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Overbeck V, Taylor BP, Turcinovic J, Qiu X, Schaeffer B, Seitz S, Curry SR, Hanage WP, Connor JH, Kuppalli K. Successful treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised patient with persistent infection for 245 days: A case report. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23699. [PMID: 38223743 PMCID: PMC10784163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immunocompromised patients receiving B-cell-depleting therapies are at increased risk of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, with many experiencing fatal outcomes. We report a successful outcome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on rituximab diagnosed with COVID-19 in July 2020 with persistent infection for over 245 days. Results The patient received numerous treatment courses for persistent COVID-19 infection, including remdesivir, baricitinib, immunoglobulin and high doses of corticosteroids followed by a prolonged taper due to persistent respiratory symptoms and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Her clinical course was complicated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa sinusitis with secondary bacteremia, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia and pneumonitis. SARS-CoV-2 positive RNA samples were extracted from two nasopharyngeal swabs and sequenced using targeted amplicon Next-Generation Sequencing which were analyzed for virus evolution over time. Viral sequencing indicated lineage B.1.585.3 SARS-CoV-2 accumulated Spike protein mutations associated with immune evasion and resistance to therapeutics. Upon slowly decreasing the patient's steroids, she had resolution of her symptoms and had a negative nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serum CMV PCR in March 2021. Conclusion A patient with RA on B-cell depleting therapy developed persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection allowing for virus evolution and had numerous complications, including viral and bacterial co-infections with opportunistic pathogens. Despite intra-host evolution with a more immune evasive SARS-CoV-2 lineage, it was cleared after 245 days with reconstitution of the patient's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Overbeck
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford P. Taylor
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xueting Qiu
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beau Schaeffer
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott Seitz
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R. Curry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - William P. Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krutika Kuppalli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Zhang K, Xia Z, Huang S, Sun GQ, Lv J, Ajelli M, Ejima K, Liu QH. Evaluating the impact of test-trace-isolate for COVID-19 management and alternative strategies. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011423. [PMID: 37656743 PMCID: PMC10501547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many contrasting results concerning the effectiveness of Test-Trace-Isolate (TTI) strategies in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 spread. To shed light on this debate, we developed a novel static-temporal multiplex network characterizing both the regular (static) and random (temporal) contact patterns of individuals and a SARS-CoV-2 transmission model calibrated with historical COVID-19 epidemiological data. We estimated that the TTI strategy alone could not control the disease spread: assuming R0 = 2.5, the infection attack rate would be reduced by 24.5%. Increased test capacity and improved contact trace efficiency only slightly improved the effectiveness of the TTI. We thus investigated the effectiveness of the TTI strategy when coupled with reactive social distancing policies. Limiting contacts on the temporal contact layer would be insufficient to control an epidemic and contacts on both layers would need to be limited simultaneously. For example, the infection attack rate would be reduced by 68.1% when the reactive distancing policy disconnects 30% and 50% of contacts on static and temporal layers, respectively. Our findings highlight that, to reduce the overall transmission, it is important to limit contacts regardless of their types in addition to identifying infected individuals through contact tracing, given the substantial proportion of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhichu Xia
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shudong Huang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gui-Quan Sun
- Department of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiancheng Lv
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marco Ajelli
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan-Hui Liu
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lee S, Kim S, Yoon DS, Park JS, Woo H, Lee D, Cho SY, Park C, Yoo YK, Lee KB, Lee JH. Sample-to-answer platform for the clinical evaluation of COVID-19 using a deep learning-assisted smartphone-based assay. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2361. [PMID: 37095107 PMCID: PMC10124933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since many lateral flow assays (LFA) are tested daily, the improvement in accuracy can greatly impact individual patient care and public health. However, current self-testing for COVID-19 detection suffers from low accuracy, mainly due to the LFA sensitivity and reading ambiguities. Here, we present deep learning-assisted smartphone-based LFA (SMARTAI-LFA) diagnostics to provide accurate decisions with higher sensitivity. Combining clinical data learning and two-step algorithms enables a cradle-free on-site assay with higher accuracy than the untrained individuals and human experts via blind tests of clinical data (n = 1500). We acquired 98% accuracy across 135 smartphone application-based clinical tests with different users/smartphones. Furthermore, with more low-titer tests, we observed that the accuracy of SMARTAI-LFA was maintained at over 99% while there was a significant decrease in human accuracy, indicating the reliable performance of SMARTAI-LFA. We envision a smartphone-based SMARTAI-LFA that allows continuously enhanced performance by adding clinical tests and satisfies the new criterion for digitalized real-time diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmok Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Astrion Inc, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Woo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- CALTH Inc., Changeop-ro 54, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579 beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Baek Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Norvihoho LK, Yin J, Zhou ZF, Han J, Chen B, Fan LH, Lichtfouse E. Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2023; 21:1701-1727. [PMID: 36846189 PMCID: PMC9944801 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-023-01579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 is still ongoing despite mass vaccination, lockdowns, and other drastic measures to control the pandemic. This is due partly to our lack of understanding on the multiphase flow mechanics that control droplet transport and viral transmission dynamics. Various models of droplet evaporation have been reported, yet there is still limited knowledge about the influence of physicochemical parameters on the transport of respiratory droplets carrying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here we review the effects of initial droplet size, environmental conditions, virus mutation, and non-volatile components on droplet evaporation and dispersion, and on virus stability. We present experimental and computational methods to analyze droplet transport, and factors controlling transport and evaporation. Methods include thermal manikins, flow techniques, aerosol-generating techniques, nucleic acid-based assays, antibody-based assays, polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, field-effect transistor-based assay, and discrete and gas-phase modeling. Controlling factors include environmental conditions, turbulence, ventilation, ambient temperature, relative humidity, droplet size distribution, non-volatile components, evaporation and mutation. Current results show that medium-sized droplets, e.g., 50 µm, are sensitive to relative humidity. Medium-sized droplets experience delayed evaporation at high relative humidity, and increase airborne lifetime and travel distance. By contrast, at low relative humidity, medium-sized droplets quickly shrink to droplet nuclei and follow the cough jet. Virus inactivation within a few hours generally occurs at temperatures above 40 °C, and the presence of viral particles in aerosols impedes droplet evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Kojo Norvihoho
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hong Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Taw MJ, Sharma A, Rajbongshi G, Chamuah K, Henbi N, Barman RK, Chingtham S, Brahma D, Sarmah K, Baruah P, Nath K, Choudhury PD, Mazumder D, Sarmah A, Sharma A, Hazarika B, Choudhury MK, Baishya AC. Understanding the Demographic, Clinical, and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Profiles of COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northeast India. Cureus 2023; 15:e35426. [PMID: 36860823 PMCID: PMC9970726 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims The demographic and clinical profile and dynamics of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are not well understood. The study aimed to analyze the demographic, clinical, and RT-PCR profiles of COVID-19 patients. Methodology The study was a retrospective, observational study conducted at a COVID-19 care facility, and the study period was from April 2020 to March 2021. Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were enrolled in the study. Patients with incomplete details or with only single PCR tests were excluded. Demographic and clinical details and the results of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR collected at different time points were retrieved from the records. The statistical software Minitab version 17.1.0 package (Minitab, LLC, State College, PA, USA) and Rstudio version 1.3.959 (Rstudio, Boston, MA, USA) were used for the statistical analysis. Results The mean duration from symptom onset to the last positive RT-PCR was 14.2 ± 4.2 days. The proportions of positive RT-PCR tests were 100%, 40.6%, 7.5%, and 0% at the end of the first, second, third, and fourth weeks of illness. The median duration of days to first negative RT-PCR in the asymptomatic patients was 8 ± 4 days, and 88.2% of asymptomatic patients were RT-PCR-negative within 14 days. A total of 16 symptomatic patients had prolonged positive test results even after three weeks of symptom onset. Older patients were associated with prolonged RT-PCR positivity. Conclusion This study revealed that the average period of RT-PCR positivity from the onset of symptoms is >2 weeks in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Prolonged observation in the elderly population and repeat RT-PCR before discharge or discontinuation of quarantine is required.
