1
|
Sati S, Huang J, Kersh AE, Jones P, Ahart O, Murphy C, Prouty SM, Hedberg ML, Jain V, Gregory SG, Leung DH, Seykora JT, Rosenbach M, Leung TH. Recruitment of CXCR4+ type 1 innate lymphoid cells distinguishes sarcoidosis from other skin granulomatous diseases. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e178711. [PMID: 39225100 PMCID: PMC11364400 DOI: 10.1172/jci178711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan granulomatous disease that lacks diagnostic biomarkers and targeted treatments. Using blood and skin from patients with sarcoid and non-sarcoid skin granulomas, we discovered that skin granulomas from different diseases exhibit unique immune cell recruitment and molecular signatures. Sarcoid skin granulomas were specifically enriched for type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) and B cells and exhibited molecular programs associated with formation of mature tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), including increased CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. Lung sarcoidosis granulomas also displayed similar immune cell recruitment. Thus, granuloma formation was not a generic molecular response. In addition to tissue-specific effects, patients with sarcoidosis exhibited an 8-fold increase in circulating ILC1s, which correlated with treatment status. Multiple immune cell types induced CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in sarcoidosis, including Th1 T cells, macrophages, and ILCs. Mechanistically, CXCR4 inhibition reduced sarcoidosis-activated immune cell migration, and targeting CXCR4 or total ILCs attenuated granuloma formation in a noninfectious mouse model. Taken together, our results show that ILC1s are a tissue and circulating biomarker that distinguishes sarcoidosis from other skin granulomatous diseases. Repurposing existing CXCR4 inhibitors may offer a new targeted treatment for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sati
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianhe Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna E. Kersh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Parker Jones
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia Ahart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen M. Prouty
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew L. Hedberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Simon G. Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - John T. Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Misha Rosenbach
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas H. Leung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teillaud JL, Houel A, Panouillot M, Riffard C, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary lymphoid structures in anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:629-646. [PMID: 39117919 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates where adaptive antitumour cellular and humoral responses can be elaborated. Initially described in non-small cell lung cancer as functional immune lymphoid structures associated with better clinical outcome, TLS have also been found in many other carcinomas, as well as melanomas and sarcomas, and associated with improved response to immunotherapy. The manipulation of TLS as a therapeutic strategy is now coming of age owing to the likely role of TLS in the improved survival of patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. TLS have also garnered considerable interest as a predictive biomarker of the response to antitumour therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade and, possibly, chemotherapy. However, several important questions still remain regarding the definition of TLS in terms of both their cellular composition and functions. Here, we summarize the current views on the composition of TLS at different stages of their development. We also discuss the role of B cells and T cells associated with TLS and their dialogue in mounting antibody and cellular antitumour responses, as well as some of the various mechanisms that negatively regulate antitumour activity of TLS. The prognostic value of TLS to the clinical outcome of patients with cancer and the relationship between TLS and the response to therapy are then addressed. Finally, we present some preclinical evidence that favours the idea that manipulating the formation and function of TLS could lead to a potent next-generation cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Sorbonne University UMRS1135, Paris, France
- Inserm U1135, Paris, France
- Center of Immunology and Microbial Infections (Cimi), Faculty of Health, Paris, France
| | - Ana Houel
- Sorbonne University UMRS1135, Paris, France
- Inserm U1135, Paris, France
- Center of Immunology and Microbial Infections (Cimi), Faculty of Health, Paris, France
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marylou Panouillot
- Sorbonne University UMRS1135, Paris, France
- Inserm U1135, Paris, France
- Center of Immunology and Microbial Infections (Cimi), Faculty of Health, Paris, France
- Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Clémence Riffard
- Sorbonne University UMRS1135, Paris, France
- Inserm U1135, Paris, France
- Center of Immunology and Microbial Infections (Cimi), Faculty of Health, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Sorbonne University UMRS1135, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1135, Paris, France.
- Center of Immunology and Microbial Infections (Cimi), Faculty of Health, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Wu P, Liu Z, Li T, Wu J, Zeng Z, Guo W, Xiong W. Tertiary lymphoid structures and their therapeutic implications in cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00975-1. [PMID: 39133439 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates formed by the structured accumulation of immune cells such as B cells and T cells in non-lymphoid tissues induced by infection, inflammation, and tumors. They play a crucial role in the immune response, particularly in association with tumor development, where they primarily exert anti-tumor immune functions during tumorigenesis. Current research suggests that TLSs inhibit tumor growth by facilitating immune cell infiltration and are correlated with favorable prognosis in various solid tumors, serving as an indicator of immunotherapy effectiveness to some extent. Therefore, TLSs hold great promise as a valuable biomarker. Most importantly, immunotherapies aimed to prompting TLSs formation are anticipated to be potent adjuncts to current cancer treatment. This review focuses on the formation process of TLSs and their potential applications in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tiansheng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Departments of Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Translational Biomedical Engineering, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjia Guo
- Departments of Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Translational Biomedical Engineering, Urumqi, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Xiong X, Zheng W, Xu H, Liao X, Wei Q, Yang L. The roles of tertiary lymphoid structures in genitourinary cancers: molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical applications. Int J Surg 2024; 110:5007-5021. [PMID: 38978471 PMCID: PMC11325987 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) associated with distinct treatment efficacy and clinical prognosis has been identified in various cancer types. However, the mechanistic roles and clinical implications of TLSs in genitourinary (GU) cancers remain incompletely explored. Despite their potential role as predictive markers described in numerous studies, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of TLSs, including drivers of formation, structural foundation, cellular compositions, maturation stages, molecular features, and specific functionality to maximize their positive impacts on tumor-specific immunity. The unique contributions of these structures to cancer progression and biology have fueled interest in these structures as mediators of antitumor immunity. Emerging data are trying to explore the effects of therapeutic interventions targeting TLSs. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of TLSs may facilitate the development of TLSs-targeting therapeutic strategies to obtain optimal clinical benefits for GU cancers in the setting of immunotherapy. In this review, the authors focus on the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of TLSs in cancer progression, current therapeutic interventions targeting TLSs and the clinical implications and therapeutic potential of TLSs in GU cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Snijckers RPM, Foks AC. Adaptive immunity and atherosclerosis: aging at its crossroads. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350471. [PMID: 38686373 PMCID: PMC11056569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity plays a profound role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis by regulating antigen-specific responses, inflammatory signaling and antibody production. However, as we age, our immune system undergoes a gradual functional decline, a phenomenon termed "immunosenescence". This decline is characterized by a reduction in proliferative naïve B- and T cells, decreased B- and T cell receptor repertoire and a pro-inflammatory senescence associated secretory profile. Furthermore, aging affects germinal center responses and deteriorates secondary lymphoid organ function and structure, leading to impaired T-B cell dynamics and increased autoantibody production. In this review, we will dissect the impact of aging on adaptive immunity and the role played by age-associated B- and T cells in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, emphasizing the need for interventions that target age-related immune dysfunction to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda C. Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Zhang R, Jin D, Zhang T, Shahatiaili A, Zang J, Wang L, Pu Y, Zhuang G, Chen H, Fan J. Synergistic induction of tertiary lymphoid structures by chemoimmunotherapy in bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1221-1231. [PMID: 38332180 PMCID: PMC10991273 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of patients with bladder cancer fail to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We aim to investigate whether the addition of other therapeutic modalities into immunotherapy may augment the immune reactivity, thereby improving the overall response rate. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the immunological changes following immunotherapy and chemotherapy, employing both single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing analyses. RESULTS The bladder cancer patient treated with ICIs exhibited a higher abundance of B cells and T follicular helper cells compared to the treatment-naïve patient. Analysis of public datasets and the in-house RJBLC-I2N003 cohort revealed the induction of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) neogenesis and maturation by immunotherapy. The IMvigor 210 study suggested that TLS could serve as a predictor of immunotherapy response and patient prognosis. In addition, genome-wide transcriptome data unveiled a shift towards the immune-enriched subtype over the desert subtype in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Notably, the proportions of CD20 + B cells, T follicular helper cells, and TLSs were significantly increased. In patients treated with a combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and ICIs, TLS positivity and maturity were improved compared to the baseline. Furthermore, neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy resulted in a higher rate of pathological complete response compared to monotherapies. CONCLUSIONS This work pinpointed the individual effect of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in fostering TLS development, and underscored the superior effectiveness of combined modalities in enhancing TLS maturation and response rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Akezhouli Shahatiaili
