1
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Quirk GE, Schoenle MV, Peyton KL, Uhrlaub JL, Lau B, Liang CY, Burgess JL, Ellingson K, Beitel S, Romine J, Lutrick K, Fowlkes A, Britton A, Tyner HL, Caban-Martinez AJ, Naleway A, Gaglani M, Yoon S, Edwards LJ, Olsho L, Dake M, Valdez R, Gordon A, Diamond MS, LaFleur BJ, Nikolich JŽ, Sprissler R, Worobey M, Bhattacharya D. Intrinsic immunogenicity is a major determinant of type-specific responses in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Immunol 2025:10.1038/s41590-025-02162-2. [PMID: 40425779 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-025-02162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Few type-specific antibodies that recognize drifted epitopes are made during post-vaccination exposures to SARS-CoV-2 variants1-12, perhaps due to suppression by previous immunity. We compared type-specific B cell responses in unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals with Delta and Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant infections. For both Delta, which is antigenically similar to the vaccine strain, and the more distant BA.1 variant, neutralizing antibodies were greater in post-vaccination variant infections than in primary variant infections. Delta type-specific memory B cells were reduced in post-vaccination Delta infections relative to primary variant infections. Yet some drifted epitopes in the Delta variant elicited minimal responses even in primary infections. For BA.1 infections, type-specific antibodies and memory B cells were mostly undetectable, irrespective of previous immunity. Thus, poor intrinsic antigenicity of drifted epitopes in Delta and BA.1 infections superseded the impact of previous immunity. Enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens may promote type-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Quirk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marta V Schoenle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kameron L Peyton
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Branden Lau
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Katherine Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shawn Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James Romine
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ashley Fowlkes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amadea Britton
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Services, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Allison Naleway
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Sarang Yoon
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Dake
- Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Riccardo Valdez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bonnie J LaFleur
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janko Ž Nikolich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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2
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Pankhurst TE, Linterman MA. Highlights of 2024: Advances in Germinal Centers. Immunol Cell Biol 2025. [PMID: 40386944 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.70032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
In this article for the Highlights of 2024 series, we review the latest advances in the biology of the germinal center response. These discoveries provide key insights into germinal center function and dysregulation, uncovering new opportunities for the development of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Pankhurst
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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3
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McKenzie CI, Dvorscek AR, Ding Z, Robinson MJ, O'Donnell K, Pitt C, Ferguson DT, Mulder J, Herold MJ, Tarlinton DM, Quast I. Syndecans and glycosaminoglycans influence B-cell development and activation. EMBO Rep 2025; 26:2435-2458. [PMID: 40155751 PMCID: PMC12069707 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-025-00432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Syndecans (SDCs) are glycosaminoglycan-containing cell surface proteins with diverse functions in the immune system with SDC1 (CD138) and SDC4 expressed in B-lineage cells. Here, we show that stem cells lacking either molecule generate fewer B-cell progenitors but give rise to mature B cells in vivo. Deletion of the plasma cell "marker" CD138 has no effect on homeostatic or antigen-induced plasma cell formation. Naive B cells express high SDC4 and encounter with cognate antigen results in transient CD138 upregulation and SDC4 loss, both further modulated by IL-4, IL-21, and CD40 ligation. SDC4 is downregulated on germinal center B cells and absent on most memory B cells. Glycosaminoglycans such as those attached to SDCs, and heparin, a commonly used therapeutic, regulate survival and activation of naive B cells by limiting responsiveness to cognate antigen. Conversely, ablation of SDC4 results in increased baseline and antigen-induced B-cell activation. Collectively, our data reveal B-cell activation- and subset-dependent SDC expression and show that SDC4 and GAGs can limit antigen-induced activation to promote B-cell survival and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig I McKenzie