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Al-Mazedi MS, Rajan R, Al-Jarallah M, Dashti R, Al Saber A, Pan J, Zhanna KD, Abdelnaby H, Aboelhassan W, Almutairi F, Alotaibi N, Al Saleh M, AlNasrallah N, Al-Bader B, Malhas H, Ramadhan M, Brady PA, Al-Zakwani I, Setiya P, Abdullah M, Alroomi M, Tse G. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and in-hospital mortality among patients with SARS-CoV-2: A retrospective study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104748. [PMID: 36212733 PMCID: PMC9525242 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate in-hospital mortality in patients suffering from acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) relative to the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and to determine if there are gender disparities in outcome. Between February 26 and September 8, 2020, patients having SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled in this retrospective cohort research, which was categorized by NLR levels ≥9 and < 9. In total, 6893 patients were involved included of whom6591 had NLR <9, and 302 had NLR ≥9. The age of most of the patients in the NLR<9 group was 50 years, on the other hand, the age of most of the NLR ≥9 group patients was between 50 and 70 years. The majority of patients in both groups were male 2211 (66.1%). The ICU admission time and mortality rate for the patients with NLR ≥9 was significantly higher compared to patients with NLR <9. Logistic regression's outcome indicated that NLR ≥9 (odds ratio (OR), 24.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 15.5–40.0; p < 0.001), male sex (OR, 3.5; 95% CI: 2.0–5.9; p < 0.001) and haemoglobin (HB) (OR, 0.95; 95% CI; 0.94–0.96; p < 0.001) predicted in-hospital mortality significantly. Additionally, Cox proportional hazards analysis (B = 4.04, SE = 0.18, HR = 56.89, p < 0.001) and Kaplan–Meier survival probability plots also indicated that NLR>9 had a significant effect on mortality. NLR ≥9 is an independent predictor of mortality(in-hospital) among SARS-CoV-2 patients. The main finding of this study is that NLR is an autonomous predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2. Fatality in SARS-CoV-2 patients with NLR >9 was 25 times higher than that in patients with NLR <9. Patients with NLR >9, the average length of ICU stay was higher. Mortality rate in males was high compared to females with NLR>9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salah Al-Mazedi
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Technology, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait
| | - Rajesh Rajan
- Department of Cardiology, Sabah Al Ahmed Cardiac Centre, Al Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mohammed Al-Jarallah
- Department of Cardiology, Sabah Al Ahmed Cardiac Centre, Al Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Raja Dashti
- Department of Cardiology, Sabah Al Ahmed Cardiac Centre, Al Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad Al Saber
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XH, UK
| | - Jiazhu Pan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XH, UK
| | - Kobalava D. Zhanna
- Department of Internal Medicine with the Subspecialty of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics Named After V.S. Moiseev, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Hassan Abdelnaby
- Department of Endemic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Al Sabah Hospital, Kuwait
| | - Wael Aboelhassan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jaber Al Ahmed Hospital, South Surra, Kuwait
| | - Farah Almutairi
- Department of Medicine, Farwaniya Hospital, Farwaniya, Kuwait
| | - Naser Alotaibi
- Department of Medicine, Al Adan Hospital, Hadiya, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Bader Al-Bader
- Department of Medicine, Farwaniya Hospital, Farwaniya, Kuwait
| | - Haya Malhas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Maryam Ramadhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternity Hospital, Shuwaikh Medical Area, Kuwait
| | - Peter A. Brady
- Department of Cardiology, Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ibrahim Al-Zakwani
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman & Gulf Health Research, Muscat, Oman
| | - Parul Setiya
- Department of Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohammed Abdullah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Shuwaikh Medical Area, Kuwait
| | - Moudhi Alroomi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Shuwaikh Medical Area, Kuwait
| | - Gary Tse
- Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
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Dos Santos PG, Vieira HCVS, Wietholter V, Gallina JP, Andrade TR, Marinowic DR, Zanirati GG, da Costa JC. When to test for COVID-19 using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:58-69. [PMID: 35760382 PMCID: PMC9233872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the time in days between symptom onset and first positive real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result for COVID-19. METHODS This systematic review was conducted in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and Scopus databases using the following descriptors: "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "coronavirus", "RT-PCR", "real time PCR", and "diagnosis". RESULTS The included studies were conducted in 31 different countries and reported on a total of 6831 patients. The median age of the participants was 49.95 years. The three most common symptoms were fever, cough, and dyspnea, which affected 4012 (58.68%), 3192 (46.69%), and 2009 patients (29.38%), respectively. Among the 90 included studies, 13 were prospective cohorts, 15 were retrospective cohorts, 36 were case reports, 20 were case series, and six were cross-sectional studies. The overall mean time between symptom onset and positive test result was 6.72 days. Fourteen articles were analyzed separately for the temporal profile of RT-PCR test results; the best performance was on days 22-24, when 98% of test results were positive. CONCLUSION These findings corroborate the RT-PCR COVID-19 testing practices of some health units. In addition, the most frequently described symptoms of these patients can be considered the initial symptoms of infection and used in decision-making about RT-PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gabrielli Dos Santos
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Valentini Speggiorin Vieira
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Undergraduate Research Program, School of Medicine and Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Wietholter
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Undergraduate Research Program, School of Medicine and Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Gallina
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Undergraduate Research Program, School of Medicine and Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thomás Ranquetat Andrade
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Undergraduate Research Program, School of Medicine and Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Goulart Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Liang L, Zhu M, He R, Shi D, Luo R, Ji J, Cheng L, Lu X, Lu W, Liu F, Wu Z, Wu N, Chen H, Chen Z, Yao H. Development of a multi-recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid identification of COVID-19, influenza A and B. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28139. [PMID: 36089764 PMCID: PMC9538624 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused extensive loss of life worldwide. Further, the COVID-19 and influenza mix-infection had caused great distress to the diagnosis of the disease. To control illness progression and limit viral spread within the population, a real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay for early diagnosis of COVID-19 was developed, but detection was time-consuming (4-6 h). To improve the diagnosis of COVID-19 and influenza, we herein developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method for simple and rapid amplification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 and Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) and B (influenza B). Genes encoding the matrix protein (M) for H1N1, and the hemagglutinin (HA) for H3N2, and the polymerase A (PA) for Influenza B, and the nucleocapsid protein (N), the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRP) in the open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) region, and the envelope protein (E) for SARS-CoV-2 were selected, and specific primers were designed. We validated our method using SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B plasmid standards and RNA samples extracted from COVID-19 and Influenza A/B (RT-PCR-verified) positive patients. The method could detect SARS-CoV-2 plasmid standard DNA quantitatively between 102 and 105 copies/ml with a log linearity of 0.99 in 22 min. And this method also be very effective in simultaneous detection of H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B. Clinical validation of 100 cases revealed a sensitivity of 100% for differentiating COVID-19 patients from healthy controls when the specificity was set at 90%. These results demonstrate that this nucleic acid testing method is advantageous compared with traditional PCR and other isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods in terms of time and portability. This method could potentially be used for detection of SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B, and adapted for point-of-care (POC) detection of a broad range of infectious pathogens in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Guo Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,Center for Clinical LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Miao‐jin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Rui He
- Zhejiang Center for Medical Device EvaluationHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Dan‐Rong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jia Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Lin‐Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiang‐Yun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Wei Lu
- Center for Clinical LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fu‐Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Zhi‐Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Nan‐Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhe Chen
- Center for Clinical LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hang‐Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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9
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Zheng Y, Cheng J, Gu C, Xiao M, Shao Z, Zhao L, Tong X. Case report: Treatment with Pien-Tze-Huang for prolonged positive SARS-CoV-2 test results in COVID-19 patients: A report of five cases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:860681. [PMID: 36017009 PMCID: PMC9396371 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.860681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread around the world since December 2019, becoming a global pandemic. Atypical cases of COVID-19, manifesting as prolonged positive SARS-CoV-2 test results during the convalescence period, have been encountered. These cases increase the difficulty of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Here, we report five cases of COVID-19 patients who demonstrated prolonged positive SARS-CoV-2 tests after regular traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine treatments. After administration of Pien-Tze-Huang and cessation of previous treatments, SARS-CoV-2 tests results of the patients turned and remained negative. We believe the finding will contribute to a better understanding of atypical COVID-19 cases and hope to offer a potential therapy. Since this is a preliminary case series, larger-scale clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengjuan Gu
- Shenzhen Hospital (Futian), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyu Shao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linhua Zhao
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xiaolin Tong
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10
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Schwab C, Domke LM, Rose F, Hausser I, Schirmacher P, Longerich T. Cell tropism and viral clearance during SARS-CoV-2 lung infection. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:154000. [PMID: 35797854 PMCID: PMC9245394 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary capillary microthrombosis has been proposed as a major pathogenetic factor driving severe COVID-19. Autopsy studies reported endothelialitis but it is under debate if it is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells. In this study, RNA in situ hybridization was used to detect viral RNA and to identify the infected cell types in lung tissue of 40 patients with fatal COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-coding RNA showed a steadily decreasing signal abundance over a period of three weeks. Besides the original virus strain the variants of concern Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) could also be detected by the assay. Viral RNA was mainly detected in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelial cells, while only single virus-positive endothelial cells were observed even in cases with high viral load suggesting that viral infection of endothelial cells is not a key factor for the development of pulmonary capillary microthrombosis.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Johnston
- Infectious Diseases, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Sion Lingard
- Health Protection Team, Public Health Wales, Swansea
| | - Stephen Hailey
- Medical Directorate - General Practice & Revalidation, NHS Wales Health Education and Improvement Wales, Nantgarw, Rhondda Cynon Taff, UK
| | - Brendan Healy
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Public Health Wales, Cardiff
- Department of Microbiology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
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12
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Ur Rehman M, Sajjad Naqvi S, Ullah R, Arshad N, Ammad M, Ul Ain Q, Razzak A, Yousaf M, Hussain A, Hasan TN. Elucidation of correlation between SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and N gene cycle threshold (Ct) by RT-PCR with age and gender. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 533:42-47. [PMID: 35714938 PMCID: PMC9195597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) is a global public health emergency. Age and gender are two important factors related to the risk and outcome of various diseases. Cycle threshold (Ct) value is believed to have relation with age and gender. Objective This study has been conducted to investigates the association between SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold to age and gender of COVID-19 patients, to investigate whether the population-wide change of SARSCoV2 RTPCR Ct value over time is corelated to the number of new COVID19 cases and to investigate the dynamic of RdRp and N genes. Methods 72,811 individuals from second wave of COVID19, were observed in current study at Pure Health Lab, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Results 15,201/72,811 (21 %) positivity was observed. COVID-19 were more prevalent in males (59.35%) as compared to female (40.65%). The Positivity rate were significantly higher in Male than in Female cases (p-Value = 0.04). The Ct values for both targets of all the samples were ranged from 4.57 to 29.73. Longitudinal analysis showed significant increased during the study period from starting to end as were hypothesized. Interestingly, both the targets (RdRp and N) were present in age < 1 year. Which may indicate that mutated strains are not prevalent in children’s < 1 year. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in viral loads in between age-groups. Males were tending to higher viral load compared to females. The findings have implications for preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mati Ur Rehman
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Syed Sajjad Naqvi
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rooh Ullah
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Narmeen Arshad
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muhammad Ammad
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Anam Razzak
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Arif Hussain
- School of Life Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Tarique N Hasan
- Pure Health Laboratory, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; School of Life Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, UAE.
