1
|
Khoshakhlagh M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Protective Effects of Curcumin against Alcoholic Fatty Liver. Curr Med Chem 2025; 32:1702-1717. [PMID: 37581523 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230815113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a global health concern. Due to its role as the principal site of ethanol metabolism, the liver endures the most significant amount of tissue damage from heavy drinking. Numerous liver lesions can result from chronic and heavy alcohol use, including steatosis, hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Fatty liver is caused by a redox shift from the oxidized to the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) caused by the ethanol oxidation reaction. The other molecular mechanisms related to the progression of alcohol-induced liver injury are increasing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and decreasing PPAR-α activity, cell signaling pathway impairment, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and lipid peroxidation. Curcuma longa L. rhizomes contain a substance called curcumin, which is naturally yellow in color and is also known as turmeric yellow. Curcumin has powerful biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, and anticancer effects. It's been employed as a hepatoprotective substance. Current studies have demonstrated the ability of curcumin to prevent the activation of NF-αB in Kupffer cells via endotoxins, to suppress the expression of various cytokines, chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and iNOS, as well as to modulate immune responses. The present study has shown the vital role of curcumin in a variety of hepatotoxic procedures, and summarizes those effects, focusing on the molecular insights they provide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, PO Box 15503, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Darwesh AY, Zhang Y, Aghda NH, Alkadi F, Maniruzzaman M. Advanced 3D Electrospinning "Xspin" System: Fabrication of Bifiber Floating Oral Pharmaceutical Scaffolds for Controlled Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:916-931. [PMID: 38235686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Electrospinning has become a widely used and efficient method for manufacturing nanofibers from diverse polymers. This study introduces an advanced electrospinning technique, Xspin - a multi-functional 3D printing platform coupled with electrospinning system, integrating a customised 3D printhead, MaGIC - Multi-channeled and Guided Inner Controlling printheads. The Xspin system represents a cutting-edge fusion of electrospinning and 3D printing technologies within the realm of pharmaceutical sciences and biomaterials. This innovative platform excels in the production of novel fiber with various materials and allows for the creation of highly customized fiber structures, a capability hitherto unattainable through conventional electrospinning methodologies. By integrating the benefits of electrospinning with the precision of 3D printing, the Xspin system offers enhanced control over the scaffold morphology and drug release kinetics. Herein, we fabricated a model floating pharmaceutical dosage for the dual delivery of curcumin and ritonavir and thoroughly characterized the product. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that curcumin chemically reacted with the polymer during the Xspin process. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the solid-state properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient after Xspin processing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the surface morphology of the Xspin-produced fibers, confirming the presence of the bifiber structure. To optimize the quality and diameter control of the electrospun fibers, a design of experiment (DoE) approach based on quality by design (QbD) principles was utilized. The bifibers expanded to approximately 10-11 times their original size after freeze-drying and effectively entrapped 87% curcumin and 84% ritonavir. In vitro release studies demonstrated that the Xspin system released 35% more ritonavir than traditional pharmaceutical pills in 2 h, with curcumin showing complete release in pH 1.2 in 5 min, simulating stomach media. Furthermore, the absorption rate of curcumin was controlled by the characteristics of the linked polymer, which enables both drugs to be absorbed at the desired time. Additionally, multivariate statistical analyses (ANOVA, pareto chart, etc.) were conducted to gain better insights and understanding of the results such as discern statistical differences among the studied groups. Overall, the Xspin system shows significant potential for manufacturing nanofiber pharmaceutical dosages with precise drug release capabilities, offering new opportunities for controlled drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Y Darwesh
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yu Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Niloofar H Aghda
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Faez Alkadi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Butnariu M, Quispe C, Koirala N, Khadka S, Salgado-Castillo CM, Akram M, Anum R, Yeskaliyeva B, Cruz-Martins N, Martorell M, Kumar M, Vasile Bagiu R, Abdull Razis AF, Sunusi U, Muhammad Kamal R, Sharifi-Rad J. Bioactive Effects of Curcumin in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Along with the Most Effective Isolation Techniques and Type of Nanoformulations. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3619-3632. [PMID: 35996526 PMCID: PMC9391931 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s364501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with African countries being the worst affected by this deadly virus. Curcumin (CUR) is a Curcuma longa-derived polyphenol that has attracted the attention of researchers due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. CUR also demonstrates anti-HIV effects by acting as a possible inhibitor of gp120 binding, integrase, protease, and topoisomerase II activities, besides also exerting a protective action against HIV-associated diseases. However, its effectiveness is limited due to its poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and systemic elimination. Nanoformulations have been shown to be useful to enhance curcumin's bioavailability and its effectiveness as an anti-HIV agent. In this sense, bioactive effects of CUR in HIV infection are carefully reviewed, along with the most effective isolation techniques and type of nanoformulations available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Butnariu
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Discipline, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1110939, Chile
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Department of Natural Products Research, Dr. Koirala Research Institute for Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujan Khadka
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry” with “State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Anum
- SINA Health, Education and Welfare Trust, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Gandra PRD, 4585-116, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Oxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and BioChemical Processing Division, ICAR – Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania
- Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Usman Sunusi
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ramla Muhammad Kamal
