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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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2
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Wei H, Wu S, Mai L, Yang L, Zou W, Peng H. Cbl-b negatively regulates TLR/MyD88-mediated anti- Toxoplasma gondii immunity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0007423. [PMID: 37909781 PMCID: PMC10714978 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00074-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This is the first report that a human E3 ubiquitin ligase, Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene B (Cbl-b), functions as a host dependency factor for the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and the mechanism for how T. gondii infection inhibits the TLR/MyD88 innate immunity pathway through MyD88 degradation mediated by Cbl-b. This finding is an impactful contribution for understanding the host cell immunity against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuizhen Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liying Mai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihao Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjuan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Scotland BL, Shaw JR, Dharmaraj S, Caprio N, Cottingham AL, Joy Martín Lasola J, Sung JJ, Pearson RM. Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115141. [PMID: 37980950 PMCID: PMC10842132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of immune-mediated disorders, including autoimmune conditions and allergies, is steadily increasing. However, current therapeutic approaches are often non-specific and do not address the underlying pathogenic condition, often resulting in impaired immunity and a state of generalized immunosuppression. The emergence of technologies capable of selectively inhibiting aberrant immune activation in a targeted, antigen (Ag)-specific manner by exploiting the body's intrinsic tolerance pathways, all without inducing adverse side effects, holds significant promise to enhance patient outcomes. In this review, we will describe the body's natural mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance as well as innovative delivery strategies using cells and biomaterials targeting innate and adaptive immune cells to promote Ag-specific immune tolerance. Additionally, we will discuss the challenges and future opportunities that warrant consideration as we navigate the path toward clinical implementation of tolerogenic strategies to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jacob R Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nicholas Caprio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Andrea L Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jackline Joy Martín Lasola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Junsik J Sung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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4
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Johnson SN, Brucks SD, Apley KD, Farrell MP, Berkland CJ. Multivalent Scaffolds to Promote B cell Tolerance. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3741-3756. [PMID: 37410969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by aberrant immune responses toward self-antigens. Current treatments lack specificity, promoting adverse effects by broadly suppressing the immune system. Therapies that specifically target the immune cells responsible for disease are a compelling strategy to mitigate adverse effects. Multivalent formats that display numerous binding epitopes off a single scaffold may enable selective immunomodulation by eliciting signals through pathways unique to the targeted immune cells. However, the architecture of multivalent immunotherapies can vary widely, and there is limited clinical data with which to evaluate their efficacy. Here, we set forth to review the architectural properties and functional mechanisms afforded by multivalent ligands and evaluate four multivalent scaffolds that address autoimmunity by altering B cell signaling pathways. First, we address both synthetic and natural polymer backbones functionalized with a variety of small molecule, peptide, and protein ligands for probing the effects of valency and costimulation. Then, we review nanoparticles composed entirely from immune signals which have been shown to be efficacious. Lastly, we outline multivalent liposomal nanoparticles capable of displaying high numbers of protein antigens. Taken together, these examples highlight the versatility and desirability of multivalent ligands for immunomodulation and illuminate strengths and weaknesses of multivalent scaffolds for treating autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Spencer D Brucks
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Mark P Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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5
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Rathore APS, St John AL. Promises and challenges of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:4042-4049. [PMID: 37045682 PMCID: PMC10083204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, COVID-19 vaccines are given intramuscularly and they have been shown to evoke systemic immune responses that are highly efficacious towards preventing severe disease and death. However, vaccine-induced immunity wanes within a short time, and booster doses are currently recommended. Furthermore, current vaccine formulations do not adequately restrict virus infection at the mucosal sites, such as in the nasopharyngeal tract and, therefore, have limited capacity to block virus transmission. With these challenges in mind, several mucosal vaccines are currently being developed with the aim of inducing long-lasting protective immune responses at the mucosal sites where SARS-COV-2 infection begins. Past successes in mucosal vaccinations underscore the potential of these developmental stage SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to reduce disease burden, if not eliminate it altogether. Here, we discuss immune responses that are triggered at the mucosal sites and recent advances in our understanding of mucosal responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and current COVID-19 vaccines. We also highlight several mucosal SARS-COV-2 vaccine formulations that are currently being developed or tested for human use and discuss potential challenges to mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P S Rathore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Ashley L St John
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore.