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13
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Okita Y, Morita T, Kumanogoh A. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity from various specimens and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:16. [PMID: 35642011 PMCID: PMC9156361 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA positivity will be important to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA to determine the duration from several parts of the body and clinical characteristics affecting it. MAIN TEXT PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CENTRAL were searched for original studies reporting the duration from COVID-19 onset to the disappearance of viral RNA. Of the 1682 studies identified, 100 met the selection criteria and 13,431 patients were included in this study. The duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity was 18.29 [95% confidence interval: 17.00-19.89] days in the upper respiratory tract samples, 23.79 [20.43-27.16] days in the sputum, 14.60 [12.16-17.05] days in the blood, and 22.38 [18.40-26.35] days in the stool. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the duration was positively correlated with age, comorbidities, severity, and usage of glucocorticoid. Subgroup analysis indicated that the presence or absence of complications had the greatest impact on the difference in DSRP. CONCLUSIONS The duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity was 18.29 days in the upper respiratory tract samples. The duration in the sputum and the stool was longer, while that in the blood was shorter. The duration in the upper respiratory tract samples was longer in older, with any comorbidities, severer, and treated with glucocorticoid. These results provide the basic data for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity, and in the future, the effect of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV-2 variants on the duration of RNA positivity should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Okita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Morita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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14
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COVID-19 in Children with Cancer and Continuation of Cancer-Directed Therapy During the Infection. Indian J Pediatr 2022; 89:445-451. [PMID: 34378149 PMCID: PMC8354680 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-021-03894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the experience with COVID-19 in children with cancer at the largest tertiary-cancer care and referral center in India. METHODS This study is a single tertiary center experience on COVID-19 in children with cancer and continuation of cancer-directed therapy in them. Children ≤ 15 y on active cancer treatment detected with COVID-19 until September 15th, 2020 were prospectively followed up in the study. Patients were managed in accordance with well-laid guidelines. Treatment was continued for children with COVID-19 who were clinically stable and on intensive treatment for various childhood cancers. RESULTS One hundred twenty-two children (median age 8 y; range 1-15 y, male:female 1.7:1) with cancer were diagnosed with COVID-19. Of 118 children, 99 (83.9%), 60 (50.8%), 43 (36.4%), 26 (22.0%), and 6 (5.1%) had RT-PCR positivity at 14, 21, 28, 35, and 60 d from diagnosis of COVID-19, respectively. Scheduled risk-directed intravenous chemotherapy was delivered in 70 (90.9%) of 77 children on active systemic treatment with a median delay of 14 d (range 0-48 d) and no increased toxicities. All-cause mortality rate was 7.4% (n = 9) and COVID-19 related mortality rate was 4.9% (n = 6). One hundred-fifteen (94.2%) children with COVID-19 did not require any form of respiratory support during the course of infection. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 was not a major deterrent for the continuation of active cancer treatment despite persistent RT-PCR positivity. The long-term assessment of treatment adaptations requires further prospective follow-up and real-time addressal.
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15
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Chen PH, Huang CC, Wu CC, Chen PH, Tripathi A, Wang YL. Saliva-based COVID-19 detection: A rapid antigen test of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using an electrical-double-layer gated field-effect transistor-based biosensing system. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 357:131415. [PMID: 35043033 PMCID: PMC8758198 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Facing the unstopped surges of COVID-19, an insufficient capacity of diagnostic testing jeopardizes the control of disease spread. Due to a centralized setting and a long turnaround, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), the gold standard of viral detection, has fallen short in timely reflecting the epidemic status quo during an urgent outbreak. As such, a rapid screening tool is necessitated to help contain the spread of COVID-19 amid the countries where the vaccine implementations have not been widely deployed. In this work, we propose a saliva-based COVID-19 antigen test using the electrical double layer (EDL)-gated field-effect transistor-based biosensor (BioFET). The detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is validated with limits of detection (LoDs) of 0.34 ng/mL (7.44 pM) and 0.14 ng/mL (2.96 pM) in 1× PBS and artificial saliva, respectively. The specificity is inspected with types of antigens, exhibiting low cross-reactivity among MERS-CoV, Influenza A virus, and Influenza B virus. This portable system is embedded with Bluetooth communication and user-friendly interfaces that are fully compatible with digital health, feasibly leading to an on-site turnaround, an effective management, and a proactive response taken by medical providers and frontline health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chih-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chia-Che Wu
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Po-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Adarsh Tripathi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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16
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Chen PH, Huang CC, Wu CC, Chen PH, Tripathi A, Wang YL. Saliva-based COVID-19 detection: A rapid antigen test of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using an electrical-double-layer gated field-effect transistor-based biosensing system. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 357:131415. [PMID: 35043033 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Facing the unstopped surges of COVID-19, an insufficient capacity of diagnostic testing jeopardizes the control of disease spread. Due to a centralized setting and a long turnaround, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), the gold standard of viral detection, has fallen short in timely reflecting the epidemic status quo during an urgent outbreak. As such, a rapid screening tool is necessitated to help contain the spread of COVID-19 amid the countries where the vaccine implementations have not been widely deployed. In this work, we propose a saliva-based COVID-19 antigen test using the electrical double layer (EDL)-gated field-effect transistor-based biosensor (BioFET). The detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is validated with limits of detection (LoDs) of 0.34 ng/mL (7.44 pM) and 0.14 ng/mL (2.96 pM) in 1× PBS and artificial saliva, respectively. The specificity is inspected with types of antigens, exhibiting low cross-reactivity among MERS-CoV, Influenza A virus, and Influenza B virus. This portable system is embedded with Bluetooth communication and user-friendly interfaces that are fully compatible with digital health, feasibly leading to an on-site turnaround, an effective management, and a proactive response taken by medical providers and frontline health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chih-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chia-Che Wu
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Po-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Adarsh Tripathi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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17
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Atiya-Nasagi Y, Milrot E, Makdasi E, Schuster O, Shmaya S, Simon I, Ben-Shmuel A, Beth-Din A, Weiss S, Laskar O. Development of an immunofluorescence assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1041-1049. [PMID: 35192015 PMCID: PMC8862410 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged as the cause of a global crisis in 2019. Currently, the main method for identification of SARS-CoV-2 is a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay designed to detect viral RNA in oropharyngeal (OP) or nasopharyngeal (NP) samples. While the PCR assay is considered highly specific and sensitive, this method cannot determine the infectivity of the sample, which may assist in evaluation of virus transmissibility from patients and breaking transmission chains. Thus, cell-culture-based approaches such as cytopathic effect (CPE) assays are routinely employed for the identification of infectious viruses in NP/OP samples. Despite their high sensitivity, CPE assays take several days and require additional diagnostic tests in order to verify the identity of the pathogen. We have therefore developed a rapid immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 in NP/OP samples following cell culture infection. Initially, IFA was carried out on Vero E6 cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2 at defined concentrations, and infection was monitored at different time points. This test was able to yield positive signals in cultures infected with 10 pfu/ml at 12 hours postinfection (PI). Increasing the incubation time to 24 hours reduced the detectable infective dose to 1 pfu/ml. These IFA signals occur before the development of CPE. When compared to the CPE test, IFA has the advantages of specificity, rapid detection, and sensitivity, as demonstrated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafit Atiya-Nasagi
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Milrot
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Efi Makdasi
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Schuster
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomo Shmaya
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Irit Simon
- The Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Orly Laskar
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
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18
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da Silva Torres MK, Bichara CDA, de Almeida MDNDS, Vallinoto MC, Queiroz MAF, Vallinoto IMVC, dos Santos EJM, de Carvalho CAM, Vallinoto ACR. The Complexity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:789882. [PMID: 35222327 PMCID: PMC8870622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.789882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to the death of millions of people worldwide and thousands more infected individuals developed sequelae due to the disease of the new coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19). The development of several studies has contributed to the knowledge about the evolution of SARS-CoV2 infection and the disease to more severe forms. Despite this information being debated in the scientific literature, many mechanisms still need to be better understood in order to control the spread of the virus and treat clinical cases of COVID-19. In this article, we carried out an extensive literature review in order to bring together, in a single article, the biological, social, genetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, immunization, and even socioeconomic aspects that impact the SAR-CoV-2 pandemic. This information gathered in this article will enable a broad and consistent reading of the main aspects related to the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos David Araújo Bichara
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria de Nazaré do Socorro de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- University Center of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo José Melo dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Carlos R. Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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19
