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Huang H, Hu Y, Dai Y, Zhou YH. Elective cesarean section and bottle-feeding do not reduce infection of hepatitis B in infants of high viremic mothers: a retrospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2025; 25:482. [PMID: 40269833 PMCID: PMC12020240 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-025-07606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the issue of whether elective cesarean section (ECS) may reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV in infants of carrier mothers with high viremia (HBV DNA > 2 × 105 IU/ml) showed inconsistent results. In addition, whether breastfeeding may cause MTCT of HBV is still a concern. We compared the MTCT rates in infants born to non-antiviral mothers with HBV DNA > 2 × 105 IU/ml with different delivery and feeding modes. METHODS In total, 460 mothers with HBV DNA > 2 × 105 IU/ml and their 462 infants (2 twin sets) were included. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) in infants were quantitatively tested at 7-14 month age. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests was applied to analysis the MTCT rates with different delivery and feeding modes. RESULTS Of the 462 infants, 214 (46.3%) were delivered by ECS and 178 (38.5%) were exclusively bottle-fed. Overall, 11 (2.4%) of 462 infants were HBsAg positive at 9.9 ± 2.4 month age. The MTCT rate (2.0%, 5/248) in vaginally delivered infants was similar to that (2.8%, 6/214) in infants delivered with ECS (χ2 = 0.307, p = 0.580), and the rate (3.2%, 9/284) in breastfed infants was also similar to that (1.1%, 2/178) in exclusively bottle-fed infants (χ2 = 2.190, p = 0.139). Moreover, the MTCT rates in infants with vaginal delivery and breastfed, ECS and breastfed, vaginal delivery and bottle-fed, and ECS and bottle-fed had no statistical significance, with 2.5%, 3.9%, 1.1%, and 1.1%, respectively (χ2 = 2.090, p = 0.538). CONCLUSIONS With timely immunoprophylaxis, ECS and bottle-feeding cannot reduce MTCT of HBV in infants born to high viremic mothers without antiviral therapy. ECS or bottle-feeding should not be recommended for the prevention of perinatal HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Huang
- Department of Infection Management, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, China
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Yimin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhou
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
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2
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Graciliano NG, Goulart MOF, de Oliveira ACM. Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2600. [PMID: 40141241 PMCID: PMC11942142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26062600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2025] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/09/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global public health threat. Although no replication-competent virus has been found in breast milk samples, breastfeeding practices during the pandemic were impacted. It is well known that breast milk is adapted to meet the needs of infants, providing the appropriate amounts of nutrients and various bioactive compounds that contribute to the maturation of the immune system and antioxidant protection, safeguarding infants against diseases. While its composition is variable, breast milk contains immune cells, antibodies, and cytokines, which have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties that strengthen infant immunity. Since COVID-19 vaccines have not yet been approved for infants under six months of age, newborns rely on the passive transfer of antibodies via the placenta and breast milk to protect them against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several studies that analyzed breast milk samples in the context of COVID-19 have demonstrated that a strong antibody response is induced following maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of maternal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 through natural infection and/or vaccination on the immunological composition of breast milk based on the studies conducted on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Gomes Graciliano
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil
- College of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil
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3
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Zhang P, Jian H, Li C, Yao L, He T, Tan Z, Zhou J, Yin Y. Effect of hepatitis B virus infection on the nutrient composition of human breast milk: A prospective cohort study. Food Chem 2025; 465:141947. [PMID: 39577257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
There are limited data regarding the impact of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on the composition of human breast milk, and there is no international consensus on the nutritional management of newborns of HBV-positive mothers. We hypothesised that HBV infection can alter the composition of breast milk and that newborns require additional nutritional supplements for healthy growth. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study that recruited 150 pregnant women with HBV infection and matched them with a healthy control group. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that glucose and albumin concentrations were increased in the HBV group (av. 4.65 mmol/L and av. 5.66 g/L, respectively), whereas lactoferrin concentrations decreased (av. 537.68 pg/mL). Therefore, additional lactoferrin supplementation may be necessary for newborns delivered to women with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqi Jian
- Department of Gynecology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, China
| | - Chuo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangmin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuzhu Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Shafqat A, Li M, Zakirullah, Liu F, Tong Y, Fan J, Fan H. A comprehensive review of research advances in the study of lactoferrin to treat viral infections. Life Sci 2025; 361:123340. [PMID: 39730037 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 12/29/2024]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a naturally occurring glycoprotein known for its antiviral and antibacterial properties and is present in various physiological fluids. Numerous studies have demonstrated its antiviral effectiveness against multiple viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza virus (IFV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lf, a vital component of the mucosal defense system, plays a crucial role in inhibiting viral infection by binding to both host cells and viral particles, such as the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). This interaction enables Lf to keep viral particles away from their target cells, emphasizing its significance as a fundamental element of mucosal defense against viral infections. Additionally, Lf has the ability to modulate cytokine expression and enhance cellular immune responses. In the innate immune system, Lf serves as a unique iron transporter and helps suppress various pathogens like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This article summarises the potential antiviral properties of Lf against various viruses, along with its other mentioned functions. The advancement of Lf-based therapies supports the homology of food and medicine, providing a promising avenue to address viral infections and other public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Shafqat
