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Uderhardt S, Neag G, Germain RN. Dynamic Multiplex Tissue Imaging in Inflammation Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:43-67. [PMID: 37722698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-070323-124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly dynamic process with immune cells that continuously interact with each other and parenchymal components as they migrate through tissue. The dynamic cellular responses and interaction patterns are a function of the complex tissue environment that cannot be fully reconstructed ex vivo, making it necessary to assess cell dynamics and changing spatial patterning in vivo. These dynamics often play out deep within tissues, requiring the optical focus to be placed far below the surface of an opaque organ. With the emergence of commercially available two-photon excitation lasers that can be combined with existing imaging systems, new avenues for imaging deep tissues over long periods of time have become available. We discuss a selected subset of studies illustrating how two-photon microscopy (2PM) has helped to relate the dynamics of immune cells to their in situ function and to understand the molecular patterns that govern their behavior in vivo. We also review some key practical aspects of 2PM methods and point out issues that can confound the results, so that readers can better evaluate the reliability of conclusions drawn using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Competence Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgiana Neag
- Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Competence Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging (CAT-I), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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2
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Matz HC, McIntire KM, Ellebedy AH. 'Persistent germinal center responses: slow-growing trees bear the best fruits'. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102332. [PMID: 37150126 PMCID: PMC10829534 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are key microanatomical sites in lymphoid organs where responding B cells mature and undergo affinity-based selection. The duration of the GC reaction has long been assumed to be relatively brief, but recent studies in humans, nonhuman primates, and mice indicate that GCs can last for weeks to months after initial antigen exposure. This review examines recent studies investigating the factors that influence GC duration, including antigen persistence, T-follicular helper cells, and mode of immunization. Potential mechanisms for how persistent GCs influence the B-cell repertoire are considered. Overall, these studies provide a blueprint for how to design better vaccines that elicit persistent GC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanover C Matz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, USA.
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3
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Choi HK, Travaglino S, Münchhalfen M, Görg R, Zhong Z, Lyu J, Reyes-Aguilar DM, Wienands J, Singh A, Zhu C. Mechanotransduction governs CD40 function and underlies X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.23.550231. [PMID: 37546834 PMCID: PMC10401940 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.23.550231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
B cell maturation in germinal centers (GCs) depends on cognate interactions between the T and B cells. Upon interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L) on T cells, CD40 delivers co-stimulatory signals alongside B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling to regulate affinity maturation and antibody class-switch during GC reaction. Mutations in CD40L disrupt interactions with CD40, which lead to abnormal antibody responses in immune deficiencies known as X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome (X-HIgM). Assuming that physical interactions between highly mobile T and B cells generate mechanical forces on CD40-CD40L bonds, we set out to study the B cell mechanobiology mediated by CD40-CD40L interaction. Using a suite of biophysical assays we find that CD40 forms catch bond with CD40L where the bond lasts longer at larger forces, B cells exert tension on CD40-CD40L bonds, and force enhances CD40 signaling and antibody class-switch. Significantly, X-HIgM CD40L mutations impair catch bond formation, suppress endogenous tension, and reduce force-enhanced CD40 signaling, leading to deficiencies in antibody class switch. Our findings highlight the critical role of mechanotransduction in CD40 function and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying X-HIgM syndrome.
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4
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Pasqualucci L. The germinal center in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41 Suppl 1:62-69. [PMID: 37294970 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has evolved to allow effective responses against a virtually unlimited number of invading pathogens. This process requires the transient formation of germinal centers (GC), a dynamic environment that ensures the generation and selection of B cells capable to produce antibodies with high antigen affinity, or to maintain the memory of that antigen for life. However, this comes at a cost, as the unique events accompanying the GC reaction pose a significant risk to the genome of B cells, which must endure elevated levels of replication stress, while proliferating at high rates and undergoing DNA breaks introduced by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Indeed, the genetic/epigenetic disruption of programs implicated in normal GC biology has emerged as a hallmark of most B cell lymphomas. This improved understanding provides a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that could be exploited for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Gurwicz N, Stoler-Barak L, Schwan N, Bandyopadhyay A, Meyer-Hermann M, Shulman Z. Tingible body macrophages arise from lymph node-resident precursors and uptake B cells by dendrites. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213834. [PMID: 36705667 PMCID: PMC9900388 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody affinity maturation depends on the formation of germinal centers (GCs) in lymph nodes. This process generates a massive number of apoptotic B cells, which are removed by a specialized subset of phagocytes, known as tingible body macrophages (TBMs). Although defects in these cells are associated with pathological conditions, the identity of their precursors and the dynamics of dying GC B cell disposal remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TBMs originate from pre-existing lymph node-resident precursors that enter the lymph node follicles in a GC-dependent manner. Intravital imaging shows that TBMs are stationary cells that selectively phagocytose GC B cells via highly dynamic protrusions and accommodate the final stages of B cell apoptosis. Cell-specific depletion and chimeric mouse models revealed that GC B cells drive TBM formation from bone marrow-derived precursors stationed within lymphoid organs prior to the immune challenge. Understanding TBM dynamics and function may explain the emergence of various antibody-mediated autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Gurwicz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Niklas Schwan
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arnab Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
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6
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Grootveld AK, Kyaw W, Panova V, Lau AWY, Ashwin E, Seuzaret G, Dhenni R, Bhattacharyya ND, Khoo WH, Biro M, Mitra T, Meyer-Hermann M, Bertolino P, Tanaka M, Hume DA, Croucher PI, Brink R, Nguyen A, Bannard O, Phan TG. Apoptotic cell fragments locally activate tingible body macrophages in the germinal center. Cell 2023; 186:1144-1161.e18. [PMID: 36868219 PMCID: PMC7614509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) that form within lymphoid follicles during antibody responses are sites of massive cell death. Tingible body macrophages (TBMs) are tasked with apoptotic cell clearance to prevent secondary necrosis and autoimmune activation by intracellular self antigens. We show by multiple redundant and complementary methods that TBMs derive from a lymph node-resident, CD169-lineage, CSF1R-blockade-resistant precursor that is prepositioned in the follicle. Non-migratory TBMs use cytoplasmic processes to chase and capture migrating dead cell fragments using a "lazy" search strategy. Follicular macrophages activated by the presence of nearby apoptotic cells can mature into TBMs in the absence of GCs. Single-cell transcriptomics identified a TBM cell cluster in immunized lymph nodes which upregulated genes involved in apoptotic cell clearance. Thus, apoptotic B cells in early GCs trigger activation and maturation of follicular macrophages into classical TBMs to clear apoptotic debris and prevent antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K Grootveld
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Wunna Kyaw
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veera Panova
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angelica W Y Lau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Ashwin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Guillaume Seuzaret
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Département de Biologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rama Dhenni
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanmay Mitra
- Department of Systems Biology and Braunschweig Integrated Center for Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Biology and Braunschweig Integrated Center for Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute and University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Bannard