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanchun Pu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanglei Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haige Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinhai Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costanzo A, Clarke D, Holt M, Sharma S, Nagy K, Tan X, Kain L, Abe B, Luce S, Boitard C, Wyseure T, Mosnier LO, Su AI, Grimes C, Finn MG, Savage PB, Gottschalk M, Pettus J, Teyton L. Repositioning the Early Pathology of Type 1 Diabetes to the Extraislet Vasculature. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1094-1104. [PMID: 38426888 PMCID: PMC10944819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prototypic T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Because the islets of Langerhans are insulated from blood vessels by a double basement membrane and lack detectable lymphatic drainage, interactions between endocrine and circulating T cells are not permitted. Thus, we hypothesized that initiation and progression of anti-islet immunity required islet neolymphangiogenesis to allow T cell access to the islet. Combining microscopy and single cell approaches, the timing of this phenomenon in mice was situated between 5 and 8 wk of age when activated anti-insulin CD4 T cells became detectable in peripheral blood while peri-islet pathology developed. This "peri-insulitis," dominated by CD4 T cells, respected the islet basement membrane and was limited on the outside by lymphatic endothelial cells that gave it the attributes of a tertiary lymphoid structure. As in most tissues, lymphangiogenesis seemed to be secondary to local segmental endothelial inflammation at the collecting postcapillary venule. In addition to classic markers of inflammation such as CD29, V-CAM, and NOS, MHC class II molecules were expressed by nonhematopoietic cells in the same location both in mouse and human islets. This CD45- MHC class II+ cell population was capable of spontaneously presenting islet Ags to CD4 T cells. Altogether, these observations favor an alternative model for the initiation of T1D, outside of the islet, in which a vascular-associated cell appears to be an important MHC class II-expressing and -presenting cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Costanzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Don Clarke
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marie Holt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kenna Nagy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xuqian Tan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa Kain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Tine Wyseure
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laurent O. Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew I. Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Catherine Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Michael Gottschalk
- Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jeremy Pettus
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Wang H, Li C, Liu B, He S, Tu C. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer: immune mechanisms and clinical implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e489. [PMID: 38469550 PMCID: PMC10925885 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death globally, and traditional treatments often have limited efficacy and adverse effects. Immunotherapy has shown promise in various malignancies but is less effective in tumors with low immunogenicity or immunosuppressive microenvironment, especially sarcomas. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) have been associated with a favorable response to immunotherapy and improved survival in cancer patients. However, the immunological mechanisms and clinical significance of TLS in malignant tumors are not fully understood. In this review, we elucidate the composition, neogenesis, and immune characteristics of TLS in tumors, as well as the inflammatory response in cancer development. An in-depth discussion of the unique immune characteristics of TLSs in lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and soft tissue sarcomas will be presented. Additionally, the therapeutic implications of TLS, including its role as a marker of therapeutic response and prognosis, and strategies to promote TLS formation and maturation will be explored. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of TLS in the tumor immune microenvironment and suggest potential interventions for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chenbei Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Binfeng Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Shasha He
- Department of OncologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Central South UniversityGuangdongChina
- Changsha Medical UniversityChangshaChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aggeletopoulou I, Kalafateli M, Triantos C. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2631. [PMID: 38473878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge that urgently calls for innovative therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for HCC treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CAR T immunotherapy in HCC patients is significantly compromised by some major issues including the immunosuppressive environment within the tumor, antigen heterogeneity, CAR T cell exhaustion, and the advanced risk for on-target/off-tumor toxicity. To overcome these challenges, many ongoing preclinical and clinical trials are underway focusing on the identification of optimal target antigens and the decryption of the immunosuppressive milieu of HCC. Moreover, limited tumor infiltration constitutes a significant obstacle of CAR T cell therapy that should be addressed. The continuous effort to design molecular targets for CAR cells highlights the importance for a more practical approach for CAR-modified cell manufacturing. This review critically examines the current landscape of CAR T cell therapy for HCC, shedding light on the changes in innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of HCC, identifying potential CAR T cell targets, and exploring approaches to overcome inherent challenges. Ongoing advancements in scientific research and convergence of diverse treatment modalities offer the potential to greatly enhance HCC patients' care in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Kalafateli
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Patras, 26332 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao Z, Azar J, Zhu H, Williams-Perez S, Kang SW, Marginean C, Rubinstein MP, Makawita S, Lee HS, Camp ER. Translational and oncologic significance of tertiary lymphoid structures in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1324093. [PMID: 38361928 PMCID: PMC10867206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1324093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive tumor with poor survival and limited treatment options. PDAC resistance to immunotherapeutic strategies is multifactorial, but partially owed to an immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TiME). However, the PDAC TiME is heterogeneous and harbors favorable tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) populations. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are organized aggregates of immune cells that develop within non-lymphoid tissue under chronic inflammation in multiple contexts, including cancers. Our current understanding of their role within the PDAC TiME remains limited; TLS are complex structures with multiple anatomic features such as location, density, and maturity that may impact clinical outcomes such as survival and therapy response in PDAC. Similarly, our understanding of methods to manipulate TLS is an actively developing field of research. TLS may function as anti-tumoral immune niches that can be leveraged as a therapeutic strategy to potentiate both existing chemotherapeutic regimens and potentiate future immune-based therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes. This review seeks to cover anatomy, relevant features, immune effects, translational significance, and future directions of understanding TLS within the context of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gao
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joseph Azar
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Huili Zhu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sophia Williams-Perez
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, David J. Sugarbaker Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Celia Marginean
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shalini Makawita
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, David J. Sugarbaker Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - E. Ramsay Camp
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Y, Zhao S, Guo W, Liu Y, Requena Mullor MDM, Rodrìguez RA, Wei R. Systematic analysis of the prognostic value and immunological function of LTBR in human cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:129-152. [PMID: 38175686 PMCID: PMC10817409 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR) is a positive T cell proliferation regulator gene. It is closely associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. However, its role in cancer and immunotherapy is unclear. Firstly, the expression level and prognostic value of LTBR were analyzed. Secondly, the expression of LTBR in clinical stages, immune subtypes, and molecular subtypes was analyzed. The correlation between LTBR and immune regulatory genes, immune checkpoint genes, and RNA modification genes was then analyzed. Correlations between LTBR and immune cells, scores, cancer-related functional status, tumor stemness index, mismatch repair (MMR) genes, and DNA methyltransferase were also analyzed. In addition, we analyzed the role of LTBR in DNA methylation, mutational status, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to explore the role of LTBR in pan-cancer. Finally, the drugs associated with LTBR were analyzed. The expression of LTBR was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. LTBR is significantly overexpressed in most cancers and is associated with low patient survival. In addition, LTBR expression was strongly correlated with immune cells, score, cancer-related functional status, tumor stemness index, MMR genes, DNA methyltransferase, DNA methylation, mutational status, TMB, and MSI. Enrichment analysis revealed that LTBR was associated with apoptosis, necroptosis, and immune-related pathways. Finally, multiple drugs targeting LTBR were identified. LTBR is overexpressed in several tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis. It is related to immune-related genes and immune cell infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinteng Wu