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Levine-Tiefenbrun M, Yelin I, Uriel H, Kuint J, Schreiber L, Herzel E, Katz R, Ben-Tov A, Gazit S, Patalon T, Chodick G, Kishony R. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Test Detection Rates Are Associated with Patient Age, Sex, and Time since Diagnosis. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:112-119. [PMID: 34826637 PMCID: PMC8608683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the detection rate of the widely used quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and its dependence on patient demographic characteristics and disease progression is key in designing epidemiologic strategies. Analyzing 843,917 test results of 521,696 patients, a "positive period" was defined for each patient between diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 and the last positive test result. The fraction of positive test results within this period was then used to estimate detection rate. Regression analyses were used to determine associations of detection with time of sampling after diagnosis, patient demographic characteristics, and viral RNA copy number based on RT-qPCR cycle threshold values of the next positive test result. The overall detection rate in tests performed within 14 days after diagnosis was 83.1%. This rate was higher at days 0 to 5 after diagnosis (89.3%). Furthermore, detection rate was strongly associated with age and sex. Finally, the detection rate with the Allplex 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR kit was associated, at the single-patient level, with viral RNA copy number (P < 10-9). These results show that the reliability of the test result is reduced in later days as well as for women and younger patients, in whom the viral loads are typically lower.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idan Yelin
- Biology Faculty, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Hedva Uriel
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jacob Kuint
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Esma Herzel
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Tov
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Gazit
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Patalon
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriel Chodick
- Maccabitech, Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Kishony
- Biology Faculty, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Liu X, Li Y, Wang X, Song Y, Wu L, Yu B, Ma X, Ma P, Liu M, Huang X, Wang X. Rapid and Specific Detection of Active SARS-CoV-2 With CRISPR/Cas12a. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:820698. [PMID: 35154046 PMCID: PMC8832066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.820698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive nucleic acid detection of SARS-CoV-2 has contributed to the clinical diagnosis and control of COVID-19. Although detection of virus genomic RNA (gRNA) has been commonly used in clinical diagnosis, SARS-CoV-2 gRNA detection could not discriminate between active infectious virus with remnant viral RNA. In contrast to genomic RNA, subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) are only produced when the virus is actively replicating and transcription, detection of sgRNA could be an indication to evaluate infectivity. CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid detection methods have been considered potential diagnostic tools due to their intrinsic sensitivity, specificity and simplicity. In this study, to specifically detect active virus replication, we developed a CRISPR-based active SARS-CoV-2 (CRISPR-actCoV) detection strategy by detecting sgRNAs of SARS-CoV-2. CRISPR-actCoV with CRISPR Cas12a-assisted fluorescence reporter system enables detection of sgRNAs at 10 copies in 35 min with high specificity and can be read out with naked eyes. Further, we performed CRISPR-actCoV mediated sgRNA detection in 30 SARS-CoV-2 potentially infected clinical samples, and 21 samples were SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA positive. A quantitative RT-PCR assay was also performed to detect gRNA of SARS-CoV-2 in parallel. Among the 30 clinical samples, 27 samples were gRNA positive. Taken together, CRISPR-actCoV provides an alternative for rapid and accurate detection of active SARS-CoV-2 and has great significance in better response of coronavirus causing epidemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Song
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benyuan Yu
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease/National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease/National Center for Respiratory Medicine/Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health/The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Liu,
| | - Xingxu Huang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Xingxu Huang,
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
- Xinjie Wang,
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21
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Christopoulos K, Eleftheriou K, Nijkamp P. The role of pre-pandemic teleworking and E-commerce culture in the COVID-19 dispersion in Europe. LETTERS IN SPATIAL AND RESOURCE SCIENCES 2022; 15:1-16. [PMID: 34745370 PMCID: PMC8564278 DOI: 10.1007/s12076-021-00286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The threats of the coronavirus have shifted the workplace of many people from office to home and also made e-commerce the primary medium for purchases. While these changes were made in an effort to mitigate contagion, there are no studies, to the best of our knowledge, that address if teleworking and e-commerce culture prior to the pandemic influenced the dispersion of the virus. In our study we examine whether pre-existing teleworking practices and e-commerce activity have played an important role in the COVID-19 dispersion in Europe. Based on a set of data from all European countries, the present study employs the Philips & Sul methodology to explore corona convergence patterns. Our findings suggest that pre-existing e-commerce activity and teleworking practices had little to no effect in reducing the initial opportunities of individuals to contract the virus leading to the conclusion that other social interactions must have played a more important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriou
- Department of Economics, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou Street, Piraeus, 185 34 Greece
| | - Peter Nijkamp
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bulevardul Carol 22, Iasi, 700505 Romania
- Open University, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 Heerlen, AT The Netherlands
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22
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Toori KU, Chaudhry A, Qureshi MA. Time to negative PCR in various disease categories of COVID-19 infection in Pakistani population. Pak J Med Sci 2022; 38:243-247. [PMID: 35035433 PMCID: PMC8713225 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.38.1.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To identify association of epidemiological characteristics, presence of underlying pre-morbidities and disease severity with time to first negative PCR in Corona virus disease 2019. Methods: Total 842 Corona Virus Real Time Polymerase-Chain-Reaction positive patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients were admitted to Department of Medicine at KRL Hospital Islamabad from April to August 2020. Age, gender, symptoms, pre-morbidities and disease severity were recorded. Outcome (recovered versus died) was documented. World Health Organization categories to classify disease severity (asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe) were used. Time to negative PCR was documented as time between first positive PCR to first negative PCR. Results: The mean age of patients was 39.04 ± 11.32 years with 99.8 % being males. Majority of patients (78.4%) were asymptomatic. Amongst symptoms, fever was the most common symptom. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the most commonly recorded co-morbidity. Mean time to negative PCR was 8.8 ± 3.1 days. A large proportion of patients recovered (99.9%). Significant positive correlation (p value < 0.05) was found between age, gender, presence of underlying pre-morbidities and disease severity categories with time to first negative PCR. Conclusion: The underlying epidemiological factors, pre-morbidities and disease severity are associated with time to negative PCR and hence affect frequency of recovery samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Ullah Toori
- Dr. Kaleem Ullah Toori, FRCP (Glasgow) Department of Medicine, KRL Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Chaudhry
- Dr. Asma Chaudhry, MRCP (UK), FCPS General Medicine, (Pakistan) Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Southend University Hospital, Southend-on-Sea, United Kingdom
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23
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Jamir L, Shankar S, Kakkar R, Babji K, Mangayarkarasi V, Tripathi M, Tak H. Changes in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values of SARS-CoV-2 with topical povidone iodine use: A single-arm open-label interventional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:480-486. [PMID: 35360801 PMCID: PMC8963622 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_993_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Repurposed povidone iodine (PVP-I) has been suggested as an effective adjuvant against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the changes in RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values of severe acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genes with PVP-I intranasal and oral application. Settings and Design: A longitudinal (repeated measures) single-arm open-label interventional study was conducted for 200 samples of ten COVID-19 patients in South India. Methods and Material: Demographic and clinical information were collected. Intranasal application and oral gargle with 1% PVP-I solution was done four times a day for seven days. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples were taken for RT-PCR test at hour-0, hour-2, hour-4 on Day-0, Day-3, Day-6, and hour-0 on Day-9. Methods and Material: STATA analysis software version 14.2 was used. McNemar Test was applied for paired samples. Skilling Mack Test was used to assess the association between PVP-I use (intra-day and inter-day) and E gene/N gene Ct values. Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used for further analyses. Results: Mean (SD) age of the patients was 41.5 (±8.82) years. A total of 100 pairs of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples were analysed. No significant difference was observed in the Ct values of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. E gene Ct values (nasopharyngeal) at Hour-0 increased from Day-0 to Day-9 (P = 0.005). Ct value was higher at Hour-2 for most of the samples. Conclusions: RT‐PCR results (qualitative) differed at various testing points in the same patients. Lower Ct values were found in the nasopharyngeal samples. Successive increase in E gene Ct values indicates reduced viral load with natural course of COVID-19. PVP-I may have an optimal impact within 2 h of usage. Clinical trial registration number: CTRI/2020/05/024962.
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24
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Konka A, Lejawa M, Gaździcka J, Bochenek A, Fronczek M, Strzelczyk JK. RT-PCR Detection of SARS-CoV-2 among Individuals from the Upper Silesian Region-Analysis of 108,516 Tests. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010007. [PMID: 35054172 PMCID: PMC8774892 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has left a huge mark on everyday lives, introducing restrictions and plunging the global economy. This study aimed to analyze the available epidemiological data from the register of one of the largest laboratories testing for SARS-CoV-2 in the Silesian voivodship of Poland. Methods: This analysis is based upon the epidemiological records collected between 30 March 2020, and 30 April 2021, by the Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia (Zabrze, Poland). In addition, we performed SARS-CoV-2 variant detection in samples from patients reinfected with SARS-CoV-2. Results: Our results confirm that SARS-CoV-2 infections are more common in urban areas. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases represent 13.21% of all RT-PCR test results during the 13 months of our laboratory diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in samples of potentially reinfected patients showed discrepancies in the results. Conclusions: Due to the higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Upper Silesian population, the region is at greater risk of deteriorating economic situation and healthcare as compared to other areas of Poland. RT-PCR methods are inexpensive and suitable for large-scale screening, but they can be untrustworthy so detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in samples should be confirmed by sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.L.); (A.B.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-705-03-05
| | - Mateusz Lejawa
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.L.); (A.B.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 38 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Gaździcka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; (J.G.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Aneta Bochenek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.L.); (A.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Martyna Fronczek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.L.); (A.B.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 38 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; (J.G.); (J.K.S.)
