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Le NTH, Foubert K, Theunis M, Naessens T, Bozdag M, Van Der Veken P, Pieters L, Tuenter E. UPLC-TQD-MS/MS Method Validation for Quality Control of Alkaloid Content in Lepidium meyenii (Maca)-Containing Food and Dietary Supplements. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15971-15981. [PMID: 38617670 PMCID: PMC11007719 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), also known as Maca or Peruvian ginseng, is a common ingredient in food supplements with many claimed health benefits, such as improved endurance, increased energy level, and enhanced sexual properties. Due to potential toxicity of its chemicals, including alkaloids, some regulatory authorities, e.g., in Belgium, Germany, the United States, expressed concerns about the safe consumption of Maca root. However, due to the lack of commercial standards, no established analytical method currently exists for this purpose. The current project focuses on the quantitative determination of potentially toxic alkaloids from Maca. The current study presents the first analytical method for quality control of alkaloid content in Maca-containing food and dietary supplements, assessing the presence of 11 major compounds belonging to three different classes, i.e., imidazole, β-carboline, and pyrrole alkaloids. An accurate, rapid, and sensitive UPLC-TQD-MS/MS method is reported, which was fully validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. To ensure the method's applicability and practicability in the absence of primary standards, validation of secondary standards (SSs) alongside primary standards (PSs) was also conducted for imidazole alkaloids. As a result, in Maca raw powder, total alkaloid content was found to vary from 418 to 554 ppm (mg/kg). Furthermore, all quantified imidazole alkaloids were ascertained to be the major alkaloids with the total content from 323 to 470 ppm in Maca raw powder, followed by the β-carboline and pyrrole alkaloids. It was also observed that the commercial preparation of finished products affects the total alkaloid content, evidenced by the large variation from 56 to 598 ppm. Ultimately, from a regulatory point of view, it seems advisible not to request the complete absence of the alkaloids but to impose a maximum level based on safety considerations. In addition to the analytical method, a low-cost, simple, and scalable synthetic scheme of macapyrrolins A, C, and G was reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Thao-Hien Le
- Natural
Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology
(NatuRAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural
Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology
(NatuRAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Mart Theunis
- Natural
Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology
(NatuRAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Tania Naessens
- Natural
Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology
(NatuRAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural
Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology
(NatuRAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural
Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology
(NatuRAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
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Mohamed SM, Shalaby MA, El-Shiekh RA, Bakr AF, Kamel S, Emam SR, El-Banna HA. Maca roots: A potential therapeutic in the management of metabolic disorders through the modulation of metabolic biochemical markers in rats fed high-fat high-carbohydrate diet. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117533. [PMID: 38056538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maca root (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) is a Peruvian plant of the Brassicaceae family. Maca roots are popular food supplements used to treat a variety of ailments described traditionally as enhancing metabolic and health conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been the real scourge globally, affecting more than one-fourth of the global population. MetS causes the development of multi-organ illnesses, including altered blood cholesterol and sugar levels, oxidative stress, and hypertension. This study evaluated maca root total methanolic extract (MTE) as a potential nutraceutical to manage the complications of MetS. MATERIALS AND METHODS After the first 4 weeks of a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD), streptozotocin (STZ) was injected in Wistar rats to induce the MetS model. Animals were treated orally with MTE at 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks compared to metformin at 200 mg/kg after confirmation of diabetes. RESULTS One month of MTE supplementation in HFCD-fed rats remarkably decreased the elevation of blood glucose and lipids, improved liver function and insulin resistance, additionally it successfully restored the state of inflammatory and oxidative stress. The extract was standardized to contain total phenolics equal to 24.45 ± 0.96 μg Gallic acid/mg extract. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that MTE improves MetS by reducing hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. While also improving beta cell secretory functions, implying that MTE could be used as a balancing drug in the prevention and treatment of metabolic abnormalities linked to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mostafa Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa Abbas Shalaby
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa R Emam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Hossny A El-Banna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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Ulloa del Carpio N, Alvarado-Corella D, Quiñones-Laveriano DM, Araya-Sibaja A, Vega-Baudrit J, Monagas-Juan M, Navarro-Hoyos M, Villar-López M. Exploring the chemical and pharmacological variability of Lepidium meyenii: a comprehensive review of the effects of maca. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1360422. [PMID: 38440178 PMCID: PMC10910417 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1360422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a biennial herbaceous plant indigenous to the Andes Mountains, has a rich history of traditional use for its purported health benefits. Maca's chemical composition varies due to ecotypes, growth conditions, and post-harvest processing, contributing to its intricate phytochemical profile, including, macamides, macaenes, and glucosinolates, among other components. This review provides an in-depth revision and analysis of Maca's diverse bioactive metabolites, focusing on the pharmacological properties registered in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Maca is generally safe, with rare adverse effects, supported by preclinical studies revealing low toxicity and good human tolerance. Preclinical investigations highlight the benefits attributed to Maca compounds, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, immunoregulation, and antioxidant effects. Maca has also shown potential for enhancing fertility, combating fatigue, and exhibiting potential antitumor properties. Maca's versatility extends to metabolic regulation, gastrointestinal health, cardio protection, antihypertensive activity, photoprotection, muscle growth, hepatoprotection, proangiogenic effects, antithrombotic properties, and antiallergic activity. Clinical studies, primarily focused on sexual health, indicate improved sexual desire, erectile function, and subjective wellbeing in men. Maca also shows promise in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women and enhancing physical performance. Further research is essential to uncover the mechanisms and clinical applications of Maca's unique bioactive metabolites, solidifying its place as a subject of growing scientific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norka Ulloa del Carpio
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Medicina Complementaria—CICMEC, Gerencia de Medicina Complementaria, Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Alvarado-Corella
- Bioactivity and Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Andrea Araya-Sibaja
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José Vega-Baudrit
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maria Monagas-Juan
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos
- Bioactivity and Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Martha Villar-López
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Medicina Complementaria—CICMEC, Gerencia de Medicina Complementaria, Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Minich DM, Ross K, Frame J, Fahoum M, Warner W, Meissner HO. Not All Maca Is Created Equal: A Review of Colors, Nutrition, Phytochemicals, and Clinical Uses. Nutrients 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38398854 PMCID: PMC10892513 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii, Lepidium peruvianum) is part of the Brassicaceae family and grows at high altitudes in the Peruvian Andes mountain range (3500-5000 m). Historically, it has been used as a nutrient-dense food and for its medicinal properties, primarily in enhancing energy and fertility. Scientific research has validated these traditional uses and other clinical applications by elucidating maca's mechanisms of action, nutrition, and phytochemical content. However, research over the last twenty years has identified up to seventeen different colors (phenotypes) of maca. The color, hypocotyl size, growing location, cultivation, and post-harvest processing methods can have a significant effect on the nutrition content, phytochemical profile, and clinical application. Yet, research differentiating the colors of maca and clinical applications remains limited. In this review, research on the nutrition, phytochemicals, and various colors of maca, including black, red, yellow (predominant colors), purple, gray (lesser-known colors), and any combination of colors, including proprietary formulations, will be discussed based on available preclinical and clinical trials. The gaps, deficiencies, and conflicts in the studies will be detailed, along with quality, safety, and efficacy criteria, highlighting the need for future research to specify all these factors of the maca used in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Minich
- Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, Adjunct Faculty, University of Western States, Portland, OR 97213, USA
- Food & Spirit, LLC, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Symphony Natural Health Institute, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA
| | - Kim Ross
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Symphony Natural Health Institute, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA
- Kim Ross Consulting, LLC, Lakewood Ranch, FL 34211, USA
- College of Nutrition, Sonoran University of Health Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - James Frame
- Symphony Natural Health Holdings Inc., Craigmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, (BVI), UK;
- Natural Health International Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Mona Fahoum
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Meridian Medicine, Seattle, WA 98133, USA
- Bastyr Center for Natural Health, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA 98028, USA
| | - Wendy Warner
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Wendy Warner, MD, PC, Yardley, PA 19067, USA
| | - Henry O. Meissner
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Building J, 158-160 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Therapeutic Research, TTD International Pty Ltd., 39 Leopard Ave., Elanora-Gold Coast, QLD 4221, Australia