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Ferapontov A, Omer M, Baudrexel I, Nielsen JS, Dupont DM, Juul-Madsen K, Steen P, Eklund AS, Thiel S, Vorup-Jensen T, Jungmann R, Kjems J, Degn SE. Antigen footprint governs activation of the B cell receptor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:976. [PMID: 36813795 PMCID: PMC9947222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen binding by B cell receptors (BCR) on cognate B cells elicits a response that eventually leads to production of antibodies. However, it is unclear what the distribution of BCRs is on the naïve B cell and how antigen binding triggers the first step in BCR signaling. Using DNA-PAINT super-resolution microscopy, we find that most BCRs are present as monomers, dimers, or loosely associated clusters on resting B cells, with a nearest-neighbor inter-Fab distance of 20-30 nm. We leverage a Holliday junction nanoscaffold to engineer monodisperse model antigens with precision-controlled affinity and valency, and find that the antigen exerts agonistic effects on the BCR as a function of increasing affinity and avidity. Monovalent macromolecular antigens can activate the BCR at high concentrations, whereas micromolecular antigens cannot, demonstrating that antigen binding does not directly drive activation. Based on this, we propose a BCR activation model determined by the antigen footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ferapontov
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marjan Omer
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Baudrexel
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jesper Sejrup Nielsen
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel Miotto Dupont
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Philipp Steen
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Eklund
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Ralf Jungmann
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Egedal Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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8
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Čada Š, Vondálová Blanářová O, Gömoryová K, Mikulová A, Bačovská P, Zezula N, Kumari Jadaun A, Janovská P, Plešingerová H, Bryja V. Role of casein kinase 1 in the amoeboid migration of B-cell leukemic and lymphoma cells: A quantitative live imaging in the confined environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:911966. [PMID: 36561363 PMCID: PMC9763939 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.911966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The migratory properties of leukemic cells are commonly associated with their pathological potential and can significantly affect the disease progression. While the research in immunopathology mostly employed powerful indirect methods such as flow cytometry, these cells were rarely observed directly using live imaging microscopy. This is especially true for the malignant cells of the B-cell lineage, such as those originating from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In this study, we employed open-source image analysis tools to automatically and quantitatively describe the amoeboid migration of four B-cell leukemic and lymphoma cell lines and primary CLL cells. To avoid the effect of the shear stress of the medium on these usually non-adherent cells, we have confined the cells using a modified under-agarose assay. Surprisingly, the behavior of tested cell lines differed substantially in terms of basal motility or response to chemokines and VCAM1 stimulation. Since casein kinase 1 (CK1) was reported as a regulator of B-cell migration and a promoter of CLL, we looked at the effects of CK1 inhibition in more detail. Migration analysis revealed that CK1 inhibition induced rapid negative effects on the migratory polarity of these cells, which was quantitatively and morphologically distinct from the effect of ROCK inhibition. We have set up an assay that visualizes endocytic vesicles in the uropod and facilitates morphological analysis. This assay hints that the effect of CK1 inhibition might be connected to defects in polarized intracellular transport. In summary, 1) we introduce and validate a pipeline for the imaging and quantitative assessment of the amoeboid migration of CLL/MCL cells, 2) we provide evidence that the assay is sensitive enough to mechanistically study migration defects identified by the transwell assay, and 3) we describe the polarity defects induced by inhibition or deletion of CK1ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Čada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Kristína Gömoryová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antónia Mikulová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Bačovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nikodém Zezula
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Alka Kumari Jadaun
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavlína Janovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Plešingerová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia,Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czechia,*Correspondence: Vítězslav Bryja,
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9
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New definitions of human lymphoid and follicular cell entities in lymphatic tissue by machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18991. [PMID: 36347879 PMCID: PMC9643435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological sections of the lymphatic system are usually the basis of static (2D) morphological investigations. Here, we performed a dynamic (4D) analysis of human reactive lymphoid tissue using confocal fluorescent laser microscopy in combination with machine learning. Based on tracks for T-cells (CD3), B-cells (CD20), follicular T-helper cells (PD1) and optical flow of follicular dendritic cells (CD35), we put forward the first quantitative analysis of movement-related and morphological parameters within human lymphoid tissue. We identified correlations of follicular dendritic cell movement and the behavior of lymphocytes in the microenvironment. In addition, we investigated the value of movement and/or morphological parameters for a precise definition of cell types (CD clusters). CD-clusters could be determined based on movement and/or morphology. Differentiating between CD3- and CD20 positive cells is most challenging and long term-movement characteristics are indispensable. We propose morphological and movement-related prototypes of cell entities applying machine learning models. Finally, we define beyond CD clusters new subgroups within lymphocyte entities based on long term movement characteristics. In conclusion, we showed that the combination of 4D imaging and machine learning is able to define characteristics of lymphocytes not visible in 2D histology.
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10
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Gonzalez-Visiedo M, Li X, Munoz-Melero M, Kulis MD, Daniell H, Markusic DM. Single-dose AAV vector gene immunotherapy to treat food allergy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:309-322. [PMID: 35990748 PMCID: PMC9361215 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies for patients with food allergy have shown some success in limiting allergic responses. However, these approaches require lengthy protocols with repeated allergen dosing and patients can relapse following discontinuation of treatment. The purpose of this study was to test if a single dose of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector can safely prevent and treat egg allergy in a mouse model. AAV vectors expressing ovalbumin (OVA) under an ubiquitous or liver-specific promoter were injected prior to or after epicutaneous sensitization with OVA. Mice treated with either AAV8-OVA vector were completely protected from allergy sensitization. These animals had a significant reduction in anaphylaxis mediated by a reduction in OVA-specific IgE titers. In mice with established OVA allergy, allergic responses were mitigated only in mice treated with an AAV8-OVA vector expressing OVA from an ubiquitous promoter. In conclusion, an AAV vector with a liver-specific promoter was more effective for allergy prevention, but higher OVA levels were necessary for reducing symptoms in preexisting allergy. Overall, our AAV gene immunotherapy resulted in an expansion of OVA-specific FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells, an increase in the regulatory cytokine IL-10, and a reduction in the IgE promoting cytokine IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gonzalez-Visiedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-155, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-155, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maite Munoz-Melero
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-155, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael D Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-155, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Garcia-Ibanez L, Ulbricht C, Lok LSC, Pike JA, Mueller-Winkler J, Dennison TW, Ferdinand JR, Burnett CJM, Yam-Puc JC, Zhang L, Alfaro RM, Takahama Y, Ohigashi I, Brown G, Kurosaki T, Tybulewicz VLJ, Rot A, Hauser AE, Clatworthy MR, Toellner KM. Recycling of memory B cells between germinal center and lymph node subcapsular sinus supports affinity maturation to antigenic drift. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2460. [PMID: 35513371 PMCID: PMC9072412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection or vaccination leads to the development of germinal centers (GC) where B cells evolve high affinity antigen receptors, eventually producing antibody-forming plasma cells or memory B cells. Here we follow the migratory pathways of B cells emerging from germinal centers (BEM) and find that many BEM cells migrate into the lymph node subcapsular sinus (SCS) guided by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). From the SCS, BEM cells may exit the lymph node to enter distant tissues, while some BEM cells interact with and take up antigen from SCS macrophages, followed by CCL21-guided return towards the GC. Disruption of local CCL21 gradients inhibits the recycling of BEM cells and results in less efficient adaption to antigenic variation. Our findings thus suggest that the recycling of antigen variant-specific BEM cells and transport of antigen back to GC may support affinity maturation to antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Garcia-Ibanez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carolin Ulbricht