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Maochen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zakirullah
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feitong Liu
- H&H Group, H&H Research, China Research and Innovation, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Junfen Fan
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huahao Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Kidd KO, Williams AH, Taylor A, Martin L, Robins V, Sayer JA, Olinger E, Mabillard HR, Papagregoriou G, Deltas C, Stavrou C, Conlon PJ, Hogan RE, Elhassan EAE, Springer D, Zima T, Izzi C, Vrbacká A, Piherová L, Pohludka M, Radina M, Vylet'al P, Hodanova K, Zivna M, Kmoch S, Bleyer AJ. Eight-fold increased COVID-19 mortality in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease due to MUC1 mutations: an observational study. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:449. [PMID: 39696072 PMCID: PMC11654191 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MUC1 and UMOD pathogenic variants cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD). MUC1 is expressed in kidney, nasal mucosa and respiratory tract, while UMOD is expressed only in kidney. Due to haplo-insufficiency ADTKD-MUC1 patients produce approximately 50% of normal mucin-1. METHODS To determine whether decreased mucin-1 production was associated with an increased COVID-19 risk, we sent a survey to members of an ADTKD registry in September 2021, after the initial, severe wave of COVID-19. We linked results to previously obtained ADTKD genotype and plasma CA15-3 (mucin-1) levels and created a longitudinal registry of COVID-19 related deaths. RESULTS Surveys were emailed to 637 individuals, with responses from 89 ADTKD-MUC1 and 132 ADTKD-UMOD individuals. 19/83 (23%) ADTKD-MUC1 survey respondents reported a prior COVID-19 infection vs. 14/125 (11%) ADTKD-UMOD respondents (odds ratio (OR) 2.35 (95%CI 1.60-3.11, P = 0.0260). Including additional familial cases reported from survey respondents, 10/41 (24%) ADTKD-MUC1 individuals died of COVID-19 vs. 1/30 (3%) with ADTKD-UMOD, with OR 9.21 (95%CI 1.22-69.32), P = 0.03. The mean plasma mucin-1 level prior to infection in 14 infected and 27 uninfected ADTKD-MUC1 individuals was 7.06 ± 4.12 vs. 10.21 ± 4.02 U/mL (P = 0.035). Over three years duration, our longitudinal registry identified 19 COVID-19 deaths in 360 ADTKD-MUC1 individuals (5%) vs. 3 deaths in 478 ADTKD-UMOD individuals (0.6%) (P = 0.0007). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for COVID-19 deaths: ADTKD-MUC1 8.4 (2.9-29.5), kidney transplant 5.5 (1.6-9.1), body mass index (kg/m2) 1.1 (1.0-1.2), age (y) 1.04 (1.0-1.1). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ADTKD-MUC1 are at an eight-fold increased risk of COVID-19 mortality vs. ADTKD-UMOD individuals. Haplo-insufficient production of mucin-1 may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendrah O Kidd
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Abbigail Taylor
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Lauren Martin
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Victoria Robins
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Renal Services, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eric Olinger
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Holly R Mabillard
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gregory Papagregoriou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Peter J Conlon
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Edmund Hogan
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elhussein A E Elhassan
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Drahomíra Springer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and the First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and the First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Izzi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alena Vrbacká
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Piherová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Radina
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vylet'al
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hodanova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zivna
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Medirex Group Academy, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Anthony J Bleyer
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Research Unit of Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Hayashi Y, Arizono S, Tanikawa T. Comparison of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of some commercial dairy products. J DAIRY RES 2024:1-4. [PMID: 39632605 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The continuing emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could be ameliorated by infection prevention through daily diet. In this study, we examined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of 10 commercially available dairy products. They did not show any cytotoxicity against VeroE6/transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) cells (CC50 > 4 mg/ml). Importantly, these cells were checked using the cytopathic effect (CPE) assay, and 4 mg/ml dairy products reduced virus-induced CPE by more than 30%. Notably, Icreo akachan milk, an infant formula, showed the highest antiviral activity with an IC50 of 1.4 mg/ml. We assessed the effects of the dairy products on the entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. R1 and Yakult, lactic acid bacterial beverages, inhibited viral entry with IC50 of 2.9 and 3.5 mg/ml, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that commercially available dairy products moderately inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and may reduce the incidence of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sei Arizono
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Saitama, Japan