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Edrees KM, Alqahtani AI, Alkhatieb MT. Use of Traditional Remedies for Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Center in Saudi Arabia. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2023:15347346231211372. [PMID: 37933166 DOI: 10.1177/15347346231211372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) are prone to major complications including amputations. Traditional remedies (TR) have been used to treat DFU around the world. This study aims to identify the prevalence of TR among patients with DFU in our local cohort and its effect on DFU. 1408 patients were included in the analysis. Data were collected retrospectively from patients' medical records. DFU characteristics include grading ulcers using the Wagner scale (WG) and infections (cellulitis and osteomyelitis). Ulcer management (UM) includes medical treatment, self-medical treatment, traditional treatment, and medical-traditional treatment. The mean age of the cohort was 60 years (SD = 12.4). The mean duration of diabetes was 18.6 years (SD = 9.3) and the mean duration of open wounds was 206.9 days (SD = 545.6). The majority were males (71%) and had type 2 diabetes (96%, SD = .204). Forty-three percent of patients were treated with TR (29% were self-prescribed and 14% prescribed by a physician) while 48% had medical treatment and 10% were self-treated using medical treatment. More than two-thirds of the cohort had cellulitis and/or osteomyelitis at the time of presentation. The use of traditional treatment was significantly associated with higher WG (WG 4 OR = 1.936, 95% CI: 1.338-2.800; WG 5 OR = 2.937, 95% CI:1.614-5.346; P < 0.05). Moreover, osteomyelitis was associated with medical-traditional treatment (OR = 1.608, 95% CI: 1.006-2.572; P < 0.05) and increased wound depth (WG 3 OR = 1.969, 95% CI: 1.193-3.250; WG 4 OR = 1.874, 95% CI: 1.115-3.15; P < 0.05). There is high use of TR for the treatment of DFU in our cohort. High Wagner-grade of foot ulcers and the presence of osteomyelitis were highly associated with DFU. This study showed for the first time the use of traditional potions by medical physicians. Both physicians and patients need to be made aware of the detrimental effects of using traditional methods on DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Edrees
- Research Department, Dr Khalid Edrees Medical Center, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood I Alqahtani
- Research Department, Dr Khalid Edrees Medical Center, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram T Alkhatieb
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdelaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kim HT, Wakshlag JJ. Nutrition and Theriogenology: A Glimpse Into Nutrition and Nutritional Supplementation During Gestation, Lactation, Weaning and Breeding Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00076-1. [PMID: 37353417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Feeding during normal reproduction is often not thought of until there is a problem with conception or gestational losses. Energy demands of lactation and early puppy/kitten are of concern, particularly in large and giant breed dogs where mineral balance is crucial to normal development. There is a paucity of information around optimizing feeding during conception and gestation with many myths around ingredients which will be explored in this article along with supplements that may be able to support spermatogenesis and conception which primarily comes from the human literature and may have validity in times of difficult conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, CPC -3-526, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Quispe-Sanchez L, Mestanza M, Goñas M, Gill ERA, Oliva-Cruz M, Chavez SG. Physical, functional and sensory properties of bitter chocolates with incorporation of high nutritional value flours. Front Nutr 2022; 9:990887. [PMID: 36204381 PMCID: PMC9531265 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.990887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing demand for healthy food products, the industry is seeking to incorporate inputs with high nutritional potential to traditional products. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of incorporating Lepidium meyenii, Chenopodium pallidicaule, Amaranthus caudatus, Sesamum indicum and Salvia hispanica flours on the physical, chemical, rheological, textural and thermal characteristics, and the degree of sensory acceptance of dark chocolate bars (65% cocoa). To this end, chocolate bars were made with the incorporation of five flours in four doses (1, 2, 3 and 4%), obtaining 20 different formulations compared with a control treatment (without flour addition). It was found that as flour incorporation levels increased, viscosity, antioxidants and particle size of the chocolates increased, but hardness and pH decreased. The addition of the flours also affected the acceptability and microstructure of the chocolate bars. The incorporation of up to 4% of the flours studied improved the degree of acceptance of the chocolates. Consequently, the incorporation of grain flours with high nutritional value can enhance the characteristics of dark chocolates, becoming a technological alternative for the chocolate industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Quispe-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- *Correspondence: Luz Quispe-Sanchez,
| | - Marilu Mestanza
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Malluri Goñas
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Elizabeth Renee Ambler Gill
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- College of Life Sciences and Agriculture COLSA, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Manuel Oliva-Cruz
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Segundo G. Chavez
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
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Gül ET, Olgun O, Yıldız A, Tüzün AE, Sarmiento-García A. Use of Maca Powder ( Lepidium meyenii) as Feed Additive in Diets of Laying Quails at Different Ages: Its Effect on Performance, Eggshell Quality, Serum, Ileum, and Bone Properties. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080418. [PMID: 36006333 PMCID: PMC9415308 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using additives can reduce the negative effects of aging on factors affecting profitability, such as the availability of nutrients, production, and egg quality. Maca is an herbaceous plant rich in protein, crude oil, essential acids, and pharmacological compounds. Maca has positive effects on different health parameters. In this study, the effect of adding Maca powder to the diets of young and old laying quails at the end of the 10-week trial was investigated. In total, 150 laying Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) (209.1 ± 10.0 g) were randomly distributed to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two ages (10 weeks and 30 weeks) and three Maca powder levels (0, 1, or 2 g/kg), with five subgroups per treatment. According to the study, eggshell quality, total cholesterol, triglyceride, progesterone, and testosterone concentrations of serum were lower in old quail than in young quail, while egg weight, feed intake, and follicle-stimulating hormone increased significantly as quail aged. (p < 0.05). Furthermore, aging negatively affected the histomorphology of the ileum and cortical bone thickness (p < 0.05). Additional findings show that adding 1 g/kg Maca powder to the diet of quail significantly improved eggshell, ileum, and bone traits that deteriorate with age, without affecting performance, and adding 2 g/kg Maca powder to the diet significantly reduced serum total cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). Incorporating Maca powder into the diet of aged birds could reduce the negative effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tuğçe Gül
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Konya 42130, Turkey
| | - Osman Olgun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Konya 42130, Turkey
| | - Alpönder Yıldız
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Konya 42130, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Engin Tüzün
- Kocarlı Vocational School, University of Aydın Adnan Menderes, Aydın 09970, Turkey
| | - Ainhoa Sarmiento-García
- Área de Producción Animal, Department of Construcción y Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Ambientales, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-619-847-558
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Non-targeted Metabolite Profiling to Evaluate the Drying Process Effect in the Peruvian Maca Actives Through Principal Component Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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A Systematic Review on the Effect of Nutraceuticals on Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunctions: From Basic Principles to Clinical Applications. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3335-3350. [PMID: 35892716 PMCID: PMC9332380 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dysfunctions are common side effects reported by patients during antidepressant treatment. When they occur, patients often discontinue psychopharmacological therapy, with a negative impact on the underlying psychiatric disease. Recently, great attention has been paid to the use of nutraceuticals in the management of psychiatric disorders, although a systematic review on their effects as a treatment option for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunctions (AISD) is lacking. Here, we conducted a systematic search in the following databases: MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science. We searched eligible studies among parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adult populations. After this process, a total of 10 articles that evaluated the effect of six different nutraceuticals versus placebo were included: Maca Root, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), Rosa Damascena, Ginkgo Biloba, Saffron, and Yohimbine. Overall, a high dose of Maca Root and the use of SAMe or Saffron may improve AISD. Additionally, the administration of Rosa Damascena seemed to be more effective in men than in women, whereas no evidence of effects emerged for Gingko Biloba and Yohimbine. Given the mixed results still available, future RCTs should consider larger samples and confounding factors, such as depressive status and individual vulnerability.
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Effect of maca powder supplementation to growing quail diets on performance, carcass, serum constituents and hormones, and bone and ileum characteristics. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:239. [PMID: 35867215 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of maca powder supplementation (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g/kg) in the diet on performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical constituents and hormone concentrations, bone biomechanical properties, and ileum histomorphology in growing Japanese quails. In this 42-day trial, a total of 480 mixed sex Japanese quail chicks, aged 1 day, were randomly distributed among six experimental groups. Each experimental group contained four replicates of 20 chicks each. The addition of 2.0 g/kg of maca powder to the diet significantly decreased body weight, body weight gain compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, with the 1.5 g/kg level of maca powder, feed efficiency improved considerably (P < 0.05). The testis weight increased significantly with the addition of maca powder at 1.0 g/kg level to the diet, and testesteron concentration of serum in male quails was also increased significantly at 1.5 g/kg level of maca powder compared to control group (P < 0.05). The addition of 2.5 g/kg level of maca powder significantly reduced the cholesterol concentration of serum in male quails compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The administration of 2.0 g/kg level of maca powder to the diet caused a decrease in shear force (P < 0.05). The addition of maca powder to the diet significantly increased crypt depth and villus surface area at 0.5 g/kg level, villus width at 1.0 g/kg level, and villus height at 2.0 g/kg level in growing quails (P < 0.05). According to the results obtained from the present research, it can be said that the addition up to 2.0 g/kg maca powder to growing quail diets could improve feed efficiency, testesteron concentration of serum, and ileum properties.
