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Read KA, Amici SA, Farsi S, Cutcliffe M, Lee B, Lio CWJ, Wu HJJ, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Oestreich KJ. PRMT5 Promotes T follicular helper Cell Differentiation and Germinal Center Responses during Influenza Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1442-1449. [PMID: 38436421 PMCID: PMC11018492 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) modify diverse protein targets and regulate numerous cellular processes; yet, their contributions to individual effector T cell responses during infections are incompletely understood. In this study, we identify PRMT5 as a critical regulator of CD4+ T follicular helper cell (Tfh) responses during influenza virus infection in mice. Conditional PRMT5 deletion in murine T cells results in an almost complete ablation of both Tfh and T follicular regulatory populations and, consequently, reduced B cell activation and influenza-specific Ab production. Supporting a potential mechanism, we observe elevated surface expression of IL-2Rα on non-T regulatory effector PRMT5-deficient T cells. Notably, IL-2 signaling is known to negatively impact Tfh differentiation. Collectively, our findings identify PRMT5 as a prominent regulator of Tfh programming, with potential causal links to IL-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A. Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Stephanie A. Amici
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sadaf Farsi
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Madeline Cutcliffe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Bella Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth J. Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
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2
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Zhu F, McMonigle RJ, Schroeder AR, Xia X, Figge D, Greer BD, González-Avalos E, Sialer DO, Wang YH, Chandler KM, Getzler AJ, Brown ER, Xiao C, Kutsch O, Harada Y, Pipkin ME, Hu H. Spatiotemporal resolution of germinal center Tfh cell differentiation and divergence from central memory CD4 + T cell fate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3611. [PMID: 37330549 PMCID: PMC10276816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are essential for germinal center (GC) B cell responses. However, it is not clear which PD-1+CXCR5+Bcl6+CD4+ T cells will differentiate into PD-1hiCXCR5hiBcl6hi GC-Tfh cells and how GC-Tfh cell differentiation is regulated. Here, we report that the sustained Tigit expression in PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells marks the precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) to GC-Tfh transition, whereas Tigit-PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells upregulate IL-7Rα to become CXCR5+CD4+ T memory cells with or without CCR7. We demonstrate that pre-Tfh cells undergo substantial further differentiation at the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility levels to become GC-Tfh cells. The transcription factor c-Maf appears critical in governing the pre-Tfh to GC-Tfh transition, and we identify Plekho1 as a stage-specific downstream factor regulating the GC-Tfh competitive fitness. In summary, our work identifies an important marker and regulatory mechanism of PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells during their developmental choice between memory T cell fate and GC-Tfh cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ryan J McMonigle
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xianyou Xia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David Figge
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Braxton D Greer
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Edahí González-Avalos
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Diego O Sialer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kelly M Chandler
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Emily R Brown
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yohsuke Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, University of Science, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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3
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Sun M, Wang X, Zhang N, Wang L, Wang X, Fan W, Li Q, Liu Y, Song M, Guo X. Imbalance of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells/follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:959-965. [PMID: 37208911 PMCID: PMC10525409 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231168142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is to investigate the role of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells/follicular helper T (Tfh) cells imbalance in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Totally, 40 cases of primary ITP patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. Blood samples were collected from ITP patients (pre- and post-therapy) and controls. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Tfr and Tfh cells in peripheral blood. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the mRNA expression levels of FOXP3, BCL-6, and BLIMP-1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-21 levels. Spearman's correlation was used for correlation analysis. Compared with control, Tfr cell proportion, FOXP3 mRNA, and IL-10 were significantly decreased in the pre-therapy ITP group, but were significantly increased post-therapy. Tfh cell proportion, BCL-6 mRNA, and IL-21 were increased, while BLIMP-1 mRNA was decreased, in the pre-therapy ITP group than the control group. These effects were reversed in the post-therapy ITP group. Moreover, the Tfr/Tfh ratio was decreased in the pre-therapy ITP group than control group, whereas was increased in the post-therapy ITP group than the pre-therapy ITP group. Furthermore, Tfr cell proportion, FOXP3 mRNA, IL-10, and Tfr/Tfh ratio were positively correlated with the platelet count (PLT) in the ITP pre-therapy group. In addition, Tfh cell proportion, BCL-6 mRNA, and IL-21 were negatively correlated with the PLT, while BLIMP-1 mRNA was positively correlated with the PLT. Conclusively, Tfr cell proportion in peripheral blood is decreased and Tfh cell proportion is increased, leading to unbalanced Tfr/Tfh ratio in ITP patients pre-therapy. The imbalance of Tfr/Tfh is recovered post-therapy, suggesting that the Tfr and Tfh cells may be involved in ITP pathogenesis. The abnormal expression of FOXP3, BCL-6, and BLIMP-1 mRNA and the changes in IL-10 and IL-21 levels may be related to the imbalance of Tfr/Tfh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingling Sun
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xinyou Wang
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Qinzhi Li
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Mengting Song
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xinhong Guo
- Hematologic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Research Institute of Hematology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
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4
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Gao Y, Bosselut R. Generation of Retrogenic Mice to Investigate T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:199-209. [PMID: 36374459 PMCID: PMC10798177 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
T cells develop in the thymus from bone marrow precursors, and genetic manipulation is an indispensable tool to explore their development in vivo. Retroviral transduction of T cell precursors in the bone marrow can be used to specifically eliminate or enforce gene expression. Here, we describe a fast and efficient method to ectopically express a gene in T cell precursors through retroviral transduction and transplant into recipient mice, which will enable laboratories to evaluate gene function in T cell development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Bosselut R. Genetic Strategies to Study T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:117-130. [PMID: 36374453 PMCID: PMC10803070 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetics approaches have been instrumental to deciphering T cell development in the thymus, including gene disruption by homologous recombination and more recently Crispr-based gene editing and transgenic gene expression, especially of specific T cell antigen receptors (TCR). This brief chapter describes commonly used tools and strategies to modify the genome of thymocytes, including mouse strains with lineage- and stage-specific expression of the Cre recombinase used for conditional allele inactivation or expressing unique antigen receptor specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Hwang SM, Im SH, Rudra D. Signaling networks controlling ID and E protein activity in T cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964581. [PMID: 35983065 PMCID: PMC9379924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are involved in various cellular developmental processes and effector activities in T cells. Recent findings indicate that E and ID proteins are not only responsible for regulating thymic T cell development but also modulate the differentiation, function, and fate of peripheral T cells in multiple immune compartments. Based on the well-established E and ID protein axis (E-ID axis), it has been recognized that ID proteins interfere with the dimerization of E proteins, thus restricting their transcriptional activities. Given this close molecular relationship, the extent of expression or stability of these two protein families can dynamically affect the expression of specific target genes involved in multiple aspects of T cell biology. Therefore, it is essential to understand the endogenous proteins or extrinsic signaling pathways that can influence the dynamics of the E-ID axis in a cell-specific and context-dependent manner. Here, we provide an overview of E and ID proteins and the functional outcomes of the E-ID axis in the activation and function of multiple peripheral T cell subsets, including effector and memory T cell populations. Further, we review the mechanisms by which endogenous proteins and signaling pathways alter the E-ID axis in various T cell subsets influencing T cell function and fate at steady-state and in pathological settings. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of E and ID proteins in T cell biology can be instrumental in T cell-specific targeting of the E-ID axis to develop novel therapeutic modalities in the context of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Bio Open Innovation Center, Pohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
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7
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Ye L. The Differentiation and Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Follicular Helper T Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953022. [PMID: 35909969 PMCID: PMC9329515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon acute viral infection, virus-specific CD4+ T cells differentiate into either TH1 cells or follicular helper T (TFH) cells. The molecular pathways governing such bimodal cell fate commitment remain elusive. Additionally, effector virus-specific TFH cells further differentiate into corresponding memory population, which confer long-term protection against re-infection of same viruses by providing immediate help to virus-specific memory B cells. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term maintenance of memory TFH cells are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of early differentiation of virus-specific effector TFH cells and long-term maintenance of virus-specific memory TFH cells in mouse models of viral infection and patients of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lilin Ye,