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shijian Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenliang Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, Guangxi 537100, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | | | | | - Ruqiong Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Lin WP, Zhang ZN, Sun ZJ. Tailoring biomaterials for monitoring and evoking tertiary lymphoid structures. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:1-15. [PMID: 37739247 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in the treatment of cancer, the response rate to ICB therapy remains suboptimal. Recent studies have strongly demonstrated that intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are associated with a good prognosis and a successful clinical response to immunotherapy. However, there is still a shortage of efficient and wieldy approaches to image and induce intratumoral TLSs in vivo. Biomaterials have made great strides in overcoming the deficiencies of conventional diagnosis and therapies for cancer, and antitumor therapy has also benefited from biomaterial-based drug delivery models. In this review, we summarize the reported methods for TLS imaging and induction based on biomaterials and provide potential strategies that can further enhance the effectiveness of imaging and stimulating intratumoral TLSs to predict and promote the response rates of ICB therapies for patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we focused on the promising of biomaterials for imaging and induction of TLSs. We reviewed the applications of biomaterials in molecular imaging and immunotherapy, identified the biomaterials that may be suitable for TLS imaging and induction, and provided outlooks for further research. Accurate imaging and effective induction of TLSs are of great significance for understanding the mechanism and clinical application. We highlighted the need for multidisciplinary coordination and cooperation in this field, and proposed the possible future direction of noninvasive imaging and artificial induction of TLSs based on biomaterials. We believe that it can facilitate collaboration and galvanize a broader effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen-Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bruggeman Y, Martens PJ, Sassi G, Viaene M, Wasserfall CH, Mathieu C, Gysemans C. Footprint of pancreas infiltrating and circulating immune cells throughout type 1 diabetes development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1275316. [PMID: 38027120 PMCID: PMC10667927 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1275316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is defined by immune cell infiltration of the pancreas, in particular the islets of Langerhans, referred to as insulitis, which is especially prominent during the early disease stages in association with decreased beta cell mass. An in-depth understanding of the dynamics and phenotype of the immune cells infiltrating the pancreas and the accompanying changes in their profiles in peripheral blood during T1D development is critical to generate novel preventive and therapeutic approaches, as well as to find biomarkers for the disease process. Methods Using multi-parameter flow cytometry, we explored the dynamic changes of immune cells infiltrating the pancreas and the pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLN), compared to those in peripheral blood in female and male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice during T1D progression. Results The early stages of T1D development were characterized by an influx of innate dendritic cells and neutrophils in the pancreas. While dendritic cells seemed to move in and out (to the PLN), neutrophils accumulated during the pre-symptomatic phase and reached a maximum at 8 weeks of age, after which their numbers declined. During disease progression, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells appeared to continuously migrate from the PLN to the pancreas, which coincided with an increase in beta cell autoimmunity and insulitis severity, and a decline in insulin content. At 12 weeks of age, CD4+ and especially CD8+ T cells in the pancreas showed a dramatic shift from naïve to effector memory phenotype, in contrast to the PLN, where most of these cells remained naïve. A large proportion of pancreas infiltrating CD4+ T cells were naïve, indicating that antigenic stimulation was not necessary to traffic and invade the pancreas. Interestingly, a pre-effector-like T cell dominated the peripheral blood. These cells were intermediates between naïve and effector memory cells as identified by single cell RNA sequencing and might be a potential novel therapeutic target. Conclusion These time- and tissue-dependent changes in the dynamics and functional states of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essential steps in our understanding of the disease process in NOD mice and need to be considered for the interpretation and design of disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylke Bruggeman
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Martens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Sassi
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Viaene
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clive H. Wasserfall
- Diabetes Institute, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang N, Liu X, Qin J, Sun Y, Xiong H, Lin B, Liu K, Tan B, Zhang C, Huang C, Ren S, Liu M, Du B. LIGHT/TNFSF14 promotes CAR-T cell trafficking and cytotoxicity through reversing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2575-2590. [PMID: 37408308 PMCID: PMC10491984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in tumor tissues facilitate immune cell trafficking and cytotoxicity, which benefits survival and favorable responses in immune therapy. Here, we observed a high correlation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (LIGHT) expression with TLS signature genes, which are all markers for immune cell accumulation and better prognosis, through retrieving RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from patients with cancer, suggesting the potential of LIGHT in reconstituting a high immune-infiltrated tumor microenvironment. Accordingly, LIGHT co-expressed chimeric antigen receptor T (LIGHT CAR-T) cells not only showed enhanced cytotoxicity and cytokine production but also improved CCL19 and CCL21 expression by surrounding cells. And the supernatant of LIGHT CAR-T cells promoted T cell migration in a paracrine manner. Furthermore, LIGHT CAR-T cells showed superior anti-tumor efficacy and improved infiltration in comparison with conventional CAR-T cells in immunodeficient NSG mice. Accordingly, murine LIGHT-OT-1 T cells normalized tumor blood vessels and enforced intratumoral lymphoid structures in C57BL/6 syngeneic tumor mouse models, implying the potential of LIGHT CAR-T in clinical application. Taken together, our data revealed a straightforward strategy to optimize trafficking and cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells by redirecting TLSs through LIGHT expression, which has great potential to expand and optimize the application of CAR-T therapy in solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; BRL Medicine, Inc, Shanghai 201109, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Juliang Qin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Boxu Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- BRL Medicine, Inc, Shanghai 201109, China
| | - Binghe Tan
- BRL Medicine, Inc, Shanghai 201109, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chenshen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun F, Yang CL, Wang FX, Rong SJ, Luo JH, Lu WY, Yue TT, Wang CY, Liu SW. Pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLNs) serve as a pathogenic hub contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:156. [PMID: 37641145 PMCID: PMC10464122 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, progressive autoinflammatory disorder resulting from the breakdown of self-tolerance and unrestrained β cell-reactive immune response. Activation of immune cells is initiated in islet and amplified in lymphoid tissues, especially those pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLNs). The knowledge of PLNs as the hub of aberrant immune response is continuously being replenished and renewed. Here we provide a PLN-centered view of T1D pathogenesis and emphasize that PLNs integrate signal inputs from the pancreas, gut, viral infection or peripheral circulation, undergo immune remodeling within the local microenvironment and export effector cell components into pancreas to affect T1D progression. In accordance, we suggest that T1D intervention can be implemented by three major ways: cutting off the signal inputs into PLNs (reduce inflammatory β cell damage, enhance gut integrity and control pathogenic viral infections), modulating the immune activation status of PLNs and blocking the outputs of PLNs towards pancreatic islets. Given the dynamic and complex nature of T1D etiology, the corresponding intervention strategy is thus required to be comprehensive to ensure optimal therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Liang Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Ying Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yue
- Devision of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mani N, Andrews D, Obeng RC. Modulation of T cell function and survival by the tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1191774. [PMID: 37274739 PMCID: PMC10232912 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1191774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is shifting paradigms in cancer care. T cells are an indispensable component of an effective antitumor immunity and durable clinical responses. However, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of a wide range of cells that exert positive and negative effects on T cell function and survival, makes achieving robust and durable T cell responses difficult. Additionally, tumor biology, structural and architectural features, intratumoral nutrients and soluble factors, and metabolism impact the quality of the T cell response. We discuss the factors and interactions that modulate T cell function and survive in the TME that affect the overall quality of the antitumor immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Mani
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dathan Andrews
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca C. Obeng