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Fluorinated Analogues of Lepidilines A and C: Synthesis and Screening of Their Anticancer and Antiviral Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113524. [PMID: 35684460 PMCID: PMC9181938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Starting with fluorinated benzylamines, a series of 2-unsubstituted imidazole N-oxides was prepared and subsequently deoxygenated in order to prepare the corresponding imidazoles. The latter were treated with benzyl halides yielding imidazolium salts, which are considered fluorinated analogues of naturally occurring imidazolium alkaloids known as lepidilines A and C. A second series of oxa-lepidiline analogues was obtained by O-benzylation of the initially synthetized imidazole N-oxides. Both series of imidazolium salts were tested as anticancer and antiviral agents. The obtained results demonstrated that the introduction of a fluorine atom, fluoroalkyl or fluoroalkoxy substituents (F, CF3 or OCF3) amplifies cytotoxic properties, whereas the cytotoxicity of some fluorinated lepidilines is promising in the context of drug discovery. All studied compounds revealed a lack of antiviral activity against the investigated viruses in the nontoxic concentrations.
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13
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The Distribution of Glucosinolates in Different Phenotypes of Lepidium peruvianum and Their Role as Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors-In Silico and In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094858. [PMID: 35563248 PMCID: PMC9101689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to present the fingerprint of different Lepidium peruvianum tuber extracts showing glucosinolates-containing substances possibly playing an important role in preventinting dementia and other memory disorders. Different phenotypes of Lepidium peruvianum (Brassicaceae) tubers were analysed for their glucosinolate profile using a liquid chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS platform). Qualitative analysis in 50% ethanolic extracts confirmed the presence of ten compounds: aliphatic, indolyl, and aromatic glucosinolates, with glucotropaeolin being the leading one, detected at levels between 0–1.57% depending on phenotype, size, processing, and collection site. The PCA analysis showed important variations in glucosinolate content between the samples and different ratios of the detected compounds. Applied in vitro activity tests confirmed inhibitory properties of extracts and single glucosinolates against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (15.3–28.9% for the extracts and 55.95–57.60% for individual compounds) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (71.3–77.2% for the extracts and 36.2–39.9% for individual compounds). The molecular basis for the activity of glucosinolates was explained through molecular docking studies showing that the tested metabolites interacted with tryptophan and histidine residues of the enzymes, most likely blocking their active catalytic side. Based on the obtained results and described mechanism of action, it could be concluded that glucosinolates exhibit inhibitory properties against two cholinesterases present in the synaptic cleft, which indicates that selected phenotypes of L. peruvianum tubers cultivated under well-defined environmental and ecological conditions may present a valuable plant material to be considered for the development of therapeutic products with memory-stimulating properties.
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Miranda DR, Chaves BR, Vilela Soares L, Konig IFM, Pinto JT, Miranda JR, Zangeronimo MG. Use of Tribulus terrestris and Lepidium meyenii extract in rats: reproductive, biochemical and body parameters. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14358. [PMID: 34964154 DOI: 10.1111/and.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral administration of Tribulus terrestris and Lepidium meyenii extracts on reproductive, biochemical and body parameters was evaluated in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats weighting 210 ± 18 g were divided into six experimental groups (n = 6). Each group received, daily for 28 days, different solutions: T. terrestris (100 mg/kg), L. meyenii (1 g/kg) and T. terrestris at doses of 75, 50 and 25 mg/kg combined with L. meyenii at doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 g/kg, respectively, and distilled water (control). T. terrestris increased (p < 0.05) the serum testosterone, regardless of dose. Combined use of the extracts increased (p < 0.05) the diameter of the epididymal duct and epididymis lumen. The combinations of T. terrestris (75 and 50 mg/kg) with L. meyenii increased (p < 0.05) the sperm concentration. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in the other semen characteristics; relative weight of organs; and serum levels of urea, creatinine, alanine and aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. No histopathological changes were observed (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the association of T. terrestris and L. meyenii has positive effects on serum testosterone, sperm concentration and epididymal morphology, with no evidence of effects in the testis, liver, spleen and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Resende Chaves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | - Lara Vilela Soares
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Tensol Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | - José Rafael Miranda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil
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15
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Mlostoń G, Kowalczyk M, Celeda M, Gach-Janczak K, Janecka A, Jasiński M. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Lepidilines A-D: Comparison with Some 4,5-Diphenyl Analogues and Related Imidazole-2-thiones. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:3071-3079. [PMID: 34808062 PMCID: PMC8713287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward access to 2-unsubstituted imidazole N-oxides with subsequent deoxygenation by treatment with Raney-nickel followed by N-benzylation opens up a convenient route to lepidilines A and C. Both imidazolium salts were used to generate in situ the corresponding imidazol-2-ylidenes, which smoothly reacted with elemental sulfur, yielding imidazole-2-thiones. These reactions were performed either under classical conditions in pyridine solutions or mechanochemically using solid Cs2CO3 as a base. The structure of lepidiline C was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray analysis of its hexafluorophosphate. An analogous protocol toward lepidilines B and D and their 4,5-diphenyl analogues is less efficient due to observed instability of the key precursors, i.e., the respective 2-methylimidazole N-oxides. Comparison of cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and MCF-7 cell lines of all lepidilines, as well as their selected structural analogues (e.g., 4,5-diphenyl derivatives and PF6 salts), revealed slightly more potent activity of the 2-methylated series, irrespectively of the type of counterion present in the imidazolium salt. Remarkably, the well-known 1,3-diadamantylimidazolium bromide (the "Arduengo salt"), known as the precursor of the first, shelf-stable NHC representative, and its adamantyloxy analogue displayed the most significant cytotoxic activity in the studied series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Kowalczyk
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 91403 Łódź, Poland
- The
Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes
of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental
Protection, University of Lodz, 90237 Łódź, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Janecka
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University
of Lodz, 92215 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 91403 Łódź, Poland
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16
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Purnomo KA, Korinek M, Tsai YH, Hu HC, Wang YH, Backlund A, Hwang TL, Chen BH, Wang SW, Wu CC, Chang FR. Decoding Multiple Biofunctions of Maca on Its Anti-allergic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-thrombotic, and Pro-angiogenic Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11856-11866. [PMID: 34590863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four active partition layers and ten isolates, including (5R)- and (5S)-macapyrrolidone A (1a, 1b), and four new alkaloids, (5R)- and (5S)-macapyrrolidone B (2a, 2b) and macapyrrolins D, E (3, 4), were isolated from maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.), an indigenous food plant from Peru. Derived from the n-hexane layer, the macamide-rich fraction exhibited pro-angiogenic activity on EPC and HUVEC cells. Anti-thrombotic activity was displayed by the polar part of maca extracts (n-butanol and water layers). Both 75% methanol aq. (midlower polar part) and n-hexane (low polar part) layers, which showed signs of fatty acid content, markedly inhibited superoxide and elastase release in an anti-inflammatory assay. The 75% methanol aq. layer showed strong anti-allergic activity, and macapyrrolin A (5) was found active based on β-hexosaminidase release inhibition assays and a ChemGPS-NP experiment. These valuable bioactivity results suggest that maca is a food plant with good benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartiko Arif Purnomo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Hu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Anders Backlund
- Research Group Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 33305 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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17
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Le HTN, Van Roy E, Dendooven E, Peeters L, Theunis M, Foubert K, Pieters L, Tuenter E. Alkaloids from Lepidium meyenii (Maca), structural revision of macaridine and UPLC-MS/MS feature-based molecular networking. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112863. [PMID: 34242970 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii Walp., known as Peruvian ginseng, is widely used in ethnomedicine. To date, L. meyenii is cultivated worldwide at high-altitude and is commonly used as a food supplement. However, its medicinal value is still controversial and its mechanism of action remains unknown, due to limited knowledge about the phytochemical constituents of this plant species. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach comprising conventional NMR- and HRMS-based structure elucidation, quantum mechanical calculation of NMR chemical shifts and UPLC-MS/MS feature-based molecular networking was applied to analyse the phytochemical profile of L. meyenii. In the current work, three previously undescribed imidazole alkaloids were identified using extensive spectroscopic techniques (HRMS, NMR), for which the names lepidiline E, F and G were adopted. In addition, two amidine alkaloids were reported, representing an undescribed class of alkaloids in L. meyenii, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, a well-known β-carboline alkaloid, was also isolated from L. meyenii for the first time. Molecular networks of imidazole, amidine and β-carboline alkaloids in L. meyenii were constructed by the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) web platform, resulting in the tentative identification of three undescribed analogues. In addition, the structure of a previously reported compound named 'macaridine' was revised as macapyrrolin C based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and comprehensive comparison of NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien T N Le
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Elias Van Roy
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ella Dendooven
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Peeters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mart Theunis