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25
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Ilkhani H, Hedayat N, Farhad S. Novel approaches for rapid detection of COVID-19 during the pandemic: A review. Anal Biochem 2021; 634:114362. [PMID: 34478703 PMCID: PMC8406551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the COVID-19 disease, has highlighted our urgent need for sensitive, fast and accurate diagnostic technologies. In fact, one of the main challenges for flatting COVID-19 spread charts is the ability to accurately and rapidly identify asymptomatic cases that result in spreading the virus to close contacts. SARS-CoV-2 virus mutation is also relatively rapid, which makes the detection of COVID-19 diseases still crucial even after the vaccination. Conventional techniques, which are commercially available have focused on clinical manifestation, along with molecular and serological detection tools that can identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus however, owing to various disadvantages including low specificity and sensitivity, a quick, low cost and easy approach is needed for diagnosis of COVID-19. Scientists are now showing extensive interest in an effective portable and simple detection method to diagnose COVID-19. There are several novel methods and approaches that are considered viable advanced systems that can meet the demands. This study reviews the new approaches and sensing technologies that work on COVID-19 diagnosis for easy and successful detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ilkhani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87144, United States,Corresponding author
| | - Nader Hedayat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Siamak Farhad
- Advanced Energy & Sensor Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States,Corresponding author
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Lo Muzio L, Ambosino M, Lo Muzio E, Quadri MFA. SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Is a New Challenge for the Effectiveness of Global Vaccination Campaign: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported in Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11001. [PMID: 34682746 PMCID: PMC8535385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 seems to be a rare phenomenon. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic search of literature on the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in order to understand the success of the global vaccine campaigns. A systematic search was performed. Inclusion criteria included a positive RT-PCR test of more than 90 days after the initial test and the confirmed recovery or a positive RT-PCR test of more than 45 days after the initial test that is accompanied by compatible symptoms or epidemiological exposure, naturally after the confirmed recovery. Only 117 articles were included in the final review with 260 confirmed cases. The severity of the reinfection episode was more severe in 92/260 (35.3%) with death only in 14 cases. The observation that many reinfection cases were less severe than initial cases is interesting because it may suggest partial protection from disease. Another interesting line of data is the detection of different clades or lineages by genome sequencing between initial infection and reinfection in 52/260 cases (20%). The findings are useful and contribute towards the role of vaccination in response to the COVID-19 infections. Due to the reinfection cases with SARS-CoV-2, it is evident that the level of immunity is not 100% for all individuals. These data highlight how it is necessary to continue to observe all the prescriptions recently indicated in the literature in order to avoid new contagion for all people after healing from COVID-19 or becoming asymptomatic positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia (C.I.N.B.O.), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ambosino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Lo Muzio
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82511, Saudi Arabia;
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27
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Hasanzadeh S, Shariatmaghani SS, Vakilian A, Javan A, Rahmani M, Ganjloo S, Jangi M, Amel Jamehdar S. Case series: Reinfection of recovered SARS CoV-2 patients for the third time. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04936. [PMID: 34691457 PMCID: PMC8517579 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This set of cases provides important evidence of re-infection and recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 even for the third time. Consequently, this possibility should be considered more in recurrent patients with Covid-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hasanzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research CentreMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Microbiology and virologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Atefeh Vakilian
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Alireza Javan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mahsa Rahmani
- Department of Microbiology and virologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Sara Ganjloo
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Mahbubeh Jangi
- Department of Microbiology and virologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research CentreMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Microbiology and virologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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28
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von Ahnen T, von Ahnen M, Wirth U, Schardey HM, Herdtle S. Evaluation of a rapid-antigen test for COVID-19 in an asymptomatic collective : A prospective study. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021; 172:70-73. [PMID: 34581966 PMCID: PMC8476981 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-021-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past year, there has been a significant increase in rapid antigen test (RAT) detection of SARS-CoV‑2 COVID-19. Antigen detection is usually inferior to real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate a RAT for specificity and sensitivity in an asymptomatic collective. METHODS The study was carried out in January 2021 at a hospital located in a district with a 7-day index and an average of more than 100 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. COVID-19 patients are treated at this hospital. All employees with symptoms typical of COVID-19 were not allowed to go to work. We used RAT by Roche® (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, D-68305 Mannheim) and RT-PCR on our employees. The testing was done voluntarily. We performed RT-PCR and RAT using two swab tubes at the same time. RESULTS We could correlate 919 RAT to 919 RT-PCR tests. 12 people tested positive in RAT. All 12 tests were validated by RT-PCR. There was not one incorrect positive result in RAT. In one person COVID-19 was not detected by RAT, but then positively identified with a RT-PCR. In the group of positive RAT, the mean cycle threshold (CT) value was 19.95. Our results showed a sensitivity of 92.3%, CI (confidence interval) [0.78; 1.00] and a specificity of 100.00% CI [1.0; 1.0]. CONCLUSION RAT can be an important tool for screening for SARS-CoV‑2 COVID-19 at the point of care. With low cost and resource needs, high specificity, and high specificity, RAT are performed best during the early stages of SARS-CoV‑2 COVID-19, when the viral loads are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas von Ahnen
- Krankenhaus Agatharied, Norbert Kerkel Platz, 83734, Hausham, Germany.
| | - Martin von Ahnen
- Krankenhaus Agatharied, Norbert Kerkel Platz, 83734, Hausham, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wirth
- Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Herdtle
- Krankenhaus Agatharied, Norbert Kerkel Platz, 83734, Hausham, Germany
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29
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Ali A, Ali K, Fatah M, Tawfeeq H, Rostam H. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in patients negative for immunoglobulin G following recovery from COVID-19. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 43:100926. [PMID: 34367645 PMCID: PMC8327640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While many patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) eventually produce neutralising antibodies, the degree of susceptibility of previously infected individuals to reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown. To better understand the impact of the immunoglobulin (IgG) level on reinfection in recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 were measured in 829 patients with a previously confirmed infection just after their recovery. Notably, 87 of these patients had no detectable IgG concentration. While there was just one case of asymptomatic reinfection 4.5 months after the initial recovery amongst patients with detectable anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels, 25 of the 87 patients negative for anti-nucleocapsid IgG were reinfected within one to three months after their first infection. Therefore, patients who recover from COVID-19 with no detectable anti-nucleocapsid IgG concentration appear to remain more susceptible to reinfection by SARS-CoV-2, with no apparent immunity. Also, although our results suggest the chance is lower, the possibility for recovered patients with positive anti-nucleocapsid IgG findings to be reinfected similarly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Garmian, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- COVID-19 Laboratory, Qala Hospital, Garmian General Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - K.M. Ali
- Medical Lab Technology Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - M.H. Fatah
- Medical Lab Technology Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - H.M. Tawfeeq
- Medical Lab Technology Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - H.M. Rostam
- Immunology & Immuno-bioengineering Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- College of Medicine, University of Garmian, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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30
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Lubart E, Gal G, Mizrahi EH, Tzabary A, Baumohl E, Pinco E, Idkiedek Z, Ali EH, Berger M, Goltsman G. Time to resolution of infection in COVID-19 patients: the experience of a tertiary medical center in Israel. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:144-147. [PMID: 34470961 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the coronavirus disease spreading, reports indicated that young patients are usually asymptomatic with a short convalescence period. The current study compares the time to resolution of infection in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. Seventy- six patients aged 44.4±23.3 years were admitted to the COVID-19 Unit during the study period. Data was collected from patients' records. Throat and nasal swabs for the RT-PCR COVID-19 were collected. Time to resolution of infection was defined as the number of days from the date of the first COVID-19 positive outcome to the second consecutive negative PCR results. Most patients showed between 1-6 COVID-19 signs and symptoms (71.1%) and the rest were asymptomatic. No association was found between the time to resolution of infection and the presence of COVID-19 signs and symptoms (symptomatic: Md 10.0 95% CI 8.4-11.6; asymptomatic: Md 15.0 95% CI 10.5-15.5; p=0.54). Age was not correlated with the number of COVID-19 signs and symptoms (r=0.13, p=0.37) and with the time to resolution of infection (r=0.06, p=0.58). In mild to moderate symptomatic patients, the time to resolution of infection from COVID-19 is not different from asymptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lubart
- Internal medicine department. The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Gilad Gal
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel
| | - Eliyahu H Mizrahi
- Internal medicine department. The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Ahuva Tzabary
- Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Ehuda Baumohl
- Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Erica Pinco
- Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Zuhdi Idkiedek
- Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Eisa Haj Ali
- Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Maya Berger
- Acute Geriatric Department A. Shmuel Harofe Geriatric Medical Center, Israel
| | - Galina Goltsman
- Internal medicine department. The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Internal medicne G department, Asaf Harofeh Medical Center, Israel
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Kim JY, Bae JY, Bae S, Cha HH, Kwon JS, Suh MH, Lee HJ, Jung J, Kim MJ, Cui C, Park H, Lee J, Park MS, Kim SH. Diagnostic usefulness of subgenomic RNA detection of viable SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:101-106. [PMID: 34400343 PMCID: PMC8360988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The development of a rapid diagnostic test for viable SARS-CoV-2 is important for infection control. Real-time RT-PCR assays detect non-viable virus, and cell culture differentiates viable virus but it takes several weeks and is labour-intensive. Subgenomic RNAs may reflect replication-competent virus. We therefore evaluated the usefulness of subgenomic RNAs for diagnosing viable SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Methods Patients with various severities of confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled at a tertiary hospital between February and December 2020. RT-PCR assay results for genomic and subgenomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swab, sputum and saliva specimens were compared with cell culture results. Results A total 189 specimens from 20 COVID-19 patients were tested in genomic and subgenomic PCR assays and cultured on Vero cells. Of these 189 samples, 62 (33%) gave positive culture results, 93 (49%) negative results and the remaining 34 (18%) indeterminate results. Compared with cell culture results, the sensitivities of genomic RNA and subgenomic RNA of the N and S genes were comparable at 100%, but the specificity of subgenomic RNA (N, 65% and S, 68%) was higher than that of genomic RNA (N, 23% and S, 17%, p < 0.001). The mean durations of positive culture and subgenomic RNA were 11.39 ± 10.34 and 13.75 ± 11.22 days after symptom onset (p 0.437), respectively, while that of genomic RNA was 22.85 ± 11.83 days after symptom onset (p < 0.001). Discussion Our comparison of subgenomic RNA detection with symptom duration and SARS-CoV-2 culture positivity provides a significant advancement on the transmissibility-based approach beyond the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA, and warrants further studies on the development of better diagnostic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Hee Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Suh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chunguang Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heedo Park
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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32