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sato Y, Tamura M, Yanagita M. Tertiary lymphoid tissues: a regional hub for kidney inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:26-33. [PMID: 34245300 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) are inducible ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop at sites of chronic inflammation in nonlymphoid organs. As with lymph nodes, TLTs initiate adaptive immune responses and coordinate local tissue immunity. Although virtually ignored for decades, TLTs have recently received a great deal of attention for their ability to influence disease severity, prognosis and response to therapy in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders and infections. TLTs are also induced in kidneys of patients with chronic kidney diseases such as immunoglobulin A nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Nevertheless, TLTs in the kidney have not been extensively investigated and their mechanism of development, functions and clinical relevance remain unknown, mainly because of the absence of adequate murine kidney TLT models and limited availability of human kidney samples containing TLTs. We recently found that aged kidneys, but not young kidneys, exhibit multiple TLTs after injury. Interestingly, although they are a minor component of TLTs, resident fibroblasts in the kidneys diversify into several distinct phenotypes that play crucial roles in TLT formation. Furthermore, the potential of TLTs as a novel kidney injury/inflammation marker as well as a novel therapeutic target for kidney diseases is also suggested. In this review article we describe the current understanding of TLTs with a focus on age-dependent TLTs in the kidney and discuss their potential as a novel therapeutic target and kidney inflammation marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Medical Innovation Center, TMK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Tamura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Wu S. Tertiary lymphoid structures are critical for cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1063711. [PMID: 36713409 PMCID: PMC9875059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphocyte aggregates that form at sites of chronic inflammation, including cancers, in non-lymphoid tissues. Although the formation of TLSs is similar to that of secondary lymphoid organs, the pathogenic factors leading to TLS formation in cancerous tissues and the mechanisms underlying the role of these structures in the intra-tumoral adaptive antitumor immune response are not fully understood. The presence of TLSs may impact patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. This review examines the current understanding of TLSs in cancers, including their composition and formation as well as their potential to predict prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. We also summarize strategies to induce TLS formation for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhui Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu T, Zhuang XX, Qin XJ, Wei LB, Gao JR. Identifying effective diagnostic biomarkers and immune infiltration features in chronic kidney disease by bioinformatics and validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1069810. [PMID: 36642989 PMCID: PMC9838551 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1069810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by sustained inflammation and immune dysfunction, is highly prevalent and can eventually progress to end-stage kidney disease. However, there is still a lack of effective and reliable diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for CKD. Methods: First, we merged data from GEO microarrays (GSE104948 and GSE116626) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CKD and healthy patient samples. Then, we conducted GO, KEGG, HPO, and WGCNA analyses to explore potential functions of DEGs and select clinically significant modules. Moreover, STRING was used to analyse protein-protein interactions. CytoHubba and MCODE algorithms in the cytoscape plug-in were performed to screen hub genes in the network. We then determined the diagnostic significance of the obtained hub genes by ROC and two validation datasets. Meanwhile, the expression level of the biomarkers was verified by IHC. Furthermore, we examined immunological cells' relationships with hub genes. Finally, GSEA was conducted to determine the biological functions that biomarkers are significantly enriched. STITCH and AutoDock Vina were used to predict and validate drug-gene interactions. Results: A total of 657 DEGs were screened and functional analysis emphasizes their important role in inflammatory responses and immunomodulation in CKD. Through WGCNA, the interaction network, ROC curves, and validation set, four hub genes (IL10RA, CD45, CTSS, and C1QA) were identified. Furthermore, IHC of CKD patients confirmed the results above. Immune infiltration analysis indicated that CKD had a significant increase in monocytes, M0 macrophages, and M1 macrophages but a decrease in regulatory T cells, activated dendritic cells, and so on. Moreover, four hub genes were statistically correlated with them. Further analysis exhibited that IL10RA, which obtained the highest expression level in hub genes, was involved in abnormalities in various immune cells and regulated a large number of immune system responses and inflammation-related pathways. In addition, the drug-gene interaction network contained four potential therapeutic drugs targeting IL10RA, and molecular docking might make this relationship viable. Conclusion: IL10RA and its related hub molecules might play a key role in the development of CKD and could be potential biomarkers in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Xing Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Xiu Juan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Bing Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jia Rong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Jia Rong Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
La Noce M, Nicoletti GF, Papaccio G, Del Vecchio V, Papaccio F. Insulitis in Human Type 1 Diabetic Pancreas: From Stem Cell Grafting to Islet Organoids for a Successful Cell-Based Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:3941. [PMID: 36497199 PMCID: PMC9740394 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with immune cells' islet infiltration (called "insulitis"), which leads to beta cell loss. Despite being the critical element of T1D occurrence and pathogenesis, insulitis is often present in a limited percentage of islets, also at diagnosis. Therefore, it is needed to define reproducible methods to detect insulitis and beta-cell decline, to allow accurate and early diagnosis and to monitor therapy. However, this goal is still far due to the morphological aspect of islet microvasculature, which is rather dense and rich, and is considerably rearranged during insulitis. More studies on microvasculature are required to understand if contrast-enhanced ultrasound sonography measurements of pancreatic blood-flow dynamics may provide a clinically deployable predictive marker to predict disease progression and therapeutic reversal in pre-symptomatic T1D patients. Therefore, it is needed to clarify the relation between insulitis and the dynamics of β cell loss and with coexisting mechanisms of dysfunction, according to clinical stage, as well as the micro vessels' dynamics and microvasculature reorganization. Moreover, the ideal cell-based therapy of T1D should start from an early diagnosis allowing a sufficient isolation of specific Procr+ progenitors, followed by the generation and expansion of islet organoids, which could be transplanted coupled to an immune-regulatory therapy which will permit the maintenance of pancreatic islets and an effective and long-lasting insulitis reversal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella La Noce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni 5, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. de Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni 5, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vitale Del Vecchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni 5, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Han M, Sun Y, Zhao W, Xiang G, Wang X, Jiang Z, Xue Z, Zhou W. Comprehensive characterization of TNFSF14/LIGHT with implications in prognosis and immunotherapy of human gliomas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025286. [PMID: 36341396 PMCID: PMC9632349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common central neural system malignant tumor among adults. Alongside its microscopic spread, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment also induces its refractoriness, which makes immunotherapy for GBM particularly important. Unfortunately, traditional immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) often show limited therapeutic effects in GBM clinical trials, and new therapeutic strategies or targets are urgently needed. TNFSF14/LIGHT is a novel immune checkpoint molecule that plays essential roles in both innate and acquired immunity. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the function of TNFSF14/LIGHT in a variety of cancer types, the clinical and immunological importance of TNFSF14/LIGHT in human gliomas has not been fully explained. Here, we employed a comprehensive in silico analysis with publicly available data to analyze the molecular and immune characteristics of TNFSF14/LIGHT to explore its feasibility as an immunotherapy target. Totally, 2215 glioma cases were enrolled in the current study. Immunohistochemistry staining based on patient tissues (n = 34) was performed for the validation. TNFSF14/LIGHT was expressed higher in higher-WHO-grade gliomas and mesenchymal subtypes, and it was sensitive as a prognostic marker in GBM and low-grade glioma (LGG). A nomogram prognostic model was established based on TNFSF14/LIGHT expression together with other risk factors. Additionally, Gene Ontology and pathway analysis revealed that TNFSF14/LIGHT participated in T-cell activities and inflammatory processes. Moreover, analysis based on the structure and interactions of TNFSF14/LIGHT revealed its mutation sites in tumors as well as crucial interacting proteins. Analysis of IMvigor210 indicated the role of TNFSF14/LIGHT in immunotherapy. Altogether, our results reveal an underlying role of TNFSF14/LIGHT as an immunotherapy target in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
CHEN J, CHEN J, WANG L. Tertiary lymphoid structures as unique constructions associated with the organization, education, and function of tumor-infiltrating immunocytes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:812-822. [PMID: 36226536 PMCID: PMC9561406 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are formations at sites with persistent inflammatory stimulation, including tumors. These ectopic lymphoid organs mainly consist of chemo-attracting B cells, T cells, and supporting dendritic cells (DCs). Mature TLSs exhibit functional organization for the optimal development and collaboration of adaptive immune response, delivering an augmented effect on the tumor microenvironment (TME). The description of the positive correlation between TLSs and tumor prognosis is reliable only under a certain condition involving the localization and maturation of TLSs. Emerging evidence suggests that underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effect of TLSs pave the way for novel immunotherapies. Several approaches have been developed to take advantage of intratumoral TLSs, either by combining it with therapeutic agents or by inducing the neogenesis of TLSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Jian CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Jian CHEN,
| | - Lie WANG