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Jiang R, Du X, Lönnerdal B. Effects of Forming Lactoferrin-Milk Protein Complexes on Lactoferrin Functionality and Intestinal Development in Infancy. Nutrients 2024; 16:4077. [PMID: 39683471 DOI: 10.3390/nu16234077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with multiple bioactivities, including promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation, immunomodulation, and antimicrobial activity. Lf, a basic glycoprotein, can bind to α-lactalbumin (α-Lac), an acidic whey protein. The current study aimed to evaluate whether Lf forms protein complexes with α-Lac and proteins/peptides from whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and nonfat bovine milk powder (MP) and whether forming protein complexes influences resistance to gastrointestinal digestion and affects the bioactivities of Lf in human intestinal epithelial cells (HIECs and differentiated Caco-2 cells). METHODS Lf was blended with α-Lac, WPH, or MP. Assays were conducted to evaluate the bioactivities of proteins (Lf, α-Lac, WPH, or MP) and Lf-protein blends on HIECs and Caco-2 cells. RESULTS (1) Lf forms complexes with α-Lac and proteins/peptides from WPH and MP; (2) compared with Lf alone, complexed Lf shows greater resistance to in vitro digestion; (3) forming protein complexes does not affect Lf's binding to the Lf receptor or its uptake by HIECs; and (4) forming protein complexes does not impact Lf's bioactivities, including the promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation, reduction of cell permeability by upregulating tight-junction proteins, immune modulation through the regulation of IL-18, inhibition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli growth, and modulation of immune responses to EPEC infection. CONCLUSIONS Lf forms complexes with α-Lac and other milk proteins/peptides from WPH and MP in protein blends, and forming complexes does not affect the functionalities of Lf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaogu Du
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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8
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Eker F, Duman H, Ertürk M, Karav S. The potential of lactoferrin as antiviral and immune-modulating agent in viral infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402135. [PMID: 39620218 PMCID: PMC11604709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are caused by unpredictable viruses with the dangerous potential to trigger global pandemics. These viruses typically initiate infection by utilizing the anionic structures of host cell surface receptors to gain entry. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with multiple properties such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Due to its cationic structure, Lf naturally interacts with certain host cell receptors, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, as well as viral particles and other receptors that are targeted by viruses. Therefore, Lf may interfere with virus-host cell interactions by acting as a receptor competitor for viruses. Herein we summarize studies in which this competition was investigated with SARS-CoV-2, Zika, Dengue, Hepatitis and Influenza viruses in vitro. These studies have demonstrated not only Lf's competitive properties, but also its potential intracellular impact on host cells, such as enhancing cell survival and reducing infection efficiency by inhibiting certain viral enzymes. In addition, the immunomodulatory effect of Lf is highlighted, as it can influence the activity of specific immune cells and regulate cytokine release, thereby enhancing the host's response to viral infections. Collectively, these properties promote the potential of Lf as a promising candidate for research in viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
| | | | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
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9
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da Silva AMV, Machado TL, Nascimento RDS, Rodrigues MPMD, Coelho FS, Tubarão LN, da Rosa LC, Bayma C, Rocha VP, Frederico ABT, Silva J, Cunha DRDADBE, de Souza AF, de Souza RBG, Barros CA, Fiscina DDS, Ribeiro LCP, de Carvalho CAM, da Silva BJD, Muller R, Azamor T, Melgaço JG, Gonçalves RB, Ano Bom APD. Immunomodulatory effect of bovine lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1456634. [PMID: 39483459 PMCID: PMC11524939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactoferrin (Lf) is an important immunomodulator in infections caused by different agents. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, Lf can hinder or prevent virus access to the intracellular environment. Severe cases of COVID-19 are related to increased production of cytokines, accompanied by a weak type 1 interferon response. Methods We investigated the influence of bovine Lf (bLf) in the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo assays. Results Our results show a strong binding between bLf and TLR4/NF-κB in silico, as well as an increase in mRNA expression of these genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with bLf. Furthermore, the treatment increased TLR4/TLR9 mRNA expression in infected K18-hACE2 mouse blood, indicating an activation of innate response. Our results show that, when bLf was added, a reduction in the NK cell population was found, presenting a similar effect on PD-1 in TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells. In the culture supernatant of PBMCs from healthy participants, bLf decreased IL-6 levels and increased CCL5 in COVID-19 participants. In addition, K18-hACE2 mice infected and treated with bLf presented an increase of serum pro-inflammatory markers (GM-CSF/IL-1β/IL-2) and upregulated mRNA expression of IL1B and IL6 in the lung tissue. Furthermore, bLf treatment was able to restore FTH1 levels in brain tissue. Discussion The data indicate that bLf can be part of a therapeutic strategy to promote the immunomodulation effect, leading to homeostasis during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marques Vieira da Silva
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lazari Machado
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ryann de Souza Nascimento
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pires Medeiros Diniz Rodrigues
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Soares Coelho
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Tubarão
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lorenna Carvalho da Rosa
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camilla Bayma
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pimenta Rocha
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Teixeira Frederico
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jane Silva
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Regina de Almeida de Brito e Cunha
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Fonseca de Souza
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Augusto Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Silva Fiscina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Multiusuário 04 (LPM-04) Hospital Universitário Graffée Guinle, HUGG/EBSERH, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Jorge Duque da Silva