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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Sahin N, Orhan C, Gencoglu H, Er B, Ozercan IH, Komorowski JR, Sahin K. Effects of maca ( Lepidium meyenii) on nutrient digestibility and major nutrient transporters in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5765-5773. [PMID: 34646544 PMCID: PMC8498064 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of a new combination of root extracts of the Lepidium meyenii (maca) plant, known for its nutritional and energizing features as well as its antioxidant properties, on nutrient digestibility and nutrient transporters expression. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 28 Sprague-Dawley rats (8-week-old) were divided into four groups: (i) control, (ii) Lepidium m., (iii) high-fat diet (HFD), and (iv) HFD+Lepidium m. Maca was given to the rats as a powdered combination of the plant roots with a daily dose of 40 mg per kg BW. Maca administration significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE), and some nutrient transporter (Pept1/2, Fatp1, Glut1/2, and Sglt1)-expressions compared with non-treated control and HFD groups in the jejunum and ileum tissues (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Maca supplementation improved the digestibility of nutrients and expressions of nutrient transporters in the small intestine of the rats. These results indicate the positive communication between maca consumption and nutrient absorption in the small intestines of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional DisordersFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional DisordersFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | - Hasan Gencoglu
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | | | | | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional DisordersFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
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19
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Melnikovova I, Russo D, Fait T, Kolarova M, Tauchen J, Kushniruk N, Falabella R, Milella L, Fernández Cusimamani E. Evaluation of the effect of Lepidium meyenii Walpers in infertile patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6359-6368. [PMID: 34585449 PMCID: PMC9293450 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Male infertility refers to the inability to conceive a natural pregnancy in a fertile female, and approximately 15% of reproductive‐aged couples worldwide face this problem. Several plants were used to treat fertility disorders and, among them, Lepidium meyenii, a folk medicament of Andean regions, is still used to enhance vitality and treat sterility in humans and domestic animals. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of L. meyenii Walpers on infertile patients by a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Fifty patients suffering from various reproductive‐related problems were enrolled for 16 weeks to evaluate the effect of yellow maca on semen quality and serum hormone levels. Treatment with maca improved the percentage of sperm concentration by 40%, whereas the placebo improved by 76% after 8 and 16 weeks of treatment, but the results were statistically non‐significant. No statistically significant change in hormone levels was reported by using maca, except a decrease in the level of free testosterone. Results are not sufficient to assess the efficacy of maca on male fertility. Further investigation and trials are required to obtain conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Melnikovova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.,Spinoff BioActiPlants.r.l., Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tomas Fait
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kolarova
- Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Kushniruk
- First Medical Faculty of Charles University Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roberto Falabella
- Urology Unit, San Carlo Hospital, Via Potito Petrone, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Eloy Fernández Cusimamani
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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20
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Nutritional Profile and Potential Health Benefits of Super Foods: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13169240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement within the food and nutrition sector has resulted in the development of a special category of food, particularly referred to as “superfoods”. Superfoods are special kind of foods capable of exhibiting different positive effects involving prevention of different ailments, provide impetus to the immune system, and essential macro- and micro-nutrients in ample quantities. Nowadays, these are gaining considerable attention due to the increased health consciousness of consumers. In contrast to their exceptional health or even medicinal benefits, which are based on their long history of use, the concept of superfoods is still little understood. The category of superfoods mainly comprises different types of fruits, vegetables, grains, etc. This review sheds light on the nutritional composition as well as the possible intervention in the prevention of various chronic ailments of some significant superfoods. This manuscript could help consumers to use superfoods as part of their diet more often and very effectively.
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21
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Dimmito MP, Stefanucci A, Della Valle A, Scioli G, Cichelli A, Mollica A. An overview on plants cannabinoids endorsed with cardiovascular effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111963. [PMID: 34332376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major causes for the reduction of the quality of life. The endocannabinoid system is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders due to its involvement in vasomotor control, cardiac contractility, blood pressure and vascular inflammation. Alteration in cannabinoid signalling can be often related to cardiotoxicity, circulatory shock, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Plants have been the major sources of medicines until modern eras in which researchers are experiencing a rediscovery of natural compounds as novel therapeutics. One of the most versatile plant is Cannabis sativa L., containing phytocannabinoids that may play a role in the treatment of CVDs. The aim of this review is to collect and investigate several less studied plants rich in cannabinoid-like active compounds able to interact with cannabinoid system; these plants may play a pivotal role in the treatment of disorders related to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alice Della Valle
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scioli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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22
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Lenzi RM, Campestrini LH, Semprebon SC, Paschoal JAR, Silva MAG, Zawadzki-Baggio SF, Mantovani MS, Petkowicz CLO, Maurer JBB. Glucosinolate-Enriched Fractions from Maca ( Lepidium meyenii) Exert Myrosinase-Dependent Cytotoxic Effects against HepG2/C3A and HT29 Tumor Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1322-1337. [PMID: 34282687 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1952444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of glucosinolate (GL)-rich foods, including Brassica vegetables, such as mustard, broccoli, and maca, is associated with decreased risk of developing cancer. The GL content in maca, which is recognized as a "superfood", is approximately 100-times higher than that in other brassicas. Although maca is a potential dietary source of GLs, limited studies have examined the bioactivity of maca GLs using the combination of chemical characterization and bioassays. In this study, the fractions (Lm-II and Lm-III) rich in intact GLs (glucotropaeolin and glucolimnanthin) were isolated and characterized from maca ethanolic extracts using chromatography and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the growth-inhibitory effects of Lm-II and Lm-II fractions against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT29) cell lines were examined in the absence or presence of myrosinase (MYR). Fractions lacking low molecular weight sugars dose-dependently exerted cytotoxic effects in the presence of MYR. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of Lm-II and Lm-III against HepG2/C3A were 118.8 and 69.9 µg/mL, respectively, while those against HT29 were 102.6 and 71.5 µg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the anticancer properties of maca can be attributed to GLs and corroborate the categorization of maca as a "superfood."Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1952444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquely M Lenzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano H Campestrini
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Simone C Semprebon
- Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Jonas A R Paschoal
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique A G Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Selma F Zawadzki-Baggio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mário S Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carmen L O Petkowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana B B Maurer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Ross K. Nutritional management of surgically induced menopause: A case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:17455065211031492. [PMID: 34253105 PMCID: PMC8280844 DOI: 10.1177/17455065211031492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hot flashes are a primary reason for medical visits during menopause. They can interfere with sleep, cause mood disturbances, decrease the overall quality of life, and are associated with significant health care and societal costs. This case report examines the safety and effectiveness of Lepidium peruvianum (maca) for the management of menopausal-related symptoms. A 32-year-old White female presented with hot flashes, night sweats, anxiety, and mood changes following a hysterectomy and oophorectomy. She was provided with a personalized nutrition plan, Lepidium peruvianum (maca), targeted nutrient supplementation, and lifestyle recommendations. These interventions resulted in the safe and effective resolution of hot flashes and anxiety in 2 months and significantly improved her moods and sleep. This case report demonstrated that the use of Lepidium peruvianum, in conjunction with dietary and targeted supplement modifications, appeared to be safe and resulted in the rapid improvements and resolution of symptoms associated with menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ross
- School of Nutrition, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine & Health Sciences, Tempe, AZ, USA
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1H qNMR-based quantitative analysis of total macamides in five maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) dried naturally. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Leisegang K, Finelli R. Alternative medicine and herbal remedies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Arab J Urol 2021; 19:323-339. [PMID: 34552783 PMCID: PMC8451697 DOI: 10.1080/2090598x.2021.1926753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To systematically review and discuss the current evidence from placebo-controlled clinical trials that investigated the use of alternative medicines and herbal remedies in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-based systematic review using specific keyword combinations was conducted on the PubMed and Scopus databases. Randomised controlled trials investigating herbal medicine in at least one group and using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) as an outcome in patients primarily diagnosed with ED were included for review. Results: Following the literature search, screening and eligibility analysis, a total of 42 articles were included. The 42 articles were categorised as single herb extractions (n = 14), combination herbal formula (n = 5), combination of herbal formula and non-herbal nutraceuticals (n = 7), non-herbal nutraceuticals (n = 5), acupuncture and moxibustion (n = 2), diet and nutrition (n = 3), exercise (n = 5), and topical treatments (n = 1). Based on the results, Korean ginseng, Pygnogenol and Prelox, Tribulus terrestris, Lepidium meyenii, L-arginine, acupuncture and lifestyle interventions were the more predominantly investigated treatments interventions for ED. Conclusions: Panax ginseng, Pygnogenol, Prelox and Tribulus terrestris have promising evidence as herbal products, alongside L-arginine as a nutritional supplement, for ED based on IIEF outcomes, and warrant further clinical investigation. The mechanisms of action remain unclear, but each of these appears to in part increase nitric oxide synthesis. Importantly, improved diet and exercise should be considered, particularly in patients with obesity or diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Leisegang