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flanders M, Gramlich WM. Water-Soluble and Degradation-Resistant Curcumin Copolymers from Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain (RAFT) Copolymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - William M. Gramlich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advance Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Institute of Medicine, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das M, Devi KP, Belwal T, Devkota HP, Tewari D, Sahebnasagh A, Nabavi SF, Khayat Kashani HR, Rasekhian M, Xu S, Amirizadeh M, Amini K, Banach M, Xiao J, Aghaabdollahian S, Nabavi SM. Harnessing polyphenol power by targeting eNOS for vascular diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2093-2118. [PMID: 34553653 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases arise due to vascular endothelium dysfunction in response to several pro-inflammatory stimuli and invading pathogens. Thickening of the vessel wall, formation of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of proliferating smooth muscle cells, macrophages and lymphocytes are the major consequences of impaired endothelium resulting in atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure and many others. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was found to be associated with anomalous endothelial function because of either its reduced production level by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) which synthesize this potent endogenous vasodilator from L-arginine or its enhanced breakdown due to severe oxidative stress and eNOS uncoupling. Polyphenols are a group of bioactive compounds having more than 7000 chemical entities present in different cereals, fruits and vegetables. These natural compounds possess many OH groups which are largely responsible for their strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory antithrombotic and anti-hypersensitive properties. Several flavonoid-derived polyphenols like flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols and anthocyanidins and non-flavonoid polyphenols like tannins, curcumins and resveratrol have attracted scientific interest for their beneficial effects in preventing endothelial dysfunction. This article will focus on in vitro as well as in vivo and clinical studies evidences of the polyphenols with eNOS modulating activity against vascular disease condition while their molecular mechanism will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamali Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University [Science Campus], Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University [Science Campus], Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | | | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rasekhian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Suowen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mehran Amirizadeh
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kiumarth Amini
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Safieh Aghaabdollahian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Protective Effects of Curcumin on Endothelium: An Updated Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34331686 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56153-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is the common early stage of most cardiovascular afflictions. The endothelium is considered the main mediator of vascular homeostasis via its vasodilator, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. Among the different endothelial-derived mediators, nitric oxide is produced by nitric oxide synthase and has a critical role in regulating endothelial function. Physiological and pathological processes such as aging and diabetes mellitus are associated with disturbances of endothelial function which, at least at the earliest stage, can be reversed by lifestyle and pharmacological intervention to reduce the risk of incident cardiovascular diseases. Among dietary strategies, curcumin is a cheap and safe nutraceutical polyphenol with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Given the important role of such processes in the development of endothelium dysfunction, a role for curcumin in the prevention or treatment of this condition has been hypothesized. This review summarizes the available literature on the beneficial role of curcumin on vascular endothelial function.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang JS, Chiang JH, Tsai S, Hsu YM, Bau DT, Lee KH, Tsai FJ. In Silico De Novo Curcuminoid Derivatives From the Compound Library of Natural Products Research Laboratories Inhibit COVID-19 3CLpro Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20953262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) is becoming increasingly serious. In March 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designated remdesivir for compassionate use to treat COVID-19. Thus, the development of novel antiviral agents, antibodies, and vaccines against COVID-19 is an urgent research subject. Many laboratories and research organizations are actively investing in the development of new compounds for COVID-19. Through in silico high-throughput virtual screening, we have recently identified compounds from the compound library of Natural Products Research Laboratories (NPRL) that can bind to COVID-19 3Lpro polyprotein and block COVID-19 3Lpro activity through in silico high-throughput virtual screening. Curcuminoid derivatives (including NPRL334, NPRL339, NPRL342, NPRL346, NPRL407, NPRL415, NPRL420, NPRL472, and NPRL473) display strong binding affinity to COVID-19 3Lpro polyprotein. The binding site of curcuminoid derivatives to COVID-19 3Lpro polyprotein is the same as that of the FDA-approved human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor (lopinavir) to COVID-19 3Lpro polyprotein. The binding affinity of curcuminoid derivatives to COVID-19 3Lpro is stronger than that of lopinavir and curcumin. Among curcuminoid derivatives, NPRL-334 revealed the strongest binding affinity to COVID-19 3Lpro polyprotein and is speculated to have an anti-COVID-19 effect. In vitro and in vivo ongoing experiments are currently underway to confirm the present findings. This study sheds light on the drug design for COVID-19 3Lpro polyprotein. Basing on lead compound development, we provide new insights on inhibiting COVID-19 attachment to cells, reducing COVID-19 infection rate and drug side effects, and increasing therapeutic success rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Shih‑Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Laboratories, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Chinese Medicinal Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Human Genetics Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020294. [PMID: 30642080 PMCID: PMC6358897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ritonavir (RTV), a highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) drug, can cause endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress. Several antioxidants including ginsenoside Rb1, a compound with antioxidant effect, can effectively block this side effect of RTV in endothelial cells. In the current study, we explored a mechanism by which ginsenoside Rb1 could protect these cells via binding of estrogen receptors (ERs). We found that several human endothelial cell lines differentially expressed ER-β and had very low levels of ER-α. RTV treatment significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the expression of endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HUVECs, while Rb1 effectively blocked these effects of RTV. These effects of Rb1 were effectively inhibited by silencing ER-β, indicating that ginsenoside Rb1 requires ER-β for its antioxidant activity in inhibiting the deleterious effect of RTV in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, Rb1 specifically activated ER-β transactivation activity by ER-β luciferase reporter assay. Rb1 competitively bound to ER-β, which was determined by the high sensitive fluorescent polarization assay.