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Brotons P, Jordan I, Bassat Q, Henares D, Fernandez de Sevilla M, Ajanovic S, Redin A, Fumado V, Baro B, Claverol J, Varo R, Cuadras D, Hecht J, Barrabeig I, Garcia-Garcia JJ, Launes C, Muñoz-Almagro C. The Positive Rhinovirus/Enterovirus Detection and SARS-CoV-2 Persistence beyond the Acute Infection Phase: An Intra-Household Surveillance Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081598. [PMID: 34452462 PMCID: PMC8402816 DOI: 10.3390/v13081598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the duration of nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA persistence in adults self-confined at home after acute infection; and to identify the associations of SARS-CoV-2 persistence with respiratory virus co-detection and infection transmission. A cross-sectional intra-household study was conducted in metropolitan Barcelona (Spain) during the time period of April to June 2020. Every adult who was the first family member reported as SARS-CoV-2-positive by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as well as their household child contacts had nasopharyngeal swabs tested by a targeted SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and a multiplex viral respiratory panel after a 15 day minimum time lag. Four-hundred and four households (404 adults and 708 children) were enrolled. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 137 (33.9%) adults and 84 (11.9%) children. Rhinovirus/Enterovirus (RV/EV) was commonly found (83.3%) in co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in adults. The mean duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in adults’ nasopharynx was 52 days (range 26–83 days). The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 was significantly associated with RV/EV co-infection (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 9.31; 95% CI 2.57–33.80) and SARS-CoV-2 detection in child contacts (aOR 2.08; 95% CI 1.24–3.51). Prolonged nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA persistence beyond the acute infection phase was frequent in adults quarantined at home during the first epidemic wave; which was associated with RV/EV co-infection and could enhance intra-household infection transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brotons
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Iolanda Jordan
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Manhiça 1929, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.A.); (B.B.); (R.V.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Desiree Henares
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Mariona Fernandez de Sevilla
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ajanovic
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.A.); (B.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Alba Redin
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicky Fumado
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Baro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.A.); (B.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Joana Claverol
- Clinical Research Unit, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.A.); (B.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Daniel Cuadras
- Clinical Research Unit, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Jochen Hecht
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Genomics Unit, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Irene Barrabeig
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Department of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Garcia-Garcia
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Launes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (P.B.); (I.J.); (D.H.); (M.F.d.S.); (A.R.); (V.F.); (J.J.G.-G.); (C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Q.B.); (I.B.)
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Madi N, Al-Awadhi E, Al-Assaf F. Dynamic profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalized patients in Kuwait: a descriptive study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:758. [PMID: 34353284 PMCID: PMC8340481 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 is currently spreading rapidly worldwide. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalized patients that would characterize the period of viral shedding and detection among patients. METHODS Retrospectively, 103 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients hospitalized at Jaber hospital in Kuwait were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were collected. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained at different time intervals and analyzed by Real-Time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Of 103 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the median age was 41 years, and 64% were male. The median period from admission to the positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test was 19 days (IQR, 13-22). The median period from admission to active negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result was 22 days (IQR, 16-26). Older patients, patients with comorbidities, and patients with symptoms were more likely to have extended viral shedding. CONCLUSION For the first time, this descriptive study conducted in Kuwait on SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results from 103 patients positive for SARS-provided solid proof and a good understanding of the dynamic profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients in Kuwait. This information will further enrich the global knowledge on the emerging SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Madi
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Ebaa' Al-Awadhi
- Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fajer Al-Assaf
- Al-Farwaniya Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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34
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Yang S, Pan X, Yuan D, Zeng P, Jia P. Cross-disciplinary approaches to assist with nucleic acid testing for SARS-CoV-2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6291-6299. [PMID: 34423408 PMCID: PMC8380513 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Improving the capacity of detecting positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is critical for identifying the infection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) precisely and thereby curbing the pandemic. Cross-disciplinary approaches may improve the efficiency of COVID-19 diagnosis by compensating to some extent the limitations encountered by traditional test methods during the COVID-19 pandemic. Combining computed tomography (CT), serum-specific antibody detection, and nanopore sequencing with nucleic acid testing for individual testing may improve the accuracy of identifying COVID-19 patients. At community or even regional/national levels, the combination of pooled screening and spatial epidemiological strategies may enable the detection of early transmission of epidemics in a cost-effective way, which is also less affected by restricted access to diagnostic tests and kit supplies. This would significantly advance our capacity of curbing epidemics as soon as possible, and better prepare us for entering a new era of high-impact and high-frequency epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongfeng Pan
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Peibin Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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35
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Epsi NJ, Richard SA, Laing ED, Fries AC, Millar E, Simons MP, English C, Colombo CJ, Colombo RE, Lindholm DA, Ganesan A, Maves RC, Huprikar N, Larson D, Mende K, Chi SW, Madar C, Lalani T, Broder CC, Tribble D, Agan BK, Burgess TH, Pollett SD. Clinical, immunological and virological SARS-CoV-2 phenotypes in obese and non-obese military health system beneficiaries. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1462-1472. [PMID: 34331541 PMCID: PMC8385847 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity remain unclear. After verifying that obesity was a correlate of severe COVID-19 in US Military Health System (MHS) beneficiaries, we compared immunological and virological phenotypes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in both obese and nonobese participants. Methods COVID-19–infected MHS beneficiaries were enrolled, and anthropometric, clinical, and demographic data were collected. We compared the SARS-CoV-2 peak IgG humoral response and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction viral load in obese and nonobese patients, stratified by hospitalization, utilizing logistic regression models. Results Data from 511 COVID-19 patients were analyzed, among whom 24% were obese and 14% severely obese. Obesity was independently associated with hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–3.18) and need for oxygen therapy (aOR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.61–7.11). In outpatients, severely obese had a log10 (1.89) higher nucleocapsid (N1) genome equivalents (GE)/reaction and log10 (2.62) higher N2 GE/reaction than nonobese (P = 0.03 and P < .001, respectively). We noted a correlation between body mass index and peak anti-spike protein IgG in inpatients and outpatients (coefficient = 5.48, P < .001). Conclusions Obesity is a strong correlate of COVID-19 severity in MHS beneficiaries. These findings offer new pathophysiological insights into the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat J Epsi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephanie A Richard
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony C Fries
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Eugene Millar
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mark P Simons
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline English
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christopher J Colombo
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rhonda E Colombo
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA.,Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA
| | | | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA.,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Huprikar
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Derek Larson
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA.,Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon W Chi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA.,Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA.,Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian K Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon D Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
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Santos Bravo M, Nicolás D, Berengua C, Fernandez M, Hurtado JC, Tortajada M, Barroso S, Vilella A, Mosquera M, Vila J, Marcos MA. SARS-CoV-2 normalized viral loads and subgenomic RNA detection as tools for improving clinical decision-making and work reincorporation. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1325-1332. [PMID: 34329473 PMCID: PMC8436374 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR provides a highly variable cycle-threshold (Ct) value that cannot distinguish viral infectivity. Subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) has been used to monitor active replication. Given the importance of long RT-PCR positivity and the need for work reincorporation and discontinuing isolation, we studied the functionality of normalized viral loads (NVL) for patient monitoring and sgRNA for viral infectivity detection. METHODS NVL measured through the Nucleocapsid and RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase genes and sgRNA RT-PCRs were performed in 2 consecutive swabs from 84 health-care workers. RESULTS NVL provided similar and accurate quantities of both genes of SARS-CoV-2 at two different time-points of infection, overcoming Ct-value and swab collection variability. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive samples, 51.19% were sgRNA-positive in the 1 stRT-PCR and 5.95% in the 2 ndRT-PCR. All sgRNA-positive samples had >4log10RNAcopies/1000cells, while samples with ≤1log10 NVL were sgRNA-negative. Although NVL were positive until 29 days after symptom onset, 84.1% of sgRNA-positive samples were from the first 7 days, which correlated with viral culture viability. Multivariate analyses showed that sgRNA, NVL and days of symptoms were significantly associated (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS NVL and sgRNA are two rapid accessible techniques that could be easily implemented in routine hospital practice providing a useful proxy for viral infectivity and COVID-19 patient follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santos Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Nicolás
- Hospital at Home Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Clínic Barcelona. University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Berengua
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Hurtado
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Risk Prevention Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Barroso
- Risk Prevention Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Mosquera
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Angeles Marcos
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
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Singh B, Datta B, Ashish A, Dutta G. A comprehensive review on current COVID-19 detection methods: From lab care to point of care diagnosis. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2:100119. [PMID: 34766062 PMCID: PMC8302821 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a doubt, the current global pandemic affects all walks of our life. It affected almost every age group all over the world with a disease named COVID-19, declared as a global pandemic by WHO in early 2020. Due to the high transmission and moderate mortality rate of this virus, it is also regarded as the panic-zone virus. This potentially deadly virus has pointed up the significance of COVID-19 research. Due to the rapid transmission of COVID-19, early detection is very crucial. Presently, there are different conventional techniques are available for coronavirus detection like CT-scan, PCR, Sequencing, CRISPR, ELISA, LFA, LAMP. The urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection and the requirement to cut off shortcomings of traditional detection methods, make scientists realize to advance new technologies. Biosensors are one of the reliable platforms for accurate, early diagnosis. In this article, we have pointed recent diagnosis approaches for COVID-19. The review includes basic virology of SARS-CoV-2 mainly clinical and pathological features. We have also briefly discussed different types of biosensors, their working principles, and current advancement for COVID-19 detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Singh
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Brateen Datta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Amlan Ashish
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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A View on Polymerase Chain Reaction as an Outstanding Molecular Diagnostic Technique in Periodontology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9979948. [PMID: 34337068 PMCID: PMC8315861 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9979948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study presents a discussion on the fundamentals of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its use as a diagnostic tool in periodontology. Materials and Methods A computer-aided as well as hand-made search in PubMed and Scopus indexed journals (relevant to the topic) was done by keywords of molecular technique in periodontology, PCR, applications of PCR, and PCR in periodontics. Only the papers in the English language and outlining PCR and its association with periodontology were collected and utilized to provide a succinct review. There was no limitation for publication time. Results The results of our search showed that PCR has turned into a standard in diagnosis in the field of periodontology. A variety of researches has demonstrated that its sensitive, and specific characteristics make it a quick and effective technique of recognition, identification, and quantification of microorganisms. Identification of various immunoinflammatory markers at the mRNA expression level as well as ascertaining gene-related polymorphisms can also be performed. Conclusions The mechanisms of periodontal disease can further become clarified using PCR. Clinical Relevance. PCR as a diagnostic method can play a main part in the validation of the clinical diagnosis of periodontal disease indicating the reason, pathogenesis, clinical steps, progress, and prognosis of the disease.