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence S C Lok
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Thomas W Dennison
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cameron J M Burnett
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan C Yam-Puc
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Raul Maqueda Alfaro
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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MacLean AJ, Richmond N, Koneva L, Attar M, Medina CAP, Thornton EE, Gomes AC, El-Turabi A, Bachmann MF, Rijal P, Tan TK, Townsend A, Sansom SN, Bannard O, Arnon TI. Secondary influenza challenge triggers resident memory B cell migration and rapid relocation to boost antibody secretion at infected sites. Immunity 2022; 55:718-733.e8. [PMID: 35349789 PMCID: PMC9044924 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resident memory B (BRM) cells develop and persist in the lungs of influenza-infected mice and humans; however, their contribution to recall responses has not been defined. Here, we used two-photon microscopy to visualize BRM cells within the lungs of influenza -virus immune and reinfected mice. Prior to re-exposure, BRM cells were sparsely scattered throughout the tissue, displaying limited motility. Within 24 h of rechallenge, these cells increased their migratory capacity, localized to infected sites, and subsequently differentiated into plasma cells. Alveolar macrophages mediated this process, in part by inducing expression of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 from infiltrating inflammatory cells. This led to the recruitment of chemokine receptor CXCR3-expressing BRM cells to infected regions and increased local antibody concentrations. Our study uncovers spatiotemporal mechanisms that regulate lung BRM cell reactivation and demonstrates their capacity to rapidly deliver antibodies in a highly localized manner to sites of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J MacLean
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Niamh Richmond
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Lada Koneva
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Cesar A P Medina
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily E Thornton
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Ariane Cruz Gomes
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Aadil El-Turabi
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK; University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Department of BioMedical Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pramila Rijal
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Bannard
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tal I Arnon
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical sites of B cell clonal expansion and antibody affinity maturation. Therein, B cells undergo the Darwinian process of somatic diversification and affinity-driven selection of immunoglobulins that produces the high-affinity antibodies essential for effective humoral immunity. Here, we review recent developments in the field of GC biology, primarily as it pertains to GCs induced by infection or immunization. First, we summarize the phenotype and function of the different cell types that compose the GC, focusing on GC B cells. Then, we review the cellular and molecular bases of affinity-dependent selection within the GC and the export of memory and plasma cells. Finally, we present an overview of the emerging field of GC clonal dynamics, focusing on how GC and post-GC selection shapes the diversity of antibodies secreted into serum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
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14
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Čada Š, Bryja V. Local Wnt signalling in the asymmetric migrating vertebrate cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:26-36. [PMID: 34896020 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is known to generate cellular asymmetry via Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway (Wnt/PCP). Wnt/PCP acts locally (i) to orient membrane polarity and asymmetric establishment of intercellular junctions via conserved set of PCP proteins most specifically represented by Vangl and Prickle, and (ii) to asymmetrically rearrange cytoskeletal structures via downstream effectors of Dishevelled (Dvl). This process is best described on stable phenotypes of epithelial cells. Here, however, we review the activity of Wnt signalling in migratory cells which experience the extensive rearrangements of cytoskeleton and consequently dynamic asymmetry, making the localised effects of Wnt signalling easier to distinguish. Firstly, we focused on migration of neuronal axons, which allows to study how the pre-existent cellular asymmetry can influence Wnt signalling outcome. Then, we reviewed the role of Wnt signalling in models of mesenchymal migration including neural crest, melanoma, and breast cancer cells. Last, we collected evidence for local Wnt signalling in amoeboid cells, especially lymphocytes. As the outcome of this review, we identify blank spots in our current understanding of this topic, propose models that synthesise the current observations and allow formulation of testable hypotheses for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Čada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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15
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Pae J, Jacobsen JT, Victora GD. Imaging the different timescales of germinal center selection. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:234-243. [PMID: 34825386 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody affinity maturation, a fundamental immunological process that increases the potency of antibodies and thereby their ability to protect against infection. GC biology is highly dynamic in both time and space, making it ideally suited for intravital imaging. Using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM), the field has gained insight into the molecular, cellular, and structural changes and movements that coordinate affinity maturation in real time in their native environment. On the other hand, several limitations of MPLSM have had to be overcome to allow full appreciation of GC events taking place across different timescales. Here, we review the technical advances afforded by intravital imaging and their contributions to our understanding of GC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Pae
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Hoehn KB, Turner JS, Miller FI, Jiang R, Pybus OG, Ellebedy AH, Kleinstein SH. Human B cell lineages associated with germinal centers following influenza vaccination are measurably evolving. eLife 2021; 10:e70873. [PMID: 34787567 PMCID: PMC8741214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor efficacy of seasonal influenza virus vaccines is often attributed to pre-existing immunity interfering with the persistence and maturation of vaccine-induced B cell responses. We previously showed that a subset of vaccine-induced B cell lineages are recruited into germinal centers (GCs) following vaccination, suggesting that affinity maturation of these lineages against vaccine antigens can occur. However, it remains to be determined whether seasonal influenza vaccination stimulates additional evolution of vaccine-specific lineages, and previous work has found no significant increase in somatic hypermutation among influenza-binding lineages sampled from the blood following seasonal vaccination in humans. Here, we investigate this issue using a phylogenetic test of measurable immunoglobulin sequence evolution. We first validate this test through simulations and survey measurable evolution across multiple conditions. We find significant heterogeneity in measurable B cell evolution across conditions, with enrichment in primary response conditions such as HIV infection and early childhood development. We then show that measurable evolution following influenza vaccination is highly compartmentalized: while lineages in the blood are rarely measurably evolving following influenza vaccination, lineages containing GC B cells are frequently measurably evolving. Many of these lineages appear to derive from memory B cells. We conclude from these findings that seasonal influenza virus vaccination can stimulate additional evolution of responding B cell lineages, and imply that the poor efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination is not due to a complete inhibition of vaccine-specific B cell evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | | | - Ruoyi Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
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17