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Lie WANG,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Du W, Gao CY, You X, Li L, Zhao ZB, Fang M, Ye Z, Si M, Lian ZX, Yu X. Increased proportion of follicular helper T cells is associated with B cell activation and disease severity in IgA nephropathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901465. [PMID: 35983053 PMCID: PMC9381139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, characterized by glomerular deposition of IgA immune complexes, mainly produced by B cells under the regulation of CD4+T cells. However, the alterations of specific CD4+T cell subsets and the mechanism of B cells activation in IgAN remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the landscape characteristics and role of CD4+T cells in the progression of IgAN. We identified that the proportion of Th2, Th17 and Tfh (follicular helper T) cells in patients with IgAN was significantly higher than that of healthy controls (P < 0.05). Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) showed that Th cells and B cells in patients with IgAN were more activated. Correspondingly, multiplex immunohistochemistry staining of renal biopsy showed increased infiltration of CD4+T and B cells in the kidneys of patients with IgAN. The degree of infiltration was positively correlated with the degree of renal damage. Interestingly, the proportion of Tfh cells in peripheral blood was positively correlated with the severity of proteinuria. Moreover, the proximity position of Tfh cells and B cells suggested that cell-cell interactions between Tfh and B cells were happening in situ. Intercellular communication analysis also showed enhanced interaction between Tfh cells and B cells in IgAN. Our findings suggested that Tfh cells of patients possibly contributed to the progression of IgAN by activating B cells via cell-cell interactions and TNFSF14-TNFRSF14 may be an underlying signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Du
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Yue Gao
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing You
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Fang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meijun Si
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqing Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu SW, Sun F, Rong SJ, Wang T, Wang CY. Lymphotoxins Serve as a Novel Orchestrator in T1D Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917577. [PMID: 35757751 PMCID: PMC9219589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) stems from pancreatic β cell destruction by islet reactive immune cells. Similar as other autoimmune disorders, there is no curative remedy for T1D thus far. Chronic insulitis is the hallmark of T1D, which creates a local inflammatory microenvironment that impairs β cell function and ultimately leads to β cell death. Immune regulation shows promise in T1D treatment by providing a time window for β cell recovery. However, due to the complex nature of T1D pathogenesis, the therapeutic effect of immune regulation is often short-lasting and unsatisfying in monotherapies. Lymphotoxins (LTs) were first identified in 1960s as the lymphocyte-producing cytokine that can kill other cell types. As a biological cousin of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), LTs play unique roles in T1D development. Herein in this review, we summarized the advancements of LTs in T1D pathogenesis. We particularly highlighted their effect on the formation of peri-islet tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), and discussed their synergistic effect with other cytokines on β cell toxicity and autoimmune progression. Given the complex and dynamic crosstalk between immune cells and β cells in T1D setting, blockade of lymphotoxin signaling applied to the existing therapies could be an efficient approach to delay or even reverse the established T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Role of tertiary lymphoid organs in the regulation of immune responses in the periphery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:359. [PMID: 35689679 PMCID: PMC9188279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are collections of immune cells resembling secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) that form in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues in response to local chronic inflammation. While their formation mimics embryologic lymphoid organogenesis, TLOs form after birth at ectopic sites in response to local inflammation resulting in their ability to mount diverse immune responses. The structure of TLOs can vary from clusters of B and T lymphocytes to highly organized structures with B and T lymphocyte compartments, germinal centers, and lymphatic vessels (LVs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs), allowing them to generate robust immune responses at sites of tissue injury. Although our understanding of the formation and function of these structures has improved greatly over the last 30 years, their role as mediators of protective or pathologic immune responses in certain chronic inflammatory diseases remains enigmatic and may differ based on the local tissue microenvironment in which they form. In this review, we highlight the role of TLOs in the regulation of immune responses in chronic infection, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cancer, and solid organ transplantation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid aggregates, termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are formed in numerous cancer types, and, with few exceptions, their presence is associated with superior prognosis and response to immunotherapy. In spite of their presumed importance, the triggers that lead to TLS formation in cancer tissue and the contribution of these structures to intratumoral immune responses remain incompletely understood. Here, we discuss the present knowledge on TLSs in cancer, focusing on (i) the drivers of TLS formation, (ii) the function and contribution of TLSs to the antitumor immune response, and (iii) the potential of TLSs as therapeutic targets in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela S Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grecea M, Soritau O, Dulf D, Ciuleanu TE, Zdrenghea M. Potential Biomarkers for the Efficacy of PD-1-PD-L Blockade in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:5275-5291. [PMID: 34848970 PMCID: PMC8627113 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s283892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, immune checkpoint blockade emerged as a major breakthrough in oncology, proposing a novel approach by which immune brakes could be released to enhance antitumor responses. Despite apparently modest improvement of the median duration of response, a spectacular doubling of long-term responses as compared to the available standard of care was seen, for instance, in metastatic melanoma. It soon became obvious that the percentage of patients responding to these novel approaches is relatively small, and the importance of an accurate prediction of responders became more and more clear. Strong predictive markers would allow for the administration of immune checkpoint blocker therapy to the patients most likely to benefit from it, and sparing the potential non-responders of a treatment which is far from innocuous, being associated with significant side-effects and, not least, an important price tag. A number of potential response predictors have already been investigated and partly validated, but they do not cover the major unmet need encountered in the current clinical setting. Here, we review biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade efficacy, either clinically validated and currently in use, or which have been proposed as candidates and are currently under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miruna Grecea
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Olga Soritau
- Oncology Institute ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Dulf
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Oncology Institute ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Eliade Ciuleanu
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Oncology Institute ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Oncology Institute ‘Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Hematology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
HES5-mediated repression of LIGHT transcription may contribute to apoptosis in hepatocytes. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:308. [PMID: 34689159 PMCID: PMC8542050 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prototypical form of metabolic syndrome and has become a global pandemic. Hepatocytes undergo apoptosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We report that the lymphokine LIGHT/TNFSF14 was upregulated in the murine NAFLD livers and in hepatocytes treated with free fatty acids (palmitate, PA). LIGHT knockdown or neutralization attenuated PA-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes. Similarly, knockdown or blockade of LTβR, the receptor for LIGHT, ameliorated apoptosis in hepatocytes exposed to PA. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed several Notch-related transcription factors as upstream regulators of LIGHT, of which HES5 expression was downregulated paralleling LIGHT induction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. HES5 knockdown enhanced whereas HES5 over-expression weakened LIGHT induction in hepatocytes. HES5 was found to directly bind to the LIGHT promoter and repress LIGHT transcription. Mechanistically, HES5 interacted with SIRT1 to deacetylate histone H3/H4 on the LIGHT promoter to repress LIGHT transcription. SIRT1 knockdown or inhibition offset the effect of HES5 over-expression on LIGHT transcription and hepatocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel mechanism that might contribute to excessive apoptosis in hepatocyte exposed to free fatty acids.
Collapse
|
29
|
Stehle C, Rückert T, Fiancette R, Gajdasik DW, Willis C, Ulbricht C, Durek P, Mashreghi MF, Finke D, Hauser AE, Withers DR, Chang HD, Zimmermann J, Romagnani C. T-bet and RORα control lymph node formation by regulating embryonic innate lymphoid cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1231-1244. [PMID: 34556887 PMCID: PMC7614953 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The generation of lymphoid tissues during embryogenesis relies on group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) displaying lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) activity and expressing the master transcription factor RORγt. Accordingly, RORγt-deficient mice lack ILC3 and lymphoid structures, including lymph nodes (LN). Whereas T-bet affects differentiation and functions of ILC3 postnatally, the role of T-bet in regulating fetal ILC3 and LN formation remains completely unknown. Using multiple mouse models and single-cell analyses of fetal ILCs and ILC progenitors (ILCP), here we identify a key role for T-bet during embryogenesis and show that its deficiency rescues LN formation in RORγt-deficient mice. Mechanistically, T-bet deletion skews the differentiation fate of fetal ILCs and promotes the accumulation of PLZFhi ILCP expressing central LTi molecules in a RORα-dependent fashion. Our data unveil an unexpected role for T-bet and RORα during embryonic ILC function and highlight that RORγt is crucial in counteracting the suppressive effects of T-bet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Rückert
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rémi Fiancette
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dominika W Gajdasik
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Willis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carolin Ulbricht
- Immune Dynamics, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine and University Children's Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Erika Hauser
- Immune Dynamics, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Schwiete Laboratory for Microbiota and Inflammation, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cytometry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany.