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Abstract
Intestinal microbiota interacts with other systems, especially the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body by recognizing “stranger” (pathogen associated molecular patterns-PAMPs) and “danger” (damage-associated molecular patterns-DAMPs) molecular motifs. In this manner, it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases and health. Despite the use of probiotics that modulate the intestinal microbiota in providing health benefits and in the treatment of diseases, there are some possible concerns about the possibility of developing adverse effects, especially in people with suppressed immune systems. Since probiotics provide health benefits with bioactive compounds, studies are carried out on the use of products containing non-living probiotic microorganisms (paraprobiotics) and/or their metabolites (postbiotics) instead of probiotic products. It is even reported that these microbial compounds have more immunomodulatory activities than living microorganisms via some possible mechanism and eliminates some disadvantages of probiotics. Considering the increasing use of functional foods in health and disease, further studies are needed with respect to the benefits and advantages of parabiotic and/or postbiotic use in the food and pharmaceutical industry as well as immune system modulation. Although probiotics have been extensive studied for a long time, it seems that postbiotics are promising tools for future research and applications according to the recent literature. This review aimed to evaluate the interaction of probiotics and postbiotics with the immune systems and also their advantages and disadvantages in the area of food-pharmaceutical industry and immune system modulation.
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Malguria N, Yen LH, Lin T, Hussein A, Fishman EK. Role of Chest CT in COVID-19. J Clin Imaging Sci 2021; 11:30. [PMID: 34221639 PMCID: PMC8247924 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_138_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a disease attributed to a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), broke out in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly throughout the world. CT has been advocated in selected indications as a tool toward rapid and early diagnosis. The CT patterns of COVID-19 include ground glass opacities GGO, consolidation, and crazy paving. Additional signs include a “rounded morphology” of lesions, vascular enlargement sign, nodules, and fibrous stripe. Signs of healing and organization include subpleural bands, a reticular pattern, reversed halo sign and traction bronchiectasis. Cavitation and tree in bud signs are absent and pleural effusions are rare. There is a high incidence of pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19. CT findings in COVID-19 appear to follow a predictable timeline with maximal involvement approximately 6–11 days after symptom onset. The stages of evolution include early stage (days 0–4) with GGO being the predominant abnormality, progressive stage (days 5–8) with increasing crazy paving; and peak stage (days 9–13) with predominance of consolidation and absorption phase (after day 14) with gradual absorption of consolidation with residual GGO and subpleural bands. CT findings in COVID-19 have a high sensitivity and low specificity, determined to be 98% and 25% in a retrospective study of 1014 patients. The low specificity of CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia is due to the overlap of CT findings with other viral pneumonias and other infections, lung involvement in connective tissue disorders, drug reaction, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagina Malguria
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Li-Hsiang Yen
- Department of Radiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Tony Lin
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Amira Hussein
- Department of Radiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Elliot K Fishman
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Albargi AM, Assiry AA, Bahammam HA, Alassiri MY, Marya A, Karobari MI. Analysis of the reliability of patient COVID-19 screening data compared against their actual test data. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211042980. [PMID: 34541957 PMCID: PMC10461374 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211042980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the truthfulness of patients about their pre-appointment COVID-19 screening tests at a dental clinic. METHODS A total of 613 patients were recruited for the study from the dental clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Saudi Arabia. The data collection was done in three parts from the patients who visited the hospital to receive dental treatment. The first part included the socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and the COVID-19 swab tests performed within the past 14 days. The second part was the clinical examination, and the third part was a confirmation of the swab test taken by the patient by checking the Hesen website using the patient ID. After data collection, statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 26.0. Descriptive analysis was done and expressed as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage (%). A cross-tabulation, also described as a contingency table, was used to identify trends and patterns across data and explain the correlation between different variables. RESULTS It was seen from the status of the swab test within 14 days of the patient's arrival at the hospital for the dental treatment that 18 (2.9%) patients lied about the pre-treatment swab test within 14 days, and 595 (97.1%) were truthful. The observed and expected counts showed across genders and diagnosis a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), and there was no significant difference seen across different age groups (p = 0.064) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Dental healthcare workers are worried and assume a high risk of COVID-19 infection as the patients are not truthful about the pre-treatment COVID-19 swab test. Routine rapid tests on patients and the healthcare staff are a feasible option for lowering overall risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A Assiry
- Preventive Dental Science Department,
Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammam A Bahammam
- Pediatric Dental Department, Faculty of
Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anand Marya
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of
Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry
and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and
Technical Sciences University, India
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of
Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota
Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Despite vaccination, China needs non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent widespread outbreaks of COVID-19 in 2021. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1009-1020. [PMID: 34158650 PMCID: PMC8373613 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is being conducted in over 200 countries and regions to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission and return to a pre-pandemic lifestyle. However, understanding when non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can be lifted as immunity builds up remains a key question for policy makers. To address this, we built a data-driven model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for China. We estimated that, to prevent the escalation of local outbreaks to widespread epidemics, stringent NPIs need to remain in place at least one year after the start of vaccination. Should NPIs alone be capable of keeping the reproduction number (Rt) around 1.3, the synergetic effect of NPIs and vaccination could reduce the COVID-19 burden by up to 99% and bring Rt below the epidemic threshold in about 9 months. Maintaining strict NPIs throughout 2021 is of paramount importance to reduce COVID-19 burden while vaccines are distributed to the population, especially in large populations with little natural immunity. Using data-driven epidemiological modelling, Yu et al. estimate that, even with increasing vaccine availability, China will have to maintain stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions for at least a year to prevent new widespread outbreaks of COVID-19.