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Verstegen NJM, Ubels V, Westerhoff HV, van Ham SM, Barberis M. System-Level Scenarios for the Elucidation of T Cell-Mediated Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734282. [PMID: 34616402 PMCID: PMC8488341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) reactions are vital to the correct functioning of the adaptive immune system, through formation of high affinity, class switched antibodies. GCs are transient anatomical structures in secondary lymphoid organs where specific B cells, after recognition of antigen and with T cell help, undergo class switching. Subsequently, B cells cycle between zones of proliferation and somatic hypermutation and zones where renewed antigen acquisition and T cell help allows for selection of high affinity B cells (affinity maturation). Eventually GC B cells first differentiate into long-lived memory B cells (MBC) and finally into plasma cells (PC) that partially migrate to the bone marrow to encapsulate into long-lived survival niches. The regulation of GC reactions is a highly dynamically coordinated process that occurs between various cells and molecules that change in their signals. Here, we present a system-level perspective of T cell-mediated GC B cell differentiation, presenting and discussing the experimental and computational efforts on the regulation of the GCs. We aim to integrate Systems Biology with B cell biology, to advance elucidation of the regulation of high-affinity, class switched antibody formation, thus to shed light on the delicate functioning of the adaptive immune system. Specifically, we: i) review experimental findings of internal and external factors driving various GC dynamics, such as GC initiation, maturation and GCBC fate determination; ii) draw comparisons between experimental observations and mathematical modeling investigations; and iii) discuss and reflect on current strategies of modeling efforts, to elucidate B cell behavior during the GC tract. Finally, perspectives are specifically given on to the areas where a Systems Biology approach may be useful to predict novel GCBC-T cell interaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J M Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victor Ubels
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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18
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Meyer-Hermann M. A molecular theory of germinal center B cell selection and division. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109552. [PMID: 34433043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of B cells (BCs) in germinal centers (GCs) is pivotal to the generation of high-affinity antibodies and memory BCs, but it lacks global understanding. Based on the idea of a single Tfh-cell signal that controls BC selection and division, experiments appear contradictory. Here, we use the current knowledge on the molecular pathways of GC BCs to develop a theory of GC BC selection and division based on the dynamics of molecular factors. This theory explains the seemingly contradictory experiments by the separation of signals for BC fate decision from signals controlling the number of BC divisions. Three model variants are proposed and experiments are predicted that allow one to distinguish those. Understanding information processing in molecular BC states is critical for targeted immune interventions, and the proposed theory implies that selection and division can be controlled independently in GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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19
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Attaf N, Baaklini S, Binet L, Milpied P. Heterogeneity of germinal center B cells: New insights from single-cell studies. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2555-2567. [PMID: 34324199 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upon antigen exposure, activated B cells in antigen-draining lymphoid organs form microanatomical structures, called germinal centers (GCs), where affinity maturation occurs. Within the GC microenvironment, GC B cells undergo proliferation and B cell receptor (BCR) genes somatic hypermutation in the dark zone (DZ), and affinity-based selection in the light zone (LZ). In the current paradigm of GC dynamics, high-affinity LZ B cells may be selected by cognate T- follicular helper cells to either differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells, or re-enter the DZ and initiate a new round of proliferation and BCR diversification, before migrating back to the LZ. Given the diversity of cell states and potential cell fates that GC B cells may adopt, the two-state DZ-LZ paradigm has been challenged by studies that explored GC B-cell heterogeneity with a variety of single-cell technologies. Here, we review studies and single-cell technologies which have allowed to refine the working model of GC B-cell cellular and molecular heterogeneity during affinity maturation. This review also covers the use of single-cell quantitative data for mathematical modeling of GC reactions, and the application of single-cell genomics to the study of GC-derived malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noudjoud Attaf
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Sabrina Baaklini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Laurine Binet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Milpied
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, France
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20
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Zografou C, Vakrakou AG, Stathopoulos P. Short- and Long-Lived Autoantibody-Secreting Cells in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686466. [PMID: 34220839 PMCID: PMC8248361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), short-lived plasmablasts (SLPBs) are produced by a primary extrafollicular response, followed by the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in germinal centers (GCs). Generation of IgG4 antibodies is T helper type 2 (Th2) and IL-4, -13, and -10-driven and can occur parallel to IgE, in response to chronic stimulation by allergens and helminths. Although IgG4 antibodies are non-crosslinking and have limited ability to mobilize complement and cellular cytotoxicity, when self-tolerance is lost, they can disrupt ligand-receptor binding and cause a wide range of autoimmune disorders including neurological autoimmunity. In myasthenia gravis with predominantly IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), it has been observed that one-time CD20+ B cell depletion with rituximab commonly leads to long-term remission and a marked reduction in autoantibody titer, pointing to a short-lived nature of autoantibody-secreting cells. This is also observed in other predominantly IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibodies against the Ranvier paranode and juxtaparanode, respectively, and extends beyond neurological autoimmunity as well. Although IgG1 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders can also respond well to rituximab induction therapy in combination with an autoantibody titer drop, remission tends to be less long-lasting and cases where titers are refractory tend to occur more often than in IgG4 autoimmunity. Moreover, presence of GC-like structures in the thymus of myasthenic patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor and in ovarian teratomas of autoimmune encephalitis patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) confers increased the ability to generate LLPCs. Here, we review available information on the short-and long-lived nature of ASCs in IgG1 and IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders and highlight common mechanisms as well as differences, all of which can inform therapeutic strategies and personalized medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zografou
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A G Vakrakou
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - P Stathopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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21
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Rakhymzhan A, Acs A, Hauser AE, Winkler TH, Niesner RA. Improvement of the Similarity Spectral Unmixing Approach for Multiplexed Two-Photon Imaging by Linear Dimension Reduction of the Mixing Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116046. [PMID: 34205072 PMCID: PMC8199868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy enables monitoring cellular dynamics and communication in complex systems, within a genuine environment, such as living tissues and, even, living organisms. Particularly, its application to understand cellular interactions in the immune system has brought unique insights into pathophysiologic processes in vivo. Simultaneous multiplexed imaging is required to understand the dynamic orchestration of the multiple cellular and non-cellular tissue compartments defining immune responses. Here, we present an improvement of our previously developed method, which allowed us to achieve multiplexed dynamic intravital two-photon imaging, by using a synergistic strategy. This strategy combines a spectrally broad range of fluorophore emissions, a wave-mixing concept for simultaneous excitation of all targeted fluorophores, and an unmixing algorithm based on the calculation of spectral similarities with previously measured fluorophore fingerprints. The improvement of the similarity spectral unmixing algorithm here described is based on dimensionality reduction of the mixing matrix. We demonstrate its superior performance in the correct pixel-based assignment of probes to tissue compartments labeled by single fluorophores with similar spectral fingerprints, as compared to the full-dimensional similarity spectral unmixing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.A.N.); Tel.: +49(0)30-28460-674 (A.R.); +49(0)30-838-466664 (R.A.N.)
| | - Andreas Acs
- Nicolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.A.); (T.H.W.)
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Nicolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.A.); (T.H.W.)
| | - Raluca A. Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.A.N.); Tel.: +49(0)30-28460-674 (A.R.); +49(0)30-838-466664 (R.A.N.)