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6
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Firdessa-Fite R, Johnson SN, Leon MA, Sestak JO, Berkland C, Creusot RJ. Soluble antigen arrays improve the efficacy and safety of peptide-based tolerogenic immunotherapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.05.539161. [PMID: 37205572 PMCID: PMC10187310 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Autoantigen-specific immunotherapy using peptides offers a more targeted approach to treat autoimmune diseases, but the limited in vivo stability and uptake of peptides impedes clinical implementation. We previously showed that multivalent delivery of peptides as soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) efficiently protects against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Here, we compared the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of SAgAs versus free peptides. SAgAs, but not their corresponding free peptides at equivalent doses, efficiently prevented the development of diabetes. SAgAs increased the frequency of regulatory T cells among peptide-specific T cells or induce their anergy/exhaustion or deletion, depending on the type of SAgA (hydrolysable (hSAgA) and non-hydrolysable 'click' SAgA (cSAgA)) and duration of treatment, whereas their corresponding free peptides induced a more effector phenotype following delayed clonal expansion. Moreover, the N-terminal modification of peptides with aminooxy or alkyne linkers, which was needed for grafting onto hyaluronic acid to make hSAgA or cSAgA variants, respectively, influenced their stimulatory potency and safety, with alkyne-functionalized peptides being more potent and less anaphylactogenic than aminooxy-functionalized peptides. Both SAgA variants significantly delayed anaphylaxis compared to their respective free peptides. The anaphylaxis, which occurred in NOD mice but not in C57BL/6 mice, was dose-dependent but did not correlate with the production of IgG1 or IgE against the peptides. We provide evidence that SAgAs significantly improve the efficacy and safety of peptide-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Stephanie N. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Martin A. Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Joshua O. Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas,1530 West 15 Street, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Remi J. Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032
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7
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Carey ST, Bridgeman C, Jewell CM. Biomaterial Strategies for Selective Immune Tolerance: Advances and Gaps. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205105. [PMID: 36638260 PMCID: PMC10015875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity and allergies affect a large number of people across the globe. Current approaches to these diseases target cell types and pathways that drive disease, but these approaches are not cures and cannot differentiate between healthy cells and disease-causing cells. New immunotherapies that induce potent and selective antigen-specific tolerance is a transformative goal of emerging treatments for autoimmunity and serious allergies. These approaches offer the potential of halting-or even reversing-disease, without immunosuppressive side effects. However, translating successful induction of tolerance to patients is unsuccessful. Biomaterials offer strategies to direct and maximize immunological mechanisms of tolerance through unique capabilities such as codelivery of small molecules or signaling molecules, controlling signal density in key immune tissues, and targeting. While a growing body of work in this area demonstrates success in preclinical animal models, these therapies are only recently being evaluated in human trials. This review will highlight the most recent advances in the use of materials to achieve antigen-specific tolerance and provide commentary on the current state of the clinical development of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Carey
- University of Maryland Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Christopher Bridgeman
- University of Maryland Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- University of Maryland Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- US Department of Veterans AffairsVA Maryland Health Care SystemBaltimoreMD21201USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical DevicesCollege ParkMD20742USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland Medical SchoolBaltimoreMD21201USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer CenterBaltimoreMD21201USA
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8
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Mechanistic contributions of Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in nanoparticle-induced antigen-specific immune tolerance. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Wei H, Xie H, Qu J, Xie A, Xie S, Huang H, Li J, Fang C, Shi F, Qiu H, Qi Y, Tian X, Yang Q, Huang J. TLR7 modulating B-cell immune responses in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009943. [PMID: 34788282 PMCID: PMC8598019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells played an important role in Schistosoma infection-induced diseases. TLR7 is an intracellular member of the innate immune receptor. The role of TLR7 on B cells mediated immune response is still unclear. Here, C57BL/6 mice were percutaneously infected by S. japonicum for 5-6 weeks. The percentages and numbers of B cells increased in the infected mice (p < 0.05), and many activation and function associated molecules were also changed on B cells. More splenic cells of the infected mice expressed TLR7, and B cells were served as the main cell population. Moreover, a lower level of soluble egg antigen (SEA) specific antibody and less activation associated molecules were found on the surface of splenic B cells from S. japonicum infected TLR7 gene knockout (TLR7 KO) mice compared to infected wild type (WT) mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, SEA showed a little higher ability in inducing the activation of B cells from naive WT mice than TLR7 KO mice (p < 0.05). Finally, the effects of TLR7 on B cells are dependent on the activation of NF-κB p65. Altogether, TLR7 was found modulating the splenic B cell responses in S. japonicum infected C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Qu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feihu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
| | - Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
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10
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Firdessa-Fite R, Johnson SN, Leon MA, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Baker RL, Sestak JO, Berkland C, Creusot RJ. Soluble Antigen Arrays Efficiently Deliver Peptides and Arrest Spontaneous Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:1334-1346. [PMID: 33468513 PMCID: PMC8275897 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) offers a targeted treatment of autoimmune diseases that selectively inhibits autoreactive lymphocytes, but there remains an unmet need for approaches that address the limited clinical efficacy of ASIT. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) deliver antigenic peptides or proteins in multivalent form, attached to a hyaluronic acid backbone using either hydrolysable linkers (hSAgAs) or stable click chemistry linkers (cSAgAs). They were evaluated for the ability to block spontaneous development of disease in a nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Two peptides, a hybrid insulin peptide and a mimotope, efficiently prevented the onset of T1D when delivered in combination as SAgAs, but not individually. Relative to free peptides administered at equimolar dose, SAgAs (particularly cSAgAs) enabled a more effective engagement of antigen-specific T cells with greater persistence and induction of tolerance markers, such as CD73, interleukin-10, programmed death-1, and KLRG-1. Anaphylaxis caused by free peptides was attenuated using hSAgA and obviated using cSAgA platforms. Despite similarities, the two peptides elicited largely nonoverlapping and possibly complementary responses among endogenous T cells in treated mice. Thus, SAgAs offer a novel and promising ASIT platform superior to free peptides in inducing tolerance while mitigating risks of anaphylaxis for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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12
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Emerson AE, Slaby EM, Hiremath SC, Weaver JD. Biomaterial-based approaches to engineering immune tolerance. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7014-7032. [PMID: 33179649 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterial-based therapeutics to induce immune tolerance holds great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and graft rejection in transplantation. Historical approaches to treat these immunological challenges have primarily relied on systemic delivery of broadly-acting immunosuppressive agents that confer undesirable, off-target effects. The evolution and expansion of biomaterial platforms has proven to be a powerful tool in engineering immunotherapeutics and enabled a great diversity of novel and targeted approaches in engineering immune tolerance, with the potential to eliminate side effects associated with systemic, non-specific immunosuppressive approaches. In this review, we summarize the technological advances within three broad biomaterials-based strategies to engineering immune tolerance: nonspecific tolerogenic agent delivery, antigen-specific tolerogenic therapy, and the emergent area of tolerogenic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Emerson
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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13
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Song JY, Griffin JD, Larson NR, Christopher MA, Middaugh CR, Berkland CJ. Synthetic Cationic Autoantigen Mimics Glatiramer Acetate Persistence at the Site of Injection and Is Efficacious Against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603029. [PMID: 33537031 PMCID: PMC7848024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic peptide, K-PLP, consisting of 11-unit poly-lysine (K11) linked via polyethylene glycol (PEG) to proteolipid protein epitope (PLP) was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for efficacy in ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by PLP. K-PLP was designed to mimic the cationic nature of the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treatment, glatiramer acetate (GA). With a pI of ~10, GA is able to form visible aggregates at the site of injection via electrostatic interactions with the anionic extracellular matrix. Aggregation further facilitates the retention of GA at the site of injection and draining lymph nodes, which may contribute to its mechanism of action. K-PLP with a pI of ~11, was found to form visible aggregates in the presence of glycosaminoglycans and persist at the injection site and draining lymph nodes in vivo, similar to GA. Additionally, EAE mice treated with K-PLP showed significant inhibition of clinical symptoms compared to free poly-lysine and to PLP, which are the components of K-PLP. The ability of the poly-lysine motif to retain PLP at the injection site, which increased the local exposure of PLP to immune cells may be an important factor affecting drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Y Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Matthew A Christopher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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14
