Maataoui
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment (LMNE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Av Ibn Battouta Agdal, BP1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelmalek Dahchour
- Département Des Sciences Fondamentales Et Appliquées, Institut Agronomique Et Véterinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Tinkov OV, Grigorev VY, Grigoreva LD. QSAR analysis of the acute toxicity of avermectins towards Tetrahymena pyriformis. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:541-571. [PMID: 34157880 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1932583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Avermectins have been effectively used in medicine, veterinary medicine, and agriculture as antiparasitic agents for many years. However, there are still no reliable data on the main ecotoxicological characteristics of most individual avermectins. Although many QSAR models have been proposed to describe the acute toxicity of organic compounds towards Tetrahymena pyriformis (T. pyriformis), avermectins are outside the applicability domain of these models. The influence of the molecular structures of various organic compounds on the acute toxicity towards T. pyriformis was studied using the OCHEM web platform (https://ochem.eu). A data set of 1792 toxicants was used to create models. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) models were developed using the molecular descriptors Dragon, ISIDA, CDK, PyDescriptor, alvaDesc, and SIRMS and machine learning methods, such as Least Squares Support Vector Machine and Transformer Convolutional Neural Network. The HYBOT descriptors and Random Forest were used for a comparative QSAR investigation. Since the best predictive ability was demonstrated by the Transformer Convolutional Neural Network model, it was used to predict the toxicity of individual avermectins towards T. pyriformis. During a structural interpretation of the developed QSAR model, we determined the significant molecular transformations that increase and decrease the acute toxicity of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Tinkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Shevchenko Transnistria State University, Tiraspol, Moldova
- Department of Computer Science, Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense, Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - V Y Grigorev
- Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - L D Grigoreva
- Department of Fundamental Physicochemical Engineering, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Bousquet-Mélou A, Lespine A, Sutra JF, Bargues I, Toutain PL. A Large Impact of Obesity on the Disposition of Ivermectin, Moxidectin and Eprinomectin in a Canine Model: Relevance for COVID-19 Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666348. [PMID: 34093195 PMCID: PMC8173197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) are used extensively as parasiticides in veterinary medicine. Based on in vitro data, IVM has recently been proposed for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection, a condition for which obesity is a major risk factor. In patients, IVM dosage is based on total body weight and there are no recommendations to adjust dosage in obese patients. The objective of this study was to establish, in a canine model, the influence of obesity on the clearance and steady-state volume of distribution of IVM, MOX, and a third analog, eprinomectin (EPR). An experimental model of obesity in dogs was based on a high calorie diet. IVM, MOX, and EPR were administered intravenously, in combination, to a single group of dogs in two circumstances, during a control period and when body weight had been increased by 50%. In obese dogs, clearance, expressed in absolute values (L/day), was not modified for MOX but was reduced for IVM and EPR, compared to the initial control state. However, when scaled by body weight (L/day/kg), plasma clearance was reduced by 55, 42, and 63%, for IVM, MOX and EPR, respectively. In contrast, the steady-state volume of distribution was markedly increased, in absolute values (L), by obesity. For IVM and MOX, this obese dog model suggests that the maintenance doses in the obese subject should be based on lean body weight rather than total weight. On the other hand, the loading dose, when required, should be based on the total body weight of the obese subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Lespine
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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48
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Christensen SB. Natural Products That Changed Society. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050472. [PMID: 33925870 PMCID: PMC8146924 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until the end of the 19th century all drugs were natural products or minerals. During the 19th century chemists succeeded in isolating pure natural products such as quinine, morphine, codeine and other compounds with beneficial effects. Pure compounds enabled accurate dosing to achieve serum levels within the pharmacological window and reproducible clinical effects. During the 20th and the 21st century synthetic compounds became the major source of drugs. In spite of the impressive results achieved within the art of synthetic chemistry, natural products or modified natural products still constitute almost half of drugs used for treatment of cancer and diseases like malaria, onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis caused by parasites. A turning point in the fight against the devastating burden of malaria was obtained in the 17th century by the discovery that bark from trees belonging to the genus Cinchona could be used for treatment with varying success. However isolation and use of the active principle, quinine, in 1820, afforded a breakthrough in the treatment. In the 20th century the synthetic drug chloroquine severely reduced the burden of malaria. However, resistance made this drug obsolete. Subsequently artemisinin isolated from traditional Chinese medicine turned out to be an efficient antimalarial drug overcoming the problem of chloroquine resistance for a while. The use of synthetic analogues such as chloroquine or semisynthetic drugs such as artemether or artesunate further improved the possibilities for healing malaria. Onchocerciasis (river blindness) made life in large parts of Africa and South America miserable. The discovery of the healing effects of the macrocyclic lactone ivermectin enabled control and partly elimination of the disease by annual mass distribution of the drug. Also in the case of ivermectin improved semisynthetic derivatives have found their way into the clinic. Ivermectin also is an efficient drug for treatment of lymphatic filariasis. The serendipitous discovery of the ability of the spindle toxins to control the growth of fast proliferating cancer cells armed physicians with a new efficient tool for treatment of some cancer diseases. These possibilities have been elaborated through preparation of semisynthetic analogues. Today vincristine and vinblastine and semisynthetic analogues are powerful weapons against cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brøgger Christensen
- The Museum of Natural Medicine & The Pharmacognostic Collection, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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The Potential of a New Commercial Seaweed Extract in Stimulating Morpho-Agronomic and Bioactive Properties of Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13084485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the effect of commercial seaweed extract as a biofertilizer, named True-Algae-Max (TAM®), on the yield, nutritional, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity of Eruca vesicaria. Three concentrations of TAM® (5, 10, and 15%) were studied by foliar spray over the two cultivation years (2016 and 2017) without any chemical fertilizer, along with a control consisting of synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. The yield and composition of E. vesicaria were significantly improved in all treatments, particularly at 10% concentration of TAM®, which resulted in maximum yield (1.99 kg m−2) and significant amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and total nutrients. Compared to the NPK control, E. vesicaria grown with 10% of TAM® improved total antioxidant activity from 41.80 to 49.36 mg g−1 and cytotoxicity from 25.30 to 60.40% with an IC50 value 85.7 µg mL−1 against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). These findings indicate that seaweed extract can generally be used as a safe potential multifunctional biofertilizer in the agricultural field. The use of seaweed as a biofertilizer could potentially help mitigate the adverse effects of main nutrient deficiencies, diminishing the use of chemical fertilizers.
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50
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Repurposing Avermectins and Milbemycins against Mycobacteroides abscessus and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040381. [PMID: 33916775 PMCID: PMC8066277 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing worldwide, resulting in a new global health concern. NTM treatment is complex and requires combinations of several drugs for lengthy periods. In spite of this, NTM disease is often associated with poor treatment outcomes. The anti-parasitic family of macrocyclic lactones (ML) (divided in two subfamilies: avermectins and milbemycins) was previously described as having activity against mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and Mycobacterium marinum, among others. Here, we aimed to characterize the in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of ML against a wide range of NTM species, including Mycobacteroides abscessus. For this, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of eight ML were determined against 80 strains belonging to nine different NTM species. Macrocyclic lactones showed variable ranges of anti-mycobacterial activity that were compound and species-dependent. Milbemycin oxime was the most active compound, displaying broad-spectrum activity with MIC lower than 8 mg/L. Time kill assays confirmed MIC data and showed bactericidal and sterilizing activity of some compounds. Macrocyclic lactones are available in many formulations and have been extensively used in veterinary and human medicine with suitable pharmacokinetics and safety properties. This information could be exploited to explore repurposing of anti-helminthics for NTM therapy.
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