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Muller
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Azamor
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Braga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clinico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Manzoni P, Messina A, Germano C, Picone S, Masturzo B, Sainaghi PP, Sola D, Rizzi M. Lactoferrin Supplementation in Preventing and Protecting from SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Is There Any Role in General and Special Populations? An Updated Review of Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10248. [PMID: 39408576 PMCID: PMC11476995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251910248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection represented a great medical burden worldwide, as targeted and effective therapeutic options were lacking. This resulted in the revival of existing molecules and the increasing popularity of over-the-counter nutritional supplements. Among the latter, lactoferrin has been investigated as an adjuvant in COVID-19 therapy with conflicting results, mainly depending on different study designs. Considering that lactoferrin is one of the main components of human breast milk with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity, it is conceivable that such bioactive molecule could be effective in supporting anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection therapy, especially in infants and pregnant women, two subpopulations that have been poorly evaluated in the existing clinical trials. This narrative review is intended to offer insight into the existing literature on lactoferrin's biological functions and protective effects against COVID-19, with a special focus on pregnant women and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Manzoni
- Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy (B.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Messina
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Germano
- Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy (B.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Simonetta Picone
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Masturzo
- Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy (B.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Sola
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, S. Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Manuela Rizzi
- IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
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11
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Babulic P, Cehlar O, Ondrovičová G, Moskalets T, Skrabana R, Leksa V. Lactoferrin Binds through Its N-Terminus to the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1021. [PMID: 39204126 PMCID: PMC11357225 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) still presents a considerable threat, it is beneficial to provide therapeutic supplements against it. In this respect, glycoprotein lactoferrin (LF) and lactoferricin (LFC), a natural bioactive peptide yielded upon digestion from the N-terminus of LF, are of utmost interest, since both have been shown to reduce infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, in particular via blockade of the virus priming and binding. Here, we, by means of biochemical and biophysical methods, reveal that LF directly binds to the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2. We determined thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the complex formation and mapped the mutual binding sites involved in this interaction, namely the N-terminal region of LF and the receptor-binding domain of the S-protein (RBD). These results may not only explain many of the observed protective effects of LF and LFC in SARS-CoV-2 infection but may also be instrumental in proposing potent and cost-effective supplemental tools in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Babulic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (G.O.); (T.M.)
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Cehlar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (G.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetiana Moskalets
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (G.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (G.O.); (T.M.)
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12
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Kidd KO, Williams AH, Taylor A, Martin L, Robins V, Sayer JA, Olinger E, Mabillard HR, Papagregoriou G, Deltas C, Stavrou C, Conlon PJ, Hogan RE, Elhassan EAE, Springer D, Zima T, Izzi C, Vrbacká A, Piherová L, Pohludka M, Radina M, Vylet'al P, Hodanova K, Zivna M, Kmoch S, Bleyer AJ. Eight-Fold Increased COVID-19 Mortality in Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease due to MUC1 Mutations: An Observational Study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.03.24309887. [PMID: 39006416 PMCID: PMC11245082 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.24309887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Background MUC1 and UMOD pathogenic variants cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD). MUC1 is expressed in kidney, nasal mucosa and respiratory tract, while UMOD is expressed only in kidney. Due to haplo-insufficiency ADTKD- MUC1 patients produce approximately 50% of normal mucin-1. Methods To determine whether decreased mucin-1 production was associated with an increased COVID-19 risk, we sent a survey to members of an ADTKD registry in September 2021, after the initial, severe wave of COVID-19. We linked results to previously obtained ADTKD genotype and plasma CA15-3 (mucin-1) levels and created a longitudinal registry of COVID-19 related deaths. Results Surveys were emailed to 637 individuals, with responses from 89 ADTKD- MUC1 and 132 ADTKD- UMOD individuals. 19/83 (23%) ADTKD- MUC1 survey respondents reported a prior COVID-19 infection vs. 14/125 (11%) ADTKD- UMOD respondents (odds ratio (OR) 2.35 (95%CI 1.60-3.11, P = 0.0260). Including additional familial cases reported from survey respondents, 10/41 (24%) ADTKD- MUC1 individuals died of COVID-19 vs. 1/30 (3%) with ADTKD- UMOD , with OR 9.21 (95%CI 1.22-69.32), P = 0.03. The mean plasma mucin-1 level prior to infection in 14 infected and 27 uninfected ADTKD- MUC1 individuals was 7.06±4.12 vs. 10.21±4.02 U/mL ( P = 0.035). Over three years duration, our longitudinal registry identified 19 COVID-19 deaths in 360 ADTKD- MUC1 individuals (5%) vs. 3 deaths in 478 ADTKD- UMOD individuals (0.6%) ( P = 0.0007). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for COVID-19 deaths: ADTKD- MUC1 8.4 (2.9-29.5), kidney transplant 5.5 (1.6-9.1), body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 1.1 (1.0-1.2), age (y) 1.04 (1.0-1.1). Conclusions Individuals with ADTKD- MUC1 are at an eight-fold increased risk of COVID-19 mortality vs. ADTKD- UMOD individuals. Haplo-insufficient production of mucin-1 may be responsible.
