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Fei-Zhou Z, Mei-Xia H, Xiaofen T, Lei W, Xuan J, Lan-Fang T. Plastic bronchitis associated with human bocavirus 1 infection in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024. [PMID: 38869182 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.27113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastic bronchitis (PB) is a clinical-pathological syndrome characterized by the abnormal accumulation of endogenous substances in the bronchial airways, causing partial or complete obstruction and resulting in impaired lung ventilation. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, we aim to summarize the clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches to enhance clinicians' ability to detect children who are infected with human bocavirus 1 (hBoV 1) and develop PB. RESULTS In the period from January 2021 to January 2024, a total of six hBoV 1 infection children were diagnosed with PB through bronchoscopy. The onset of the condition was mainly concentrated between June and December. The detection methods used included metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen identification (three cases) and respiratory pathogen nucleic acid 13-plex detection (oropharyngeal swab) (three cases), both of which confirmed the presence of hBoV 1. Out of the six children with PB, two were girls and four were boys. Their ages ranged from 10 months to 4 years old. Common symptoms reported by all patients included fever, cough, and wheezing. Chest high-resolution computed tomography scans revealed atelectasis in six cases, in addition to pneumonia. After the removal of the plastic bronchi via bronchoscopy, the airway obstruction symptoms in the children were relieved, and no recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. Pathological findings indicated cellulose exudation and inflammatory cell infiltration, consistent with nonlymphatic PB. CONCLUSION When children infected with hBoV 1 exhibit persistent or worsening symptoms such as cough, fever, and wheezing despite treatment, clinicians should remain highly vigilant for the potential occurrence of PB. Bronchoscopy plays a crucial role not only in diagnosing the presence of a plastic bronchus but also in effectively treating PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Fei-Zhou
- Department of Pulmonology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huang Mei-Xia
- Department of Pulmonology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xiaofen
- Department of Pulmonology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wu Lei
- Department of Pulmonology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xuan
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tang Lan-Fang
- Department of Pulmonology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Sarchese V, Palombieri A, Prandi I, Robetto S, Bertolotti L, Capucchio MT, Orusa R, Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Quaranta G, Vacchetta M, Martella V, Di Martino B, Di Profio F. Molecular Surveillance for Bocaparvoviruses and Bufaviruses in the European Hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus). Microorganisms 2024; 12:189. [PMID: 38258015 PMCID: PMC10819369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of bocaparvoviruses (BoVs) and bufaviruses (BuVs) in the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) was investigated by screening duodenal and liver samples collected from 183 carcasses, delivered to wildlife rescue centers located in northwestern Italy. BoV DNA was detected in 15 animals (8.2%), with prevalences of 7.1% (13/183) and 2.7% (5/183) in intestine and liver samples, respectively. Upon the sequence analyses of the NS1 gene, two highly divergent BoVs (65.5-67.8% nt identities) were identified. Fourteen strains showed the highest identity (98.3-99.4% nt) to the hedgehog BoV strains recently detected in China in Amur hedgehogs (Erinaceus amurensis), whilst four strains were genetically related (98.9-99.4% nt identities) to the porcine BoVs identified in pigs and classified in the species Bocaparvovirus ungulate 4, which included related viruses also found in rats, minks, shrews, and mice. BuV DNA was detected in the duodenal samples of two hedgehogs, with a prevalence rate of 1.1%. The nearly full-length genome of two BuV strains, Hedgehog/331DU-2022/ITA and Hedgehog/1278DU/2019/ITA, was reconstructed. Upon phylogenetic analysis based on the NS and VP aa sequences, the Italian hedgehog BuVs tightly clustered with the BuVs recently identified in the Chinese Amur hedgehogs, within a potential novel candidate species of the genus Protoparvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sarchese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Andrea Palombieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Ilaria Prandi
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | - Serena Robetto
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d’Aosta, 11020 Quart, AO, Italy; (S.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d’Aosta, 11020 Quart, AO, Italy; (S.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy;
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
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McCallum M, Park YJ, Stewart C, Sprouse KR, Brown J, Tortorici MA, Gibson C, Wong E, Ieven M, Telenti A, Veesler D. Human coronavirus HKU1 recognition of the TMPRSS2 host receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574565. [PMID: 38260518 PMCID: PMC10802434 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The human coronavirus HKU1 spike (S) glycoprotein engages host cell surface sialoglycans and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to initiate infection. The molecular basis of HKU1 binding to TMPRSS2 and determinants of host receptor tropism remain elusive. Here, we designed an active human TMPRSS2 construct enabling high-yield recombinant production in human cells of this key therapeutic target. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the HKU1 RBD bound to human TMPRSS2 providing a blueprint of the interactions supporting viral entry and explaining the specificity for TMPRSS2 among human type 2 transmembrane serine proteases. We found that human, rat, hamster and camel TMPRSS2 promote HKU1 S-mediated entry into cells and identified key residues governing host receptor usage. Our data show that serum antibodies targeting the HKU1 RBD TMPRSS2 binding-site are key for neutralization and that HKU1 uses conformational masking and glycan shielding to balance immune evasion and receptor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Cecily Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Wong
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Weber MN, da Silva MS. Corona- and Paramyxoviruses in Bats from Brazil: A Matter of Concern? Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:88. [PMID: 38200819 PMCID: PMC10778288 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiroptera are one of the most diverse mammal orders. They are considered reservoirs of main human pathogens, where coronaviruses (CoVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) may be highlighted. Moreover, the growing number of publications on CoVs and PMVs in wildlife reinforces the scientific community's interest in eco-vigilance, especially because of the emergence of important human pathogens such as the SARS-CoV-2 and Nipha viruses. Considering that Brazil presents continental dimensions, is biologically rich containing one of the most diverse continental biotas and presents a rich biodiversity of animals classified in the order Chiroptera, the mapping of CoV and PMV genetics related to human pathogens is important and the aim of the present work. CoVs can be classified into four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus and Gammacoronavirus. Delta- and gammacoronaviruses infect mainly birds, while alpha- and betacoronaviruses contain important animal and human pathogens. Almost 60% of alpha- and betacoronaviruses are related to bats, which are considered natural hosts of these viral genera members. The studies on CoV presence in bats from Brazil have mainly assayed phyllostomid, molossid and vespertilionid bats in the South, Southeast and North territories. Despite Brazil not hosting rhinophilid or pteropodid bats, which are natural reservoirs of SARS-related CoVs and henipaviruses, respectively, CoVs and PMVs reported in Brazilian bats are genetically closely related to some human pathogens. Most works performed with Brazilian bats reported alpha-CoVs that were closely related to other bat-CoVs, despite a few reports of beta-CoVs grouped in the Merbecovirus and Embecovirus subgenera. The family Paramyxoviridae includes four subfamilies (Avulavirinae, Metaparamyxovirinae, Orthoparamyxovirinae and Rubulavirinae), and bats are significant drivers of PMV cross-species viral transmission. Additionally, the studies that have evaluated PMV presence in Brazilian bats have mainly found sequences classified in the Jeilongvirus and Morbillivirus genera that belong to the Orthoparamyxovirinae subfamily. Despite the increasing amount of research on Brazilian bats, studies analyzing these samples are still scarce. When surveying the representativeness of the CoVs and PMVs found and the available genomic sequences, it can be perceived that there may be gaps in the knowledge. The continuous monitoring of viral sequences that are closely related to human pathogens may be helpful in mapping and predicting future hotspots in the emergence of zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade FEEVALE, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil;
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Hu Y, Liu K, Han P, Xu Z, Zheng A, Pan X, Jia Y, Su C, Tang L, Wu L, Bai B, Zhao X, Tian D, Chen Z, Qi J, Wang Q, Gao GF. Host range and structural analysis of bat-origin RshSTT182/200 coronavirus binding to human ACE2 and its animal orthologs. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111737. [PMID: 36519268 PMCID: PMC9877840 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat-origin RshSTT182 and RshSTT200 coronaviruses (CoV) from Rhinolophus shameli in Southeast Asia (Cambodia) share 92.6% whole-genome identity with SARS-CoV-2 and show identical receptor-binding domains (RBDs). In this study, we determined the structure of the RshSTT182/200 receptor binding domain (RBD) in complex with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and identified the key residues that influence receptor binding. The binding of the RshSTT182/200 RBD to ACE2 orthologs from 39 animal species, including 18 bat species, was used to evaluate its host range. The RshSTT182/200 RBD broadly recognized 21 of 39 ACE2 orthologs, although its binding affinities for the orthologs were weaker than those of the RBD of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, RshSTT182 pseudovirus could utilize human, fox, and Rhinolophus affinis ACE2 receptors for cell entry. Moreover, we found that SARS-CoV-2 induces cross-neutralizing antibodies against RshSTT182 pseudovirus. Taken together, these findings indicate that RshSTT182/200 can potentially infect susceptible animals, but requires further evolution to obtain strong interspecies transmission abilities like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zepeng Xu
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
| | - Anqi Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoqian Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yunfei Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Chao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Lingfeng Tang
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacau SARChina
| | - Lili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bin Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Di Tian
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - George F Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Darmawan AB, Dewantari AK, Putri HFM, Wiyatno A, Wahyono DJ, Safari D. Identification of the Viral Pathogens in School Children With Acute Otitis Media in Central Java, Indonesia. Glob Pediatr Health 2023; 10:2333794X221149899. [PMID: 36762370 PMCID: PMC9903006 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221149899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases in pediatric clinical facilities and has a significant impact on health care. It is a polymicrobial disease and is usually preceded by a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Data on the spectrum of viruses that cause AOM in Indonesia are still limited. This study analyzed nasopharynx (NP) samples collected from 119 school children with AOM in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Viral RNA was extracted for cDNA synthesis, followed by PCR and sequencing tools for detection of a panel of respiratory viruses using family-level primers for Coronaviridae, Enterovirus, Bocavirus, and Pneumovirinae for bocavirus. In total, 37 out of 119 NP samples (31.1%) tested positive for viruses. Human rhinovirus B was the predominant virus identified (32.4%) followed by rhinovirus C (29.7%), human rhinovirus A (27%), and human bocavirus (5.4%). Rhinovirus are predominant viral pathogens within school children with AOM in Central Java, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aghnianditya Kresno Dewantari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Fajri Maharani Putri
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia,Pipetin Biomedika Indonesia, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia,Dodi Safari, PhD, Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java 16911, Indonesia.