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Christopher MA, Johnson SN, Griffin JD, Berkland CJ. Autoantigen Tetramer Silences Autoreactive B Cell Populations. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4201-4211. [PMID: 32903002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune therapies focus on immune suppression to reduce symptom severity and halt disease progression; however, currently approved treatments lack specificity for the autoantigen and rely on more global immune suppression. Multivalent antigen arrays can disarm pathogenic autoimmune B cell populations that specifically recognize the antigen of interest via their B cell receptor (BCR). Disarmament may be achieved by BCR engagement, cross-linking, and sustained receptor occupancy as a result of multivalent, high avidity BCR binding. To engage and explore this mechanism, a tetramer display of the encephalogenic proteolipid peptide (PLP139-151), referred to as 4-arm PLP139-151, was synthesized by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition chemistry. Subcutaneous administration of 4-arm PLP139-151 completely ameliorated symptoms of paralysis in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Competitive binding of 4-arm PLP139-151 to PLP139-151-specific IgG in the mouse serum demonstrated the enhanced avidity associated with the multivalent array compared to the free peptide. Furthermore, key PLP139-151-reactive B cells were depleted following 4-arm PLP139-151 treatment, resulting in significant reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of 4-arm PLP139-151 to silence autoreactive B cell populations and limit the downstream activation of effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Christopher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Stephanie N Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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15
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Apley KD, Griffin JD, Johnson SN, Berkland CJ, DeKosky BJ. Tetrameric Fluorescent Antigen Arrays for Single-Step Identification of Antigen-Specific B Cells. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/61827. [PMID: 33165322 PMCID: PMC10604357 DOI: 10.3791/61827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent antigen production is a critical step in the identification of antigen-specific B cells. Here, we detailed the preparation, purification, and the use of four-arm, fluorescent PEG-antigen conjugates to selectively identify antigen-specific B cells through avid engagement with cognate B cell receptors. Using modular click chemistry and commercially available fluorophore kit chemistries, we demonstrated the versatility of preparing customized fluorescent PEG-conjugates by creating distinct arrays for proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) and insulin, which are important autoantigens in murine models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Assays were developed for each fluorescent conjugate in its respective disease model using flow cytometry. Antigen arrays were compared to monovalent autoantigen to quantify the benefit of multimerization onto PEG backbones. Finally, we illustrated the utility of this platform by isolating and assessing anti-insulin B cell responses after antigen stimulation ex vivo. Labeling insulin-specific B cells enabled the amplified detection of changes to co-stimulation (CD86) that were otherwise dampened in aggregate B cell analysis. Together, this report enables the production and use of fluorescent antigen arrays as a robust tool for probing B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas
| | | | | | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas;
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16
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Johnson SN, Griffin JD, Hulbert C, DeKosky BJ, Thomas JW, Berkland CJ. Multimeric Insulin Desensitizes Insulin-Specific B Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6319-6330. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - J. Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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17
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Khan H, Ullah H, Khattak S, Aschner M, Aguilar CN, Halimi SMA, Cauli O, Shah SMM. Therapeutic potential of alkaloids in autoimmune diseases: Promising candidates for clinical trials. Phytother Res 2020; 35:50-62. [PMID: 32667693 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical investigations have characterized numerous disorders like autoimmune diseases, affecting the population at a rate of approximately 8-10%. These disorders are characterized by T-cell and auto-antibodies responses to self-molecules by immune system reactivity. Several therapeutic options have been adopted in clinics to combat such diseases, however, most of them are recurring. Thus, the discovery of new effective agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases is paramount. In this context, natural products might be a useful alternative to the current therapies. Plant alkaloids with their substantial therapeutic history can be particularly interesting candidates for the alleviation of autoimmune ailments. This review encompasses various alkaloids with significant effects against autoimmune diseases in preclinical trials. These results suggest further clinical assessment with respect to autoimmune illnesses. Furthermore, the application of modern technologies such as nanoformulation could be also helpful in the design of more effective therapies and thus further studies are needed to decipher their therapeutic efficacy as well as potential limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Abdul Wali khan university Mardan, Abdul Wali khan university Mardan, Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan university Mardan, Pakistan, Mardan, Pakistan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sumaira Khattak