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13
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Kong X, Wang W, Zhong Y, Wang N, Bai K, Wu Y, Qi Q, Zhang Y, Liu X, Xie J. Recent advances in the exploration and discovery of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory peptides from edible animal proteins. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1346510. [PMID: 38389797 PMCID: PMC10883054 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1346510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is spreading worldwide. Although the COVID-19 epidemic has passed its peak of transmission, the harm it has caused deserves our attention. Scientists are striving to develop medications that can effectively treat COVID-19 symptoms without causing any adverse reactions. SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory peptides derived from animal proteins have a wide range of functional activities in addition to safety. Identifying animal protein sources is crucial to obtaining SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory peptides from animal sources. This review aims to reveal the mechanisms of action of these peptides on SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of animal proteins as a material source of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory peptides. Also, it introduces the utilization of computer-aided design methods, phage display, and drug delivery strategies in the research on SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor peptides from animal proteins. In order to identify new antiviral peptides and boost their efficiency, we recommend investigating the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory peptides from animal protein sources and non-structural proteins (Nsps) using a variety of technologies, including computer-aided drug approaches, phage display techniques, and drug delivery techniques. This article provides useful information for the development of novel anti-COVID-19 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Kong
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwen Bai
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianhui Qi
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agriculture Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junran Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Lysozyme: A Natural Product with Multiple and Useful Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:652. [PMID: 38338396 PMCID: PMC10856218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme, especially the one obtained from hen's egg white, continues to show new pharmacological properties. The fact that only a few of these properties can be translated into therapeutic applications is due to the lack of suitable clinical studies. However, this lack cannot hide the evidence that is emerging from scientific research. This review for the first time examines, from a pharmacological point of view, all the relevant studies on the antiviral properties of lysozyme, analyzing its possible mechanism of action and its ability to block viral infections and, in some cases, inhibit viral replication. Lysozyme can interact with nucleic acids and alter their function, but this effect is uncoupled from the catalytic activity that determines its antibacterial activity; it is present in intact lysozyme but is equally potent in a heat-degraded lysozyme or in a nonapeptide isolated by proteolytic digestion. An analysis of the literature shows that lysozyme can be used both as a disinfectant for raw and processed foods and as a drug to combat viral infections in animals and humans. To summarize, it can be said that lysozyme has important antiviral properties, as already suspected in the initial studies conducted over 50 years ago, and it should be explored in suitable clinical studies on humans.
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15
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Francese R, Peila C, Donalisio M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Colombi N, Tonetto P, Cavallarin L, Bertino E, Moro GE, Coscia A, Lembo D. Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection? Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1389-1415. [PMID: 37604306 PMCID: PMC10721544 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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16
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Golan Y, Ilala M, Li L, Gay C, Hunagund S, Lin CY, Cassidy AG, Jigmeddagva U, Matsui Y, Ozarslan N, Asiodu IV, Ahituv N, Flaherman VJ, Gaw SL, Prahl M. Milk antibody response after 3 rd COVID-19 vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection and implications for infant protection. iScience 2023; 26:107767. [PMID: 37731614 PMCID: PMC10507209 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the persistence of human milk anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after 2nd and 3rd vaccine doses and infection following 3rd dose. In this study, human milk, saliva, and blood samples were collected from 33 lactating individuals before and after vaccination and infection. Antibody levels were measured using ELISA and symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. We found that after vaccination, milk anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persisted for up to 8 months. In addition, distinct patterns of human milk IgA and IgG production and higher milk RBD-blocking activity was observed after infection compared to 3-dose vaccination. Infected mothers reported more symptoms than vaccinated mothers. We examined the persistence of milk antibodies in infant saliva after breastfeeding and found that IgA was more abundant compared to IgG. Our results emphasize the importance of improving the secretion of IgA antibodies to human milk after vaccination to improve the protection of breastfeeding infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mikias Ilala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caryl Gay
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Soumya Hunagund
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Y. Lin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arianna G. Cassidy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Unurzul Jigmeddagva
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nida Ozarslan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ifeyinwa V. Asiodu
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie J. Flaherman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Karimi H, Mansouri V, Rezaei N. Vertical transmission and maternal passive immunity post-SARS-CoV-2. Future Virol 2023:10.2217/fvl-2023-0089. [PMID: 37822684 PMCID: PMC10564388 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2023-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 2020, the highly contagious nature and various transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 have rendered the pandemic interminable. Vertical transmission (VT) through the placenta and breast milk, which is frequent for certain virus types, is thought to exist for SARS-CoV-2 and is hypothesized by many researchers. Conversely, antibodies are produced to counteract the effect of viruses. Since newborns' immunologic system cannot produce proper antibodies, maternal antibodies are usually transferred from mother to infant/fetus to meet the need. This theory leads to the hypothesis of transmission of antibodies through the placenta and breast milk following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. This paper further discusses these hypotheses, considering consequences of fetus/infant harm versus benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Yazawa S, Yamazaki E, Saga Y, Itamochi M, Inasaki N, Shimada T, Oishi K, Tani H. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation in cell culture from nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva specimens of patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8893. [PMID: 37264051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can be efficiently isolated from clinical specimens such as nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva in cultured cells. In this study, we examined the efficiency of viral isolation including SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains between nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or saliva specimens. Furthermore, we also examined the comparison of viral isolation rates by sample species using simulated specimens for COVID-19. As a result, it was found that the isolation efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva specimens was significantly lower than that in the nasal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens. In order to determine which component of saliva is responsible for the lower isolation rate of saliva specimens, we tested the abilities of lactoferrin, amylase, cathelicidin, and mucin, which are considered to be abundant in saliva, to inhibit the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses (SARS-CoV-2pv). Lactoferrin and amylase were found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2pv infection. In conclusion, even if the same number of viral genome copies was detected by the real-time RT-PCR test, infection of SARS-CoV-2 present in saliva is thought to be inhibited by inhibitory factors such as lactoferrin and amylase, compared to nasal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yazawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Emiko Yamazaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takahisa Shimada
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan.