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Alexandra R Dvorscek
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Daniel T Ferguson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Jesse Mulder
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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4
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Schönfelder J, El Ayoubi O, Havryliuk O, Groß R, Seidel A, Bakchoul T, Münch J, Jumaa H, Setz CS. Mimicking immune complexes for efficient antibody responses. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1570487. [PMID: 40356891 PMCID: PMC12066251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1570487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Efficient antibody responses are crucial for combating infectious diseases and vaccination remains a cornerstone of this effort. This study introduces a novel approach for enhancing immune responses in wild-type mice by utilizing pre-formed immune complexes, using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 as a model antigen to illustrate the broader potential of the concept. Specifically, we found that pre-treating the antigen with bis-maleimide, a chemical linker that facilitates protein cross-linking, significantly enhances antibody production. Moreover, in vitro cross-linking of antigen to unrelated IgG using bis-maleimide generated immune complexes that markedly enhanced antigen-specific antibody responses, likely by mimicking natural memory-like mechanisms, suggesting that bis-maleimide pre-treated antigens may similarly engage IgG in vivo. In contrast, antigen crosslinking with IgA or IgM did not yield comparable effects, highlighting the unique capacity of IgG to boost immunogenicity. By leveraging the principles of immune memory, this study demonstrates the potential of pre-formed immune complexes to significantly enhance vaccine efficacy using an antigen-independent strategy broadly applicable to diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar El Ayoubi
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oles Havryliuk
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alina Seidel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna S. Setz
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Madden PJ, Marina-Zárate E, Rodrigues KA, Steichen JM, Shil M, Ni K, Michaels KK, Maiorino L, Upadhyay AA, Saha S, Pradhan A, Kalyuzhiny O, Liguori A, Lopez PG, Phung I, Flynn C, Zhou A, Melo MB, Lemnios A, Phelps N, Georgeson E, Alavi N, Kubitz M, Lu D, Eskandarzadeh S, Metz A, Rodriguez OL, Shields K, Schultze S, Smith ML, Healy BS, Lim D, Lewis VR, Ben-Akiva E, Pinney W, Gregory J, Xiao S, Carnathan DG, Pai Kasturi S, Watson CT, Bosinger SE, Silvestri G, Schief WR, Irvine DJ, Crotty S. Diverse priming outcomes under conditions of very rare precursor B cells. Immunity 2025; 58:997-1014.e11. [PMID: 40168992 PMCID: PMC12060733 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
Rare naive B cells have special pathogen-recognition features that enable outsized contributions to protective immunity but infrequently participate in immune responses. We investigatee how germline-targeting vaccine delivery and adjuvant selection affect priming of exceptionally rare BG18-like HIV broadly neutralizing antibody-precursor B cells (<1-in-50 million) in non-human primates. Only escalating dose (ED) priming immunization using the saponin adjuvant SMNP elicited detectable BG18-like cells in germinal centers (GCs) compared with other conditions. All groups had strong GC responses, but only ED+SMNP and bolus+SMNP induced BG18-like memory B cells in >50% of animals. One group had vaccine-specific GC responses equivalent to ED+SMNP but scarce BG18-like B cells. Following homologous boosting, BG18-like memory B cells were present in a bolus priming group but with lower somatic hypermutation and affinities than ED+SMNP. This outcome inversely associated with post-prime antibody titers, suggesting antibody feedback significantly influences rare precursor B cell responses. Thus, antigen and inflammatory stimuli extensively impact priming and affinity maturation of rare B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Madden
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ester Marina-Zárate
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristen A Rodrigues
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jon M Steichen
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monolina Shil
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura Maiorino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Swati Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Arpan Pradhan
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhiny
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Lopez
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Phung
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Flynn
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Zhou