- Leibniz-Science Campus Chronic Inflammation, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hill DG, Ward A, Nicholson LB, Jones GW. Emerging roles for IL-6 family cytokines as positive and negative regulators of ectopic lymphoid structures. Cytokine 2021; 146:155650. [PMID: 34343865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 family cytokines display broad effects in haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells that regulate immune homeostasis, host defence, haematopoiesis, development, reproduction and wound healing. Dysregulation of these activities places this cytokine family as important mediators of autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and cancer. In this regard, ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) are a pathological hallmark of many tissues affected by chronic disease. These inducible lymphoid aggregates form compartmentalised T cell and B cell zones, germinal centres, follicular dendritic cell networks and high endothelial venules, which are defining qualities of peripheral lymphoid organs. Accordingly, ELS can support local antigen-specific responses to self-antigens, alloantigens, pathogens and tumours. ELS often correlate with severe disease progression in autoimmune conditions, while tumour-associated ELS are associated with enhanced anti-tumour immunity and a favourable prognosis in cancer. Here, we discuss emerging roles for IL-6 family cytokines as regulators of ELS development, maintenance and activity and consider how modulation of these activities has the potential to aid the successful treatment of autoimmune conditions and cancers where ELS feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amy Ward
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gareth W Jones
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fleig SV, Konen FF, Schröder C, Schmitz J, Gingele S, Bräsen JH, Lovric S, Schmidt BMW, Haller H, Skripuletz T, von Vietinghoff S. Long-term B cell depletion associates with regeneration of kidney function. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1479-1488. [PMID: 34324242 PMCID: PMC8589377 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition that increases mortality and the risk of cardiovascular and other morbidities regardless of underlying renal condition. Chronic inflammation promotes renal fibrosis. Recently, renal B cell infiltrates were described in chronic kidney disease of various etiologies beyond autoimmunity. Methods We here investigated B cells and indicators of tertiary lymphoid structure formation in human renal biopsies. Renal function was studied during long‐term B cell depletion in human patients with membranous nephropathy and with CKD of unknown origin. Results Cytokine profiles of tertiary lymphoid structure formation were detected in human renal interstitium in a range of kidney diseases. Complex B cell structures consistent with tertiary lymphoid organ formation were evident in human membranous nephropathy. Here, B cell density did not significantly associate with proteinuria severity, but with worse excretory renal function. Proteinuria responses mostly occurred within the first 6 months of B cell depletion. In contrast, recovery of excretory kidney function was observed only after 18 months of continuous therapy, consistent with a structural process. Renal tertiary lymphatic structures were also detected in the absence of autoimmune kidney disease. To start to address whether B cell depletion may affect CKD in a broader population, we assessed kidney function in neurologic patients with CKD of unknown origin. In this cohort, eGFR significantly increased within 24 months of B cell depletion. Conclusion Long‐term B cell depletion associated with significant improvement of excretory kidney function in human CKD. Kinetics and mechanisms of renal B cell aggregation should be investigated further to stratify the impact of B cells and their aggregates as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne V Fleig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Nephrology Section, Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz F Konen
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Interdisciplinary Day Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Christoph Schröder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Interdisciplinary Day Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Nephropathology unit, Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Interdisciplinary Day Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Jan H Bräsen
- Nephropathology unit, Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Svjetlana Lovric
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Interdisciplinary Day Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Bernhard M W Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Interdisciplinary Day Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Nephrology Section, Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Day Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Korpos É, Kadri N, Loismann S, Findeisen CR, Arfuso F, Burke GW, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG, Bogdani M, Pugliese A, Sorokin L. Identification and characterisation of tertiary lymphoid organs in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1626-1641. [PMID: 33912981 PMCID: PMC8187221 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We and others previously reported the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the pancreas of NOD mice, where they play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes. Our aims here are to investigate whether TLOs are present in the pancreas of individuals with type 1 diabetes and to characterise their distinctive features, in comparison with TLOs present in NOD mouse pancreases, in order to interpret their functional significance. METHODS Using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we examined the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular constituents of pancreatic TLOs from individuals with ongoing islet autoimmunity in three distinct clinical settings of type 1 diabetes: at risk of diabetes; at/after diagnosis; and in the transplanted pancreas with recurrent diabetes. Comparisons were made with TLOs from 14-week-old NOD mice, which contain islets exhibiting mild to heavy leucocyte infiltration. We determined the frequency of the TLOs in human type 1diabetes with insulitis and investigated the presence of TLOs in relation to age of onset, disease duration and disease severity. RESULTS TLOs were identified in preclinical and clinical settings of human type 1 diabetes. The main characteristics of these TLOs, including the cellular and ECM composition of reticular fibres (RFs), the presence of high endothelial venules and immune cell subtypes detected, were similar to those observed for TLOs from NOD mouse pancreases. Among 21 donors with clinical type 1 diabetes who exhibited insulitis, 12 had TLOs and had developed disease at younger age compared with those lacking TLOs. Compartmentalised TLOs with distinct T cell and B cell zones were detected in donors with short disease duration. Overall, TLOs were mainly associated with insulin-containing islets and their frequency decreased with increasing severity of beta cell loss. Parallel studies in NOD mice further revealed some differences in so far as regulatory T cells were essentially absent from human pancreatic TLOs and CCL21 was not associated with RFs. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrate a novel feature of pancreas pathology in type 1 diabetes. TLOs represent a potential site of autoreactive effector T cell generation in islet autoimmunity and our data from mouse and human tissues suggest that they disappear once the destructive process has run its course. Thus, TLOs may be important for type 1 diabetes progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Loismann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Clais R Findeisen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - George W Burke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Johansson-Percival A, Ganss R. Therapeutic Induction of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer Through Stromal Remodeling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674375. [PMID: 34122434 PMCID: PMC8191417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the effectiveness of anti-cancer immunotherapy remains a major clinical challenge. Cytotoxic T cell infiltration is crucial for immune-mediated tumor rejection, however, the suppressive tumor microenvironment impedes their recruitment, activation, maturation and function. Nevertheless, solid tumors can harbor specialized lymph node vasculature and immune cell clusters that are organized into tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). These TLS support naïve T cell infiltration and intratumoral priming. In many human cancers, their presence is a positive prognostic factor, and importantly, predictive for responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, therapeutic induction of TLS is an attractive concept to boost anti-cancer immunotherapy. However, our understanding of how cancer-associated TLS could be initiated is rudimentary. Exciting new reagents which induce TLS in preclinical cancer models provide mechanistic insights into the exquisite stromal orchestration of TLS formation, a process often associated with a more functional or "normalized" tumor vasculature and fueled by LIGHT/LTα/LTβ, TNFα and CC/CXC chemokine signaling. These emerging insights provide innovative opportunities to induce and shape TLS in the tumor microenvironment to improve immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Johansson-Percival
- Cancer Microenvironment Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Cancer Microenvironment Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Aoyama S, Nakagawa R, Mulé JJ, Mailloux AW. Inducible Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Promise and Challenges for Translating a New Class of Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675538. [PMID: 34054863 PMCID: PMC8160316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopically formed aggregates of organized lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that occur in solid tissues as part of a chronic inflammation response. Sharing structural and functional characteristics with conventional secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) including discrete T cell zones, B cell zones, marginal zones with antigen presenting cells, reticular stromal networks, and high endothelial venues (HEV), TLS are prominent centers of antigen presentation and adaptive immune activation within the periphery. TLS share many signaling axes and leukocyte recruitment schemes with SLO regarding their formation and function. In cancer, their presence confers positive prognostic value across a wide spectrum of indications, spurring interest in their artificial induction as either a new form of immunotherapy, or as a means to augment other cell or immunotherapies. Here, we review approaches for inducible (iTLS) that utilize chemokines, inflammatory factors, or cellular analogues vital to TLS formation and that often mirror conventional SLO organogenesis. This review also addresses biomaterials that have been or might be suitable for iTLS, and discusses remaining challenges facing iTLS manufacturing approaches for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James J. Mulé
- Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Adam W. Mailloux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Paijens ST, Vledder A, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy era. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:842-859. [PMID: 33139907 PMCID: PMC8115290 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across cancer types. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment. State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion. Many of these states are conserved across tumor types, in line with the broad responses observed clinically. Despite this homology, not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy, highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions. This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy. Thus, while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging, the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning. Within this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology, their prognostic benefit, and their predictive value for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sterre T Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annegé Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stringhini M, Mock J, Fontana V, Murer P, Neri D. Antibody-mediated delivery of LIGHT to the tumor boosts natural killer cells and delays tumor progression. MAbs 2021; 13:1868066. [PMID: 33404287 PMCID: PMC7808322 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1868066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