- Abdul Wali khan university Mardan, Abdul Wali khan university Mardan, Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan university Mardan, Pakistan, Mardan, Pakistan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristobal N Aguilar
- School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Syed M A Halimi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Syed M M Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi Pakistan, Swabi, Pakistan
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18
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Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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19
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Griffin JD, Song JY, Sestak JO, DeKosky BJ, Berkland CJ. Linking autoantigen properties to mechanisms of immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:105-116. [PMID: 32325104 PMCID: PMC7572523 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) present compelling potential for introducing precision to the treatment of autoimmune diseases where nonspecific, global immunosuppression is currently the only treatment option. Central to ASIT design is the delivery of autoantigen, which parallels allergy desensitization approaches. Clinical success in tolerizing allergen-specific responses spans longer than a century, but autoimmune ASITs have yet to see an FDA-approved breakthrough. Allergens and autoantigens differ substantially in physicochemical properties, and these discrepancies influence the nature of their interactions with the immune system. Approved allergen-specific immunotherapies are typically administered as water soluble, neutrally charged protein fractions from 10 to 70 kDa. Conversely, autoantigens are native proteins that exhibit wide-ranging sizes, solubilities, and charges that render them susceptible to immunogenicity. To translate the success of allergen hyposensitization to ASIT, delivery strategies may be necessary to effectively format autoantigens, guide biodistribution, and engage appropriate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Y Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Joshua O Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Orion BioScience, Inc, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America.
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20
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Griffin JD, Song JY, Huang A, Sedlacek AR, Flannagan KL, Berkland CJ. Antigen-specific immune decoys intercept and exhaust autoimmunity to prevent disease. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119440. [PMID: 31450159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting patterns of many autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are perpetuated by a recurring circuit of adaptive immune cells that amplify in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and traffic to compartments where antigen is abundant to elicit damage. Some of the most effective immunotherapies impede the migration of immune cells through this circuit, however, broadly suppressing immune cell migration can introduce life-threatening risks for patients. We developed antigen-specific immune decoys (ASIDs) to mimic tissues targeted in autoimmunity and selectively intercept autoimmune cells to preserve host tissue. Using Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model, we conjugated autoantigen PLP139-151 to a microporous collagen scaffold. By subcutaneously implanting ASIDs after induction but prior to the onset of symptoms, mice were protected from paralysis. ASID implants were rich with autoimmune cells, however, reactivity to cognate antigen was substantially diminished and apoptosis was prevalent. ASID-implanted mice consistently exhibited engorged spleens when disease normally peaked. In addition, splenocyte antigen-presenting cells were highly activated in response to PLP rechallenge, but CD3+ and CD19 + effector subsets were significantly decreased, suggesting exhaustion. ASID-implanted mice never developed EAE relapse symptoms even though the ASID material had long since degraded, suggesting exhausted autoimmune cells did not recover functionality. Together, data suggested ASIDs were able to sequester and exhaust immune cells in an antigen-specific fashion, thus offering a compelling approach to inhibit the migration circuit underlying autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jimmy Y Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Aric Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Alexander R Sedlacek
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kaitlin L Flannagan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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21