- School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Renata Finelli
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Huaraca-Meza F, Custodio M, Peñaloza R, Alvarado-Ibañez J, Paredes R, De la Cruz H, Arzapalo L, Lazarte-Pariona F. Bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii crops evaluated by metagenomics. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e240184. [PMID: 34133559 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.240184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil quality is usually determined by its physical-chemical characteristics without taking into account the bacterial communities that play a fundamental role in the chemical decomposition of plant nutrients. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii cultivation under different gradients of use (first, second and third use) and crop development (pre-sowing, hypocotyl development and post-harvest). The sampling was carried out in the Bombón plateau in the central Andes of Peru, during the rainy and low water seasons, by the systematic method based on a specific pattern assigned in a geometric rectangular shape at a depth of 0 - 20 cm. The characterization of the bacterial communities was carried out through the metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA. 376 families of bacteria were reported, of which it was determined that there was a significant change in bacterial composition and distribution in relation to use pressure. There were no major changes due to the development of Lepidium meyenii. The families most sensitive to use pressure and soil poverty indicators were Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae and Aakkermansiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Huaraca-Meza
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Huancayo, Perú
| | - M Custodio
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Huancayo, Perú
| | - R Peñaloza
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Huancayo, Perú
| | - J Alvarado-Ibañez
- Universidad Nacional Intercultural "Fabiola Salazar Leguía" de Bagua, Bagua, Perú
| | - R Paredes
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Huancayo, Perú
| | - H De la Cruz
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Huancayo, Perú
| | - L Arzapalo
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Huancayo, Perú
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Yu Z, Liu H, Li D, Chen X, Ao M, Jin W, Yu L. N-(3-Methozybenzyl)-(9 Z,12 Z,15 Z)-octadecatrienamide from maca ( Lepidium meyenii Walp.) ameliorates corticosterone-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Food Funct 2021; 11:7762-7774. [PMID: 32797129 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00890g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effects of maca ethanol extract (EEM) and N-(3-methozybenzyl)-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide (M 18:3) on corticosterone (CORT)-induced testicular toxicity. Male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Except for the control group, CORT (40 mg per kg·bw) was injected subcutaneously for 21 consecutive days to induce testicular toxicity. 1 h before CORT injection, the rats were treated with EEM (400 mg per kg·bw) and M 18:3 (5 mg per kg·bw, 25 mg per kg·bw) by gavage, except for the control group and model group. Epididymal sperm and biochemical, and histological parameters were evaluated for the protective effects of the drugs. EEM (400 mg per kg·bw) and M 18:3 (5 mg per kg·bw, 25 mg per kg·bw) increased the sperm concentration and sperm motility, decreased the production of abnormal sperms, and increased the number of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules of CORT-induced rats. Moreover, EEM and M 18:3 decreased the MDA levels and the positive expression rates of TUNEL, whereas they increased the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GST, and the contents of GSH in the testicles of CORT-induced rats. Furthermore, EEM and M 18:3 alleviated CORT-induced reduction in the positive expression rates of PCNA and Ki67 in the testicles of rats. Besides, EEM and M 18:3 reduced the expression levels of Keap-1 and increased the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, γ-GCS, and NQO1 in the testicles of CORT-induced rats. In summary, the protective effects of EEM and M 18:3 may be attributed to their anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dong Li
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingzhang Ao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Chang B, Tang S, Chen R, Xiao N, Zhu J, Tian M, Jiang H, Li X, Jian Z, Han X, Gao Y, Yao Q. The Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Uses of Metagentiana Rhodantha (Franch.) T.N.Ho and S.W.Liu, an Ethnomedicine in Southwest China. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:658628. [PMID: 33981236 PMCID: PMC8107381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.658628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metagentiana rhodantha (Franch.) T.N.Ho and S.W.Liu (MR) belongs to Gentianales, and it is often called Hong-hua-long-dan in Chinese. Traditionally, it has been used to cure acute icteric hepatitis, sore throat, dysentery, acute gastritis, carbuncle, and furuncle based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concepts. Aim of Study: This review manages to provide a critical and comprehensive analysis on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical uses of MR and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of this plant. Methods: Relevant data mainly literatures on MR were selected from available database. All the papers reviewed provided evidence that the source herbs were reliably identified. Results: The heat-clearing and removing the phlegm, and purging fire and removing toxicity of MR contribute to its dispelling jaundice, and clearing lung heat and cough. The compounds isolated from this plant include iridoids and secoiridoids, phenolic acids, ketones, triterpenoids, flavonoids, benzophenone glycosides, and others. Mangiferin (MAF) is a characteristic substance from this plant. The pharmacological studies show that some extracts and compounds from MR exhibit anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and other effects which are associated with the traditional uses of this plant. The toxicological studies suggest that MAF is less toxic in mice and dogs. Nowadays, Chinese patent drugs such as Feilike Jiaonang and Kangfuling Jiaonang containing MR have been used to cure cough, asthma, chronic bronchitis, dysmenorrhea, and appendagitis. Conclusion: Although the current studies provide related research information of MR, it is still necessary to systemically evaluate the chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and safety of the extracts or compounds from this plant before clinical trials in the future. In addition, except for lung infection-related diseases, analgesia, anti-tumor, and hypertriglycemia may be new and prior therapeutic scopes of this ethnomedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.,Graduate College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Songjiang Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingsong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengxian Tian
- Graduate College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Huizhong Jiang
- Graduate College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhonglu Jian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qi Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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29
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Bizinelli D, Flores Navarro F, Lima Costa Faldoni F. Maca Root ( Lepidium meyenii) Extract Increases the Expression of MMP-1 and Stimulates Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:346-356. [PMID: 33560149 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1882511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maca root (Lepidium meyenii) extract is a worldwide consumed food supplement for sexual dysfunctions, increasing sperm production and its motility, and alleviating menopausal symptoms. Once maca root has a role in cell proliferation and motility, and its consumption may increase along with age, mainly in menopausal women, we aimed to investigate the plant effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. Standardized maca root powdered extract showed significant cytotoxic activity in both MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells, and the IC50s were 2000 μg/ml and 3000 μg/ml, respectively. Both cell lines showed an increase in migratory capacity. Using bioinformatics tools, we established genes involved in the metastatic process, CAV1, LAMA4, and MMP-1, and the mRNAs expression was assessed by qPCR. Comparing the treated cells to the negative control, CAV1 presented a decreased expression by 2-fold in MDA-MB-231. LAMA4 presented a decrease by 4-fold in Hs578T cells. MMP-1 showed substantially increase mRNA expression in MDA-MB-231 by 86-fold and in Hs578T by 5-fold. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study indicating that the human consumption of maca may be dangerous due to the upregulation in MMP-1 expression and the increase in TNBC migrated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bizinelli
- University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia Lima Costa Faldoni
- University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Macamides: A review of structures, isolation, therapeutics and prospects. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100309. [PMID: 33066617 PMCID: PMC7602496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual enhancers increase sexual potency, sexual pleasure, or libido. Substances increasing libido alter the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters or sex hormones in the central nervous system. Interestingly, the same pathways are involved in the mechanisms underlying many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and adverse reactions associated with the use of aphrodisiacs are strongly expected. However, sexual enhancers of plant origin have gained popularity over recent years, as natural substances are often regarded as a safer alternative to modern medications and are easily acquired without prescription. We reviewed the psychiatric and neurological adverse effects associated with the consumption of herbal aphrodisiacs Areca catechu L., Argemone Mexicana L., Citrus aurantium L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, Panax quinquefolius L., Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille, Piper methysticum G. Forst., Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth., Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown, Turnera diffusa Willd. ex. Schult., Voacanga africana Stapf ex Scott-Elliot, and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with the aim of identifying all the relevant articles published on the issue up to June 2020. Most of the selected sexual enhancers appeared to be safe at therapeutic doses, although mild to severe adverse effects may occur in cases of overdosing or self-medication with unstandardized products. Drug interactions are more concerning, considering that herbal aphrodisiacs are likely used together with other plant extracts and/or pharmaceuticals. However, few data are available on the side effects of several plants included in this review, and more clinical studies with controlled administrations should be conducted to address this issue.