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Saha S, Fozzard N, Lambert SB, Ware RS, Grimwood K. Human bocavirus-1 infections in Australian children aged < 2 years: a birth cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:99-108. [PMID: 36434280 PMCID: PMC9702687 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine human bocavirus-1 (HBoV1) infection characteristics in young Australian children. Data were from the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) study, a Brisbane, Australia-based birth cohort of healthy, term, newborns followed prospectively for 2 years. Parents recorded daily symptoms, maintained an illness-burden diary, and collected weekly nasal swabs, which were tested for 17 respiratory viruses, including HBoV1, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Main outcomes measured were infection incidence, risk factors, symptoms, and healthcare use. One hundred fifty-eight children in the ORChID cohort provided 11,126 weekly swabs, of which 157 swabs were HBoV1 positive involving 107 incident episodes. Co-detections were observed in 65/157 (41.4%) HBoV1-positive swabs (or 41/107 [38.3%] infection episodes), principally with rhinovirus. Shedding duration was 1 week in 64.5% of episodes. The incidence of HBoV1 infections in the first 2 years of life was 0.58 episodes per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.71), including 0.38 episodes per child-year (95% CI 0.30-0.49) associated with respiratory symptoms. Recurrent episodes occurred in 18/87 (20.7%) children following their primary infection. In the first 2 years of life, incidence of HBoV1 episodes increased with age, during winter and with childcare attendance. Overall, 64.2% of HBoV1 episodes were symptomatic, with 26.4% having healthcare contact. Viral load estimates were higher when children were symptomatic than when asymptomatic (mean difference = 3.4; 95% CI 1.0-5.7 PCR cycle threshold units). After age 6 months, HBoV1 is detected frequently in the first 2 years of life, especially during winter. Symptoms are usually mild and associated with higher viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Saha
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicolette Fozzard
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Alves RS, do Canto Olegário J, Weber MN, da Silva MS, Canova R, Sauthier JT, Baumbach LF, Witt AA, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW. Detection of coronavirus in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69. [PMID: 33977671 PMCID: PMC8242716 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14150+10.1111/tbed.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a haematophagous animal that feeds exclusively on the blood of domestic mammals. Vampire bat feeding habits enable their contact with mammalian hosts and may enhance zoonotic spillover. Moreover, they may carry several pathogenic organisms, including coronaviruses (CoVs), for which they are important hosts. The human pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and possibly coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) all originated in bats but required bridge hosts to spread into human populations. To monitor the presence of potential zoonotic viruses in bats, the present work evaluated the presence of CoVs in vampire bats from southern Brazil. A total of 101 vampire bats were captured and euthanized between 2017 and 2019 in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestines were collected and macerated individually. The samples were pooled and submitted to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and subsequently individually screened using a pancoronavirus RT-PCR protocol. We detected CoV-related sequences in HTS, but only two (2/101; 1.98%) animals had CoV detected in the intestines by RT-PCR. Partial sequences of RdRp and spike genes were obtained in the same sample and the RdRp region in the other sample. The sequences were classified as belonging to Alphacoronavirus. The sequences were closely related to alphacoronaviruses detected in vampire bats from Peru. The continuous monitoring of bat CoVs may help to map and predict putative future zoonotic agents with great impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Juliana do Canto Olegário
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularInstituto de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoBrazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Raissa Canova
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
- Secretaria Estadual de AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
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Alves RS, do Canto Olegário J, Weber MN, da Silva MS, Canova R, Sauthier JT, Baumbach LF, Witt AA, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW. Detection of coronavirus in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69. [PMID: 33977671 PMCID: PMC8242716 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14150 10.1111/tbed.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a haematophagous animal that feeds exclusively on the blood of domestic mammals. Vampire bat feeding habits enable their contact with mammalian hosts and may enhance zoonotic spillover. Moreover, they may carry several pathogenic organisms, including coronaviruses (CoVs), for which they are important hosts. The human pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and possibly coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) all originated in bats but required bridge hosts to spread into human populations. To monitor the presence of potential zoonotic viruses in bats, the present work evaluated the presence of CoVs in vampire bats from southern Brazil. A total of 101 vampire bats were captured and euthanized between 2017 and 2019 in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestines were collected and macerated individually. The samples were pooled and submitted to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and subsequently individually screened using a pancoronavirus RT-PCR protocol. We detected CoV-related sequences in HTS, but only two (2/101; 1.98%) animals had CoV detected in the intestines by RT-PCR. Partial sequences of RdRp and spike genes were obtained in the same sample and the RdRp region in the other sample. The sequences were classified as belonging to Alphacoronavirus. The sequences were closely related to alphacoronaviruses detected in vampire bats from Peru. The continuous monitoring of bat CoVs may help to map and predict putative future zoonotic agents with great impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Juliana do Canto Olegário
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia MolecularInstituto de Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade FeevaleNovo HamburgoBrazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Raissa Canova
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil,Secretaria Estadual de AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde AnimalInstituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA)Secretaria da AgriculturaPecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR)Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
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10
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Atanasov P, Ivanova S, Kobakova Y, Moneva-Sakelarieva M, Obreshkova D, Petkova V, Laleva-Jordanova P. Immunogenesis in patients with medium and severe coronavirus infection – dynamics in different age groups. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e81063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of a one-year prospective study, during which the process of immunogenesis in patients over 18 years of age with moderate and severe coronavirus infection was monitored and analyzed in clinical and paraclinical (clinical laboratory) aspects, are summarized and presented.
The study included 2683 patients, all treated in the Clinic of Internal Diseases at the University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine “N. I. Pirogov” EAD, Sofia for the period from April 2020 to December 2020. Patients were followed for one year after recovering from moderate to severe coronavirus infection. Patients are grouped into four age categories as follows: 18–45 years; 46–65 years; 66–80 years and over 80 years.
The results of our study show that during the study period in 97% of patients the level of anti-SARS-CoV2, rose and in the remaining three percent it was flat or followed by subsequent waning (in less than 1% of patients), but does not reach critically low levels (i. e. below the positivity conditional threshold). The level of IgG reached a peak and then waned, but on the other hand, as mentioned above, the amount of Ig-Total tested shows a significant increase. This trend is observed in all age groups, with a difference in the level of IgG and Ig-Total depending on age.
The results of the additional screening in the target period in terms of virulence and virus segregation, categorically rule out the suspicion of the presence of “silent spreader”. During the follow-up period, no patients were re-hospitalized due to recurrence of Coronavirus infection (re-infection and illness).