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8
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Andreatta M, Tjitropranoto A, Sherman Z, Kelly MC, Ciucci T, Carmona SJ. A CD4 + T cell reference map delineates subtype-specific adaptation during acute and chronic viral infections. eLife 2022; 11:e76339. [PMID: 35829695 PMCID: PMC9323004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical orchestrators of immune responses against a large variety of pathogens, including viruses. While multiple CD4+ T cell subtypes and their key transcriptional regulators have been identified, there is a lack of consistent definition for CD4+ T cell transcriptional states. In addition, the progressive changes affecting CD4+ T cell subtypes during and after immune responses remain poorly defined. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we characterized the diversity of CD4+ T cells responding to self-resolving and chronic viral infections in mice. We built a comprehensive map of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and their evolution over time, and identified six major cell states consistently observed in acute and chronic infections. During the course of acute infections, T cell composition progressively changed from effector to memory states, with subtype-specific gene modules and kinetics. Conversely, in persistent infections T cells acquired distinct, chronicity-associated programs. By single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) analysis, we characterized the clonal structure of virus-specific CD4+ T cells across individuals. Virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses were essentially private across individuals and most T cells differentiated into both Tfh and Th1 subtypes irrespective of their TCR. Finally, we showed that our CD4+ T cell map can be used as a reference to accurately interpret cell states in external single-cell datasets across tissues and disease models. Overall, this study describes a previously unappreciated level of adaptation of the transcriptional states of CD4+ T cells responding to viruses and provides a new computational resource for CD4+ T cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Andreatta
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Agora Cancer Research CenterLausanneSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ariel Tjitropranoto
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Zachary Sherman
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederickUnited States
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Santiago J Carmona
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Agora Cancer Research CenterLausanneSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
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9
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Gao Y, Zamisch M, Vacchio M, Chopp L, Ciucci T, Paine EL, Lyons GC, Nie J, Xiao Q, Zvezdova E, Love PE, Vinson CR, Jenkins LM, Bosselut R. NuRD complex recruitment to Thpok mediates CD4 + T cell lineage differentiation. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn5917. [PMID: 35687698 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn5917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although BTB-zinc finger (BTB-ZF) transcription factors control the differentiation of multiple hematopoietic and immune lineages, how they function is poorly understood. The BTB-ZF factor Thpok controls intrathymic CD4+ T cell development and the expression of most CD4+ and CD8+ lineage genes. Here, we identify the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex as a critical Thpok cofactor. Using mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation in primary T cells, we show that Thpok binds NuRD components independently of DNA association. We locate three amino acid residues within the Thpok BTB domain that are required for both NuRD binding and Thpok functions. Conversely, a chimeric protein merging the NuRD component Mta2 to a BTB-less version of Thpok supports CD4+ T cell development, indicating that NuRD recruitment recapitulates the functions of the Thpok BTB domain. We found that NuRD mediates Thpok repression of CD8+ lineage genes, including the transcription factor Runx3, but is dispensable for Cd4 expression. We show that these functions cannot be performed by the BTB domain of the Thpok-related factor Bcl6, which fails to bind NuRD. Thus, cofactor binding critically contributes to the functional specificity of BTB-ZF factors, which control the differentiation of most hematopoietic subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica Zamisch
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elliott L Paine
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gaelyn C Lyons
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ekaterina Zvezdova