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariane B Melo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Lemnios
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Phelps
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nushin Alavi
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danny Lu
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Metz
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Oscar L Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Steven Schultze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Melissa L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Brandon S Healy
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deuk Lim
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vanessa R Lewis
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William Pinney
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin Gregory
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuhao Xiao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Sun Y, Huang S, Li F, Huang S, Li P, Zhao Q, Wang T, Bao H, Fu Y, Sun P, Bai X, Yuan H, Ma X, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Wang J, Li D, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Li K, Lu Z, Fan H. Porcine antibodies reveal novel non-neutralizing universal epitopes on FMDV and their overlaps with neutralization sites. Vet Microbiol 2025; 303:110440. [PMID: 40037011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Revised: 02/18/2025] [Accepted: 02/22/2025] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is highly infectious and lacks cross-protection among serotypes, with antibodies playing a key role in antiviral immunity. To map conserved epitopes on the FMDV surface that exhibit cross-serotype reactivity, we constructed a pig-specific B-cell receptor (BCR) library through single B-cell sorting and high-throughput sequencing. This led to the identification of 16 broadly reactive, non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), with 10 targeting VP2 (pOTB-1, pOTB-10, pOTB-13, pOTB-33, pOTB-37, pONY-14, pONY-17, pONY-23, pONY-30, pONY-60) and 6 targeting VP3 (pOTB-6, pOTB-11, pOTB-22, pOTB-23, pONY-3, pONY-59). Among these, a novel free linear epitope was identified at the C-terminus of VP2, recognized by pOTB-1, with the minimal recognition motif "KE." Key residues, T53 and W101, within the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of the pOTB-1 heavy chain, interact with the carboxyl group of the C-terminal glutamate through hydrogen bonding, contributing to the free-form nature of the epitope. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISA) showed that most non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) interfered with the binding of neutralizing antibodies B82 (site 2) and C4 (site 4), confirming the overlap between non-neutralizing and neutralizing epitopes. It has been confirmed that nNAbs mediate antiviral activity in vivo through various mechanisms, such as the formation of immune complexes. These findings reveal new epitopes on VP2 and VP3 and their spatial overlap with neutralizing sites, enhancing our understanding of FMDV immunogenicity and providing novel targets for vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shenglin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shulun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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7
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Bailey R, Kahoekapu K, To A, Mayerlen LI, Kae H, Manninen G, Haun B, Berestecky J, Shikuma C, Lehrer AT, MacPherson I. Divalent HIV-1 gp120 Immunogen Exhibits Selective Avidity for Broadly Neutralizing Antibody VRC01 Precursors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.03.07.642120. [PMID: 40161655 PMCID: PMC11952332 DOI: 10.1101/2025.03.07.642120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
A major goal for the vaccine field is elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against pathogens that exhibit extensive antigenic diversity. In this study, we designed a rigid divalent immunogen for high avidity binding to the bnAb, VRC01, which targets the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of HIV spike protein. This was accomplished by covalently linking two HIV-1 gp120 antigens to a complementary antibody and crosslinking the light chains. The divalent immunogen exhibits a higher affinity for VRC01-class antibodies compared to a non-Fab-Fab-crosslinked control, likely due to antigen pre-organization limiting the entropic penalty for divalent binding. Importantly, this immunogen exhibited divalent binding to VRC01 and monovalent binding to a non-CD4bs Ab, A32 - a characteristic we refer to as "selective avidity." This report supports future in vivo vaccination experiments to test the immune focusing properties of this immunogen, the results of which may suggest broad application of the selective avidity concept. Highlights We designed a rigid divalent immunogen containing two copies of gp120 antigenThe gp120s are positioned to bind divalently to both Fabs of a target B cell receptorThe immunogen binds monovalently to non-target B cell receptorsThis "selective avidity" effect may be used for immune focusing.