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22
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Reimer D, Meyer-Hermann M, Rakhymzhan A, Steinmetz T, Tripal P, Thomas J, Boettcher M, Mougiakakos D, Schulz SR, Urbanczyk S, Hauser AE, Niesner RA, Mielenz D. B Cell Speed and B-FDC Contacts in Germinal Centers Determine Plasma Cell Output via Swiprosin-1/EFhd2. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108030. [PMID: 32783949 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells secreting affinity-matured antibodies develop in germinal centers (GCs), where B cells migrate persistently and directionally over defined periods of time. How modes of GC B cell migration influence plasma cell development remained unclear. Through genetic deletion of the F-actin bundling protein Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain family member 2 (EFhd2) and by two-photon microscopy, we show that EFhd2 restrains B cell speed in GCs and hapten-specific plasma cell output. Modeling the GC reaction reveals that increasing GC B cell speed promotes plasma cell generation. Lack of EFhd2 also reduces contacts of GC B cells with follicular dendritic cells in vivo. Computational modeling uncovers that both GC output and antibody affinity depend quantitatively on contacts of GC B cells with follicular dendritic cells when B cells migrate more persistently. Collectively, our data explain how GC B cells integrate speed and persistence of cell migration with B cell receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig, Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Center (OICE), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thomas
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Boettcher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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23
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Permissive selection followed by affinity-based proliferation of GC light zone B cells dictates cell fate and ensures clonal breadth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016425118. [PMID: 33419925 PMCID: PMC7812803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016425118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity maturation depends on how efficiently germinal centers (GCs) positively select B cells in the light zone (LZ). Positively selected GC B cells recirculate between LZs and dark zones (DZs) and ultimately differentiate into plasmablasts (PBs) and memory B cells (MBCs). Current understanding of the GC reaction presumes that cMyc-dependent positive selection of LZ B cells is a competitive affinity-dependent process; however, this cannot explain the production of GC-derived lower-affinity MBCs or retention of GC B cells with varied affinities. Here, by combining single-cell/bulk RNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we identified and characterized temporally and functionally distinct positively selected cMyc+ GC B cell subpopulations. cMyc+ LZ B cell subpopulations enriched with either higher- or lower-affinity cells diverged soon after permissive positive selection. The former subpopulation contained PB precursors, whereas the latter comprised less proliferative MBC precursors and future DZ entrants. The overall affinity of future DZ entrants was enhanced in the LZ through preferential proliferation of higher-affinity cells. Concurrently, lower-affinity cells were retained in GCs and protected from apoptosis. These findings redefine positive selection as a dynamic process generating three distinct B cell fates and elucidate how positive selection ensures clonal diversity for broad protection.
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24
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Kennedy DE, Clark MR. Compartments and Connections Within the Germinal Center. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659151. [PMID: 33868306 PMCID: PMC8045557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective high affinity antibody responses emerge through an orchestrated developmental process that occurs in germinal centers (GCs). While GCs have been appreciated since 1930, a wealth of recent progress provides new insights into the molecular and cellular dynamics governing humoral immunity. In this review, we highlight advances that demonstrate that fundamental GC B cell function, selection, proliferation and SHM occur within distinct cell states. The resulting new model provides new opportunities to understand the evolution of immunity in infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus R. Clark
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Abstract
As one of the most important weapons against infectious diseases, vaccines have saved countless lives since their first use in the late eighteenth century. Antibodies produced by effector B cells upon vaccination play a critical role in mediating protection. The past several decades of research have led to a revolution in our understanding of B cell response to vaccination. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus were developed at an unprecedented speed to power our global fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, we still face many challenges in the development of vaccines against many other deadly viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza virus. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on B cell response to vaccination and pathogen infection. We also discuss the current challenges in the field and the potential strategies targeting B cell response to improve vaccine efficacy.Key abbreviations box: BCR: B cell receptor; bNAb: broadly neutralizing antibody; DC: dendritic cells; DZ: dark zone; EF response: extrafollicular response; FDC: follicular dendritic cell; GC: germinal center; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IC: immune complex; LLPC: long-lived plasma cell; LZ: light zone; MBC: memory B cell; SLPB: short-lived plasmablast; TFH: T follicular helper cells; TLR: Toll-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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26
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Ulbricht C, Leben R, Rakhymzhan A, Kirchhoff F, Nitschke L, Radbruch H, Niesner RA, Hauser AE. Intravital quantification reveals dynamic calcium concentration changes across B cell differentiation stages. eLife 2021; 10:56020. [PMID: 33749591 PMCID: PMC8060033 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a universal second messenger present in all eukaryotic cells. The mobilization and storage of Ca2+ ions drives a number of signaling-related processes, stress-responses, or metabolic changes, all of which are relevant for the development of immune cells and their adaption to pathogens. Here, we introduce the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-reporter mouse YellowCaB expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator TN-XXL in B lymphocytes. Calcium-induced conformation change of TN-XXL results in FRET-donor quenching measurable by two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. For the first time, using our novel numerical analysis, we extract absolute cytoplasmic calcium concentrations in activated B cells during affinity maturation in vivo. We show that calcium in activated B cells is highly dynamic and that activation introduces a persistent calcium heterogeneity to the lineage. A characterization of absolute calcium concentrations present at any time within the cytosol is therefore of great value for the understanding of long-lived beneficial immune responses and detrimental autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Ulbricht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Holmes AB, Corinaldesi C, Shen Q, Kumar R, Compagno N, Wang Z, Nitzan M, Grunstein E, Pasqualucci L, Dalla-Favera R, Basso K. Single-cell analysis of germinal-center B cells informs on lymphoma cell of origin and outcome. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151908. [PMID: 32603407 PMCID: PMC7537389 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to T cell-dependent antigens, mature B cells are stimulated to form germinal centers (GCs), the sites of B cell affinity maturation and the cell of origin (COO) of most B cell lymphomas. To explore the dynamics of GC B cell development beyond the known dark zone and light zone compartments, we performed single-cell (sc) transcriptomic analysis on human GC B cells and identified multiple functionally linked subpopulations, including the distinct precursors of memory B cells and plasma cells. The gene expression signatures associated with these GC subpopulations were effective in providing a sc-COO for ∼80% of diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) and identified novel prognostic subgroups of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony B Holmes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Qiong Shen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nicolo Compagno
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Eli Grunstein
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY.,The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Katia Basso
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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28
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29