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles R Vinson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Houser CL, Lawrence BP. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates T Follicular Helper Cell Responses to Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2319-2330. [PMID: 35444027 PMCID: PMC9117429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support Ab responses and are a critical component of adaptive immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Tfh cells are regulated by a network of signaling pathways that are controlled, in part, by transcription factors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that modulates many aspects of adaptive immunity by binding a range of small molecules. However, the contribution of AHR signaling to Tfh cell differentiation and function is not known. In this article, we report that AHR activation by three different agonists reduced the frequency of Tfh cells during primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with influenza A virus (IAV). Further, using the high-affinity and AHR-specific agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, we show that AHR activation reduced Tfh cell differentiation and T cell-dependent B cell responses. Using conditional AHR knockout mice, we demonstrated that alterations of Tfh cells and T cell-dependent B cell responses after AHR activation required the AHR in T cells. AHR activation reduced the number of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells; however, the ratio of Tfr to Tfh cells was amplified. These alterations to Tfh and Tfr cells during IAV infection corresponded with differences in expression of BCL6 and FOXP3 in CD4+ T cells and required the AHR to have a functional DNA-binding domain. Overall, these findings support that the AHR modulates Tfh cells during viral infection, which has broad-reaching consequences for understanding how environmental factors contribute to variation in immune defenses against infectious pathogens, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Houser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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11
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Michée-Cospolite M, Boudigou M, Grasseau A, Simon Q, Mignen O, Pers JO, Cornec D, Le Pottier L, Hillion S. Molecular Mechanisms Driving IL-10- Producing B Cells Functions: STAT3 and c-MAF as Underestimated Central Key Regulators? Front Immunol 2022; 13:818814. [PMID: 35359922 PMCID: PMC8961445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) have been highlighted in very different pathology settings including autoimmune diseases, allergy, graft rejection, and cancer. Improving tools for the characterization of Bregs has become the main objective especially in humans. Transitional, mature B cells and plasma cells can differentiate into IL-10 producing Bregs in both mice and humans, suggesting that Bregs are not derived from unique precursors but may arise from different competent progenitors at unrestricted development stages. Moreover, in addition to IL-10 production, regulatory B cells used a broad range of suppressing mechanisms to modulate the immune response. Although Bregs have been consistently described in the literature, only a few reports described the molecular aspects that control the acquisition of the regulatory function. In this manuscript, we detailed the latest reports describing the control of IL-10, TGFβ, and GZMB production in different Breg subsets at the molecular level. We focused on the understanding of the role of the transcription factors STAT3 and c-MAF in controlling IL-10 production in murine and human B cells and how these factors may represent an important crossroad of several key drivers of the Breg response. Finally, we provided original data supporting the evidence that MAF is expressed in human IL-10- producing plasmablast and could be induced in vitro following different stimulation cocktails. At steady state, we reported that MAF is expressed in specific human B-cell tonsillar subsets including the IgD+ CD27+ unswitched population, germinal center cells and plasmablast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Divi Cornec
- U1227, LBAI, Univ Brest, Inserm, and CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Sophie Hillion
- U1227, LBAI, Univ Brest, Inserm, and CHU Brest, Brest, France
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12
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Nie J, Carpenter AC, Chopp LB, Chen T, Balmaceno-Criss M, Ciucci T, Xiao Q, Kelly MC, McGavern DB, Belkaid Y, Bosselut R. The transcription factor LRF promotes integrin β7 expression by and gut homing of CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocyte precursors. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:594-604. [PMID: 35354951 PMCID: PMC9290758 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While T cell receptor (TCR) αβ+CD8α+CD8β- intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα+ IELs) differentiate from thymic IEL precursors (IELps) and contribute to gut homeostasis, the transcriptional control of their development remains poorly understood. In the present study we showed that mouse thymocytes deficient for the transcription factor leukemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF) failed to generate TCRαβ+CD8αα+ IELs and their CD8β-expressing counterparts, despite giving rise to thymus and spleen CD8αβ+ T cells. LRF-deficient IELps failed to migrate to the intestine and to protect against T cell-induced colitis, and had impaired expression of the gut-homing integrin α4β7. Single-cell RNA-sequencing found that LRF was necessary for the expression of genes characteristic of the most mature IELps, including Itgb7, encoding the β7 subunit of α4β7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene-regulatory network analyses both defined Itgb7 as an LRF target. Our study identifies LRF as an essential transcriptional regulator of IELp maturation in the thymus and subsequent migration to the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea C Carpenter