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11
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Lalchhandama K. A history of coronaviruses. WIKIJOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15347/wjm/2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with a report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in North Dakota, US, in 1931. The causative agent was identified as a virus in 1933. By 1936, the disease and the virus were recognised as unique from other viral diseases. The virus became known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), but later officially renamed as Avian coronavirus. A new brain disease of mice (murine encephalomyelitis) was discovered in 1947 at Harvard Medical School in Boston. The virus was called JHM (after Harvard pathologist John Howard Mueller). Three years later a new mouse hepatitis was reported from the National Institute for Medical Research in London. The causative virus was identified as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), later renamed Murine coronavirus. In 1961, a virus was obtained from a school boy in Epsom, England, who was suffering from common cold. The sample, designated B814, was confirmed as novel virus in 1965. New common cold viruses (assigned 229E) collected from medical students at the University of Chicago were also reported in 1966. Structural analyses of IBV, MHV, B18 and 229E using transmission electron microscopy revealed that they all belong to the same group of viruses. Making a crucial comparison in 1967, June Almeida and David Tyrrell invented the collective name coronavirus, as all those viruses were characterised by solar corona-like projections (called spikes) on their surfaces. Other coronaviruses have been discovered from pigs, dogs, cats, rodents, cows, horses, camels, Beluga whales, birds and bats. As of 2022, 52 species are described. Bats are found to be the richest source of different species of coronaviruses. All coronaviruses originated from a common ancestor about 293 million years ago. Zoonotic species such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a variant of SARS-CoV, emerged during the past two decades and caused the first pandemics of the 21st century.
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12
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Liu W, Liu P, Liu WJ, Wang Q, Tong Y, Gao GF. Origins of HIV, HCoV-HKU1, SFTSV, and MERS-CoV and Beyond. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:823-827. [PMID: 36284537 PMCID: PMC9547735 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Yigang Tong,
| | - George F. Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Bartlow AW, Stromberg ZR, Gleasner CD, Hu B, Davenport KW, Jakhar S, Li PE, Vosburg M, Garimella M, Chain PSG, Erkkila TH, Fair JM, Mukundan H. Comparing variability in diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections in patients using syndromic, next generation sequencing, and PCR-based methods. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000811. [PMID: 36962439 PMCID: PMC10022352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis of respiratory pathogens and associated outbreaks can allow for the control of spread, epidemiological modeling, targeted treatment, and decision making-as is evident with the current COVID-19 pandemic. Many respiratory infections share common symptoms, making them difficult to diagnose using only syndromic presentation. Yet, with delays in getting reference laboratory tests and limited availability and poor sensitivity of point-of-care tests, syndromic diagnosis is the most-relied upon method in clinical practice today. Here, we examine the variability in diagnostic identification of respiratory infections during the annual infection cycle in northern New Mexico, by comparing syndromic diagnostics with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing-based methods, with the goal of assessing gaps in our current ability to identify respiratory pathogens. Of 97 individuals that presented with symptoms of respiratory infection, only 23 were positive for at least one RNA virus, as confirmed by sequencing. Whereas influenza virus (n = 7) was expected during this infection cycle, we also observed coronavirus (n = 7), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 8), parainfluenza virus (n = 4), and human metapneumovirus (n = 1) in individuals with respiratory infection symptoms. Four patients were coinfected with two viruses. In 21 individuals that tested positive using PCR, RNA sequencing completely matched in only 12 (57%) of these individuals. Few individuals (37.1%) were diagnosed to have an upper respiratory tract infection or viral syndrome by syndromic diagnostics, and the type of virus could only be distinguished in one patient. Thus, current syndromic diagnostic approaches fail to accurately identify respiratory pathogens associated with infection and are not suited to capture emerging threats in an accurate fashion. We conclude there is a critical and urgent need for layered agnostic diagnostics to track known and unknown pathogens at the point of care to control future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bartlow
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Zachary R Stromberg
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cheryl D Gleasner
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bin Hu
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Karen W Davenport
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shailja Jakhar
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Po-E Li
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Molly Vosburg
- Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Madhavi Garimella
- Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Patrick S G Chain
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tracy H Erkkila
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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14
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Tong Y, Liu W, Liu P, Liu WJ, Wang Q, Gao GF. The origins of viruses: discovery takes time, international resources, and cooperation. Lancet 2021; 398:1401-1402. [PMID: 34600605 PMCID: PMC8483647 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Kong D, Zheng Y, Hu L, Chen J, Wu H, Teng Z, Zhou Y, Qiu Q, Lu Y, Pan H. Epidemiological and co-infection characteristics of common human coronaviruses in Shanghai, 2015-2020: a retrospective observational study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1660-1668. [PMID: 34350810 PMCID: PMC8381891 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1965498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a major challenge worldwide. However, the epidemic potential of common human coronaviruses (HCoVs) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological and co-infection characteristics of common HCoVs in individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). This retrospective, observational, multicentre study used data collected from patients admitted to nine sentinel hospitals with ILI and SARI from January 2015 through December 2020 in Shanghai, China. We prospectively tested patients for a total of 22 respiratory pathogens using multi-real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of the 4541 patients tested, 40.37% (1833/4541) tested positive for respiratory pathogens and 3.59% (163/4541) tested positive for common HCoVs. HCoV infection was more common in the non-endemic season for respiratory pathogens (odds ratio: 2.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.64–3.31). HCoV-OC43 (41.72%, 68/163) was the most common type of HCoV detected. The co-infection rate was 31.29% (51/163) among 163 HCoV-positive cases, with HCoV-229E (53.13%, 17/32), the HCoV type that was most frequently associated with co-infection. Respiratory pathogens responsible for co-infections with HCoVs included parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, influenza A virus, and adenovirus. Furthermore, we identified one patient co-infected with HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63/HKU1. The prevalence of common HCoVs remains low in ILI/SARI cases, in Shanghai. However, the seasonal pattern of HCoVs may be opposite to that of other respiratory pathogens. Moreover, HCoVs are likely to co-exist with specific respiratory pathogens. The potential role of co-infections with HCoVs and other pathogenic microorganisms in infection and pathogenesis of ILI and SARI warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechuan Kong
- Department of Acute Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxu Zheng
- Department of Acute Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan School of Public Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjie Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan School of Public Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Logistics Support, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wu
- Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Teng
- Institute of Pathogen Examination, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- Institute of Pathogen Examination, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Acute Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan School of Public Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Pan
- Institute of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kayode AJ, Banji-Onisile FO, Olaniran AO, Okoh AI. An Overview of the Pathogenesis, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Management of Endemic Human Coronaviruses: A Reflection on the Past and Present Episodes and Possible Future Outbreaks. Pathogens 2021; 10:1108. [PMID: 34578140 PMCID: PMC8470645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic caught the world by surprise in late 2019 and has held it hostage for months with an increasing number of infections and deaths. Although coronavirus was first discovered in the 1960s and was known to cause respiratory infection in humans, no information was available about the epidemic pattern of the virus until the past two decades. This review addresses the pathogenesis, transmission dynamics, diagnosis, management strategies, the pattern of the past and present events, and the possibility of future outbreaks of the endemic human coronaviruses. Several studies have described bats as presumptive natural reservoirs of coronaviruses. In essence, the identification of a diverse group of similar SARS coronaviruses in bats suggests the possibility of a future epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-like) coronaviruses originating from different reservoir hosts. The study also identified a lack of vaccines to prevent human coronavirus infections in humans in the past, however, the recent breakthrough in vaccine discovery and approval for emergency use for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is commendable. The high rates of genomic substitution and recombination due to errors in RNA replication and the potential for independent species crossing suggest the chances of an entirely new strain evolving. Therefore, rapid research efforts should be deployed for vaccination to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and prevent a possible future outbreak. More sensitization and enlightenment on the need to adopt good personal hygiene practices, social distancing, and scientific evaluation of existing medications with promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 is required. In addition, intensive investigations to unravel and validate the possible reservoirs, the intermediate host, as well as insight into the ability of the virus to break the species barrier are needed to prevent future viral spillover and possible outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeoye J. Kayode
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; or
- Wastewater Coronavirus Surveillance Laboratory, SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Center, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Folasade O. Banji-Onisile
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (F.O.B.-O.); (A.O.O.)
| | - Ademola O. Olaniran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (F.O.B.-O.); (A.O.O.)