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Baiswar S, Mittal R, Tiwary T, Jinnur P. Re-Positive SARS-CoV-2 With Respiratory Failure and Cerebrovascular Accident: Is This a Reinfection? Cureus 2021; 13:e15825. [PMID: 34306889 PMCID: PMC8296825 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) pandemic is a global pandemic where healthcare providers are concerned about the reinfection of recovered patients. The reinfection with COVID-19 is not common and considered less likely, but as time passes by, there are reports of patients becoming positive after having tested negative previously. Here, we report a case of a 28-year-old male with diabetes mellitus type 1, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis who presented initially in April 2020 with nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea. His severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) came back positive. He left against medical advice but was followed as an outpatient in the dialysis unit where he continued with dialysis in isolation for positive COVID-19 as per the dialysis unit guidelines. He presented three months later with altered level of consciousness in the setting of diabetic ketoacidosis. He also had gastrointestinal bleed and cerebrovascular accident. There was a strong possibility of reinfection in this patient as he was tested negative after the initial infection and then tested positive three months later, presenting with a different set of symptoms and more severe disease on his second admission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rea Mittal
- Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
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Beduk T, Beduk D, de Oliveira Filho JI, Zihnioglu F, Cicek C, Sertoz R, Arda B, Goksel T, Turhan K, Salama KN, Timur S. Rapid Point-of-Care COVID-19 Diagnosis with a Gold-Nanoarchitecture-Assisted Laser-Scribed Graphene Biosensor. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8585-8594. [PMID: 34081452 PMCID: PMC8189039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has revealed the urgent need for accurate, rapid, and affordable diagnostic tests for epidemic understanding and management by monitoring the population worldwide. Though current diagnostic methods including real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) provide sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2, they require relatively long processing time, equipped laboratory facilities, and highly skilled personnel. Laser-scribed graphene (LSG)-based biosensing platforms have gained enormous attention as miniaturized electrochemical systems, holding an enormous potential as point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools. We describe here a miniaturized LSG-based electrochemical sensing scheme for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis combined with three-dimensional (3D) gold nanostructures. This electrode was modified with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody following the proper surface modifications proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations as well as electrochemical techniques. The system was integrated into a handheld POC detection system operated using a custom smartphone application, providing a user-friendly diagnostic platform due to its ease of operation, accessibility, and systematic data management. The analytical features of the electrochemical immunoassay were evaluated using the standard solution of S-protein in the range of 5.0-500 ng/mL with a detection limit of 2.9 ng/mL. A clinical study was carried out on 23 patient blood serum samples with successful COVID-19 diagnosis, compared to the commercial RT-PCR, antibody blood test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG and IgA test results. Our test provides faster results compared to commercial diagnostic tools and offers a promising alternative solution for next-generation POC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutku Beduk
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials
Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),
Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duygu Beduk
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory
Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova,
Izmir, Turkey
| | - José Ilton de Oliveira Filho
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials
Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),
Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Figen Zihnioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,
Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Candan Cicek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of
Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Ruchan Sertoz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of
Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Bilgin Arda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical
Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Goksel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
- EGESAM-Ege University Translational
Pulmonary Research Center, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Kutsal Turhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine,
Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Khaled N. Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials
Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),
Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suna Timur
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory
Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova,
Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,
Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
Turkey
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45
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Phillips SP, Wei X, Kwong JC, Gubbay J, Schwartz KL, Majury A, Groome PA. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding: A population-based, Canadian study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252217. [PMID: 34138906 PMCID: PMC8211234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an evidence gap regarding the duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding and of its variability across different care settings and by age, sex, income, and co-morbidities. Such evidence is part of understanding of infectivity and reinfection. We examine direct measures of viral shedding using a linked population-based health administrative dataset. METHODS Laboratory and sociodemographic databases for Ontario, Canada were linked to identify those testing positive (RT-PCR) between Jan. 15 and April 30, 2020 who underwent subsequent testing by May 31, 2020. To maximise use of available data, we computed two shedding duration estimates defined as the time between initial positive and most recent positive (documented shedding) or second of two negative tests (documented resolution). We also report multivariable results using quantile regression to examine subgroup differences. RESULTS In Ontario, of the 16,595 who tested positive before April 30, 2020, 6604 had sufficient subsequent testing to allow shedding duration calculation. Documented shedding median duration calculated in 4,889 (29% of 16,595) patients was 19 days (IQR 12-28). Documented resolution median duration calculated in 3,219 (19% of the 16,595) patients was 25 days (IQR 18-34). Long-term care residents had 3-5 day longer shedding durations using both definitions. Shorter documented shedding durations of 2-4 days were observed in those living in higher income neighbourhoods. Shorter documented resolution durations of 2-3 days were observed at the 25th% of the distribution in those aged 20-49. Only 11.5% of those with definitive negative test results reverted to negative status by day 14. CONCLUSIONS Viral shedding continued well beyond 14 days among this large subset of a population-based group with COVID-19, and longer still for long-term care residents and those living in less affluent neighborhoods. Our findings do not speak to duration of infectivity but are useful for understanding the expected duration of RT-PCR positivity and for identifying reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Phillips
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- ICES Queen’s, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C. Kwong
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gubbay
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin L. Schwartz
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Majury
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patti A. Groome
- Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- ICES Queen’s, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Ranjan P, Thomas V, Kumar P. 2D materials as a diagnostic platform for the detection and sensing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus: a bird's-eye view. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4608-4619. [PMID: 34013310 PMCID: PMC8559401 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide infections and fatalities caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants responsible for COVID-19 have significantly impeded the economic growth of many nations. People in many nations have lost their livelihoods, it has severely impacted international relations and, most importantly, health infrastructures across the world have been tormented. This pandemic has already left footprints on human psychology, traits, and priorities and is certainly going to lead towards a new world order in the future. As always, science and technology have come to the rescue of the human race. The prevention of infection by instant and repeated cleaning of surfaces that are most likely to be touched in daily life and sanitization drives using medically prescribed sanitizers and UV irradiation of textiles are the first steps to breaking the chain of transmission. However, the real challenge is to develop and uplift medical infrastructure, such as diagnostic tools capable of prompt diagnosis and instant and economic medical treatment that is available to the masses. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, are atomic sheets that have been in the news for quite some time due to their unprecedented electronic mobilities, high thermal conductivity, appreciable thermal stability, excellent anchoring capabilities, optical transparency, mechanical flexibility, and a unique capability to integrate with arbitrary surfaces. These attributes of 2D materials make them lucrative for use as an active material platform for authentic and prompt (within minutes) disease diagnosis via electrical or optical diagnostic tools or via electrochemical diagnosis. We present the opportunities provided by 2D materials as a platform for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Ranjan
- Department of Physics, UAE University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India.
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Tang X, Musa SS, Zhao S, He D. Reinfection or Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:663045. [PMID: 34178920 PMCID: PMC8226004 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.663045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pandemic continues, individuals with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA among recovered COVID-19 patients have raised public health concerns. It is imperative to investigate whether the cases with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 might cause severe infection to the vulnerable population. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of recent literature to investigate reactivation and reinfection among the discharged COVID-19 patients that are found positive again. Our study, consisting more than a total of 113,715 patients, indicates that the RP-SARS-CoV-2 scenario occurs plausibly due to reactivation, reinfection, viral shedding, or testing errors. Nonetheless, we observe that previously infected individuals have significantly lower risk of being infected for the second time, indicating that reactivation or reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 likely have relatively less impact in the general population than the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Tang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - Shi Zhao
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Mylemans M, Van Honacker E, Nevejan L, Van Den Bremt S, Hofman L, Poels J, Cattoir L, Boel A, Van Hoovels L. Diagnostic and analytical performance evaluation of ten commercial assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response. J Immunol Methods 2021; 493:113043. [PMID: 33773989 PMCID: PMC7989098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analytical validation of newly released SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays in the clinical laboratory is crucial to ensure sufficient performance in respect to its intended use. We aimed to assess analytical and diagnostic performance of 8 (semi-)quantitative assays detecting anti-nucleocapsid IgG (Euroimmun, Id-Vet) or total Ig (Roche), anti-spike protein IgG (Euroimmun, Theradiag, DiaSorin, Thermo Fisher) or both (Theradiag) and 2 rapid lateral flow assays (LFA) (AAZ-LMB and Theradiag). METHODS Specificity was evaluated using a cross-reactivity panel of 85 pre-pandemic serum samples. Sensitivity was determined at both the manufacturer's and a 95% specificity cut-off level, using 81 serum samples of patients with a positive rRT-PCR. Sensitivity was determined in function of time post symptoms onset. RESULTS Specificity for all assays ranged from 92.9% to 100% (Roche and Thermo Fisher) with the exception of the Theradiag IgM LFA (82.4%). Sensitivity in asymptomatic patients ranged between 41.7% and 58.3%. Sensitivity on samples taken <10 days since symptom onset was low (23.3%-66.7%) and increased on samples taken between 10 and 20 days and > 20 days since symptom onset (80%-96% and 92.9%-100%, respectively). From 20 days after symptom onset, the Roche, Id-vet and Thermo Fisher assays all met the sensitivity (>95%) and specificity (>97%) targets determined by the WHO. Antibody signal response was significantly higher in the critically ill patient group. CONCLUSION Antibody detection can complement rRT-PCR for the diagnosis of COVID-19, especially in the later stage, or in asymptomatic patients for epidemiological purposes. Addition of IgM in LFAs did not improve sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Mylemans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium,Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Louis Nevejan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium,Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Laura Hofman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Poels
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Cattoir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - An Boel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Lieve Van Hoovels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium,Corresponding author at: Department of Laboratory Medicine, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300 Aalst, Belgium
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Fageeh H, Alshehri A, Fageeh H, Bizzoca ME, Lo Muzio L, Quadri MFA. Re-infection of SARS-CoV-2: A case in a young dental healthcare worker. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:685-688. [PMID: 33971576 PMCID: PMC7936729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is a rare phenomenon. To date, there has been some cases reported from countries such as United States, Ecuador, Hong Kong, the Netherlands and Belgium. This case report presents the first case of reinfection from Saudi Arabia, and probably the first dental student to have been re-infected with COVID-19. A 24-year-old male dental student presents with reinfection after a period of three months since he was first infected with COVID-19. The signs and symptoms reported by the patient were similar in both instances, except that he developed fever only at the time of reinfection. The infection and reinfection were confirmed with a RT-PCR test reports. This report highlights how it is necessary to continue to observe all the prescriptions recently indicated in the literature in order to avoid new contagion for all health workers after healed from covid-19 or asymptomatic positive, since as seen sometimes the infection does not ensures complete immunity in 100% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hytham Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshehri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammam Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria E Bizzoca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; C.I.N.B.O. (Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia), Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mir F A Quadri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Ahmadian S, Fathizadeh H, Shabestari Khiabani S, Asgharzadeh M, Kafil HS. COVID-19 reinfection in a healthcare worker after exposure with high dose of virus: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04257. [PMID: 34194783 PMCID: PMC8222657 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinfection with COVID-19 is possible after exposure to a high dose of the virus. Due to immunity acquired during the previous infection, light symptoms are expected. The finding indicates importance of continuous protection in healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ahmadian
- Faculty of MedicineImam Reza HospitalTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of laboratory sciencesSirjan School of Medical SciencesSirjanIran
| | - Saeid Shabestari Khiabani
- Faculty of MedicineImam Reza HospitalTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical NanotechnologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research CenterFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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