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19
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Sokolov AV, Isakova-Sivak IN, Mezhenskaya DA, Kostevich VA, Gorbunov NP, Elizarova AY, Matyushenko VA, Berson YM, Grudinina NA, Kolmakov NN, Zabrodskaya YA, Komlev AS, Semak IV, Budevich AI, Rudenko LG, Vasilyev VB. Molecular mimicry of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: from the interaction of spike-specific antibodies with transferrin and lactoferrin to the antiviral effects of human recombinant lactoferrin. Biometals 2023; 36:437-462. [PMID: 36334191 PMCID: PMC9638208 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection involves dysregulations of iron metabolism, and although the mechanism of this pathology is not yet fully understood, correction of iron metabolism pathways seems a promising pharmacological target. The previously observed effect of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection by ferristatin II, an inducer of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) degradation, prompted the study of competition between Spike protein and TfR1 ligands, especially lactoferrin (Lf) and transferrin (Tf). We hypothesized molecular mimicry of Spike protein as cross-reactivity of Spike-specific antibodies with Tf and Lf. Thus, strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.95) were found between the level of Spike-specific IgG antibodies present in serum samples of COVID-19-recovered and Sputnik V-vaccinated individuals and their Tf-binding activity assayed with peroxidase-labeled anti-Tf. In addition, we observed cross-reactivity of Lf-specific murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. On the other hand, the interaction of mAbs produced to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Spike protein with recombinant RBD protein was disrupted by Tf, Lf, soluble TfR1, anti-TfR1 aptamer, as well as by peptides RGD and GHAIYPRH. Furthermore, direct interaction of RBD protein with Lf, but not Tf, was observed, with affinity of binding estimated by KD to be 23 nM and 16 nM for apo-Lf and holo-Lf, respectively. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with apo-Lf and holo-Lf (1-4 mg/mL) significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication of both Wuhan and Delta lineages. Protective effects of Lf on different arms of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenesis and possible consequences of cross-reactivity of Spike-specific antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | - I N Isakova-Sivak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - D A Mezhenskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V A Kostevich
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N P Gorbunov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - A Yu Elizarova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V A Matyushenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Yu M Berson
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N A Grudinina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N N Kolmakov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Y A Zabrodskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova Str. 15/17, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
- Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Komlev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - I V Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimisty Ave. 4, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A I Budevich
- Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Animal Breeding, 11 Frunze Str., 222160, Zhodino, Belarus
| | - L G Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V B Vasilyev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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20
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Xiang K, Zhou YH. Breastmilk-Old but Not Obsolete: from the Safety of Breastfeeding During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic to Broad Antiviral Drug Development. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE 2023; 5:69-70. [PMID: 40406396 PMCID: PMC12094334 DOI: 10.1097/fm9.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Peking University-YHLO Joint Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostic of Infectious Disease, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhou
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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21
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Praženicová R, Gebetsberger L, Moskalets T, Skrabana R, Cehlar O, Tajti G, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Time to Kill and Time to Heal: The Multifaceted Role of Lactoferrin and Lactoferricin in Host Defense. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1056. [PMID: 37111542 PMCID: PMC10146187 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in most human exocrine fluids, particularly breast milk. Lactoferrin is also released from neutrophil granules, and its concentration increases rapidly at the site of inflammation. Immune cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system express receptors for lactoferrin to modulate their functions in response to it. On the basis of these interactions, lactoferrin plays many roles in host defense, ranging from augmenting or calming inflammatory pathways to direct killing of pathogens. Complex biological activities of lactoferrin are determined by its ability to sequester iron and by its highly basic N-terminus, via which lactoferrin binds to a plethora of negatively charged surfaces of microorganisms and viruses, as well as to mammalian cells, both normal and cancerous. Proteolytic cleavage of lactoferrin in the digestive tract generates smaller peptides, such as N-terminally derived lactoferricin. Lactoferricin shares some of the properties of lactoferrin, but also exhibits unique characteristics and functions. In this review, we discuss the structure, functions, and potential therapeutic uses of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, and other lactoferrin-derived bioactive peptides in treating various infections and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials examining the effect of lactoferrin supplementation in disease treatment, with a special focus on its potential use in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tetiana Moskalets
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Cehlar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
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22