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura B Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariah Balmaceno-Criss
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- CCR Single Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbiome core, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Jeger-Madiot R, Vaineau R, Heredia M, Tchitchek N, Bertrand L, Pereira M, Konza O, Gouritin B, Hoareau-Coudert B, Corneau A, Blanc C, Savier E, Buffet P, Six A, Klatzmann D, Moris A, Graff-Dubois S. Naive and memory CD4 + T cell subsets can contribute to the generation of human Tfh cells. iScience 2022; 25:103566. [PMID: 34984326 PMCID: PMC8693005 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper cells (Tfh) promote B cell maturation and antibody production in secondary lymphoid organs. By using an innovative culture system based on splenocyte stimulation, we studied the dynamics of naive and memory CD4+ T cells during the generation of a Tfh cell response. We found that both naive and memory CD4+ T cells can acquire phenotypic and functional features of Tfh cells. Moreover, we show here that the transition of memory as well as naive CD4+ T cells into the Tfh cell profile is supported by the expression of pro-Tfh genes, including transcription factors known to orchestrate Tfh cell development. Using this culture system, we provide pieces of evidence that HIV infection differentially alters these newly identified pathways of Tfh cell generation. Such diversity in pathways of Tfh cell generation offers a new framework for the understanding of Tfh cell responses in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Jeger-Madiot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France
| | - Romain Vaineau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Maud Heredia
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Lisa Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Pereira
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Océane Konza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gouritin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélien Corneau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMS037 PASS, Cytometry facility (CyPS), Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMS037 PASS, Cytometry facility (CyPS), Paris, France
| | - Eric Savier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, St Antoine Research Center CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMRS 1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Graff-Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMS037 PASS, Cytometry facility (CyPS), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Paris, France
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14
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Krueger PD, Osum KC, Jenkins MK. CD4 + Memory T-Cell Formation during Type 1 Immune Responses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a038141. [PMID: 33903156 PMCID: PMC8635001 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an effector cell stage. The process by which CD4+ memory T cells emerge from the effector cell pool, however, is less well understood than in the case of CD8+ T cells. During certain acute infections, naive CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into various forms of type 1 (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) effector cells. We review the evidence that about 10% of the cells in each of these subsets survive to become memory cells that resemble their effector cell precursors. The roles that asymmetric cell division, the TCF-1 transcription factor, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species, and the IL-7 receptor play in the effector to memory cell transition are discussed. We propose a speculative model in which the metabolic activity needed for rapid clonal expansion also generates toxic products that induce apoptosis in most effector cells. Memory cells then arise from the effector cells in each subset that are at the low end of the metabolic activity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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15
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Cho JW, Park S, Kim G, Han H, Shim HS, Shin S, Bae YS, Park SY, Ha SJ, Lee I, Kim HR. Dysregulation of T FH-B-T RM lymphocyte cooperation is associated with unfavorable anti-PD-1 responses in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6068. [PMID: 34663810 PMCID: PMC8523541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations exhibit an unfavorable response to PD-1 inhibitor through unclear mechanisms. Hypothesizing that EGFR mutations alter tumor-immune interactions, we compare tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes between EGFR mutant (EGFR-MT) and wild type (EGFR-WT) tumors through single-cell transcriptomic analysis. We find that B cells, CXCL13-producing follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH)-like cells, and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM)-like cells decreased in EGFR-MT tumors. The NOTCH-RBPJ regulatory network, which is vital for persistence of TRM state, is perturbed, and the interactions between TFH and B cells through the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis disappear in EGFR-MT tumors. Notably, the proportion of TRM-like cells is predictive for anti-PD-1 response in NSCLC. Our findings suggest that the impairment of TFH-B-TRM cooperation in tertiary lymphoid structure formation, accompanied by the dysregulation of TRM homeostasis and the loss of TFH-B crosstalk, underlies unfavorable anti-PD-1 response in EGFR-MT lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Gamin Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Heonjong Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sunhye Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Korea