LIGHT is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, which has been claimed to mediate anti-tumor activity on the basis of cancer cures observed in immunocompetent mice bearing transgenic LIGHT-expressing tumors. The preclinical development of a LIGHT-based therapeutic has been hindered by the lack of functional stability exhibited by this protein. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, and characterization of five antibody-LIGHT fusion proteins, directed against the alternatively spliced extra domain A of fibronectin, a conserved tumor-associated antigen. Among the five tested formats, only the sequential fusion of the F8 antibody in single-chain diabody format, followed by the LIGHT homotrimer expressed as a single polypeptide, yielded a protein (termed "F8-LIGHT") that was not prone to aggregation. A quantitative biodistribution analysis in tumor-bearing mice, using radio-iodinated protein preparations, confirmed that F8-LIGHT was able to preferentially accumulate at the tumor site, with a tumor-to-blood ratio of ca. five to one 24 hours after intravenous administration. Tumor therapy experiments, performed in two murine tumor models (CT26 and WEHI-164), featuring different levels of lymphocyte infiltration into the neoplastic mass, revealed that F8-LIGHT could significantly reduce tumor-cell growth and was more potent than a similar fusion protein (KSF-LIGHT), directed against hen egg lysozyme and serving as negative control of irrelevant specificity in the mouse. At a mechanistic level, the activity of F8-LIGHT was mainly due to an intratumoral expansion of natural killer cells, whereas there was no evidence of expansion of CD8 + T cells, neither in the tumor, nor in draining lymph nodes. Abbreviations: CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HVEM: Herpesvirus entry mediator; IFNγ: Interferon-gamma; LIGHT: Lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for binding to herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes; LTβR: Lymphotoxin beta receptor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B cells; NK: Natural killer cells; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/metabolism
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stringhini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Mock
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Fontana
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Murer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhong Y, Wu S, Yang Y, Li GQ, Meng L, Zheng QY, Li Y, Xu GL, Zhang KQ, Peng KF. LIGHT aggravates sepsis-associated acute kidney injury via TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11936-11948. [PMID: 32881263 PMCID: PMC7579683 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis‐associated acute kidney injury (SA‐AKI) is a common clinical critical care syndrome. It has received increasing attention due to its high morbidity and mortality; however, its pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. LIGHT, the 14th member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and a bidirectional immunoregulatory molecule that regulates inflammation, plays a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. In this study, mice with an intraperitoneal injection of LPS and HK‐2 cells challenged with LPS were employed as a model of SA‐AKI in vivo and in vitro, respectively. LIGHT deficiency notably attenuated kidney injury in pathological damage and renal function and markedly mitigated the inflammatory reaction by decreasing inflammatory mediator production and inflammatory cell infiltration in vivo. The TLR4‐Myd88‐NF‐κB signalling pathway in the kidney of LIGHT knockout mice was dramatically down‐regulated compared to the controls. Recombinant human LIGHT aggravated LPS‐treated HK‐2 cell injury by up‐regulating the expression of the TLR4‐Myd88‐NF‐κB signalling pathway and inflammation levels. TAK 242 (a selective TLR4 inhibitor) reduced this trend to some extent. In addition, blocking LIGHT with soluble receptor fusion proteins HVEM‐Fc or LTβR‐Fc in mice attenuated renal dysfunction and pathological damage in SA‐AKI. Our findings indicate that LIGHT aggravates inflammation and promotes kidney damage in LPS‐induced SA‐AKI via the TLR4‐Myd88‐NF‐κB signalling pathway, which provide potential strategies for the treatment of SA‐AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Qing Li
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-You Zheng
- Department of Urology, 958 Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - You Li
- Department of intense care, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Lian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Urinary Nephropathy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kan-Fu Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vandamme C, Kinnunen T. B cell helper T cells and type 1 diabetes. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12943. [PMID: 32697399 PMCID: PMC7583378 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease typically starting in childhood that culminates in the destruction of insulin‐producing beta cells in the pancreas. Although type 1 diabetes is considered to be a primarily T cell–mediated disease, B cells clearly participate in the autoimmune process, as autoantibodies recognizing pancreatic islet antigen commonly appear in circulation before the onset of the disease. T cells providing helper functions to B cells have recently been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of a wide range of antibody‐associated immune disorders. These T cells include CXCR5‐positive follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, and a recently described closely related CXCR5‐negative subset coined peripheral T helper (Tph) cells. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on different B cell helper T cell subsets, focusing on their potential involvement in the development of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vandamme
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Biological mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid structure formation and their pathophysiological significance. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:255-267. [PMID: 32631119 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1789620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs are structures with the organization similar to the one of secondary lymphoid organs, formed in non-lymphoid tissues. They are considered to be an important site for the lymphocytic physiological and pathological role in conditions such are chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and allograft rejection. Although similar to the secondary lymphoid tissues, the initiation of ELS formation is not preprogramed and requires chronic inflammation, expression of homeostatic chemokines, and lymphotoxin beta receptor activation. Importantly, while ELS formation may be considered beneficiary in antimicrobial and antitumor immunity, the persistence of these active lymphoid structures within the tissue increase the chance for development of autoimmunity and lymphoma. This paper is providing an overview of biological mechanisms involved in ELS formation, as well as the overview of the pathophysiological role of these structures. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility to therapeutically target ELS formation, bearing in mind their bivalent nature and role in different pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Marinkovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Western Serbia Academy of Applied Sciences, Uzice, Serbia
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Orans J, Kovach AR, Hoff KE, Horstmann NM, Brennan RG. Crystal structure of an Escherichia coli Hfq Core (residues 2-69)-DNA complex reveals multifunctional nucleic acid binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3987-3997. [PMID: 32133526 PMCID: PMC7144919 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hfq regulates bacterial gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding small RNAs and their target mRNAs, facilitating sRNA-mRNA annealing, typically resulting in translation inhibition and RNA turnover. Hfq is also found in the nucleoid and binds double-stranded (ds) DNA with a slight preference for A-tracts. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Escherichia coli Hfq Core bound to a 30 bp DNA, containing three 6 bp A-tracts. Although previously postulated to bind to the ‘distal’ face, three statistically disordered double stranded DNA molecules bind across the proximal face of the Hfq hexamer as parallel, straight rods with B-DNA like conformational properties. One DNA duplex spans the diameter of the hexamer and passes over the uridine-binding proximal-face pore, whereas the remaining DNA duplexes interact with the rims and serve as bridges between adjacent hexamers. Binding is sequence-independent with residues N13, R16, R17 and Q41 interacting exclusively with the DNA backbone. Atomic force microscopy data support the sequence-independent nature of the Hfq-DNA interaction and a role for Hfq in DNA compaction and nucleoid architecture. Our structure and nucleic acid-binding studies also provide insight into the mechanism of sequence-independent binding of Hfq to dsRNA stems, a function that is critical for proper riboregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Orans
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alexander R Kovach
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kirsten E Hoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicola M Horstmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77054, USA
| | - Richard G Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Luo S, Zhu R, Yu T, Fan H, Hu Y, Mohanta SK, Hu D. Chronic Inflammation: A Common Promoter in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Neogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2938. [PMID: 31921189 PMCID: PMC6930186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) frequently develop locally in adults in response to non-resolving inflammation. Chronic inflammation leads to the differentiation of stromal fibroblast cells toward lymphoid tissue organizer-like cells, which interact with lymphotoxin α1β2+ immune cells. The interaction initiates lymphoid neogenesis by recruiting immune cells to the site of inflammation and ultimately leads to the formation of TLOs. Mature TLOs harbor a segregated T-cell zone, B-cell follicles with an activated germinal center, follicular dendritic cells, and high endothelial venules, which architecturally resemble those in secondary lymphoid organs. Since CXCL13 and LTα1β2 play key roles in TLO neogenesis, they might constitute potential biomarkers of TLO activity. The well-developed TLOs actively regulate local immune responses and influence disease progression, and they are thereby regarded as the powerhouses of local immunity. In this review, we recapitulated the determinants for TLOs development, with great emphasis on the fundamental role of chronic inflammation and tissue-resident stromal cells for TLO neogenesis, hence offering guidance for therapeutic interventions in TLO-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sarajo Kumar Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonzalez Badillo FE, Zisi Tegou F, Abreu MM, Masina R, Sha D, Najjar M, Wright SH, Bayer AL, Korpos É, Pugliese A, Molano RD, Tomei AA. CCL21 Expression in β-Cells Induces Antigen-Expressing Stromal Cell Networks in the Pancreas and Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice. Diabetes 2019; 68:1990-2003. [PMID: 31371518 PMCID: PMC6754241 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumors induce tolerance toward their antigens by producing the chemokine CCL21, leading to the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). Ins2-CCL21 transgenic, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice express CCL21 in pancreatic β-cells and do not develop autoimmune diabetes. We investigated by which mechanisms CCL21 expression prevented diabetes. Ins2-CCL21 mice develop TLOs by 4 weeks of age, consisting of naive CD4+ T cells compartmentalized within networks of CD45-gp38+CD31- fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC)-like cells. Importantly, 12-week-old Ins2-CCL21 TLOs contained FRC-like cells with higher contractility, regulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties and enhanced expression of β-cell autoantigens compared with nontransgenic NOD TLOs found in inflamed islets. Consistently, transgenic mice harbored fewer autoreactive T cells and a higher proportion of regulatory T cells in the islets. Using adoptive transfer and islet transplantation models, we demonstrate that TLO formation in Ins2-CCL21 transgenic islets is critical for the regulation of autoimmunity, and although the effect is systemic, the induction is mediated locally likely by lymphocyte trafficking through TLOs. Overall, our findings suggest that CCL21 promotes TLOs that differ from inflammatory TLOs found in type 1 diabetic islets in that they resemble lymph nodes, contain FRC-like cells expressing β-cell autoantigens, and are able to induce systemic and antigen-specific tolerance leading to diabetes prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy E Gonzalez Badillo
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Flavia Zisi Tegou