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He S, Qin H, Guan L, Liu K, Hong B, Zhang X, Lou F, Li M, Lin W, Chen Y, He C, Liu F, Lu S, Luo S, Zhu S, An X, Song L, Fan H, Tong Y. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 by targeting the RdRp complex and alleviates viral infection in the hamster model. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28281. [PMID: 36329614 PMCID: PMC9878033 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk has been found to inhibit coronavirus infection, while the key components and mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to determine the components that contribute to the antiviral effects of breastmilk and explore their potential mechanism. Lactoferrin (Lf) and milk fat globule membrane inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related coronavirus GX_P2V and transcription- and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles in vitro and block viral entry into cells. We confirmed that bovine Lf (bLf) blocked the binding between human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by combining receptor-binding domain (RBD). Importantly, bLf inhibited RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in vitro in the nanomolar range. So far, no biological macromolecules have been reported to inhibit coronavirus RdRp. Our result indicated that bLf plays a major role in inhibiting viral replication. bLf treatment reduced viral load in lungs and tracheae and alleviated pathological damage. Our study provides evidence that bLf prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection by combining SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD and inhibiting coronaviruses' RdRp activity, and may be a promising candidate for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐ting He
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Hongbo Qin
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Lin Guan
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Bixia Hong
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Fuxing Lou
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Maochen Li
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Chengzhi He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Feitong Liu
- H&H Group, H&H ResearchChina Research and InnovationGuangzhouChina
| | - Shanshan Lu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Shengdong Luo
- The Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA People's Liberation Army General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shaozhou Zhu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoping An
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
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23
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Lai X, Zhuang H, Li T, Xiang K. Protocol for characterizing the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by a protein of interest in cultured cells. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101802. [PMID: 36345374 PMCID: PMC9531662 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to characterize the antiviral ability of a protein of interest to SARS-CoV-2 infection in cultured cells, using MUC1 as an example. We use SARS-CoV-2 ΔN trVLP system, which utilizes transcription and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles lacking nucleocapsid gene. We describe the optimized procedure to analyze protein interference of viral attachment and entry into cells, and qRT-PCR-based quantification of viral infection. The protocol can be applied to characterize more antiviral candidates and clarify their functioning stage. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lai et al. (2022). Perform SARS-CoV-2 trVLP system for experiments in biosafety level 2 laboratory Detailed steps for experimenting SARS-CoV-2 attachment and entry into cells Use MUC1 as an example to assess antiviral function at all infection stages Quantify and analyze viral infection by qRT-PCR
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-YHLO Joint Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-YHLO Joint Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-YHLO Joint Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-YHLO Joint Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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24
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Martin MA, Keith M, Pace RM, Williams JE, Ley SH, Barbosa-Leiker C, Caffé B, Smith CB, Kunkle A, Lackey KA, Navarrete AD, Pace CDW, Gogel AC, Eisenberg DT, Fehrenkamp BD, McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Meehan CL, Brindle E. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody trajectories in mothers and infants over two months following maternal infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015002. [PMID: 36304449 PMCID: PMC9596287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants exposed to caregivers infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have heightened infection risks relative to older children due to their more intensive care and feeding needs. However, there has been limited research on COVID-19 outcomes in exposed infants beyond the neonatal period. Between June 2020 - March 2021, we conducted interviews and collected capillary dried blood spots from 46 SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers and their infants (aged 1-36 months) for up to two months following maternal infection onset (COVID+ group, 87% breastfeeding). Comparative data were also collected from 26 breastfeeding mothers with no known SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposures (breastfeeding control group), and 11 mothers who tested SARS-CoV-2 negative after experiencing symptoms or close contact exposure (COVID- group, 73% breastfeeding). Dried blood spots were assayed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and IgA positivity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 + S2 IgG concentrations. Within the COVID+ group, the mean probability of seropositivity among infant samples was lower than that of corresponding maternal samples (0.54 and 0.87, respectively, for IgG; 0.33 and 0.85, respectively, for IgA), with likelihood of infant infection positively associated with the number of maternal symptoms and other household infections reported. COVID+ mothers reported a lower incidence of COVID-19 symptoms among their infants as compared to themselves and other household adults, and infants had similar PCR positivity rates as other household children. No samples returned by COVID- mothers or their infants tested antibody positive. Among the breastfeeding control group, 44% of mothers but none of their infants tested antibody positive in at least one sample. Results support previous research demonstrating minimal risks to infants following maternal COVID-19 infection, including for breastfeeding infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Melanie A. Martin,
| | - Monica Keith
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ryan M. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Sylvia H. Ley
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Celestina Barbosa-Leiker
- College of Nursing, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Beatrice Caffé
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Caroline B. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Amanda Kunkle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Navarrete
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christina D. W. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Gogel
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Dan T.A. Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bethaney D. Fehrenkamp
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States,Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana and Idaho (WWAMI) Medical Education, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Courtney L. Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Maternal, Newborn and Child Health & Nutrition, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