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Rakhymzhan A, Acs A, Leben R, Winkler TH, Hauser AE, Niesner RA. Method for Multiplexed Dynamic Intravital Multiphoton Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2350:145-156. [PMID: 34331284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1593-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intravital two-photon microscopy enables monitoring of cellular dynamics and communication of complex systems, in genuine environment-the living organism. Particularly, its application in understanding the immune system brought unique insights into pathophysiologic processes in vivo. Here we present a method to achieve multiplexed dynamic intravital two-photon imaging by using a synergistic strategy combining a spectrally broad range of fluorophore emissions, a wave-mixing concept for simultaneous excitation of all targeted fluorophores, and an effective unmixing algorithm based on the calculation of spectral similarities with previously acquired fluorophore fingerprints. Our unmixing algorithm allows us to distinguish 7 fluorophore signals corresponding to various cellular and tissue compartments by using only four detector channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Acs
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany. .,Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Ramezani-Rad P, Chen C, Zhu Z, Rickert RC. Cyclin D3 Governs Clonal Expansion of Dark Zone Germinal Center B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108403. [PMID: 33207194 PMCID: PMC7714654 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells surge in their proliferative capacity, which poses a direct risk for B cell malignancies. G1- to S-phase transition is dependent on the expression and stability of D-type cyclins. We show that cyclin D3 expression specifically regulates dark zone (DZ) GC B cell proliferation. B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation of GC B cells downregulates cyclin D3 but induces c-Myc, which subsequently requires cyclin D3 to exert GC expansion. Control of DZ proliferation requires degradation of cyclin D3, which is dependent on phosphorylation of residue Thr283 and can be bypassed by cyclin D3T283A hyperstabilization as observed in B cell lymphoma. Thereby, selected GC B cells in the light zone potentially require disengagement from BCR signaling to accumulate cyclin D3 and undergo clonal expansion in the DZ. Mutations of cyclin D3 occur in B cell lymphomas, which derive from highly proliferating germinal center (GC) B cells. Ramezani-Rad et al. show that cyclin D3 in GC B cells is controlled by B cell receptor signaling and is required for proliferation of dark zone GC B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Ramezani-Rad
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Cindi Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zilu Zhu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Biram A, Shulman Z. T cell help to B cells: Cognate and atypical interactions in peripheral and intestinal lymphoid tissues. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:36-47. [PMID: 32557712 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long-lived antibody-producing cells, which provide extended protection from recurrent exposures. These cells originate mainly from germinal center structures, wherein B cells introduce mutations to their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity-based selection. Generation of high-affinity antibodies relies on physical contacts between T and B cells, a process that facilitates the delivery of fate decision signals. T-B cellular engagements are mediated through interactions between the T cell receptor and its cognate peptide presented on B cell major histocompatibility class II molecules. Here, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of these cognate T-B interactions, and highlight exceptional cases, especially those arising at intestinal lymphoid organs, at which T cells provide help to B cells in an atypical manner, independent of T cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Fu K, March K, Alexaki A, Fabozzi G, Moysi E, Petrovas C. Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics: A Lymph Node Perspective. Front Immunol 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32477334 PMCID: PMC7240201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous development of molecular biology and protein engineering technologies enables the expansion of the breadth and complexity of protein therapeutics for in vivo administration. However, the immunogenicity and associated in vivo development of antibodies against therapeutics are a major restriction factor for their usage. The B cell follicular and particularly germinal center areas in secondary lymphoid organs are the anatomical sites where the development of antibody responses against pathogens and immunogens takes place. A growing body of data has revealed the importance of the orchestrated function of highly differentiated adaptive immunity cells, including follicular helper CD4 T cells and germinal center B cells, for the optimal generation of these antibody responses. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the antibody responses against therapeutics could lead to novel strategies to reduce their immunogenicity and increase their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Fu
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kylie March
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aikaterini Alexaki
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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33
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You AS, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Streja E, Nguyen DV, Brent GA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee CM. Association of thyroid status prior to transition to end-stage renal disease with early dialysis mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:2095-2104. [PMID: 30299498 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, including those receiving dialysis, have a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Although hypothyroidism is associated with higher death risk in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, no studies have examined whether thyroid status in the pre-ESRD period impacts mortality after dialysis initiation. METHODS Among US veterans with CKD identified from the national Veterans Affairs database that transitioned to dialysis over the period from October 2007 to September 2011, we examined the association of pre-ESRD serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels averaged over the 1-year pre-dialysis ('prelude') period with all-cause mortality in the first year following dialysis initiation. RESULTS Among 15 335 patients in the 1-year prelude cohort, TSH levels >5.0 mIU/L were associated with higher mortality in expanded case-mix Cox models (reference: TSH 0.5-5.0 mIU/L): adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20 (1.07-1.33). Similar findings were observed for TSH >5.0 mIU/L and mortality in the 2- and 5-year cohorts: aHRs (95% CI) 1.11 (1.02-1.21) and 1.15 (1.07-1.24), respectively. Analyses of finer gradations of TSH in the 1-year prelude cohort demonstrated that incrementally higher levels >5.0 mIU/L were associated with increasingly higher mortality in expanded case-mix models (reference: TSH 0.5-3.0 mIU/L): aHRs (95% CI) 1.18 (1.04-1.33) and 1.28 (1.03-1.59) for TSH levels >5.0-10.0 mIU/L and >10.0 mIU/L, respectively. In the 2- and 5-year cohorts, mortality associations persisted most strongly for those with TSH >10.0 mIU/L, particularly after laboratory covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Among new ESRD patients, there is a dose-dependent relationship between higher pre-ESRD TSH levels >5.0 mIU/L and post-ESRD mortality. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of TSH reduction with thyroid hormone supplementation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S You
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - John J Sim
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA.,Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA.,Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
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34
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Rakhymzhan A, Reuter L, Raspe R, Bremer D, Günther R, Leben R, Heidelin J, Andresen V, Cheremukhin S, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Bixel MG, Adams RH, Radbruch H, Hüttmann G, Hauser AE, Niesner RA. Coregistered Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography and Two-Photon Microscopy for Multimodal Near-Instantaneous Deep-Tissue Imaging. Cytometry A 2020; 97:515-527. [PMID: 32293804 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy (2PM) has brought unique insight into the mechanisms underlying immune system dynamics and function since it enables monitoring of cellular motility and communication in complex systems within their genuine environment-the living organism. However, use of 2PM in clinical settings is limited. In contrast, optical coherence tomography (OCT), a noninvasive label-free diagnostic imaging method, which allows monitoring morphologic changes of large tissue regions in vivo, has found broad application in the clinic. Here we developed a combined multimodal technology to achieve near-instantaneous coregistered OCT, 2PM, and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging over large volumes (up to 1,000 × 1,000 × 300 μm3 ) of tendons and other tissue compartments in mouse paws, as well as in mouse lymph nodes, spleens, and femurs. Using our multimodal imaging approach, we found differences in macrophage cell shape and motility behavior depending on whether they are located in tendons or in the surrounding tissue compartments of the mouse paw. The cellular shape of tissue-resident macrophages, indicative for their role in tissue, correlated with the supramolecular organization of collagen as revealed by SHG and OCT. Hence, the here-presented approach of coregistered OCT and 2PM has the potential to link specific cellular phenotypes and functions (as revealed by 2PM) to tissue morphology (as highlighted by OCT) and thus, to build a bridge between basic research knowledge and clinical observations. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Reuter