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32
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Reddy PRK, Elghandour M, Salem A, Yasaswini D, Reddy PPR, Reddy AN, Hyder I. Plant secondary metabolites as feed additives in calves for antimicrobial stewardship. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cheng C, Shen F, Ding G, Liu A, Chu S, Ma Y, Hou X, Hao E, Wang X, Hou Y, Bai G. Lepidiline A Improves the Balance of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Increases Fecundity by Targeting HSD17B1. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900706. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Fukui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Aina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Simeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Yuejiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural ResiduesGuangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia MedicaGuangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural ResiduesGuangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia MedicaGuangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193 China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug ResearchNankai University Tianjin 300353 China
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Yao Q, Gao Y, Lai C, Wu C, Zhao CL, Wu JL, Tang DX. The phytochemistry, pharmacology and applications of Melicope pteleifolia: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 251:112546. [PMID: 31926313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE The leaves, stems and roots of Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.Hartley (MP; Rutaceae, called sanyaku in Chinese; syn.: Euodia lepta), have been used traditionally for the treatment of sore throat, rheumatism, eczema, dermatitis, bruises, and insect, rat, snake bites based on traditional Chinese medicine concepts. AIM OF THIS STUDY This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of studies on MP and focusing on potential relationships between traditional uses and pharmacological effects, assessing the therapeutic potential as a medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant data on MP were retrieved using the keywords "Melicope pteleifolia", "pharmacology", "toxicity" and "applications" in databases including "Pubmed", "SciFinder", "Springer", "Elsevier", "Wiley", "Web of Science", "Google Scholar", "China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases (CNKI)", "PhD" and "MSc dissertations", and a hand-search. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The heat-clearing, dampness-removing and gallbladder-normalizing actions of MP have been linked to biomedical concepts like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. The latter is potentially based on the presence of furaquinoline alkaloids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. Analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-tumor effects have also been reported. Currently limited evidence is available relating to potential toxicological risks especially of aqueous extracts with so far no reports signalling specific risks. Although some studies on the pharmacodynamics of MP have been reported, studies on action mechanisms of MP are still rare. CONCLUSIONS In the future and prior to initiating clinical trials, the safety, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology, and mechanism of action of MP needs to be assessed, including a focus on the link between traditional uses and modern applications. In addition, phytochemical and biological studies need to conduct on flowers and fruits of MP. Furthermore, strict quality control measures are needed in the studies investigating any aspect of the pharmacology, chemistry and biology of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, China; Guizhou Provincial Talent Base for TCM Inheritance and Technological Innovation, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, China; Guizhou Provincial Talent Base for TCM Inheritance and Technological Innovation, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Chencen Lai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Chong Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Chen-Liang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Jin-Lin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Dong-Xin Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, China; Guizhou Provincial Talent Base for TCM Inheritance and Technological Innovation, Guiyang, 550001, China.
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Apaza Ticona LN, Tena Pérez V, Bermejo Benito P. Local/traditional uses, secondary metabolites and biological activities of Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112152. [PMID: 31421183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón (Tropaeolaceae). Sim (commonly called Mashua) is an indigenous plant that has medicinal values for various ethnic groups of the regions of the Andes mountain range of South America, which use it for the treatment of diseases venereal, lung and skin; for the healing of internal and external wounds; and as an analgesic for kidney and bladder pain. AIM OF THE REVIEW We critically summarised the current evidence on the botanic characterisation and distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, pharmacological activities, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and toxicology of T. tuberosum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on T. tuberosum was gathered from worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Google scholar, Elsevier, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley Online, Mendeley, Scielo and Dialnet electronic databases). Information was also obtained from the literature and books as well as PhD and MSc dissertations. Plant names were validated by 'The Plant List' (www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS T. tuberosum has diverse uses in local and popular medicine, specifically for relieving pain and infections in humans. Regarding its biological activities, polar extracts (aqueous, hydroalcoholic) and isolated compounds from the tubers have exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. Quantitative analysis (e.g., NMR, HPLC, GC-MS) indicated the presence of a set of secondary metabolites, including hydroxybenzoic acids, tannins, flavanols, anthocyanins, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, phytosterols, fatty acids and alkamides in the tubers of T. tuberosum. Likewise, glucosinolates have been identified in the seeds and isothiocyanates have been detected in leaves, flowers and seeds. CONCLUSIONS T. tuberosum has been tested for various biological activities and the extracts (tubers in particular) demonstrated a promising potential as an antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and inhibitors of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A lack of alignment between the ethno-medicinal uses and existing biological screenings was observed, indicating the need to explore its potential for the treatment against respiratory affections, urinary affections and blood diseases. Likewise, it is necessary to analyse deeply the relationship that exists between the different tuber colours of T. tuberosum and its use for the treatment of certain diseases. Validation of clinical studies of the antibacterial, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic activities and as inhibitors of benign prostatic hyperplasia is required. Moreover, studies on the toxicity, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics, in addition to clinical trials, are indispensable for assessing the safety and efficacy of the active metabolites or extracts obtained from T. tuberosum. Other areas that need investigation are the development of future applications based on their active metabolites, such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease). Finally, the work purposes to motivate other research groups to carry out a series of scientific studies that can fill the gaps that exist with respect to Mashua properties, and thus be able to change the focus of T. tuberosum (Mashua) that currently has in the consumer society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Nestor Apaza Ticona
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victor Tena Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulina Bermejo Benito
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Abarikwu SO, Onuah CL, Singh SK. Plants in the management of male infertility. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13509. [PMID: 31989693 DOI: 10.1111/and.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review attempts to collate existing data and provide the perspectives for future studies on the effects of plants on the male gonads. For many of these medicinal plants such as Lepidium meyenii, Rupus coreanus, Tribulus terrestres, Panax ginseng, Petasites japonicas, Apium graveolens, Eurycoma longifólia, Pedalium murex, Corchorus depressus, Mucuna pruriens, Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Fagara tessmannii, Phaleria macrocarpa, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Cynomorium songaricum and Morinda officinalis, the mechanism of actions of their active principles and crude extracts has been shown in both laboratory animals, in vitro, and human studies, and includes their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, spermatogenesis-inducing, aphrodisiac, smooth muscle relaxing and androgenic properties. Several active chemical leads including glucosinolates, anthocyanins, protodioscin, ginsenosides, sesquiterpenes, phyto-oestrogens, quassinoids, diosgenin, thymoquinone, proanthocyanidins and bajijiasu isolated from these plants are known to have target effects on the testis, but efforts have been limited in their application at the clinical level. There still appear to be many more extracts of medicinal plants that have not been characterised to determine the phytochemicals unique to them that have target effects on the gonads. Further, collaborative efforts at isolating pro-drug candidates from medicinal plants for studies at the molecular, cellular and clinical level towards elucidating their mechanisms of action on the testes are therefore warranted in the light of the current male fertility crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny O Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Chigozie Linda Onuah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Silva T, Jesus M, Cagigal C, Silva C. Food with Influence in the Sexual and Reproductive Health. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:114-122. [PMID: 30255750 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180925140400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction and infertility are conditions with high prevalence in the general population. Nutritional factors have been reported to have an impact on sexual and reproductive health. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize the data on nutritional factors that have influence on male and female sexual and reproductive function, including nutritional status, specific foods (e.g. dairy food), nutrients and other food components and dietary supplements. METHOD A literature search was performed using Cochrane Library, Medline and Science Direct databases without time limitations. RESULTS Obesity has a negative influence on male fertility, and weight loss improves male fertility. Food insufficiency is associated with increased sexual risk behaviours, more significant in women. Regarding macronutrients and group foods, trans-fatty acids, high glycemic index food, high carbohydrate diet and high animal protein intake prejudices fertility; omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, low glycemic index food and low carbohydrate diet, vegetable proteins and antioxidants improve fertility. Isoflavones have a negative impact on men fertility and improve sexual health of menopausal women. Whole milk improves women fertility, but men benefit from skim milk. Concerning dietary supplements, there is weak evidence sustaining efficacy, and the most promising supplements are yohimbine, vitamin B, L-arginine and vitamin D. CONCLUSION The compiled results indicate that despite the multifactorial etiology of sexual/ reproductive dysfunction, nutritional factors may affect the sexual and reproductive health in both men and women. However, it is necessary to further study to clarify this association and simultaneously improve the approach and treatment of patients with sexual and/or reproductive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Silva
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Jesus
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - César Cagigal
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Santos HO, Howell S, Teixeira FJ. Beyond tribulus (Tribulus terrestris L.): The effects of phytotherapics on testosterone, sperm and prostate parameters. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:392-405. [PMID: 30790614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phytotherapeutic approaches have been widely proposed to improve male health. Despite the well-touted effects of tribulus (Tribulus terrestris L) on men's health, an optimal phytotherapy remains an elusive challenge. AIM OF THE REVIEW We sought to critically analyze the evidence in the phytotherapic literature beyond the effects of tribulus on testosterone (T) concentration and sperm analysis to also include indications for prostate health. MATERIALS AND METHODS A focused literature search was conducted to include studies published in Cochrane, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases between the years 2002 and 2018. RESULTS The use of tribulus and maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp, Brassicaceae) were not scientifically supported to improve serum T levels in men. Moderate evidence supports the use of long Jack (Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Simaroubaceae), mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Fabaceae), ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Solanaceae), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Fabaceae), and black seeds (Nigella sativa L., Ranunculaceae) to increase total T and improve seminal parameters. Data suggests an increase in total T with the use of 5000 mg/d of powdered mucuna seed and ashwagandha root (151 and 143 ng/dL, respectively) over a 12-week period in patients with oligozoospermia. The use of mucuna was supported for patients with oligozoospermia to improve sperm parameters, with an increase of 83.3 million/mL observed after use of 5000 mg/d of powdered mucuna seed over a 12-week period. Evidence supporting the use of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, (W.Bartram) Small, Arecaceae) to improve prostate health remains equivocal; whereas, evidence supporting the use of Pygeum africanum Hook.f., Rosaceae, Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae, beta-sitosterols, pollen extract, onion, garlic, and tomato, appears favorable and promising. CONCLUSION Scientific evidence supports the use of mucuna and ashwagandha as phytotherapics for improving serum T concentrations and semen parameters. Despite inconclusive evidence for use of tribulus as a T booster, it may provide advantageous effects on sperm parameters in men with idiopathic infertility. Nutraceutical strategies and some phytotherapics may also be effective to promote prostate health. Popular foodstuffs (onion, garlic, and tomato), nutraceutical agents (pollen extract and beta-sitosterols), and herbal medicines (Pygeum africanum and Urtica dioica) are rational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Scott Howell
- Research Director, Tier 1 Center for Research, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Filipe J Teixeira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Borrelli F, Colalto C, Delfino DV, Iriti M, Izzo AA. Herbal Dietary Supplements for Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs 2019; 78:643-673. [PMID: 29633089 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition that significantly affects quality of life and interpersonal relationships. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of herbal dietary supplements in the treatment of ED. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched five databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the clinical efficacy of herbal medicines in ED. Quality was assessed and risk of bias was estimated using the Jadad score and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS In total, 24 RCTs, including 2080 patients with ED, were identified. Among these, 12 evaluated monopreparations (five ginseng [n = 399], three saffron [n = 397], two Tribulus terrestris [n = 202], and one each Pinus pinaster [n = 21] and Lepidium meyenii [n = 50]), seven evaluated formulations (n = 544), and five investigated dietary supplements in combination with pure compounds (n = 410). Ginseng significantly improved erectile function (International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]-5 score: 140 ginseng, 96 placebo; standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.70; P < 0.01; I2 = 0), P. pinaster and L. meyenii showed very preliminary positive results, and saffron and T. terrestris treatment produced mixed results. Several herbal formulations were associated with a decrease of IIEF-5 or IIEF-15, although the results were preliminary. The quality of the included studies varied, with only seven having a prevalent low risk of bias. The median methodological quality Jadad score was three out of a maximum of five. Adverse events were recorded in 19 of 24 trials, with no significant differences between placebo and verum in placebo-controlled studies. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging evidence suggests that ginseng may be an effective herbal treatment for ED. However, further, larger, and high-quality studies are required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Promising (although very preliminary) results have also been generated for some herbal formulations. Overall, more research in the field, adhering to the CONSORT statement extension for reporting trials, is justified before the use of herbal products in ED can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napes Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Working Group "Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy" of the Italian Pharmacological Society, Viale Abruzzi 32, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Colalto
- Farmacia San Paolo dr Colalto, Piazza Dè l'Osto 37, 37035, San Giovanni Ilarione, Verona, Italy.,Working Group "Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy" of the Italian Pharmacological Society, Viale Abruzzi 32, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico V Delfino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Severi, 06132, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy.,Working Group "Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy" of the Italian Pharmacological Society, Viale Abruzzi 32, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Working Group "Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy" of the Italian Pharmacological Society, Viale Abruzzi 32, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napes Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Working Group "Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy" of the Italian Pharmacological Society, Viale Abruzzi 32, 20131, Milan, Italy.
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Chemical composition and health effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii). Food Chem 2019; 288:422-443. [PMID: 30902313 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) has emerged as a popular functional plant food due to various claimed health effects. This review details the major (i.e., starch, dietary fiber, and protein) and minor constituents (i.e., minerals, non-starch polysaccharides, polyphenols (flavonolignans), macaenes, macamides, glucosinolates, and alkaloids) of maca (root and aerial parts). Diverse health effects of maca are also summarized. Various bioactivities of maca include enhanced reproductive health, antifatigue, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antimicrobial activity, anticancer, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, and improving skin health and digestive system's function. Plant genetics, botanical parts, processing, extraction, and experimental protocols represent the major factors affecting the chemical composition, physicochemical attributes, and health effects of maca-based products. However, clinical studies to support the claimed health effects of maca and related mechanisms appear to be lacking. Product innovation and diversification in food and non-food utilization of different parts of maca to maximize the value perceptions are suggested.