Collapse
|
9
|
Curcumin, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy: Exploring recent data and indicating future needs. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:813-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Prasad S, Tyagi AK. Curcumin and its analogues: a potential natural compound against HIV infection and AIDS. Food Funct 2015; 6:3412-9. [PMID: 26404185 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
No safe and effective cure currently exists for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, antiretroviral therapy can prolong the lives of HIV patients and lowers the secondary infections. Natural compounds, which are considered to be pleiotropic molecules, could be useful against HIV. Curcumin, a yellow pigment present in the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), can be used for the treatment of several diseases including HIV-AIDS because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial nature. In this review we have summarized that how curcumin and its analogues inhibit the infection and replication of viral genes and prevent multiplicity of HIV. They are inhibitors of HIV protease and integrase. Curcumin also inhibits Tat transactivation of the HIV1-LTR genome, inflammatory molecules (interleukins, TNF-α, NF-κB, COX-2) and HIV associated various kinases including tyrosine kinase, PAK1, MAPK, PKC, cdk and others. In addition, curcumin enhances the effect of conventional therapeutic drugs and minimizes their side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nabavi SF, Daglia M, Moghaddam AH, Habtemariam S, Nabavi SM. Curcumin and Liver Disease: from Chemistry to Medicine. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 13:62-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center; Baqiyatallah Univ. of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- Dept. of Drug Sciences; Univ. of Pavia, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section; via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Akbar Hajizadeh Moghaddam
- Amol Univ. of Special Modern Technologies; Amol Iran
- Dept. of Biology; Faculty of basic science; Univ. of Mazandaran; Babolsar Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories; Medway School of Science, Univ. of Greenwich; Central Ave. Chatham-Maritime Kent ME4 4TB U.K
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center; Baqiyatallah Univ. of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reyskens KMSE, Essop MF. HIV protease inhibitors and onset of cardiovascular diseases: a central role for oxidative stress and dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:256-68. [PMID: 24275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The successful roll-out of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the overall well-being of HIV-positive individuals. There are, however, increased concerns regarding HAART-mediated metabolic derangements and its potential risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the long-term. Here certain classes of antiretroviral drugs such as the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are strongly implicated in this process. This article largely focuses on the direct PI-linked development of cardio-metabolic complications, and reviews the inter-linked roles of oxidative stress and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) as key mediators driving this process. It is proposed that PIs trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that leads to serious downstream consequences such as cell death, impaired mitochondrial function, and UPS dysregulation. Moreover, we advocate that HIV PIs may also directly lower myocardial UPS function. The attenuation of cardiac UPS can initiate transcriptional changes that contribute to perturbed lipid metabolism, thereby fueling a pro-atherogenic milieu. It may also directly alter ionic channels and interfere with electrical signaling in the myocardium. Therefore HIV PI-induced ROS together with a dysfunctional UPS elicit detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system that will eventually result in the onset of heart diseases. Thus while HIV PIs substantially improve life expectancy and quality of life in HIV-positive patients, its longer-term side-effects on the cardiovascular system should lead to a) greater clinical awareness regarding its benefit-harm paradigm, and b) the development and evaluation of novel co-treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M S E Reyskens
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Y, Duan W, Liang Z, Yi W, Yan J, Wang N, Li Y, Chen W, Yu S, Jin Z, Yi D. Curcumin attenuates endothelial cell oxidative stress injury through Notch signaling inhibition. Cell Signal 2012; 25:615-29. [PMID: 23219912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Notch signaling pathway plays a regulatory role in cellular oxidative stress injury (OSI). In this study, our aim was to explore the role of the Notch signaling pathway in hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced OSI and the protective effect of curcumin during (H(2)O(2))-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). DAPT, a specific inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway, and Notch1 siRNA were used to study Notch activity. Further, HUVECs were exposed to H(2)O(2) in the absence or presence of curcumin. DAPT and Notch1 siRNA significantly inhibited OSI and the expression of Notch1 and Hes1. Curcumin conferred a protective effect on the HUVECs against H(2)O(2), which was evidenced by improved cell viability, adhesive ability and migratory ability and a decreased apoptotic index, decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a reduction in several biochemical parameters. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting analyses demonstrated that H(2)O(2) treatment upregulated the expression of Notch1, Hes1, Caspase3, Bax and cytochrome c downregulated the expression of Bcl2, and treatment with curcumin reversed these effects. We demonstrated for the first time that the inhibition of Notch signaling pathway imparts a protective effect against endothelial OSI. The protective effects of curcumin against OSI are at least in part dependent on Notch1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fleenor BS, Sindler AL, Marvi NK, Howell KL, Zigler ML, Yoshizawa M, Seals DR. Curcumin ameliorates arterial dysfunction and oxidative stress with aging. Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:269-76. [PMID: 23142245 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that curcumin supplementation would reverse arterial dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress with aging. Young (Y, 4-6 months) and old (O, 26-28 months) male C57BL6/N mice were given normal or curcumin supplemented (0.2%) chow for 4 weeks (n=5-10/group/measure). Large elastic artery stiffness, assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), was greater in O (448±15 vs. 349±15 cm/s) and associated with greater collagen I and advanced glycation end-products and less elastin (all P<0.05). In O, curcumin restored aPWV (386±15 cm/s), collagen I and AGEs (AGEs) to levels not different vs. Y. Ex vivo carotid artery acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelial-dependent dilation (EDD, 79±3 vs. 94±2%), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and protein expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were lower in O (all P<0.05). In O, curcumin restored NO-mediated EDD (92±2%) to levels of Y. Acute ex vivo administration of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic TEMPOL normalized EDD in O control mice (93±3%), but had no effect in Y control or O curcumin treated animals. O had greater arterial nitrotyrosine abundance, superoxide production and NADPH oxidase p67 subunit expression, and lower manganese SOD (all P<0.05), all of which were reversed with curcumin. Curcumin had no effects on Y. Curcumin supplementation ameliorates age-associated large elastic artery stiffening, NO-mediated vascular endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and increases in collagen and AGEs in mice. Curcumin may be a novel therapy for treating arterial aging in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Fleenor
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ho JN, Jang JY, Yoon HG, Kim Y, Kim S, Jun W, Lee J. Anti-obesity effect of a standardised ethanol extract from Curcuma longa L. fermented with Aspergillus oryzae in ob/ob mice and primary mouse adipocytes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1833-1840. [PMID: 22278718 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the anti-obesity effect of fermented Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) standardised ethanol extract (FTE) in the C57BL/6J ob/ob mouse model. Mice were fed a chow diet containing FTE (0, 200, or 500 mg kg⁻¹ body weight) for 9 weeks. RESULTS Supplementation with FTE significantly reduced body weight gain and retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue weights compared to the ob/ob control group. Additionally, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum and liver were significantly decreased in FTE-200 and FTE-500 groups when compared to those of the ob/ob control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level was significantly increased. The levels of serum adiponectin as well as mRNA expression of lipases, such as hormone sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, were clearly increased. In primary adipocytes of C57BL/6J mice, FTE treatment caused a significant increase glycerol release and hormone sensitive lipase levels and decreased perilipin A levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that supplementation of FTE has potent anti-obesity effects by controlling body weight, fat mass, serum lipids, and hepatic lipids. Moreover, FTE could be considered a potential resource for the treatment of obesity through its promotion of lipolysis via the protein kinase A pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Porter KM, Sutliff RL. HIV-1, reactive oxygen species, and vascular complications. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:143-59. [PMID: 22564529 PMCID: PMC3377788 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over 1 million people in the United States and 33 million individuals worldwide suffer from HIV/AIDS. Since its discovery, HIV/AIDS has been associated with an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection due to immune dysfunction. Highly active antiretroviral therapies restore immune function and, as a result, people infected with HIV-1 are living longer. This improved survival of HIV-1 patients has revealed a previously unrecognized risk of developing vascular complications, such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms underlying these HIV-associated vascular disorders are poorly understood. However, HIV-induced elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, may contribute to vascular disease development and progression by altering cell function and redox-sensitive signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the clinical and experimental evidence demonstrating HIV- and HIV antiretroviral therapy-induced alterations in reactive oxygen species and how these effects are likely to contribute to vascular dysfunction and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Porter
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Emory University School of Medicine/Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Mailstop 151P, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cheng C, Wang X, Weakley SM, Kougias P, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. The soybean isoflavonoid equol blocks ritonavir-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine pulmonary arteries and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:12-7. [PMID: 19923382 PMCID: PMC2793119 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir (RTV) may cause vascular injury through oxidative stress. Our purpose in this study was to determine whether equol, a soy isoflavone, could prevent RTV-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine pulmonary arteries and in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC). Fresh porcine pulmonary artery rings were treated with 15 