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Leon MA, Firdessa-Fite R, Ruffalo JK, Pickens CJ, Sestak JO, Creusot RJ, Berkland C. Soluble Antigen Arrays Displaying Mimotopes Direct the Response of Diabetogenic T Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1436-1448. [PMID: 31260253 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder which develops when insulin-producing, pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by an aberrant immune response. Current therapies for T1D either treat symptoms or cause global immunosuppression, which leave patients at risk of developing long-term complications or vulnerable to foreign pathogens. Antigen-specific immunotherapies have emerged as a selective approach for autoimmune diseases by inducing tolerance while mitigating global immunosuppression. We previously reported SAgAs with multiple copies of a multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) as an efficacious therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. While the immune response of MS is distinct from that of T1D, the mechanism of SAgAs was hypothesized to be similar and via induction of immune tolerance to diabetes antigens. We synthesized SAgAs composed of HA polymer backbone conjugated with multiple copies of the T1D autoantigen mimotope p79 using aminooxy chemistry (SAgAp79) or using copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (cSAgAp79) chemistry. SAgAs constructed using the hydrolyzable aminooxy linkage, thus capable of releasing p79, exhibited physicochemical properties similar to the triazole linkage. Both SAgAp79 versions showed high specificity and efficacy in stimulating epitope-specific T cells. SAgAs can be taken up by most immune cell populations but do not induce their maturation, and conventional dendritic cells are responsible for the brunt of antigen presentation within splenocytes. cSAgAp79 was more stimulatory than SAgAp79 both in vitro and in vivo, an effect that was ascribed to the peptide modification rather than the type of linkage. In summary, we provide here the first proof-of-principle that SAgA therapy could also be applicable to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Justin K. Ruffalo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chad J. Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Joshua O. Sestak
- Orion BioScience Inc., 986099 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Remi J. Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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22
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Griffin JD, Leon MA, Salash JR, Shao M, Hartwell BL, Pickens CJ, Sestak JO, Berkland C. Acute B-Cell Inhibition by Soluble Antigen Arrays Is Valency-Dependent and Predicts Immunomodulation in Splenocytes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2115-2122. [PMID: 30995843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen valency plays a fundamental role in directing the nature of an immune response to be stimulatory or tolerogenic. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) are an antigen-specific immunotherapy that combats autoimmunity through the multivalent display of autoantigen. Although mechanistic studies have shown SAgAs to induce T- and B-cell anergy, the effect of SAgA valency has never been experimentally tested. Here, SAgAs of discrete antigen valencies were synthesized by click chemistry and evaluated for acute B-cell signaling inhibition as well as downstream immunomodulatory effects in splenocytes. Initial studies using the Raji B-cell line demonstrated SAgA valency dictated the extent of calcium flux. Lower valency constructs elicited the largest reductions in B-cell activation. In splenocytes from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the same valency-dependent effects were evident in the downregulation of the costimulatory marker CD86. The reduction of calcium flux observed in Raji B-cells correlated strongly with downregulation in splenocyte CD86 expression after 72 h. Here, a thorough analysis of SAgA antigenic valency illustrates that low, but not monovalent, presentation of autoantigen was ideal for eliciting the most potent immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cory Berkland
- Orion BioScience , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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23
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Allen R, Chizari S, Ma JA, Raychaudhuri S, Lewis JS. Combinatorial, Microparticle-Based Delivery of Immune Modulators Reprograms the Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Promotes Remission of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2388-2404. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riley Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
| | - Shahab Chizari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
| | - Siba Raychaudhuri
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- VA Hospital, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Jamal S. Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
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24
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Non-Antibody-Secreting Functions of B Cells and Their Contribution to Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:337-356. [PMID: 30883216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B cells play multiple important roles in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. Beyond producing pathogenic autoantibodies, B cells can act as antigen-presenting cells and producers of cytokines, including both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here we review our current understanding of the non-antibody-secreting roles that B cells may play during development of autoimmunity, as learned primarily from reductionist preclinical models. Attention is also given to concepts emerging from clinical studies using B cell depletion therapy, which shed light on the roles of these mechanisms in human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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25