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; or
- Wastewater Coronavirus Surveillance Laboratory, SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Center, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 555588, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Chazal N. Coronavirus, the King Who Wanted More Than a Crown: From Common to the Highly Pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, Is the Key in the Accessory Genes? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682603. [PMID: 34335504 PMCID: PMC8317507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that emerged in late 2019, is the etiologic agent of the current "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) pandemic, which has serious health implications and a significant global economic impact. Of the seven human coronaviruses, all of which have a zoonotic origin, the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, is the third emerging coronavirus, in the 21st century, highly pathogenic to the human population. Previous human coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) have already provided several valuable information on some of the common molecular and cellular mechanisms of coronavirus infections as well as their origin. However, to meet the new challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a detailed understanding of the biological specificities, as well as knowledge of the origin are crucial to provide information on viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and to enable strategies for therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current advances in SARS-CoV-2 knowledges, in light of pre-existing information of other recently emerging coronaviruses. We depict the specificity of the immune response of wild bats and discuss current knowledge of the genetic diversity of bat-hosted coronaviruses that promotes viral genome expansion (accessory gene acquisition). In addition, we describe the basic virology of coronaviruses with a special focus SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we highlight, in detail, the current knowledge of genes and accessory proteins which we postulate to be the major keys to promote virus adaptation to specific hosts (bat and human), to contribute to the suppression of immune responses, as well as to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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18
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Alves RS, do Canto Olegário J, Weber MN, da Silva MS, Canova R, Sauthier JT, Baumbach LF, Witt AA, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW. Detection of coronavirus in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2384-2389. [PMID: 33977671 PMCID: PMC8242716 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a haematophagous animal that feeds exclusively on the blood of domestic mammals. Vampire bat feeding habits enable their contact with mammalian hosts and may enhance zoonotic spillover. Moreover, they may carry several pathogenic organisms, including coronaviruses (CoVs), for which they are important hosts. The human pathogens that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS‐CoV) and possibly coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS‐CoV‐2) all originated in bats but required bridge hosts to spread into human populations. To monitor the presence of potential zoonotic viruses in bats, the present work evaluated the presence of CoVs in vampire bats from southern Brazil. A total of 101 vampire bats were captured and euthanized between 2017 and 2019 in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestines were collected and macerated individually. The samples were pooled and submitted to high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and subsequently individually screened using a pancoronavirus RT‐PCR protocol. We detected CoV‐related sequences in HTS, but only two (2/101; 1.98%) animals had CoV detected in the intestines by RT‐PCR. Partial sequences of RdRp and spike genes were obtained in the same sample and the RdRp region in the other sample. The sequences were classified as belonging to Alphacoronavirus. The sequences were closely related to alphacoronaviruses detected in vampire bats from Peru. The continuous monitoring of bat CoVs may help to map and predict putative future zoonotic agents with great impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana do Canto Olegário
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raissa Canova
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Tatiane Sauthier
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata da Fontoura Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chepur SV, Pluzhnikov NN, Chubar OV, Bakulina LS, Litvinenko IV, Makarov VA, Gogolevsky AS, Myasnikov VA, Myasnikova IA, Al-Shehadat RI. Respiratory RNA Viruses: How to Be Prepared for an Encounter with New Pandemic Virus Strains. BIOLOGY BULLETIN REVIEWS 2021; 11. [PMCID: PMC8078390 DOI: 10.1134/s207908642102002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the biology of influenza viruses and coronavirus that determine the implementation of the infectious process are presented. With provision for pathogenesis of infection possible effects of serine proteinase inhibitors, heparin, and inhibitors of heparan sulfate receptors in the prevention of cell contamination by viruses are examined. It has been determined that chelators of metals of variable valency and antioxidants should be used for the reduction of replicative activity of viruses and anti-inflammatory therapy. The possibility of a pH-dependent impairment of glycosylation of cellular and viral proteins was traced for chloroquine and its derivatives. The use of low-toxicity drugs as part of adjunct therapy increases the effectiveness of synthetic antiviral drugs and interferons and ensures the safety of baseline therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Chepur
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N. N. Pluzhnikov
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O. V. Chubar
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L. S. Bakulina
- Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | | | - V. A. Makarov
- Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. S. Gogolevsky
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V. A. Myasnikov
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I. A. Myasnikova
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R. I. Al-Shehadat
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
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20
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Khade SM, Yabaji SM, Srivastava J. An update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, immunopathology, and BCG vaccination. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:650-658. [PMID: 33226885 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1848869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 possesses RNA as a genetic material with 79% of the match with the bat SARS-CoV genome, which became epidemic in 2002. The SARS-CoV-2 peripheral Spike-Fc protein binds specifically to the ACE2 receptors present on bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar pneumocytes to downmodulates its expression which leads to severe acute respiratory failure. The disease is super infectious from human to human and the symptoms are similar to flu. The old aged and immunocompromised population are severely affected, and healthcare providers globally applied various strategies for treatment including the repurposing of drugs including antimalarial drug, hydroxychloroquine and anti-viral drugs.Herein, we described the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, immune responses, possible drug targets, vaccines under the trials and correlated the possibility of trained immunity induced by BCG vaccination over control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The countries with constraint BCG vaccination policy are struggling badly compared to countries with BCG vaccination policy. The BCG vaccination policy supports either lowering the total number of COVID-19 cases or the increasing recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar M Khade
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Kalaburgi, India
| | - Shivraj M Yabaji
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Kalaburgi, India
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21
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Cimolai N. Complicating Infections Associated with Common Endemic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses. Health Secur 2020; 19:195-208. [PMID: 33186086 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 are endemic human respiratory coronaviruses that typically cause mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, similar to the common cold. They also may cause simple and complicated lower respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma exacerbations, gastroenteritis, and a few systemic complications. These viruses are usually seasonal (with winter dominance) and affect nearly all age groups. The seasonal and annual variation in virus prevalence has implications for understanding the concept of acquired immunity and its persistence or diminution. Coronaviruses generally have outbreak potential in susceptible populations of any age, particularly in patients with comorbidities, who tend to have increased clinical disease. These 4 coronaviruses are often found in the context of what appears to be coinfection with other pathogens, but especially other viruses. If coronaviruses are not specifically tested for, the sole detection of a viral copathogen would suggest the pathogen is the causative agent, when a coronavirus may be culpable, or both. The detection of these viruses in circumstances where respiratory viruses are generally sought in clinical samples is, therefore, justified. These pathogens can be chronically shed from the respiratory tract, which is more likely to occur among immunocompromised and complicated patients. These viruses share the potential for genetic drift. The genome is among the largest of RNA viruses, and the capability of these viruses to further change is likely underestimated. Given the potential disease among humans, it is justified to search for effective antiviral chemotherapy for these viruses and to consider uses in niche situations should effective therapy be defined. Whereas SARS-CoV-2 may follow the epidemiological pattern of SARS-CoV and extinguish slowly over time, there is yet concern that SARS-CoV-2 may establish itself as an endemic human respiratory coronavirus similar to OC43, 2299E, NL63, and HKU1. Until sufficient data are acquired to better understand the potential of SARS-CoV-2, continued work on antiviral therapy and vaccination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Nevio Cimolai, MD, FRCPC, is a Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia; he is also Medical Staff, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia; both in Vancouver, Canada
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22
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Makarov V, Riabova O, Ekins S, Pluzhnikov N, Chepur S. The past, present and future of RNA respiratory viruses: influenza and coronaviruses. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:ftaa046. [PMID: 32860686 PMCID: PMC7499567 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronaviruses continue to cause pandemics across the globe. We now have a greater understanding of their functions. Unfortunately, the number of drugs in our armory to defend us against them is inadequate. This may require us to think about what mechanisms to address. Here, we review the biological properties of these viruses, their genetic evolution and antiviral therapies that can be used or have been attempted. We will describe several classes of drugs such as serine protease inhibitors, heparin, heparan sulfate receptor inhibitors, chelating agents, immunomodulators and many others. We also briefly describe some of the drug repurposing efforts that have taken place in an effort to rapidly identify molecules to treat patients with COVID-19. While we put a heavy emphasis on the past and present efforts, we also provide some thoughts about what we need to do to prepare for respiratory viral threats in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Makarov
- Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Olga Riabova
- Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Nikolay Pluzhnikov
- State Research Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, St Petersburg 195043, Russia
| | - Sergei Chepur
- State Research Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, St Petersburg 195043, Russia
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23
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Abozahra R, Abdelhamid SM, Khairy K, Baraka K. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Human bocavirus in children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infection. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1197-1202. [PMID: 32812862 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a recently discovered parvovirus; it has been shown to be a common cause of respiratory infections and gastroenteritis in children. Since its identification, HBoV has been detected worldwide in nasopharyngeal swabs, serum and stool samples particularly those obtained from young children suffering from respiratory or gastrointestinal tract infections.Aim. The aim of this work was to determine HBoV prevalence among children with acute respiratory tract infection in Egypt, to detect the most prevalent HBoV genotype and to compare PCR and ELISA as diagnostic techniques for HBoV infection.Methods. Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were obtained within the first day of admission from 75 children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infection in El-Shatby University Hospital for Children in Alexandria, Egypt from October 2018 to March 2019. Conventional PCR was used to detect HBoV DNA, ELISA was used to detect HBoV IgM antibodies and sequencing of the VP1/2 genes was used for genotyping.Results. Seven (9.3%) of the 75 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from patients with acute respiratory tract infection were positive for HBoV by PCR, while 5 (6.7 %) of the 75 serum samples were positive for HBoV IgM antibodies using ELISA. The correlation between PCR and ELISA results showed a highly significant association between PCR and ELISA techniques (X 2=52.041, P<0.01) and a highly significant agreement between the two methods (Kappa=81.9 %, P<0.01). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all positive samples were related to the HBoV-1 genotype.Conclusion. Human bocavirus was detected at 9.3 % prevalence in nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from children with acute respiratory tract infection. The HBoV-1 genotype was the only genotype detected, suggesting that a single genetic lineage of HBoV is circulating in Egypt. PCR and ELISA are two reliable methods for detection and diagnosis of HBoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abozahra
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Abdelhamid
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Karim Khairy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kholoud Baraka
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Zhang D, Ma Z, Chen H, Lu Y, Chen X. Valinomycin as a potential antiviral agent against coronaviruses: A review. Biomed J 2020; 43:414-423. [PMID: 33012699 PMCID: PMC7417921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been resulting in global epidemics with heavy morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, there are currently no specific medicines that can better treat these coronaviruses. Drug repurposing is an effective and economical strategy for drug discovery from existing drugs, natural products, and synthetic compounds. In this review, the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of valinomycin (VAL), especially its activity against coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), were summarized, it highlights that VAL has tremendous potential for use as a novel antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanchi Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuele Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
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25
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Gupta A, Kumar S, Kumar R, Choudhary AK, Kumari K, Singh P, Kumar V. COVID-19: Emergence of Infectious Diseases, Nanotechnology Aspects, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. ChemistrySelect 2020; 5:7521-7533. [PMID: 32835089 PMCID: PMC7361534 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wuhan, a city of China, is the epicenter for the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). It has become a severe public health challenge to the world and established a public health emergency of international worry. This infectious disease has pulled down the economy of almost all top developed nations. The coronaviruses (CoVs) known for various epidemics caused time to time. Infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), followed by COVID-19, are all coronaviruses led outbreaks that scourged the history of mankind. CoVs evolved themselves to more infectious, transmissible, and more pandemic with time. To prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2, many countries have ordered the complete lockdown to combat the outbreak. This paper briefly discussed the historical background of CoVs and the evolution of human coronaviruses (HCoVs), the case studies and the development of their antiviral medications. The viral infection encountered with present-day challenges and futuristic approaches with the help of nanotechnology to minimize the spread of infectious viruses. The antiviral drugs and their clinical advances, along with herbal medicines for viral inhibition and immunity boosters, are described. Elaboration of tables related to CoVs for the compilation of the literature has been adopted for the better understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Department of ChemistrySri Venkateswara CollegeUniversity of DelhiIndia.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of ChemistryDeshbandhu CollegeUniversity of DelhiIndia.
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri VishwavidyalayaHaridwarIndia.
| | | | - Kamlesh Kumari
- Department of ZoologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya CollegeDelhiIndia.
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of ChemistryAtma Ram Sanatan Dharma CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of ChemistryKirori Mal CollegeUniversity of DelhiIndia
- Special Centre for Nano SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityDelhiIndia
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26
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Madi NM, Al-Adwani A. Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Kuwait: molecular epidemiology and clinical outcome of the virus among patients with respiratory diseases. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1005-1012. [PMID: 32579103 PMCID: PMC7481742 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Globally, human bocavirus (HBoV) has been detected in respiratory samples from patients suffering from upper and lower respiratory diseases. In Kuwait, little is known about the epidemiological and clinical characterization of the virus and genetic characterization of the virus as a respiratory pathogen is unknown.Aim. This study aims to explore the molecular epidemiology and clinical features of HBoV isolates in patients with respiratory diseases.Methodology. Retrospectively, between 2018 and 2020, 5941 respiratory samples from patients with respiratory diseases were screened for respiratory viruses using multiplex real-time PCR. Samples that were positive for HBoV were then subjected to NP1 and VP1/PV2 phylogenetic analysis.Results. HBoV was detected in 1.9 % of the patients, with a peak incidence of infection among children <1 year old. Co-infection with other respiratory viruses was observed in 56.8 % of HBoV-positive patients. Fever, cough and respiratory distress were the most common clinical features of HBoV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the Kuwaiti HBoV isolates revealed that all the isolates were of the HBoV-1 genotype, with slight sequence variations among the isolates.Conclusion. This study illustrated the predominance of the HBoV-1 genotype in patients with respiratory diseases in Kuwait with minimal genetic variability. It also highlighted the clinical features of HBoV-1 infection, verifying its role in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M. Madi
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Anfal Al-Adwani
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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27
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Vilmane A, Terentjeva A, Tamosiunas PL, Suna N, Suna I, Petraityte-Burneikiene R, Murovska M, Rasa-Dzelzkaleja S, Nora-Krukle Z. Human Parvoviruses May Affect the Development and Clinical Course of Meningitis and Meningoencephalitis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060339. [PMID: 32503112 PMCID: PMC7349785 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis and meningoencephalitis are neurological inflammatory diseases, and although routine diagnostics include testing of a wide range of pathogens, still in many cases, no causative agent is detected. Human parvovirus B19 (B19V), human bocaviruses 1–4 (HBoV1–4), and human parvovirus 4 (hPARV4) are members of the Parvoviridae family and are associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations including neurological disorders. The main aim of this study was to determine whether human parvoviruses infection markers are present among patients with meningitis/meningoencephalitis in Latvia as well as to clarify the role of these viruses on the clinical course of the mentioned diseases. Our study revealed HBoV1–4 and B19V genomic sequences in 52.38% and 16.67% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, symptoms such as the presence of a headache and its severity, fatigue, disorientation, and difficulties to concentrate were significantly frequently present in patients with active parvovirus infection in comparison with parvoviruses negative patients, therefore we suggest that HBoV1–4 and B19V infection should be included in the diagnostics to reduce the number of meningitis/meningoencephalitis with unknown/unexplained etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Vilmane
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.T.); (M.M.); (S.R.-D.); (Z.N.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-67060838
| | - Anna Terentjeva
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.T.); (M.M.); (S.R.-D.); (Z.N.-K.)
| | - Paulius L. Tamosiunas
- Vilnius University Life Sciences Center Institute of Biotechnology, 7 Sauletekio Al., 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.L.T.); (R.P.-B.)
| | - Normunds Suna
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East Clinical University Hospital “Gaiļezers”, 2 Hipokrata St., LV-1038 Riga, Latvia; (N.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Inga Suna
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East Clinical University Hospital “Gaiļezers”, 2 Hipokrata St., LV-1038 Riga, Latvia; (N.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Rasa Petraityte-Burneikiene
- Vilnius University Life Sciences Center Institute of Biotechnology, 7 Sauletekio Al., 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.L.T.); (R.P.-B.)
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.T.); (M.M.); (S.R.-D.); (Z.N.-K.)
| | - Santa Rasa-Dzelzkaleja
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.T.); (M.M.); (S.R.-D.); (Z.N.-K.)
| | - Zaiga Nora-Krukle
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.T.); (M.M.); (S.R.-D.); (Z.N.-K.)