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphael Raspe
- Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Bremer
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Günther
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Heidelin
- LaVision BioTec-A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Andresen
- LaVision BioTec-A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria G Bixel
- Max-Plank-Institut for Molecular Biomedicine, Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Plank-Institut for Molecular Biomedicine, Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Biram A, Shulman Z. Characterization of Immunological Niches within Peyer's Patches by ex vivo Photoactivation and Flow Cytometry Analysis. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3562. [PMID: 33659533 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells regulate B cell selection for entry into the germinal center (GC) reaction or for differentiation into antibody forming cells. This process takes place at the border between the T and B zones in lymphoid organs and involves physical contacts between T and B cells. During these interactions, T cells endow the B cells with selection signals that promote GC seeding or plasmablast differentiation based on their B cell receptor affinity. In Peyer's patches (PPs), T cells promote B cell colonization of the subepithelial dome (SED) without effective affinity-based clonal selection. To specifically characterize the T cell population that resides within the SED niche, we performed ex vivo photoactivation of the SED compartment followed by flow cytometry analysis of the labeled cells, as described in this protocol. This technique integrates both spatial and cellular information in studies of immunological niches and can be adapted to various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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36
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Li X, Gong L, Gu H. Regulation of immune system development and function by Cbl-mediated ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:123-133. [PMID: 31402498 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a form of posttranslational protein modification that affects the activity of target proteins by regulating their intracellular degradation, trafficking, localization, and association with other regulators. Recent studies have placed protein ubiquitination as an important regulatory mode to control immune system development, function, and pathogenesis. In this review, we will mainly update the research progress from our laboratory on the roles of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the development and function of lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells. In addition, we will highlight our current understanding of the mechanisms used by this family of proteins, especially Cbl and Cbl-b, to co-ordinately regulate the function of various receptors and transcription factors in the context of immune regulation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Kisoji Biotechnologies, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liying Gong
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Thierry GR, Gentek R, Bajenoff M. Remodeling of reactive lymph nodes: Dynamics of stromal cells and underlying chemokine signaling. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:42-61. [PMID: 30977194 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary immune organs dispersed throughout the body. They are primarily composed of lymphocytes, "transient passengers" that are only present for a few hours. During this time, they extensively interact with a meshwork of stromal cells. Although these cells constitute less than 5% of all LN cells, they are integral to LN function: Stromal cells create a three-dimensional network that provides a rigid backbone for the transport of lymph and generates "roads" for lymphocyte migration. Beyond structural support, the LN stroma also produces survival signals for lymphocytes and provides nutrients, soluble factors, antigens, and immune cells collectively required for immune surveillance and the generation of adaptive immune responses. A unique feature of LNs is their ability to considerably and rapidly change size: the volume and cellularity of inflamed LNs can increase up to 20-fold before returning to homeostatic levels. This cycle will be repeated many times during life and is accommodated by stromal cells. The dynamics underlying this dramatic remodeling are subject of this review. We will first introduce the main types of LN stromal cells and explain their known functions. We will then discuss how these cells enable LN growth during immune responses, with a particular focus on underlying cellular mechanisms and molecular cues. Similarly, we will elaborate on stromal dynamics mediating the return to LN homeostasis, a process that is mechanistically much less understood than LN expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem R Thierry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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38
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Shlomchik MJ, Luo W, Weisel F. Linking signaling and selection in the germinal center. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:49-63. [PMID: 30874353 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are sites of rapid B-cell proliferation in response to certain types of immunization. They arise in about 1 week and can persist for several months. In GCs, B cells differentiate in a unique way and begin to undergo somatic mutation of the Ig V regions at a high rate. GC B cells (GCBC) thus undergo clonal diversification that can affect the affinity of the newly mutant B-cell receptor (BCR) for its driving antigen. Through processes that are still poorly understood, GCBC with higher affinity are selectively expanded while those with mutations that inactivate the BCR are lost. In addition, at various times during the extended GC reaction, some GCBC undergo differentiation into either long-lived memory B cells (MBC) or plasma cells. The cellular and molecular signals that govern these fate decisions are not well-understood, but are an active area of research in multiple laboratories. In this review, we cover both the history of this field and focus on recent work that has helped to elucidate the signals and molecules, such as key transcription factors, that coordinate both positive selection as well as differentiation of GCBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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39
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Pasqualucci L. Molecular pathogenesis of germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:240-261. [PMID: 30874347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of genetically, biologically, and clinically distinct neoplasms that, in most cases, originate from the clonal expansion of B cells in the germinal center (GC). In recent years, the advent of novel genomics technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies as a multistep process that requires the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. A common theme that emerged from these studies is the ability of lymphoma cells to co-opt the same biological programs and signal transduction networks that operate during the normal GC reaction, and misuse them for their own survival advantage. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that drive the malignant transformation of GC B cells. These insights provide a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that may be explored for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
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40
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Haberman AM, Gonzalez DG, Wong P, Zhang TT, Kerfoot SM. Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:10-27. [PMID: 30874342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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41
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The role of actin and myosin in antigen extraction by B lymphocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:90-104. [PMID: 31862219 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cells must extract antigens attached to the surface of antigen presenting cells to generate high-affinity antibodies. Antigen extraction requires force, and recent studies have implicated actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell as the major driver of antigen extraction. These actomyosin-dependent pulling forces also serve to test the affinity of the B cell antigen receptor for antigen prior to antigen extraction. Such affinity discrimination is central to the process of antibody affinity maturation. Here we review the evidence that actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell promote affinity discrimination and power antigen extraction. Our take on these critical B cell functions is influenced significantly by the recent identification of formin-generated, myosin-rich, concentric actin arcs in the medial portion of the T cell immune synapse, as B cells appear to contain a similar contractile actomyosin structure.