micromol/L of RTV and/or equol in concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 micromol/L for 24 h. A control was set with no amount of equol or RTV administered. Based on myograph tension analysis, RTV significantly reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to bradykinin in the artery rings compared with untreated vessels, whereas the antioxidant equol effectively reversed the RTV effect in a concentration-dependent manner. RTV also reduced the contraction of artery rings in response to thromboxane A(2) analogue U46619 and this reduction was blocked by equol. In addition, RTV treatment significantly reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in both porcine pulmonary arteries and HPAEC, whereas equol effectively blocked RTV-induced eNOS downregulation. Furthermore, RTV significantly increased superoxide anion production, whereas equol reversed this effect of RTV in porcine pulmonary arteries. Thus, the antioxidant equol effectively protects vascular function from the detrimental effects of HIV PI RTV in both porcine pulmonary arteries and HPAEC via a reduction in the vasomotor dysfunction, eNOS downregulation, and oxidative stress induced by RTV. These novel data suggest that equol may have a clinical application in preventing HIV-associated cardiovascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Cheng
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sarah M. Weakley
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Panagiotis Kougias
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peter H. Lin
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Changyi Chen
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common causes of death in HIV-infected adults. Understanding the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in the setting of HIV infection is essential for the development of appropriate management strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Antiretroviral therapy with most protease inhibitors and thymidine nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been linked to dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. The adverse glycaemic effects of longer term, current generation protease inhibitors, however, appear relatively modest. Nevertheless, about half of the risk associated with antiretroviral therapy remains unexplained by lipid abnormalities. More recently, HIV has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. HIV nef inhibits HDL efflux from macrophages and so may directly lower HDL cholesterol levels. Untreated HIV infection is also associated with increased levels of D-dimer, a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic marker of cardiovascular disease, and HIV has direct effects on vascular tissue in vitro that remains of uncertain clinical significance. SUMMARY Antiretroviral therapy without metabolic effects that suppresses HIV effectively is likely to be associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chitosan-alginate sponge: preparation and application in curcumin delivery for dermal wound healing in rat. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:595126. [PMID: 19918372 PMCID: PMC2775931 DOI: 10.1155/2009/595126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A biodegradable sponge, composed of chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA), was successfully obtained in this work. The sponge was ethereal and pliable. The chemical structure and morphology of the sponges was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The swelling ability, in vitro drug release and degradation behaviors, and an in vivo animal test were employed to confirm the applicability of this sponge as a wound dressing material. As the chitosan content in the sponge decreased, the swelling ability decreased. All types of the sponges exhibited biodegradable properties. The release of curcumin from the sponges could be controlled by the crosslinking degree. Curcumin could be released from the sponges in an extended period for up to 20 days. An in vivo animal test using SD rat showed that sponge had better effect than cotton gauze, and adding curcumin into the sponge enhanced the therapeutic healing effect.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chandra S, Murthy SN, Mondal D, Agrawal KC. Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa on chronic HAART-induced hyperinsulinemia in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:300-9. [PMID: 19370083 DOI: 10.1139/y09-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with insulin resistance in HIV-1-positive patients. Small animal models that recapitulate the long-term effects of HAART may facilitate the identification of therapeutic agents to suppress these side effects. We investigated the protective effects of black seed oil (BSO) from Nigella sativa in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a daily HAART regimen for 7 months. The antiretroviral drugs, consisting of nelfinavir (200 mg/kg), zidovudine (50 mg/kg), and efavirenz (20 mg/kg), were mixed with diet with or without BSO (400 microL/kg) supplementation. Significant increases in insulin and C-peptide levels were observed in HAART-treated groups, and concomitant BSO treatment reduced this hyperinsulinemia. Interestingly, HAART-treated rats showed reduced size of pancreatic islets that was not seen in BSO-exposed rats. In vitro studies showed that nelfinavir, alone and in combination with HAART, induced oxidative stress and decreased glucose-induced insulin production in INS-1 cells. Suppressed insulin production was restored in cells coexposed to either BSO or thymoquinone. Our findings demonstrated that chronic HAART may increase serum insulin levels by dysregulating both insulin production by beta cells and insulin action at the periphery. These deleterious effects may be prevented by dietary supplementation with BSO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chandra S, Mondal D, Agrawal KC. HIV-1 protease inhibitor induced oxidative stress suppresses glucose stimulated insulin release: protection with thymoquinone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:442-53. [PMID: 19234050 DOI: 