| | - Seong Yong Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Insuk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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16
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Basu J, Reis BS, Peri S, Zha J, Hua X, Ge L, Ferchen K, Nicolas E, Czyzewicz P, Cai KQ, Tan Y, Fuxman Bass JI, Walhout AJM, Grimes HL, Grivennikov SI, Mucida D, Kappes DJ. Essential role of a ThPOK autoregulatory loop in the maintenance of mature CD4 + T cell identity and function. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:969-982. [PMID: 34312548 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor ThPOK (encoded by the Zbtb7b gene) controls homeostasis and differentiation of mature helper T cells, while opposing their differentiation to CD4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the intestinal mucosa. Thus CD4 IEL differentiation requires ThPOK transcriptional repression via reactivation of the ThPOK transcriptional silencer element (SilThPOK). In the present study, we describe a new autoregulatory loop whereby ThPOK binds to the SilThPOK to maintain its own long-term expression in CD4 T cells. Disruption of this loop in vivo prevents persistent ThPOK expression, leads to genome-wide changes in chromatin accessibility and derepresses the colonic regulatory T (Treg) cell gene expression signature. This promotes selective differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into GITRloPD-1loCD25lo (Triplelo) Treg cells and conversion to CD4+ IELs in the gut, thereby providing dominant protection from colitis. Hence, the ThPOK autoregulatory loop represents a key mechanism to physiologically control ThPOK expression and T cell differentiation in the gut, with potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Basu
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jikun Zha
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Hua
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lu Ge
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Ferchen
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital 10 Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Nicolas
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Czyzewicz
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan I Fuxman Bass
- Program in Systems Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Albertha J M Walhout
- Program in Systems Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital 10 Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sergei I Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dietmar J Kappes
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Cheng ZY, He TT, Gao XM, Zhao Y, Wang J. ZBTB Transcription Factors: Key Regulators of the Development, Differentiation and Effector Function of T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713294. [PMID: 34349770 PMCID: PMC8326903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and differentiation of T cells represents a long and highly coordinated, yet flexible at some points, pathway, along which the sequential and dynamic expressions of different transcriptional factors play prominent roles at multiple steps. The large ZBTB family comprises a diverse group of transcriptional factors, and many of them have emerged as critical factors that regulate the lineage commitment, differentiation and effector function of hematopoietic-derived cells as well as a variety of other developmental events. Within the T-cell lineage, several ZBTB proteins, including ZBTB1, ZBTB17, ZBTB7B (THPOK) and BCL6 (ZBTB27), mainly regulate the development and/or differentiation of conventional CD4/CD8 αβ+ T cells, whereas ZBTB16 (PLZF) is essential for the development and function of innate-like unconventional γδ+ T & invariant NKT cells. Given the critical role of T cells in host defenses against infections/tumors and in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, we herein summarize the roles of fourteen ZBTB family members in the development, differentiation and effector function of both conventional and unconventional T cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Zhang S, Li L, Xie D, Reddy S, Sleasman JW, Ma L, Zhong XP. Regulation of Intrinsic and Bystander T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Autoimmunity by Tsc1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620437. [PMID: 33936036 PMCID: PMC8079652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T Follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote germinal center (GC) B cell responses to develop effective humoral immunity against pathogens. However, dysregulated Tfh cells can also trigger autoantibody production and the development of autoimmune diseases. We report here that Tsc1, a regulator for mTOR signaling, plays differential roles in Tfh cell/GC B cell responses in the steady state and in immune responses to antigen immunization. In the steady state, Tsc1 in T cells intrinsically suppresses spontaneous GC-Tfh cell differentiation and subsequent GC-B cell formation and autoantibody production. In immune responses to antigen immunization, Tsc1 in T cells is required for efficient GC-Tfh cell expansion, GC-B cell induction, and antigen-specific antibody responses, at least in part via promoting GC-Tfh cell mitochondrial integrity and