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Leon MA, Wemlinger SM, Larson NR, Ruffalo JK, Sestak JO, Middaugh CR, Cambier JC, Berkland C. Soluble Antigen Arrays for Selective Desensitization of Insulin-Reactive B Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1563-1572. [PMID: 30681867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are believed to be highly dependent on loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens. Currently, no treatments have been successful clinically in inducing autoantigen-specific tolerance, including efforts to utilize antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) to selectively correct the aberrant autoimmunity. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) represent a novel autoantigen delivery system composed of a linear polymer, hyaluronic acid (HA), displaying multiple copies of conjugated autoantigen. We have previously reported that soluble antigen arrays displaying proteolipid peptide (SAgAPLP) induced tolerance to this specific multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen. Utilizing SAgA technology, we have developed a new ASIT as a possible type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapeutic by conjugating human insulin to HA, known as soluble antigen array insulin (SAgAIns). Three types were synthesized, low valency lvSAgAIns (2 insulins per HA), medium valency mvSAgAIns (4 insulins per HA), and, high valency hvSAgAIns (9 insulins per HA), to determine if valency differentially modulates the ex vivo activity of insulin-binding B cells (IBCs). Extensive biophysical characterization was performed for the SAgA molecules. SAgAIns molecules were successfully used to affect the biologic activity of IBCs by inducing desensitization of the B cell antigen receptors (BCR). SAgAIns bound specifically to insulin-reactive B cells without blocking epitopes recognized by antibodies against the Fc regions of membrane immunoglobulin or CD79 transducer components of the BCR. Preincubation of IBCs (125Tg) with SAgAIns, but not HA alone, rendered the IBCs refractory to restimulation. SAgAIns induced a decrease in BCR expression and IP3R-mediated intracellular calcium release. Surprisingly, SAgAIns binding to BCR on the surface of IBCs induced the observed effects at both high and low SAgAIns valency. Future studies aim to test the effects of SAgAIns on disease progression in the VH125.NOD mouse model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Scott M Wemlinger
- Department Immunology & Microbiology , University of Colorado Denver AMC , 12800 E. 19th Ave. , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Justin K Ruffalo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1530 West 15th Street , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Joshua O Sestak
- Orion BioScience , 986099 Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department Immunology & Microbiology , University of Colorado Denver AMC , 12800 E. 19th Ave. , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1530 West 15th Street , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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26
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Gammon JM, Jewell CM. Engineering Immune Tolerance with Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801419. [PMID: 30605264 PMCID: PMC6384133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, rejection of transplanted organs and grafts, chronic inflammatory diseases, and immune-mediated rejection of biologic drugs impact a large number of people across the globe. New understanding of immune function is revealing exciting opportunities to help tackle these challenges by harnessing-or correcting-the specificity of immune function. However, realizing this potential requires precision control over the interaction between regulatory immune cues, antigens attacked during inflammation, and the tissues where these processes occur. Engineered materials-such as polymeric and lipid particles, scaffolds, and inorganic materials-offer powerful features that can help to selectively regulate immune function during disease without compromising healthy immune functions. This review highlights some of the exciting developments to leverage biomaterials as carriers, depots, scaffolds-and even as agents with intrinsic immunomodulatory features-to promote immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive RM 5110, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive RM 5110, College Park, MD 20742, USA ; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VA Medical center, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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Arsiwala A, Castro A, Frey S, Stathos M, Kane RS. Designing Multivalent Ligands to Control Biological Interactions: From Vaccines and Cellular Effectors to Targeted Drug Delivery. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:244-255. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Steven Frey
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Mark Stathos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
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Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:100-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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