10.3181/0811-rm-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen has considerably reduced the mortality rate in HIV-1 positive patients. However, long-term exposure to HAART is associated with a metabolic syndrome manifesting cardiovascular dysfunction, lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). The inclusion of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) in HAART has been linked to the induction of IRS. Although several molecular mechanisms of PI-induced effects on insulin action have been postulated, the deleterious effects of PIs on insulin production by pancreatic beta-cells have not been fully investigated and therapeutic strategies to ameliorate insulin dysregulation at this level have not been targeted. The present study showed that exposure to several different PIs, nelfinavir (5-10 microM), saquinavir (5-10 microM) and atazanavir (8-20 microM), decreases glucose stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta-cells (INS-1). Nelfinavir significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and suppressed cytosolic, but not mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Nelfinvair also decreased both glutathione and ATP and increased UCP2 levels in these cells. Simultaneous treatment with thymoquinone (TQ) (2.5 microM), an active ingredient of black seed oil, significantly inhibited the effect of nelfinavir on augmented ROS production and suppressed SOD levels. Both TQ and black seed oil exposure increased glucose stimulated insulin secretion and ameliorated the suppressive effect of nelfinavir. The present findings imply a direct role of ROS in PI induced deleterious effects on pancreatic beta-cells. Our findings also suggest that TQ may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to normalize the dysregulated insulin production observed in HAART treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Chandra
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang X, Chai H, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Roles and mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir and other anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs in endothelial dysfunction of porcine pulmonary arteries and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:771-81. [PMID: 19218343 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) drugs on pulmonary endothelial function. Porcine pulmonary arteries or human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) were incubated with eight HAART drugs [ritonavir, indinavir, lopinavir, zidovudine (AZT), abacavir, stavudine, didanosine (ddI), and lamivudine] individually or in combination [three HAART drugs (3-plex; indinavir, stavudine, and ddI)] at their clinical plasma concentrations for 24 hours. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to bradykinin was reduced significantly by the ritonavir in a concentration-dependent manner. Five other HAART drugs (indinavir, lamivudine, abacavir, AZT, and ddI) and the 3-plex significantly also impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to bradykinin. Five HAART drugs (ritonavir, indinavir, lamivudine, abacavir, and AZT) significantly decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and increased superoxide anion levels in both vessels and HPAECs. Furthermore, both ritonavir and AZT substantially activated ERK2 in HPAECs. Additionally, the antioxidants ginsenoside Rb1 and ginkgolide A effectively reversed HAART drug-induced vasomotor dysfunction and eNOS down-regulation. Inhibition of ERK1/2 also partially blocked ritonavir- and AZT-induced down-regulation of eNOS and vasomotor dysfunction. Thus, HAART drugs significantly impair endothelial functions of porcine pulmonary arteries and HPAECs, which may be mediated by eNOS down-regulation, oxidative stress, and ERK1/2 activation. These findings suggest that HAART drugs may contribute to the high incidence of pulmonary artery hypertension in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mail Stop BCM390, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Calabrese V, Bates TE, Mancuso C, Cornelius C, Ventimiglia B, Cambria MT, Di Renzo L, De Lorenzo A, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Curcumin and the cellular stress response in free radical-related diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 52:1062-73. [PMID: 18792015 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals play a main pathogenic role in several human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Although there has been progress in treatment of these diseases, the development of important side effects may complicate the therapeutic course. Curcumin, a well known spice commonly used in India to make foods colored and flavored, is also used in traditional medicine to treat mild or moderate human diseases. In the recent years, a growing body of literature has unraveled the antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antinfectious activity of curcumin based on the ability of this compound to regulate a number of cellular signal transduction pathways. These promising data obtained in vitro are now being translated to the clinic and more than ten clinical trials are currently ongoing worldwide. This review outlines the biological activities of curcumin and discusses its potential use in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology Chair, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kline ER, Sutliff RL. The roles of HIV-1 proteins and antiretroviral drug therapy in HIV-1-associated endothelial dysfunction. J Investig Med 2008; 56:752-69. [PMID: 18525451 PMCID: PMC2586126 DOI: 10.1097/jim.0b013e3181788d15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients have demonstrated dramatic decreases in viral burden and opportunistic infections, and an overall increase in life expectancy. Despite these positive HAART-associated outcomes, it has become increasingly clear that HIV-1 patients have an enhanced risk of developing cardiovascular disease over time. Clinical studies are instrumental in our understanding of vascular dysfunction in the context of HIV-1 infection. However, most clinical studies often do not distinguish whether HIV-1 