survival. Interestingly, in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice reconstituted with both wild-type and T cell-specific Tsc1-deficient bone marrow cells, Tsc1 deficiency leads to enhanced GC-Tfh cell differentiation of wild-type CD4 T cells and increased accumulation of wild-type T regulatory cells and T follicular regulatory cells. Such bystander GC-Tfh cell differentiation suggests a potential mechanism that could trigger self-reactive GC-Tfh cell/GC responses and autoimmunity via neighboring GC-Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danli Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Srija Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Schroeder AR, Zhu F, Hu H. Stepwise Tfh cell differentiation revisited: new advances and long-standing questions. Fac Rev 2021; 10. [PMID: 33644779 PMCID: PMC7894273 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in germinal center formation and the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Studies have proposed that Tfh cell differentiation is a multi-step process. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begin to express CXCR5 during the early stage of the response and, shortly after, how some CXCR5+ precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells enter B cell follicles and differentiate further into germinal center Tfh (GC-Tfh) cells while others have a different fate. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advances surrounding these two aspects of Tfh cell differentiation and discuss related long-standing questions, including Tfh memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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20
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Choi J, Crotty S. Bcl6-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Follicular Helper T cells (T FH). Trends Immunol 2021; 42:336-349. [PMID: 33663954 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are essential B cell-help providers in the formation of germinal centers (GCs), affinity maturation of GC B cells, differentiation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells, and production of memory B cells. The transcription factor (TF) B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is at the center of gene regulation in TFH biology, including differentiation and function, but how Bcl6 does this, and what additional TFs contribute, remain complex questions. This review focuses on advances in our understanding of Bcl6-mediated gene regulation of TFH functions, and the modulation of TFH by other TFs. These advances may have important implications in deciphering how repressor TFs can regulate many immunological cell types. An improved understanding of TFH biology will likely provide insights into biomedically relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Cao Y, Dong L, He Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Dong Y, Yang Q, Bi Y, Liu G. The direct and indirect regulation of follicular T helper cell differentiation in inflammation and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5466-5480. [PMID: 33421124 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells play important roles in facilitating B-cell differentiation and inducing the antibody response in humoral immunity and immune-associated inflammatory diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, Tfh cell differentiation is mainly achieved through self-directed differentiation regulation and the indirect regulation mechanism of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During the direct intrinsic differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells, Bcl-6, as the characteristic transcription factor, plays the core role of transcriptional regulation. APCs indirectly drive Tfh cell differentiation mainly by changing cytokine secretion mechanisms. Altered metabolic signaling is also critically involved in Tfh cell differentiation. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the direct and indirect regulatory signals and metabolic mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and function in immune-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Hu
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 80, Xingshikou Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20, East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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22
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Dong L, He Y, Cao Y, Wang Y, Jia A, Wang Y, Yang Q, Li W, Bi Y, Liu G. Functional differentiation and regulation of follicular T helper cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunology 2020; 163:19-32. [PMID: 33128768 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (TFH ) cells are specialized T cells that support B cells, which are essential for humoral immunity. TFH cells express the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR) 5, the surface receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), the cytokine IL-21 and other molecules. The activation, proliferation and differentiation of TFH cells are closely related to dynamic changes in cellular metabolism. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the development and functional differentiation of TFH cells. Specifically, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of TFH cell functional differentiation, including regulatory signalling pathways and the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of TFH cells. In addition, TFH cells are closely related to immune-associated diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Anna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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23