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Wang J, Li N, Li Z, Liu L, He Y, Meng J, Li S, Wang J. Identification of a novel bocaparvovirus in a wild squirrel in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1469-1474. [PMID: 32388598 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In December 2017, a squirrel (Callosciurus phayrei) died 2 days after capture in Kunming, and its intestinal tract, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were subjected to metagenomics analysis. Reassembly and verification by reverse transcription PCR of contigs generated by next-generation sequencing yielded a 5176-nt sequence, which was designated "squirrel bocaparvovirus" (SQBOV). Phylogenetic trees based on the aa sequences of NS1, NP1, and VP1 showed that SQBOV formed an independent branch in the bocaparvovirus phylogenetic tree. The amino acid sequence identity of the NS1 of SQBOV to those of other bocaparvoviruses was below the threshold of 85% that is used to demarcate species within the genus, indicating that it should be considered a member of a new bocaparvovirus species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bocaparvovirus in squirrels. Our findings will enable further studies of viral diversity in rodents and of the genetic diversity and host range of bocaparvoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- Yunnan Province Hospital of Infection Disease, Kunming, 650301, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao Li
- The Agricultural Technology Service Center of Qu Shui Town, Jiangcheng County, Yunnan, 665907, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuwen He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinxin Meng
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Shunxiang Li
- Yuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yixu, 653000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
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29
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Bianchi F, Bennett D, Alderighi L, Pieroni M, Refini RM, Fossi A, Bargagli E, Mazzei MA, Guazzi G, Cusi MG, Sestini P. Coronavirus HKU 1 infection with bronchiolitis, pericardial effusion and acute respiratory failure in obese adult female. J Asthma 2020; 58:1128-1131. [PMID: 32336170 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2020.1761981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Seven species of coronavirus cause acute respiratory illness in humans. Coronavirus HKU 1 (CoV HKU 1) was first described in 2005 in an adult patient with pneumonia in Hong Kong. Although it is a well-known respiratory tract pathogen, there is not much information about its role in hospitalized adults, especially in southern Europe. Here, we describe a case of radiologically demonstrated CoV HKU 1-related bronchiolitis with acute respiratory failure in an adult female without significant comorbidities except obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bianchi
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - David Bennett
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Alderighi
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Pieroni
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Rosa Metella Refini
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Fossi
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Guazzi
- Emergency Diagnostic, Department of Emergency and Urgency and Transplants, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Innovation, Experimentation and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Piersante Sestini
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F. Feline Virome-A Review of Novel Enteric Viruses Detected in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100908. [PMID: 31575055 PMCID: PMC6832874 DOI: 10.3390/v11100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Irene Melegari
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Ziemele I, Xu M, Vilmane A, Rasa-Dzelzkaleja S, Hedman L, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M, Nora-Krukle Z, Murovska M, Gardovska D. Acute human bocavirus 1 infection in child with life-threatening bilateral bronchiolitis and right-sided pneumonia: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:290. [PMID: 31519214 PMCID: PMC6744643 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human bocavirus 1 is a commonly detected human parvovirus. Many studies have shown human bocavirus 1 as a pathogen in association with acute respiratory tract infections in children. However, because human bocavirus 1 persists in the upper airways for extensive time periods after acute infection, the definition and diagnostics of acute human bocavirus 1 infection is challenging. Until now, detection of human bocavirus 1 exclusively, high viral load in respiratory samples, and viremia have been associated with a clinical picture of acute respiratory illness. There are no studies showing detection of human bocavirus 1 messenger ribonucleic acid in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a diagnostic marker for acute lower respiratory tract infection. Case presentation We report the case of a 17-month-old Latvian boy who presented in intensive care unit with acute bilateral bronchiolitis, with a history of rhinorrhea and cough for 6 days and fever for the last 2 days prior to admission, followed by severe respiratory distress and tracheal intubation. Human bocavirus 1 was the only respiratory virus detected by a qualitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel. For the diagnosis of acute human bocavirus 1 infection, both molecular and serological approaches were used. Human bocavirus 1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected simultaneously in nasopharyngeal aspirate, stool, and blood, as well as in the corresponding cell-free blood plasma by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, revealing high DNA-copy numbers in nasopharyngeal aspirate and stool. Despite a low-load viremia, human bocavirus 1 messenger ribonucleic acid was found in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. For detection of human bocavirus 1-specific antibodies, non-competitive immunoglobulin M and competitive immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassays were used. The plasma was positive for both human bocavirus 1-specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies. Conclusions The presence of human bocavirus 1 genomic DNA in blood plasma and human bocavirus 1 messenger ribonucleic acid in peripheral blood mononuclear cells together with human bocavirus 1-specific immunoglobulin M are markers of acute human bocavirus 1 infection that may cause life-threatening acute bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Ziemele
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia. .,Department of Pediatrics Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anda Vilmane
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University Riga, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Lea Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Zaiga Nora-Krukle
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University Riga, Riga, Latvia
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University Riga, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Gardovska
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Pediatrics Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Khani H, Tabarraei A, Moradi A. Survey of Coronaviruses Infection among Patients with Flu-like Symptoms in the Golestan Province, Iran. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Rikhotso MC, Kabue JP, Ledwaba SE, Traoré AN, Potgieter N. Prevalence of Human Bocavirus in Africa and Other Developing Countries between 2005 and 2016: A Potential Emerging Viral Pathogen for Diarrhea. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:7875482. [PMID: 30275840 PMCID: PMC6157109 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7875482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2005 from individuals suffering gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections. Numerous studies related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HBoV have been conducted worldwide. This review reports on HBoV studies in individuals with acute gastroenteritis, with and without respiratory tract infections in Africa between 2005 and 2016. MATERIAL AND METHOD The search engines of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase database for published articles of HBoV were used to obtain data between 2005 and 2016. The search words included were as follows: studies performed in Africa or/other developing countries or/worldwide; studies for the detection of HBoV in patients with/without diarrhea and respiratory tract infection; studies using standardized laboratory techniques for detection. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 756 publications with 70 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies included children and individuals of all age groups. HBoV prevalence in Africa was 13% in individuals suffering gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION Reports suggest that HBoV infections are increasingly being recognized worldwide. Therefore, surveillance of individuals suffering from infections in Africa is required to monitor the prevalence of HBoV and help understand the role of HBoV in individuals suffering from gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpumelelo Casper Rikhotso
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Solanka Ellen Ledwaba
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Afsatou Ndama Traoré
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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Zhang W, Zheng Q, Yan M, Chen X, Yang H, Zhou W, Rao Z. Structural characterization of the HCoV-229E fusion core. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:705-712. [PMID: 29458023 PMCID: PMC7092869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HCoV-229E spike (S) protein mediates virion attachment to cells and subsequent fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. This protein is composed of an N-terminal receptor-binding domain (S1) and a C-terminal trans-membrane fusion domain (S2). S2 contains a highly conserved heptad repeat 1 and 2 (HR1 and HR2). In this study, the HRs sequences were designed and connected with a flexible linker. The recombinant fusion core protein was crystallized and its structure was solved at a resolution of 2.45 Å. Then we characterized the binding of HR1s and HR2s via both sequence alignment and structural analysis. The overall structures, especially the residues in some positions of HR2 are highly conserved. Fourteen hydrophobic and three polar residues from each HR1 peptide are packed in layers at the coiled-coil interface. These core amino acids can be grouped into seven heptad repeats. Analysis of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between HR2 helix and HR1 helices, shows that the HR1 and HR2 polypeptides are highly complementary in both shape and chemical properties. Furthermore, the available knowledge concerning HCoV-229E fusion core may make it possible to design small molecule or polypeptide drugs targeting membrane fusion, a crucial step of HCoV-229E infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengrong Yan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- College of Life Sciences, College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
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Silva PE, Figueiredo CA, Luchs A, de Paiva TM, Pinho MAB, Paulino RS, da Silva DBB, de Oliveira Santos KC, Afonso AMS, de Oliveira MI. Human bocavirus in hospitalized children under 5 years with acute respiratory infection, São Paulo, Brazil, 2010. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1325-1330. [PMID: 29392492 PMCID: PMC7087275 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the human bocavirus (HBoV) frequency and genotypes in hospitalized children <5 years presenting acute respiratory infections (ARI) within the São Paulo metropolitan area. Nasopharyngeal samples from 300 patients, previously screened for common respiratory viruses, were tested by qPCR for the NSP1 and NP-1 genes. The VP1/2 gene in positive samples was then amplified by PCR and sequenced. A total of 49 positive HBoV cases (16.3%; mean Ct value of 34.41) were detected with the mean age being 18.1 months (range 1 month to 5 years) and the median age being 1 year of age. Children aged between 0 and 12 months had higher detection rates of HBoV (69.4%; 34/49; mean Ct = 34.45) than children from other age groups (30.6%; 15/49; mean Ct = 34.34). No significant differences were observed between HBoV Ct levels and clinical illness. The occurrence was more frequently associated with fall (38.8%; 19/49) and spring (36.7%; 18/49). All 12 sequenced isolates were identified as HBoV-1, displaying minor genetic variation compared to the Swedish reference strains ST1 and ST2 (99.1–99.7% nt). The sole identification of HBoV-1 supports the hypothesis that this particular genotype is strongly related to ARI, and contributes to the role of this virus in the aetiology of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Evelin Silva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Cristina Adelaide Figueiredo
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Entéricas, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria de Paiva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Margarete Aparecida Benega Pinho
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Renato Sousa Paulino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Corrêa de Oliveira Santos
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sardinha Afonso
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel de Oliveira
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil.