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42
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Meyer-Hermann M. Injection of Antibodies against Immunodominant Epitopes Tunes Germinal Centers to Generate Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1066-1073.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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43
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Kwak K, Quizon N, Sohn H, Saniee A, Manzella-Lapeira J, Holla P, Brzostowski J, Lu J, Xie H, Xu C, Spillane KM, Tolar P, Pierce SK. Intrinsic properties of human germinal center B cells set antigen affinity thresholds. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/29/eaau6598. [PMID: 30504208 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protective antibody responses to vaccination or infection depend on affinity maturation, a process by which high-affinity germinal center (GC) B cells are selected on the basis of their ability to bind, gather, and present antigen to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Here, we show that human GC B cells have intrinsically higher-affinity thresholds for both B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling and antigen gathering as compared with naïve B cells and that these functions are mediated by distinct cellular structures and pathways that ultimately lead to antigen affinity- and Tfh cell-dependent differentiation to plasma cells. GC B cells bound antigen through highly dynamic, actin- and ezrin-rich pod-like structures that concentrated BCRs. The behavior of these structures was dictated by the intrinsic antigen affinity thresholds of GC B cells. Low-affinity antigens triggered continuous engagement and disengagement of membrane-associated antigens, whereas high-affinity antigens induced stable synapse formation. The pod-like structures also mediated affinity-dependent antigen internalization by unconventional pathways distinct from those of naïve B cells. Thus, intrinsic properties of human GC B cells set thresholds for affinity selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nicolas Quizon
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Avva Saniee
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Javier Manzella-Lapeira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Prasida Holla
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - HengYi Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.,Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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44
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Finkin S, Hartweger H, Oliveira TY, Kara EE, Nussenzweig MC. Protein Amounts of the MYC Transcription Factor Determine Germinal Center B Cell Division Capacity. Immunity 2019; 51:324-336.e5. [PMID: 31350178 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity B cell selection in the germinal center (GC) is governed by signals delivered by follicular helper T (Tfh) cells to B cells. Selected B cells undergo clonal expansion and affinity maturation in the GC dark zone in direct proportion to the amount of antigen they capture and present to Tfh cells in the light zone. Here, we examined the mechanisms whereby Tfh cells program the number of GC B cell divisions. Gene expression analysis revealed that Tfh cells induce Myc expression in light-zone B cells in direct proportion to antigen capture. Conditional Myc haplo-insufficiency or overexpression combined with cell division tracking showed that MYC expression produces a metabolic reservoir in selected light-zone B cells that is proportional to the number of cell divisions in the dark zone. Thus, MYC constitutes the GC B cell division timer that when deregulated leads to emergence of B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Finkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ervin E Kara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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45
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Kähäri L, Fair-Mäkelä R, Auvinen K, Rantakari P, Jalkanen S, Ivaska J, Salmi M. Transcytosis route mediates rapid delivery of intact antibodies to draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3086-3102. [PMID: 31232704 DOI: 10.1172/jci125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) filter lymph to mount effective immune responses. Small soluble lymph-borne molecules from the periphery enter the draining LNs via a reticular conduit system. Intact antibodies and other larger molecules, in contrast, are physically unable to enter the conduits, and they are thought to be transported to the LNs only within migratory DCs after proteolytic degradation. Here, we discovered that lymph-borne antibodies and other large biomolecules enter within seconds into the parenchyma of the draining LN in an intact form. Mechanistically, we found that the uptake of large molecules is a receptor-independent, fluid-phase process that takes place by dynamin-dependent vesicular transcytosis through the lymphatic endothelial cells in the subcapsular sinus of the LN. Physiologically, this pathway mediates a very fast transfer of large protein antigens from the periphery to LN-resident DCs and macrophages. We show that exploitation of the transcytosis system allows enhanced whole-organ imaging and spatially controlled lymphocyte activation by s.c. administered antibodies in vivo. Transcytosis through the floor of the subcapsular sinus thus represents what we believe to be a new physiological and targetable mode of lymph filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kähäri
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ruth Fair-Mäkelä
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Auvinen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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46
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Lindquist RL, Niesner RA, Hauser AE. In the Right Place, at the Right Time: Spatiotemporal Conditions Determining Plasma Cell Survival and Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:788. [PMID: 31068930 PMCID: PMC6491733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs), the B lineage cells responsible for producing and secreting antibodies (Abs), are critical cellular components of the humoral immune system. While most of the antibody-secreting cells in the body have a rather short lifetime of a few days, some of them can become long-lived and persist in the body over the entire life span of an individual. The majority of these long-lived plasma cells secretes protective antibodies against pathogens, and are thereby crucial for the humoral component of immunological memory. The generation of these protective antibody-secreting cells can be triggered by an exposure to pathogens, and also by vaccination. Although the majority of plasma cells are protective, sometimes long-lived plasma cells produce autoreactive antibodies, which contribute to the pathogenesis and perpetuation of chronic autoimmune diseases, including lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis. In order to promote the formation of protective antibody-secreting cells and to target pathogenic plasma cells, it is crucial to understand the signals which promote their longevity and allow them to exert their function. In recent years, it has become clear that plasma cells depend on extrinsic factors for their survival, leading to the concept that certain tissue microenvironments promote plasma cell retention and longevity. However, these niches are not static structures, but also have dynamic features with respect to their cellular composition. Here, we review what is known about the molecular and cellular composition of the niches, and discuss the impact of dynamic changes within these microenvironments on plasma cell function. As plasma cell metabolism is tightly linked to their function, we present new tools, which will allow us to analyze metabolic parameters in the plasma cell niches in vivo over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall L Lindquist
- Immunodynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analysis, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immunodynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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47
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Thomas MJ, Klein U, Lygeros J, Rodríguez Martínez M. A Probabilistic Model of the Germinal Center Reaction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:689. [PMID: 31001283 PMCID: PMC6456718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized compartments within the secondary lymphoid organs, where B cells proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes. Upon exit from the GC, B cells terminally differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells. While we have a good comprehension of plasma cell differentiation, memory B cell differentiation is still incompletely understood. In this paper, we extend previous models of the molecular events underlying B cell differentiation with new findings regarding memory B cell formation, and present a quantitative stochastic model of the intracellular and extracellular dynamics governing B cell maturation and exit from the GC. To simulate this model, we develop a novel extension to the Gillespie algorithm that enables the efficient stochastic simulation of the system, while keeping track of individual cell properties. Our model is able to explain the dynamical shift from memory B cell to plasma cell production over the lifetime of a GC. Moreover, our results suggest that B cell fate selection can be explained as a process that depends fundamentally on antigen affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jan Thomas
- IBM Research Zürich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Automatic Control Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Klein
- Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John Lygeros
- ETH Zürich, Automatic Control Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Schoeler K, Jakic B, Heppke J, Soratroi C, Aufschnaiter A, Hermann-Kleiter N, Villunger A, Labi V. CHK1 dosage in germinal center B cells controls humoral immunity. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2551-2567. [PMID: 30894677 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells are among the fastest replicating cells in our body, dividing every 4-8 h. DNA replication errors are intrinsically toxic to cells. How GC B cells exert control over the DNA damage response while introducing mutations in their antibody genes is poorly understood. Here, we show that the DNA damage response regulator Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is essential for GC B cell survival. Remarkably, effective antibody-mediated immunity relies on optimal CHK1 dosage. Chemical CHK1 inhibition or loss of one Chk1 allele impairs the survival of class-switched cells and curbs the amplitude of antibody production. Mechanistically, active B cell receptor signaling wires the outcome of CHK1-inhibition towards BIM-dependent apoptosis, whereas T cell help favors temporary cell cycle arrest. Our results predict that therapeutic CHK1 inhibition in cancer patients may prove potent in killing B cell lymphoma and leukemia cells addicted to B cell receptor signaling, but will most likely dampen humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Schoeler
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Bojana Jakic
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Julia Heppke
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Claudia Soratroi
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Aufschnaiter
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
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49
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Wan Z, Lin Y, Zhao Y, Qi H. T
FH
cells in bystander and cognate interactions with B cells. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zurong Wan
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yihan Lin
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Hai Qi
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
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He M, Westerberg LS. Congenital Defects in Actin Dynamics of Germinal Center B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:296. [PMID: 30894852 PMCID: PMC6414452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a transient anatomical structure formed during the adaptive immune response that leads to antibody affinity maturation and serological memory. Recent works using two-photon microscopy reveals that the GC is a highly dynamic structure and GC B cells are highly motile. An efficient selection of high affinity B cells clones within the GC crucially relies on the interplay of proliferation, genome editing, cell-cell interaction, and migration. All these processes require actin cytoskeleton rearrangement to be well-coordinated. Dysregulated actin dynamics may impede on multiple stages during B cell affinity maturation, which could lead to aberrant GC response and result in autoimmunity and B cell malignancy. This review mainly focuses on the recent works that investigate the role of actin regulators during the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui He
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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