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8
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Kannan D, Wang E, Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Chakraborty AK. Mechanism for evolution of diverse autologous antibodies upon broadly neutralizing antibody therapy of people with HIV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.03.05.641732. [PMID: 40161612 PMCID: PMC11952291 DOI: 10.1101/2025.03.05.641732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replication to maintain undetectable viral loads in people living with HIV, but does not result in a cure. Due to the significant challenges of lifelong ART for many, there is strong interest in therapeutic strategies that result in cure. Recent clinical trials have shown that administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) when there is some viremia can lead to ART-free viral control in some people; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Our computational modeling shows that bnAbs administered in the presence of some viremia promote the evolution of autologous antibodies (aAbs) that target diverse epitopes of HIV spike proteins. This "net" of polyclonal aAbs could confer control since evasion of this response would require developing mutations in multiple epitopes. Our results provide a common mechanistic framework underlying recent clinical observations upon bnAb/ART therapy, and they should also motivate and inform new trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Kannan
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arup K. Chakraborty
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Termote M, Marques RC, Hyllner E, Guryleva MV, Henskens M, Brutscher A, Baken IJL, Dopico XC, Gasull AD, Murrell B, Stamatatos L, Westerberg LS, Dosenovic P. Antigen affinity and site of immunization dictate B cell recall responses. Cell Rep 2025; 44:115221. [PMID: 39817910 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Protective antibodies against HIV-1 require unusually high levels of somatic mutations introduced in germinal centers (GCs). To achieve this, a sequential vaccination approach was proposed. Using HIV-1 antibody knockin mice with fate-mapping genes, we examined if antigen affinity affects the outcome of B cell recall responses. Compared to a high-affinity boost, a low-affinity boost resulted in decreased numbers of memory-derived B cells in secondary GCs but with higher average levels of somatic mutations, indicating an affinity threshold for memory B cells to enter GCs. Furthermore, upon boosting local lymph nodes (LNs), the composition of primary GCs was modified in an antigen-affinity-dependent manner to constitute less somatically mutated B cells. Our results demonstrate that antigen affinity and location of the boost affect the outcome of the B cell recall response. These results can help guide the design of vaccine immunogens aiming to selectively engage specific B cell clones for further diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Termote
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Rafael C Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Hyllner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mariia V Guryleva
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mirthe Henskens
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Andreas Brutscher
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Isabel J L Baken
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Adria Dalmau Gasull
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden.
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Madden PJ, Marina-Zárate E, Rodrigues KA, Steichen JM, Shil M, Ni K, Michaels KK, Maiorino L, Upadhyay AA, Saha S, Pradhan A, Kalyuzhiny O, Liguori A, Lopez PG, Phung I, Phelps N, Georgeson E, Alavi N, Kubitz M, Lu D, Eskandarzadeh S, Metz A, Rodriguez OL, Shields K, Schultze S, Smith ML, Healy BS, Lim D, Lewis VR, Ben-Akiva E, Pinney W, Gregory J, Xiao S, Carnathan DG, Kasturi SP, Watson CT, Bosinger SE, Silvestri G, Schief WR, Irvine DJ, Crotty S. Diverse priming outcomes under conditions of very rare precursor B cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.11.21.624746. [PMID: 39651117 PMCID: PMC11623517 DOI: 10.1101/2024.11.21.624746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
Rare B cells can have special pathogen-recognition features giving them the potential to make outsized contributions to protective immunity. However, rare naive B cells infrequently participate in immune responses. We investigated how germline-targeting vaccine antigen delivery and adjuvant selection affect priming of exceptionally rare BG18-like HIV broadly neutralizing antibody-precursor B cells (~1 in 50 million) in non-human primates. Only escalating dose (ED) priming immunization using the saponin adjuvant SMNP elicited detectable BG18-like cells in germinal centers (GCs). All groups had strong GC responses, but only ED+SMNP and bolus+SMNP induced BG18-like memory B cells in >50% of animals. One group had vaccine-specific GC responses equivalent to ED+SMNP, but BG18-like memory B cells were rarely detected. Following homologous boosting, BG18-like memory B cells were more frequent in a bolus priming group, but had lower somatic hypermutation and affinities. This outcome was inversely associated with post-prime antibody titers, suggesting antibody feedback can significantly influence rare precursor B cell responses.
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