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Abstract
The human coronaviruses have been shown to be a major player in clinical microbiology and frequently occur as pathogens responsible for mild to severe respiratory infections. Moreover, two of the most dangerous viral respiratory infections are caused by novel coronaviruses, namely, the SARS and the MERS coronavirus. This chapter briefly summarizes the most important facts and knowledge required for the appropriate laboratory diagnostics of infections caused by the human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Charles W. Stratton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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38
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Kenmoe S, Vernet MA, Njankouo-Ripa M, Penlap VB, Vabret A, Njouom R. Phylogenic analysis of human bocavirus detected in children with acute respiratory infection in Yaounde, Cameroon. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:293. [PMID: 28716110 PMCID: PMC5514512 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Human Bocavirus (HBoV) was first identified in 2005 and has been shown to be a common cause of respiratory infections and gastroenteritis in children. In a recent study, we found that 10.7% of children with acute respiratory infections (ARI) were infected by HBoV. Genetic characterization of this virus remains unknown in Central Africa, particularly in Cameroon Leeding us to evaluate the molecular characteristics of HBoV strains in Cameroonian children with ARI. Results Phylogenetic analysis of partial HBoV VP1/2 sequences showed a low level of nucleotide variation and the circulation of HBoV genotype 1 (HBoV-1) only. Three clades were obtained, two clustering with each of the reference strains ST1 and ST2, and a third group consisting of only Cameroon strains. By comparing with the Swedish reference sequences, ST1 and ST2, Cameroon sequences showed nucleotide and amino acid similarities of respectively 97.36–100% and 98.35–100%. These results could help improve strategies for monitoring and control of respiratory infections in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Biochemistry Department, Université of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Virology Service, Pôle de Biologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Astrid Vernet
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Astrid Vabret
- Virology Service, Pôle de Biologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Unit, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Tsoi HW, Patteril NG, Yeung HC, Joseph S, Wong EYM, Muhammed R, Chow FWN, Wernery U, Yuen KY. Two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses from dromedaries in the Middle East with unique genomic features. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1349-1359. [PMID: 28613145 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and its discovery from dromedary camels has boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. While bocaparvoviruses are known to infect various animals, it was not known that they exist in dromedaries. In this study, we describe the discovery of two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses (DBoVs), DBoV1 and DBoV2, from dromedary faecal samples in Dubai. Among 667 adult dromedaries and 72 dromedary calves, 13.9 % of adult dromedaries and 33.3 % of dromedary calves were positive for DBoV1, while 7.0 % of adult dromedaries and 25.0 % of dromedary calves were positive for DBoV2, as determined by PCR. Sequencing of 21 DBoV1 and 18 DBoV2 genomes and phylogenetic analysis showed that DBoV1 and DBoV2 formed two distinct clusters, with only 32.6-36.3 % amino acid identities between the DBoV1 and DBoV2 strains. Quasispecies were detected in both DBoVs. The amino acid sequences of the NS1 proteins of all the DBoV1 and DBoV2 strains showed <85 % identity to those of all the other bocaparvoviruses, indicating that DBoV1 and DBoV2 are two bocaparvovirus species according to the ICTV criteria. Although the typical genome structure of NS1-NP1-VP1/VP2 was observed in DBoV1 and DBoV2, no phospholipase A2 motif and associated calcium binding site were observed in the predicted VP1 sequences for any of the 18 sequenced DBoV2, and no start codons were found for their VP1. For all 18 DBoV2 genomes, an AT-rich region of variable length and composition was present downstream to NP1. Further studies will be crucial to understand the pathogenic potential of DBoVs in this unique group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hoi-Wah Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Hazel C Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Emily Y M Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Franklin W N Chow
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Alternative Polyadenylation of Human Bocavirus at Its 3' End Is Regulated by Multiple Elements and Affects Capsid Expression. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02026-16. [PMID: 27881651 PMCID: PMC5244319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02026-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative processing of human bocavirus (HBoV) P5 promoter-transcribed RNA is critical for generating the structural and nonstructural protein-encoding mRNA transcripts. The regulatory mechanism by which HBoV RNA transcripts are polyadenylated at proximal [(pA)p] or distal [(pA)d] polyadenylation sites is still unclear. We constructed a recombinant HBoV infectious clone to study the alternative polyadenylation regulation of HBoV. Surprisingly, in addition to the reported distal polyadenylation site, (pA)d, a novel distal polyadenylation site, (pA)d2, which is located in the right-end hairpin (REH), was identified during infectious clone transfection or recombinant virus infection. (pA)d2 does not contain typical hexanucleotide polyadenylation signal, upstream elements (USE), or downstream elements (DSE) according to sequence analysis. Further study showed that HBoV nonstructural protein NS1, REH, and cis elements of (pA)d were necessary and sufficient for efficient polyadenylation at (pA)d2. The distance and sequences between (pA)d and (pA)d2 also played a key role in the regulation of polyadenylation at (pA)d2. Finally, we demonstrated that efficient polyadenylation at (pA)d2 resulted in increased HBoV capsid mRNA transcripts and protein translation. Thus, our study revealed that all the bocaviruses have distal poly(A) signals on the right-end palindromic terminus, and alternative polyadenylation at the HBoV 3′ end regulates its capsid expression. IMPORTANCE The distal polyadenylation site, (pA)d, of HBoV is located about 400 nucleotides (nt) from the right-end palindromic terminus, which is different from those of bovine parvovirus (BPV) and canine minute virus (MVC) in the same genus whose distal polyadenylation is located in the right-end stem-loop structure. A novel polyadenylation site, (pA)d2, was identified in the right-end hairpin of HBoV during infectious clone transfection or recombinant virus infection. Sequence analysis showed that (pA)d2 does not contain typical polyadenylation signals, and the last 42 nt form a stem-loop structure which is almost identical to that of MVC. Further study showed that NS1, REH, and cis elements of (pA)d are required for efficient polyadenylation at (pA)d2. Polyadenylation at (pA)d2 enhances capsid expression. Our study demonstrates alternative polyadenylation at the 3′ end of HBoV and suggests an additional mechanism by which capsid expression is regulated.