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Maria M Abreu
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Riccardo Masina
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Divya Sha
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Mejdi Najjar
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Shane H Wright
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Allison L Bayer
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Éva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - R Damaris Molano
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alice A Tomei
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ekman I, Ihantola EL, Viisanen T, Rao DA, Näntö-Salonen K, Knip M, Veijola R, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Circulating CXCR5 -PD-1 hi peripheral T helper cells are associated with progression to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1681-1688. [PMID: 31270583 PMCID: PMC6677711 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes is preceded by a period of asymptomatic autoimmunity characterised by positivity for islet autoantibodies. Therefore, T helper cell responses that induce B cell activation are likely to play a critical role in the disease process. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of a recently described subset, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 5-negative, programmed cell death protein 1-positive (CXCR5-PD-1hi) peripheral T helper (Tph) cells, in human type 1 diabetes. METHODS The phenotype of blood CXCR5-PD-1hi CD4+ T cells was analysed by multicolour flow cytometry. The frequencies of circulating CXCR5-PD-1hi T cells were analysed in a cohort of 44 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 40 autoantibody-positive (AAb+) at-risk children and 84 autoantibody-negative healthy control children, and the findings were replicated in a separate cohort of 15 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and 15 healthy control children. RESULTS Circulating CXCR5-PD-1hi Tph cells share several features associated with B cell helper function with circulating CXCR5+PD-1hi follicular T helper (Tfh) cells. Moreover, the frequency of circulating Tph cells was increased in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, especially in those who are positive for multiple autoantibodies. Importantly, circulating Tph cells were also increased in autoantibody-positive at-risk children who later progressed to type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that circulating CXCR5-PD-1hi Tph cells are associated with progression to clinical type 1 diabetes. Consequently, Tph cells could have potential both as a biomarker of disease progression and as a target for immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Ekman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tyyne Viisanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lin L, Hu X, Zhang H, Hu H. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Cancer Immunology: Mechanisms and the New Strategy for Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1398. [PMID: 31281318 PMCID: PMC6596321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays pivotal roles in the occurrence and progression of cancers. As blockade of immune-checkpoint has been proven effective at improving anti-tumor immune response in multiple tumor types, the tumor immunotherapy still faces many challenges. Emerging evidence indicates lymphoid organ-like structures, also called tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) or ectopic lymphoid organs (ELOs), have been identified in cancers, as the result of lymphoid neoorganogenesis. The prognostic value of TLOs in cancer patients has been evaluated with debates, however, such well-organized lymphoid structures in the site of cancer indicate TLOs are the important modulators of cancer immunological microenvironment. TLOs have attracted remarkable efforts to investigate their neoorganogenesis and function in immune responses, aiming to develop new strategies for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the current understandings about the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the formation and function of TLOs in immune responses against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Collaboration and Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Collaboration and Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Collaboration and Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Collaboration and Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Couillault C, Germain C, Dubois B, Kaplon H. Identification of Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-Associated Follicular Helper T Cells in Human Tumors and Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1845:205-222. [PMID: 30141015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8709-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are major components of the humoral immune response due to their pivotal role in germinal center formation and antibody affinity maturation following B-cell isotype switching. This CD4+ T-cell subtype is mainly found in the B-cell zone of secondary lymphoid organs as well as in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which are highly organized structures composed of T and B cells, occasionally found at the invasive margin in the tumor microenvironment.We describe here how to perform immunofluorescence staining of tumor tissue sections and multicolor flow cytometry on tumor cell suspensions to identify and visualize these TLS-associated Tfh cells within the tumor microenvironment of various human cancers. These assays take advantage of combinations of markers and molecules involved in Tfh differentiation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coline Couillault
- Laboratory "Targeting of the Tumor and Its Immune Microenvironment", Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Germain
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Intervention and Biotherapies", UPMC UMRS CR7-Inserm U1135-CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Dubois
- Laboratory "Targeting of the Tumor and Its Immune Microenvironment", Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.
| | - Hélène Kaplon
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Targeting tumor cells with antibodies enhances anti-tumor immunity. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2018; 4:243-253. [PMID: 30533489 PMCID: PMC6245233 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting antibodies were initially defined as a group of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that recognize tumor-specific membrane proteins, block cell signaling, and induce tumor-killing through Fc-driven innate immune responses. However, in the past decade, ample evidence has shown that tumor-targeting mAb (TTmAb) eradicates tumor cells via activation of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). In this review, we specifically focus on how TTmAbs induce adaptive anti-tumor immunity and its potential in combination therapy with immune cytokines, checkpoint blockade, radiation, and enzyme-targeted small molecule drugs. Exploring the mechanisms of these preclinical studies and retrospective clinical data will significantly benefit the development of highly efficient and specific TTmAb-oriented anti-tumor remedies.
Collapse
|
47
|
MyD88 signaling causes autoimmune sialadenitis through formation of high endothelial venules and upregulation of LTβ receptor-mediated signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14272. [PMID: 30250175 PMCID: PMC6155371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune sialadenitis (AS), chronic inflammation of the salivary glands (SGs) with focal lymphocyte infiltration, appears in autoimmune diseases such as Sjӧgren’s syndrome. The pathological role of MyD88-dependent innate immune signaling in autoimmune diseases including AS has been studied using mouse models, such as NOD mice. Although AS development in NOD mice was reported to be suppressed by Myd88 deficiency, its specific role remains unclear. Here, we determined the potent suppressive effects of Myd88 deficiency on AS development in lupus-prone B6/lpr mice, which have lymphoproliferation abnormalities, and also in NOD mice, which have no lymphoproliferation abnormalities. This indicates that MyD88 signaling triggers AS through both lymphoproliferation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To address the MyD88-dependent lymphoproliferation-independent AS manifestation, SGs from C57BL/6 mice were analyzed. Remarkable upregulation of Glycam1 and high endothelial venule (HEV)-associated changes were unexpectedly found in Myd88+/+ mice, compared with Myd88−/− mice. MyD88-dependent HEV-associated changes were also observed in NOD mice. Additionally, Lta, Ltb, and Ltbr in SGs of NOD mice were lowered by Myd88 deficiency. Interestingly, LTβR-induced HEV-associated gene expression in cultured cells was impaired by Myd88 deficiency. Our findings highlight novel roles for MyD88 in AS development, which imply the existence of MyD88-dependent HEV formation in ectopic lymphoid neogenesis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Pipi E, Nayar S, Gardner DH, Colafrancesco S, Smith C, Barone F. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Autoimmunity Goes Local. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1952. [PMID: 30258435 PMCID: PMC6143705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are frequently observed in target organs of autoimmune diseases. TLS present features of secondary lymphoid organs such as segregated T and B cell zones, presence of follicular dendritic cell networks, high endothelial venules and specialized lymphoid fibroblasts and display the mechanisms to support local adaptive immune responses toward locally displayed antigens. TLS detection in the tissue is often associated with poor prognosis of disease, auto-antibody production and malignancy development. This review focuses on the contribution of TLS toward the persistence of the inflammatory drive, the survival of autoreactive lymphocyte clones and post-translational modifications, responsible for the pathogenicity of locally formed autoantibodies, during autoimmune disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pipi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Experimental Medicine Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Smith
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Agent-Based Modeling of Immune Response to Study the Effects of Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6090141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an important role in self-tolerance. Understanding the functions of Tregs is important for preventing or slowing the progress of Type 1 Diabetes. We use a two-dimensional (2D) agent-based model to simulate immune response in mice and test the effects of Tregs in tissue protection. We compared the immune response with and without Tregs, and also tested the effects of Tregs from different sources or with different functions. The results show that Tregs can inhibit the proliferation of effector T cells by inhibiting antigens presenting via dendritic cells (DCs). Although the number and function of Tregs affect the inhibition, a small number of Tregs compared to CD4+ T cells can effectively protect islets in pancreatic tissue. Finally, we added Tregs to the system in the middle phase of the immune response. The simulation results show that Tregs can inhibit the production of effector CD8+ T cells and maintain a good environment for β cell regeneration.
Collapse
|
50
|
Meyerovich K, Ortis F, Cardozo AK. The non-canonical NF-κB pathway and its contribution to β-cell failure in diabetes. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:F1-F6. [PMID: 29728424 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has reached 8.8% in worldwide population and is predicted to increase up to 10.4% by 2040. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of means to treat or prevent this major disease. Due to its role in inflammatory responses, several studies demonstrated the importance of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The two major NF-κB pathways are the canonical and the non-canonical. The later pathway is activated by the NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) that triggers p100 processing into p52, which forms with RelB its main dimer. Cytokines mediating the activation of this pathway are present in the serum of T1D and T2D patients. Conversely, limited information is available regarding the role of the alternative pathway on diabetes development and β-cell fate. In the present review, we will briefly describe the involvement of NF-κB on diabetes pathology and discuss new studies indicating an important role for the non-canonical NF-κB activation in β-cell function and survival. The non-canonical NF-κB pathway is emerging as a novel potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira Meyerovich
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fernanda Ortis
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra K Cardozo
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|