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Zhu X, Zhu J. CD4 T Helper Cell Subsets and Related Human Immunological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8011. [PMID: 33126494 PMCID: PMC7663252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms. CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. After decades of investigation, five major CD4 T helper cell (Th) subsets have been identified: Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg (T regulatory), and Tfh (follicular T helper) cells. Th1 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ and the master transcription factor T-bet, participate in type 1 immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as mycobacterial species and viruses; Th2 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines interleukin (IL)-4/IL-5/IL-13 and the master transcription factor GAΤA3, participate in type 2 immune responses to larger extracellular pathogens such as helminths; Th17 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines IL-17/IL-22 and the master transcription factor RORγt, participate in type 3 immune responses to extracellular pathogens including some bacteria and fungi; Tfh cells, by producing IL-21 and expressing Bcl6, help B cells produce corresponding antibodies; whereas Foxp3-expressing Treg cells, unlike Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh exerting their effector functions, regulate immune responses to maintain immune cell homeostasis and prevent immunopathology. Interestingly, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been found to mimic the functions of three major effector CD4 T helper subsets (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and thus can also be divided into three major subsets: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. In this review, we will discuss the differentiation and functions of each CD4 T helper cell subset in the context of ILCs and human diseases associated with the dysregulation of these lymphocyte subsets particularly caused by monogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Xu Y, Sun T, Zeng K, Xu M, Chen J, Xu X, Zhang Z, Cao B, Tang X, Wu D, Kong Y, Zeng Y, Mao X. Anti-bacterial and anti-viral nanchangmycin displays anti-myeloma activity by targeting Otub1 and c-Maf. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:818. [PMID: 32999280 PMCID: PMC7527563 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a deubiqutinase Otub1 stabilizes and promotes the oncogenic activity of the transcription factor c-Maf in multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of plasma cells. In the screen for bioactive inhibitors of the Otub1/c-Maf axis for MM treatment, nanchangmycin (Nam), a polyketide antibiotic, was identified to suppress c-Maf activity in the presence of Otub1. By suppressing Otub1, Nam induces c-Maf polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation in proteasomes but does not alter its mRNA level. Consistently, Nam downregulates the expression of CCND2, ARK5, and ITGB7, the downstream genes regulated by c-Maf, and promotes MM cell apoptosis as evidenced by PARP and Caspase-3 cleavage, as well as Annexin V staining. In line with the hypothesis, overexpression of Otub1 partly rescues Nam-induced MM cell apoptosis, and interestingly, when Otub1 is knocked down, Nam-decreased MM cell survival is also partly ablated, suggesting Otub1 is essential for Nam anti-MM activity. Nam also displays potent anti-MM activity synergistically with Doxorubicin or lenalidomide. In the in vivo assays, Nam almost completely suppresses the growth of MM xenografts in nude mice at low dosages but it shows no toxicity. Given its safety and efficacy, Nam has a potential for MM treatment by targeting the Otub1/c-Maf axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Xu
- Guangdong Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215100, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215620, China
| | - Jinhao Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215620, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215100, P. R. China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Biyin Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215100, P. R. China
| | - Yuanying Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215100, P. R. China.
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Guangdong Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China.
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25
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Abstract
The recent discussion on the reproducibility of scientific results is
particularly relevant for preclinical research with animal models. Within
certain areas of preclinical research, there exists the tradition of repeating
an experiment at least twice to demonstrate replicability. If the results of the
first two experiments do not agree, then the experiment might be repeated a
third time. Sometimes data of one representative experiment are shown; sometimes
data from different experiments are pooled. However, there are hardly any
guidelines about how to plan for such an experimental design or how to report
the results obtained. This article provides a thorough statistical analysis of
pre-planned experimental replications as they are currently often applied in
practice and gives some recommendations about how to improve on study design and
statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Frommlet
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Heinze
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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