proteins, HAART, or a combination of these 2 factors cause cardiovascular complications. This review seeks to address the roles of both HIV-1 proteins and antiretroviral drugs in the development of endothelial dysfunction because endothelial dysfunction is the hallmark initial step of many cardiovascular diseases. We analyze recent in vitro and in vivo studies examining endothelial toxicity in response to HIV-1 proteins or in response to the various classes of antiretroviral drugs. Furthermore, we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which HIV-1 proteins and HAART injure the vascular endothelium in HIV-1 patients. By understanding the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 protein- and antiretroviral-induced cardiovascular disease, we may ultimately improve the quality of life of HIV-1 patients through better drug design and the discovery of new pharmacological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Kline
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University/Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Riva DA, Fernández-Larrosa PN, Dolcini GL, Martínez-Peralta LA, Coulombié FC, Mersich SE. Two immunomodulators, curcumin and sulfasalazine, enhance IDV antiretroviral activity in HIV-1 persistently infected cells. Arch Virol 2008; 153:561-5. [PMID: 18175040 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the appearance of resistance to antiretroviral treatment is unavoidable, the host cell's transcription factor NF-kappaB is a novel HIV target. The goal of this study was to characterize the effect of two immunomodulators, curcumin (Cur) and sulfasalazine (Sul), with a protease inhibitor, indinavir (IDV), on HIV-1 persistently infected CD4+ T-cells. Viral p24 antigen production, viral infectivity (tested on MAGI cells) and viral relative infectivity (viral infectivity/p24) were analysed. When used alone, both immunomodulators were able to reduce viral infectivity. When in combination, both 10 microM IDV plus 10 microM Cur and 10 microM IDV plus 250 microM Sul showed a significant reduction in viral infectivity and viral relative infectivity when compared to the reduction produced by IDV alone. Thus, the use of immunomodulators with IDV could help to reduce HIV-1 production in persistently infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Riva
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Buenos Aires, Int. Güiraldes 2160, Pab2 P4, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang X, Mu H, Chai H, Liao D, Yao Q, Chen C. Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir inhibits cholesterol efflux from human macrophage-derived foam cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:304-14. [PMID: 17591975 PMCID: PMC1941585 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical use of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors such as ritonavir may be associated with cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanisms of ritonavir on cholesterol efflux from human macrophage-derived foam cells, which is a critical factor of atherogenesis. Human THP-1 monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were preincubated with acetylated low-density lipoprotein and [(3)H]cholesterol to form foam cells, which were then treated with apolipoprotein A-I for cholesterol efflux assay. A clinically relevant concentration of ritonavir (15 mumol/L) significantly reduced cholesterol efflux from THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to apolipoprotein A-I by 30 and 29%, respectively, as compared with controls. In addition, ritonavir significantly decreased the expression of scavenger receptor B1 and caveolin-1, whereas it significantly increased superoxide anion production and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in macrophages. Mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced, whereas NADPH oxidase subunits were increased in ritonavir-treated macrophages. Consequently, the antioxidant seleno-l-methionine, the specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, or infection of a recombinant adenovirus encoding the dominant-negative form of ERK2 effectively blocked ritonavir-induced decrease of cholesterol efflux. Therefore, human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir significantly inhibits cholesterol efflux from macrophages, which may be mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ERK1/2 activation, and down-regulation of scavenger receptor B1 and caveolin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Michael E DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. CURCUMIN: THE INDIAN SOLID GOLD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 595:1-75. [PMID: 17569205 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric, derived from the plant Curcuma longa, is a gold-colored spice commonly used in the Indian subcontinent, not only for health care but also for the preservation of food and as a yellow dye for textiles. Curcumin, which gives the yellow color to turmeric, was first isolated almost two centuries ago, and its structure as diferuloylmethane was determined in 1910. Since the time of Ayurveda (1900 Bc) numerous therapeutic activities have been assigned to turmeric for a wide variety of diseases and conditions, including those of the skin, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders. Extensive research within the last half century has proven that most of these activities, once associated with turmeric, are due to curcumin. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and other chronic illnesses. These effects are mediated through the regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, and other enzymes. Curcumin exhibits activities similar to recently discovered tumor necrosis factor blockers (e.g., HUMIRA, REMICADE, and ENBREL), a vascular endothelial cell growth factor blocker (e.g., AVASTIN), human epidermal growth factor receptor blockers (e.g., ERBITUX, ERLOTINIB, and GEFTINIB), and a HER2 blocker (e.g., HERCEPTIN). Considering the recent scientific bandwagon that multitargeted therapy is better than monotargeted therapy for most diseases, curcumin can be considered an ideal "Spice for Life".