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Heinrich M, Hesketh A. 25 years after the `Rio Convention'--Lessons learned in the context of sustainable development and protecting indigenous and local knowledge. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:332-343. [PMID: 30318154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When in 1992 the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted, it was a response to centuries of exploitative use of biodiversity and to a lack of recognition of the rights of the countries and regions of origin. At the same time, it was an outcome of the increasing drive, especially in many European and American countries, to ascertain more equitable sharing of wealth between the global North and South. It is a result of negotiations between states and driven by political consensus. AIM With this review we aim to assess the situation 25 years after the adoption of the CBD, provide an overview on how we got to the current framework and offer a perspective on how such access rights and equitable benefit sharing can be ascertained. OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION Without doubt the CBD has resulted in a new framework for providing and securing access to biodiversity and for equitable benefit sharing. It has since been developed and amended in numerous treaties and protocols, most recently the Nagoya Protocol. This development is both driven by the historical experience of many countries in the exploitative extractions of biodiversity, and indigenous peoples' drive for the recognition of their rights. Examples of exploitative use of biodiversity include the species yielding quinine and rubber. Using Lepidium meyenii Walp. as an example, we assess the current patent basis and highlight why in this case equitable benefit sharing proved to be impossible. Today, there are well-established principles in place to establish intellectual property rights, both with respect to a country's ownership of genetic resources, and a research entity's invention based on them. There remains, however, a lack of investment as well as research and development opportunities based on these internationally binding agreements. In line with the aims of our review, this paper includes an overview on how the current patenting system can be used to ensure that the goals of the CBD can be achieved. CONCLUSION In the context of the centuries of exploitative use of biodiversity, 25 years is a short time span and this review reiterates Posey and Dutfields' call (1996) to companies or other outside organization for developing 'a relationship in which the community is an equal partner'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heinrich
- Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Alan Hesketh
- Indigena Biodiversity Ltd., 8 South Park Court, South Park, Gerrards Cross, SL9 8HG, UK. http://www.indigena.ltd
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Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Burgos-Edwards A, Theoduloz C, Jiménez-Aspee F, Vargas-Arana G. Male sexual enhancers from the Peruvian Amazon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:167-179. [PMID: 30339977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Selected Peruvian Amazon plants are macerated into sugar cane distillates to prepare alcoholic beverages used to improve male sexual performance. The tree bark from Campsiandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth (Fabaceae), Swartzia polyphylla DC (Fabaceae), Minquartia guianensis Aubl. (Olacaceae) and Thynantus panurensis (Bureau) Sandwith (Bignoniaceae) usually are used as crude drugs in mixtures of several ingredients. AIM OF STUDY Describe the chemical composition of the most traded traditional male enhancer beverages, namely "Levántate Lazaro" and "Siete veces sin sacarla", and their single crude drug constituents, as well as their inhibitory activity towards the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5. The presence of pro-sexual drugs such as Sildenafil® and derivatives was assessed in the samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single plant constituents and the preparation mixtures were purchased in the Mercado Belen (Iquitos, Peru). Chemical profiling was carried out by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The extracts were assessed for phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition. The occurrence of pro-sexual drugs was determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS Chemical profiling allowed the identification of condensed tannins as the main constituents of C. angustifolia and S. polyphylla, hydrolysable tannins for M. guianensis, and C-glycosides for T. panurensis. The traditional preparations showed similar composition compared to the crude drugs. At 200 µg/mL, the traditional preparation "Levántate Lázaro" and "Siete veces sin sacarla" inhibited the phosphodiesterase-5 by 49.88% and 27.90%, respectively. No adulterations with pro-sexual drugs were found in the samples. From the crude drugs, low effect was found for the extracts of S. polyphylla and T. panurensis and high activity for C. angustifolia which inhibited the enzyme by 89.37% and 81.32% at 200 and 100 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION The traditional preparations used to improve sexual performance in the Peruvian Amazon showed activity as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. The most active ingredient of the traditional preparations was C. angustifolia, with some contribution from T. panurensis. These results encourage additional studies, including animal models to confirm the male enhancer effect of the preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Programa de Investigación de Excelencia Interdisciplinaria en Química y Bio-orgánica de Recursos Naturales (PIEI-QUIM-BIO), Universidad de Talca, Chile.
| | - Alberto Burgos-Edwards
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristina Theoduloz
- Programa de Investigación de Excelencia Interdisciplinaria en Química y Bio-orgánica de Recursos Naturales (PIEI-QUIM-BIO), Universidad de Talca, Chile; Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Felipe Jiménez-Aspee
- Programa de Investigación de Excelencia Interdisciplinaria en Química y Bio-orgánica de Recursos Naturales (PIEI-QUIM-BIO), Universidad de Talca, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario, Dirección de Investigación, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gabriel Vargas-Arana
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana - IIAP, Head, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Peru
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Shang R, Yang P, Wang B, Zhao Z. Transcriptome analysis of maca ( Lepidium meyenii) root at different developmental stages. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01206. [PMID: 30598864 PMCID: PMC6303156 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Maca (Lepidium meyenii; Brassicaceae) has been cultivated by Andeans for thousands of years as a food source and has been used for medicinal purposes. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying material accumulation during plant growth. METHODS RNA-Seq technology was used to compare the transcriptome of black maca root at three developmental stages. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were applied for the identification of pathways in which differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched. RESULTS Trinity was used to de novo assemble the reads, and 120,664 unigenes were assembled. Of these, 71.53% of the unigenes were annotated based on BLAST. A total of 18,321 differentially expressed genes were observed. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis found that the most highly represented pathway among the differentially expressed genes was for genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. We also found that genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, such as glucosinolate biosynthesis, were significantly enriched. DISCUSSION The genes that were differentially expressed between developmental time points likely reflect both developmental pathways and responses to changes in the environment. As such, the transcriptome data in this study serve as a reference for subsequent mining of genes that are involved in the synthesis of important bioactive components in maca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Guang Shang
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Pu Yang
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bing‐Yi Wang
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zun‐Ling Zhao
- Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming650224YunnanPeople's Republic of China
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Huang YJ, Peng XR, Qiu MH. Progress on the Chemical Constituents Derived from Glucosinolates in Maca (Lepidium meyenii). NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:405-412. [PMID: 30151716 PMCID: PMC6224809 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.), a famous food supplement, has drawn an unprecedented international interest over the last two decades. It was assumed that glucosinolates, macamides, macaenes, and alkaloids are the main bioactive components of Maca before. Recently, a series of novel thiohydantoins which generally exhibit a variety of activities have been isolated from Maca. This review focuses on the progress on the main bioactive components of Maca and their biosynthetic pathway, which indicates that macamides, thiohydantoins, and some alkaloids may originate from glucosinolates. Interestingly, thiohydantoins from Maca are the first type of thiohydantoin derivatives to be found from a natural source and may contribute to some significant effects of Maca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Kasprzak D, Jodlowska-Jedrych B, Borowska K, Wojtowicz A. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) – multidirectional health effects – review. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii, commonly known as Maca, is a Peruvian plant that grows high in the Andes, in areas over 4,000 meters above sea level. Its composition contains almost all of the essential amino acids and twenty of the essential fatty acids needed by man, as well as many vitamins, minerals and several sterols and glucosinolates. The specific and unique unsaturated acids and amides found only in this plant are the macaenes and macamides. Most valuable ingredients are contained within the hypocotyls. Maca comes in three forms, based on its root colour, yellow, red and black. Although used individually, consumption recommendations are usually for a mix of all three. Since Inca times, it has been considered as super food.
Although now mostly used in the form of a supplement, ongoing research does not exclude future applications of Maca as medicine. It is attributed to have an effect on male fertility (adding energy and vitality), and in regulating hormone secretion. In animal studies, Maca has been shown to have antioxidant, neuroprotective effects and antiviral activity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated to alleviate the effects of depression. In addition, there are reports that Maca reduces the development of cancer and osteoporosis, improves memory, facilitates concentration and alleviates the symptoms of menopause. The obtained results, however, require further analysis to confirm its effect. Currently, there is little information on toxicity, so there is a need for specialized research in this area, and on-going research concerns the most effective variety and form of preparation of Maca for administration to achieve best effects. The potential of Maca as medicine exists. The increasing pan-continental popularity of Maca has created the need for a better understanding of its action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kasprzak
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit , Medical University of Lublin , Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin , Poland
| | - Barbara Jodlowska-Jedrych
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit , Medical University of Lublin , Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Borowska
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit , Medical University of Lublin , Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtowicz
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit , Medical University of Lublin , Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin , Poland
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Chen J, Zhang J, Lin M, Dong W, Guo X, Dong Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Chen F. MGH: a genome hub for the medicinal plant maca (Lepidium meyenii). Database (Oxford) 2018; 2018:5136497. [PMID: 30339215 PMCID: PMC6195103 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a Brassicaceae herb plant originated from Andean mountains, has attracted wide interests due to its unique health benefits in reproduction and fertility. Because of its adaptation to the 4000 m high-altitude harsh environment, maca is attracting more and more attention from both crop breeders and basic biologists. After our previous release of the maca genome sequence, there's a growing need to store, query, analyze and integrate various maca resources efficiently. Here, we created Maca Genome Hub (MGH), a genomics and genetics database of maca. Currently, the MGH V1.0 harbors the genome sequence, predicted coding sequences and protein sequences, various annotations, markers and expression data. For the maca research community, we also provided the publications, researchers and related news. MGH is designed to enable users' easy access to analyze, retrieve and visualize the genomic or genetic information through a series of online tools, including the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, the JBrowse, the query system, the synteny tool and the data downloads. These integrated heterogeneous data, tools and interfaces in MGH allow efficient mining of the latest genomics and genetics data. We hope that MGH will accelerate the research and development in maca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meigui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Biological Big Data College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Utilization & Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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