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25
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Skrabana R, Gebetsberger L, Tajti G, Baráth P, Ondrovičová G, Praženicová R, Jantova N, Hrasnova P, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Blockade of TMPRSS2-mediated priming of SARS-CoV-2 by lactoferricin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958581. [PMID: 36081512 PMCID: PMC9445877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to vaccines, there is an urgent need for supplemental antiviral therapeutics to dampen the persistent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), that is responsible for proteolytic priming of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, appears as a rational therapeutic target. Accordingly, selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2 represent potential tools for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Previously, we identified the human milk glycoprotein lactoferrin as a natural inhibitor of plasminogen conversion to plasmin, a serine protease homologous to TMPRSS2. Here, we tested whether lactoferrin and lactoferricin, a biologically active natural peptide produced by pepsin-mediated digestion of lactoferrin, together with synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin, were able to block TMPRSS2 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly, we revealed that both lactoferricin and the N-terminal synthetic peptide pLF1 significantly inhibited: i) proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2 and plasmin, ii) proteolytic processing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and iii) SARS-CoV-2 infection of SARS-CoV-2-permissive cells. Thus, natural and synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin represent feasible candidates for supporting prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Vladimir Leksa, ; Anna Ohradanova-Repic,
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Baráth
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Jantova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia Hrasnova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Vladimir Leksa, ; Anna Ohradanova-Repic,
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26
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Lactoferrin as a Human Genome “Guardian”—An Overall Point of View. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095248. [PMID: 35563638 PMCID: PMC9105968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural abnormalities causing DNA modifications of the ethene and propanoadducts can lead to mutations and permanent damage to human genetic material. Such changes may cause premature aging and cell degeneration and death as well as severe impairment of tissue and organ function. This may lead to the development of various diseases, including cancer. In response to a damage, cells have developed defense mechanisms aimed at preventing disease and repairing damaged genetic material or diverting it into apoptosis. All of the mechanisms described above are part of the repertoire of action of Lactoferrin—an endogenous protein that contains iron in its structure, which gives it numerous antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer properties. The aim of the article is to synthetically present the new and innovative role of lactoferrin in the protection of human genetic material against internal and external damage, described by the modulation mechanisms of the cell cycle at all its levels and the mechanisms of its repair.
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Luo Y, Xiang K, Liu J, Song J, Feng J, Chen J, Dai Y, Hu Y, Zhuang H, Zhou Y. Inhibition of In Vitro Infection of Hepatitis B Virus by Human Breastmilk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081561. [PMID: 35458123 PMCID: PMC9031155 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the human breastmilk of mothers infected with HBV, it has been shown that breastfeeding does not increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV. We tested the hypothesis that human breastmilk may contain active components that bind to HBV and inhibit the infectivity of HBV. The results show that human whey significantly inhibited the binding of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to its antibodies in competitive inhibition immunoassays. The far-western blotting showed that HBsAg bound to a protein of 80 kD in human whey, which was identified as lactoferrin by mass spectrometry. Competitive inhibition immunoassays further demonstrated that both human lactoferrin and bovine lactoferrin bound to HBsAg. Human whey, human lactoferrin, and bovine lactoferrin each significantly inhibited the infectivity of HBV in vitro. Our results indicate that human breastmilk can bind to HBsAg and inhibit the infectivity of HBV, and the active component is lactoferrin. The findings may explain the reason that breastfeeding has no additional risk for MTCT of HBV, although human breastmilk contains HBV. Our study provides experimental evidence that HBV-infected mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their infants
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (K.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jingli Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (K.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yimin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-6818-3761 (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (K.X.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-6818-3761 (Y.Z.)
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-6818-3761 (Y.Z.)
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Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1143-1157. [PMID: 36002743 PMCID: PMC9400566 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a sensory organ exposed to the environment and protected by a mucosal tissue barrier. While it shares a number of features with other mucosal tissues, the ocular mucosal system, composed of the conjunctiva, Meibomian glands, and lacrimal glands, is specialized to address the unique needs of (a) lubrication and (b) host defense of the ocular surface. Not surprisingly, most challenges, physical and immunological, to the homeostasis of the eye fall into those two categories. Dry eye, a dysfunction of the lacrimal glands and/or Meibomian glands, which can both cause, or arise from, sensory defects, including those caused by corneal herpes virus infection, serve as examples of these perturbations and will be discussed ahead. To preserve vision, dense neuronal and immune networks sense various stimuli and orchestrate responses, which must be tightly controlled to provide protection, while simultaneously minimizing collateral damage. All this happens against the backdrop of, and can be modified by, the microorganisms that colonize the ocular mucosa long term, or that are simply transient passengers introduced from the environment. This review will attempt to synthesize the existing knowledge and develop trends in the study of the unique mucosal and immune elements of the ocular surface.
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