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antifungal Agents/chemistry
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Curcuma/chemistry
- Curcumin/analogs & derivatives
- Curcumin/chemistry
- Curcumin/metabolism
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Curcumin/therapeutic use
- Humans
- India
- Medicine, Ayurvedic
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Structure
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- Spices
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu PH, Long Y, Dai F, Liu ZL. The relaxant effect of curcumin on porcine coronary arterial ring segments. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 47:25-30. [PMID: 17459781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a naturally occurring phenolic compound isolated as a yellow pigment from turmeric (curcuma longa). This compound has received much attention due to its diversity of biological and pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of curcumin on porcine coronary arteries and to investigate the mechanism of its action, if any. The isometric tension of coronary arterial rings taken from porcine hearts was measured and its response to curcumin (10(-11)-10(-5) mol/l) was studied. It was found that curcumin significantly reduced the isomeric tension of both quiescent and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) precontracted porcine coronary arterial rings. The relaxing effect of curcumin on coronary arteries was significantly reduced by removal of endothelium, and by the addition of N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), methylene blue or propranolol, but not by indomethacin. These results suggest that curcumin-induced relaxation of isolated porcine coronary arteries might involve the action of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and adrenergic beta-receptor, but not involve the synthesis of prostaglandin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Xu
- National Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang X, Chai H, Yao Q, Chen C. Molecular mechanisms of HIV protease inhibitor-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44:493-9. [PMID: 17245228 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180322542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy incorporating protease inhibitors (PIs) is successful in controlling HIV infection and has dramatically improved the prognosis of HIV-infected patients. The therapeutic benefit of long-term use of HIV PIs is compromised by an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, however, including metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction. Although clinical evidence strongly suggests an association of the use of HIV PIs with endothelial dysfunction, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we describe recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of PI-induced endothelial dysfunction. The available evidence demonstrates that certain HIV PIs could induce endothelial dysfunction, including a decrease of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase system, increase of oxidative stress, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. HIV infection itself may also induce endothelial dysfunction and injury. These new discoveries provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between HIV PIs and vascular cells and may suggest potential approaches to control HIV PI-associated cardiovascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jagetia GC, Aggarwal BB. "Spicing up" of the immune system by curcumin. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:19-35. [PMID: 17211725 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is an orange-yellow component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice often found in curry powder. Traditionally known for its an antiinflammatory effects, curcumin has been shown in the last two decades to be a potent immunomodulatory agent that can modulate the activation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Curcumin can also downregulate the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and chemokines, most likely through inactivation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Interestingly, however, curcumin at low doses can also enhance antibody responses. This suggests that curcumin's reported beneficial effects in arthritis, allergy, asthma, atherosclerosis, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cancer might be due in part to its ability to modulate the immune system. Together, these findings warrant further consideration of curcumin as a therapy for immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Jagetia
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is an orange-yellow component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice often found in curry powder. Traditionally known for its an antiinflammatory effects, curcumin has been shown in the last two decades to be a potent immunomodulatory agent that can modulate the activation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Curcumin can also downregulate the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and chemokines, most likely through inactivation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Interestingly, however, curcumin at low doses can also enhance antibody responses. This suggests that curcumin's reported beneficial effects in arthritis, allergy, asthma, atherosclerosis, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cancer might be due in part to its ability to modulate the immune system. Together, these findings warrant further consideration of curcumin as a therapy for immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Jagetia
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chambers JA, Purdue GF. Radiation injury and the surgeon. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 204:128-39. [PMID: 17189121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A Chambers
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9158, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mastrolorenzo A, Rusconi S, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Inhibitors of HIV-1 protease: 10 years after. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.8.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
34
|
Chen C, Lu XH, Yan S, Chai H, Yao Q. HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir increases endothelial monolayer permeability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:874-82. [PMID: 16105660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are often associated with metabolic and cardiovascular complications although they are effective anti-HIV drugs. In this study, we determined whether HIV PI ritonavir could increase endothelial permeability, one of the important mechanisms of vascular lesion formation. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) treated with ritonavir showed a significant increase of endothelial permeability in a dose- and time-dependent manner assayed with a transwell system. Ritonavir significantly reduced the mRNA levels of tight junction proteins zonula occluden-1, occludin, and claudin-1 by 40-60% as compared to controls (P<0.05) by real-time PCR analysis. Protein levels of these tight junction molecules were also substantially reduced in the ritonavir-treated cells. In addition, HMECs treated with ritonavir (7.5, 15, and 30microM) showed a substantial increase of superoxide anion production by 10%, 32%, and 65%, respectively, as compared to controls. Antioxidants (EGCG and SeMet) effectively reduced ritonavir-induced endothelial permeability. Furthermore, ritonavir activated ERK1/2 (phosphorylation), but not P38 and JNK. Specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD89059, significantly abolished ritonavir-induced endothelial permeability by 92%. Thus, HIV PI ritonavir increases endothelial permeability, decreases levels of tight junction proteins, and increases superoxide anion production. ERK1/2 activation is involved in the signal transduction pathway of ritonavir-induced endothelial permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Chen
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|