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Lau SKP, Yeung HC, Li KSM, Lam CSF, Cai JP, Yuen MC, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Identification and genomic characterization of a novel rat bocavirus from brown rats in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:68-76. [PMID: 27871815 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent discoveries of novel animal bocaparvoviruses, current understandings on the diversity and evolution of bocaparvoviruses are still limited. We report the identification and genome characterization of a novel bocaparvovirus, rat bocaparvovirus (RBoV), in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in China. RBoV was detected in 11.5%, 2.4%, 16.2% and 0.3% of alimentary, respiratory, spleen and kidney samples respectively, of 636 brown rats by PCR, but not in samples of other rodent species, suggesting that brown rats are the primary reservoir of RBoV. Six RBoV genomes sequenced from three brown rats revealed the presence of three ORFs, characteristic of bocaparvoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RBoV was distantly related to other bocaparvoviruses, forming a distinct cluster within the genus, with ≤55.5% nucleotide identities to the genome of ungulate bocaparvovirus 3, supporting its classification as a novel bocaparvovirus species. RBoV possessed a putative second exon encoding the C-terminal region of NS1 and conserved RNA splicing signals, similar to human bocaparvoviruses and canine bocaparvovirus. In contrast to human, feline and canine bocaparvoviruses which demonstrates inter/intra-host viral diversity, partial VP1/VP2 sequences of 49 RBoV strains demonstrated little inter-host genetic diversity, suggesting a single genetic group. Although the pathogenicity of RBoV remains to be determined, its presence in different host tissues suggests wide tissue tropism. RBoV represents the first bocaparvovirus in rodents with genome sequenced, which extends our knowledge on the host range of bocaparvoviruses. Further studies are required to better understand the epidemiology, genetic diversity and pathogenicity of bocaparvoviruses in different rodent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hazel C Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth S M Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol S F Lam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Chi Yuen
- Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Lau SKP, Ahmed SS, Yeung HC, Li KSM, Fan RYY, Cheng TYC, Cai JP, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Wong SSY, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Identification and interspecies transmission of a novel bocaparvovirus among different bat species in China. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3345-3358. [PMID: 27902362 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel bocaparvovirus, bat bocaparvovirus (BtBoV), in one spleen, four respiratory and 61 alimentary samples from bats of six different species belonging to three families, Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae. BtBoV showed a higher detection rate in alimentary samples of Rhinolophus sinicus (5.7 %) than those of other bat species (0.43-1.59 %), supporting R. sinicus as the primary reservoir and virus spillover to accidental bat species. BtBoV peaked during the lactating season of R. sinicus, and it was more frequently detected among female than male adult bats (P<0.05), and among lactating than non-lactating female bats (P<0.0001). Positive BtBoV detection was associated with lower body weight in lactating bats (P<0.05). Ten nearly complete BtBoV genomes from three bat species revealed a unique large ORF1 spanning NS1 and NP1 in eight genomes and conserved splicing signals leading to multiple proteins, as well as a unique substitution in the conserved replication initiator motif within NS1. BtBoV was phylogenetically distantly related to known bocaparvoviruses with ≤57.3 % genome identities, supporting BtBoV as a novel species. Ms-BtBoV from Miniopterus schreibersii and Hp-BtBoV from Hipposideros pomona demonstrated 97.2-99.9 % genome identities with Rs-BtBoVs from R. sinicus, supporting infection of different bat species by a single BtBoV species. Rs-BtBoV_str15 represents the first bat parvovirus genome with non-coding regions sequenced, which suggested the presence of head-to-tail genomic concatamers or episomal forms of the genome. This study represents the first to describe interspecies transmission in BoVs. The high detection rates in lactating female and juvenile bats suggest possible vertical transmission of BtBoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Syed Shakeel Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hazel C Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kenneth S M Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Rachel Y Y Fan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Toni Y C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ming Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Samson S Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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43
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Peng SM, Deng H, Li MM, Huang SJ, Zhou WP, Lu LL, Huang DP, Li WC, Lin Y, Chen QP, Zhang L. [Identification of bocavirus infection in a young child with pneumonia using a pan-microbial microarray]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:662-5. [PMID: 27412553 PMCID: PMC7388986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
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44
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Peng SM, Deng H, Li MM, Huang SJ, Zhou WP, Lu LL, Huang DP, Li WC, Lin Y, Chen QP, Zhang L. [Identification of bocavirus infection in a young child with pneumonia using a pan-microbial microarray]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:662-665. [PMID: 27412553 PMCID: PMC7388986 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
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45
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Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:490-502. [PMID: 27012512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were first described in the 1960s for patients with the common cold. Since then, more HCoVs have been discovered, including those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), two pathogens that, upon infection, can cause fatal respiratory disease in humans. It was recently discovered that dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia harbor three different HCoV species, including a dominant MERS HCoV lineage that was responsible for the outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea during 2015. In this review we aim to compare and contrast the different HCoVs with regard to epidemiology and pathogenesis, in addition to the virus evolution and recombination events which have, on occasion, resulted in outbreaks amongst humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, Institute of immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, China
| | - Jun Liu
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiyong Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, Institute of immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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46
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Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:490-502. [PMID: 27012512 PMCID: PMC7125511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1768] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were first described in the 1960s for patients with the common cold. Since then, more HCoVs have been discovered, including those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), two pathogens that, upon infection, can cause fatal respiratory disease in humans. It was recently discovered that dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia harbor three different HCoV species, including a dominant MERS HCoV lineage that was responsible for the outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea during 2015. In this review we aim to compare and contrast the different HCoVs with regard to epidemiology and pathogenesis, in addition to the virus evolution and recombination events which have, on occasion, resulted in outbreaks amongst humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, Institute of immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, China
| | - Jun Liu
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiyong Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, Institute of immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Yip CCY, Lam CSF, Luk HKH, Wong EYM, Lee RA, So LY, Chan KH, Cheng VCC, Yuen KY, Woo PCY, Lau SKP. A six-year descriptive epidemiological study of human coronavirus infections in hospitalized patients in Hong Kong. Virol Sin 2016; 31:41-8. [PMID: 26920709 PMCID: PMC7090542 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a six-year epidemiological study on human coronaviruses (HCoVs) circulating in Hong Kong, using 8275 nasopharyngeal samples from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. HCoVs were detected in 77 (0.93%) of the samples by a pan-HCoV RT-PCR assay. The most frequently detected HCoV species was HCoV-OC43 (0.58%), followed by HCoV-229E (0.15%), HCoV-HKU1 (0.13%) and HCoV-NL63 (0.07%). HCoVs were detected throughout the study period (September 2008–August 2014), with the highest detection rate from September 2010 to August 2011 (22/1500, 1.47%). Different seasonal patterns of each HCoV species in Hong Kong were noted. HCoV-OC43 was predominant in the fall and winter, whereas HCoV-HKU1 showed peak activity in winter, with a few cases occurred in spring and summer. HCoV-229E mainly occurred in winter and spring, while HCoV-NL63 was predominant in summer and autumn. HCoVs most commonly infect the elderly and young children, with median age of 79.5 years (range, 22 days to 95 years). Intriguingly, the detection rate of HCoV-OC43 in the age group of > 80 years (26/2380, 1.09%) was significantly higher than that in the age group of 0–10 years (12/2529, 0.47%) (P < 0.05). These data provides new insight into the epidemiology of coronaviruses.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carol S F Lam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hayes K H Luk
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Emily Y M Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rodney A Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lok-Yee So
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent C C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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48
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A novel primer set for improved direct gene sequencing of human bocavirus genotype-1 from clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2015; 228:108-13. [PMID: 26658621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus genotype (HBoV-1) is a parvovirus associated with respiratory tract infections in children with different degrees of severity. The current study intended to improve the direct gene sequencing of the HBoV-1 using a newly developed primer set. Screening the presence of human bocavirus infection among in-patients children suffering from lower respiratory tract infections was another aim of the current study. Nasopharyngeal swab samples from in-patients children suffering from lower respiratory tract infections were examined. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for the initial screening as a highly sensitive method to detect the HBoV. Genotyping of real-time positive samples was attempted by direct sequencing of PCR amplicons using NP, VP1/2 and the newly developed VP/NC primers. HBoV-1 was present in 56.8% of the examined children. The newly developed primer set successfully amplified all real-time PCR positive samples, however, the other primer pairs did not reliably detect real-time PCR positive samples. The gene sequences of the detected HBoV-1 showed conserved sequences to each other with a low rate of discrepancies. The high rate of infection and the similarity between the detected strains strongly suggest nosocomial infections.
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New Epidemiological and Clinical Signatures of 18 Pathogens from Respiratory Tract Infections Based on a 5-Year Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138684. [PMID: 26406339 PMCID: PMC4583381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a heavy burden on society. However, due to the complex etiology of RTIs, the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections remain challenging, especially in developing countries. METHODS To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 18 respiratory pathogens, we analyzed 12,502 patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on patient pharyngeal swabs. RESULTS Samples positive for at least 1 pathogen were obtained from 48.42% of the total patients. Of these pathogen-positive patients, 17.99% were infected with more than 1 pathogen. Of the 18 pathogens analyzed, four were detected with a positive detection rate (PDR) > 5%: influenza A virus (IAV) > respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) >Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) > human coronavirus (HCoV). The pathogens with the 4 highest co-infection rates (CIRs) were as follows: HCoV > human bocavirus (HBoV) > enterovirus (EV) > parainfluenza virus (PIV). The overall positive detection rate (PDR) varied significantly according to patient age, the season and year of detection, and the disease subgroup, but not according to patient sex. The individual PDRs of the pathogens followed 3 types of distributions for patient sex, 4 types of distributions for patient age, 4 types of seasonal distributions, 2 types of seasonal epidemic trends, 4 types of yearly epidemic trends, and different susceptibility distributions in the disease subgroups. Additionally, the overall CIR showed significantly different distributions according to patient sex, patient age, and the disease subgroup, whereas the CIRs of individual pathogens suggested significant preference characteristics. CONCLUSION IAV remains the most common pathogen among the pathogens analyzed. More effort should be directed toward the prevention and control of pathogens that show a trend of increasing incidence such as HCoV, human adenovirus (ADV), and RSV. Although clinically distinguishing specific pathogens responsible for RTIs is difficult, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the various RTI-causing agents could provide clues for clinicians, thereby informing decisions regarding prevention and medication and guiding appropriate public health strategies.
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50
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Ferguson PE, Sorrell TC, Bradstock K, Carr P, Gilroy NM. Parainfluenza virus type 3 pneumonia in bone marrow transplant recipients: multiple small nodules in high- resolution lung computed tomography scans provide a radiological clue to diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 48:905-9. [PMID: 19222373 PMCID: PMC7107837 DOI: 10.1086/597297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the findings of high-resolution chest computed tomography of 6 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with parainfluenza virus type 3 pneumonia who were not infected with any other pathogens. All patients had multiple small nodules (diameter, !5 mm) without cavitation ina peribronchial distribution. Changes preceded microbiological diagnosis in 4 of 6 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Ferguson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia.
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