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Bayode AA, Emmanuel SS, Akinyemi AO, Ore OT, Akpotu SO, Koko DT, Momodu DE, López-Maldonado EA. Innovative techniques for combating a common enemy forever chemicals: A comprehensive approach to mitigating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119719. [PMID: 39098711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive presence of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as "forever chemicals," in water systems poses a significant threat to both the environment and public health. PFAS are persistent organic pollutants that are incredibly resistant to degradation and have a tendency to accumulate in the environment, resulting in long-term contamination issues. This comprehensive review delves into the primary impacts of PFAS on both the environment and human health while also delving into advanced techniques aimed at addressing these concerns. The focus is on exploring the efficacy, practicality, and sustainability of these methods. The review outlines several key methods, such as advanced oxidation processes, novel materials adsorption, bioremediation, membrane filtration, and in-situ chemical oxidation, and evaluates their effectiveness in addressing PFAS contamination. By conducting a comparative analysis of these techniques, the study aims to provide a thorough understanding of current PFAS remediation technologies, as well as offer insights into integrated approaches for managing these persistent pollutants effectively. While acknowledging the high efficiency of adsorption and membrane filtration in reducing persistent organic pollutants due to their relatively low cost, versatility, and wide applicability, the review suggests that the integration of these methods could result in an overall enhancement of removal performance. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for researcher attention in key areas and underscores the necessity of collaboration between researchers, industry, and regulatory authorities to address this complex challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajibola A Bayode
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria.
| | - Stephen Sunday Emmanuel
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Amos O Akinyemi
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Odunayo T Ore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Achievers University, P.M.B. 1030, Owo, Nigeria
| | - Samson O Akpotu
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Daniel T Koko
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria
| | - David E Momodu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria
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Griffin AM, Bellona C, Strathmann TJ. Rejection of PFAS and priority co-contaminants in semiconductor fabrication wastewater by nanofiltration membranes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122111. [PMID: 39089122 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Use of high-pressure membranes is an effective means for removal of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that is less sensitive than adsorption processes to variable water quality and specific PFAS structure. This study evaluated the use of nanofiltration (NF) membranes for the removal of PFAS and industry relevant co-contaminants in semiconductor fabrication (fab) wastewater. Initial experiments using a flat sheet filtration cell determined that the NF90 (tight NF) membrane provided superior performance compared to the NF270 (loose NF) membrane, with NF90 rejection values exceeding 97 % for all PFAS evaluated, including the ultrashort trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMS). Cationic fab co-contaminants diaryliodonium (DIA), triphenylsulfonium (TPS), and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were not as highly rejected as anionic PFAS likely due to electrostatic effects. A spiral wound NF90 module was then used in a pilot system to treat a lab solution containing PFAS and co-contaminants and fab wastewater effluent. Treatment of the fab wastewater, containing high concentrations of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA: 96,413 ng/L), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA: 11,796 ng/L), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA: 504 ng/L), resulted in ≥92 % rejection of all PFAS while achieving 90 % water recovery in a semi-batch configuration. These findings demonstrate nanofiltration as a promising technology option for incorporation in treatment trains targeting PFAS removal from wastewater matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron M Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
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3
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Meservey A, Külaots I, Bryant JD, Gray C, Wahl J, Manz KE, Pennell KD. Adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 365:143331. [PMID: 39278324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange resin (IXR) are widely used as adsorbents to remove PFAS from drinking water sources and effluent waste streams. However, the high cost associated with GAC and IXR generation has motivated the development of less expensive adsorbents for treatment of PFAS-impacted water. Thus, the objective of this research was to create an economically viable and sustainable PFAS adsorbent from sewage sludge. Stepwise pyrolysis at temperatures from 300 °C to 1000 °C yielded biochars whose specific surface area (SSA) and porosity increased from 41 to 148 m2/g, and from 0.062 to 0.193 cm3/g, respectively. On a per organic char basis, the SSA of the biochar was as high as 1183 m2/g, which is comparable to commercially-available activated carbons. The adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) on sludge biochar increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, which was positively correlated with increasing porosity and SSA. When 1000 °C processed biochar was tested with a mixture of eight PFAS, preferential adsorption of longer carbon chain-length species was observed, indicating the importance of PFAS hydrophobic interactions with the biochar and the availability of a wide range of mesopores. The adsorption of each PFAS was dependent upon both chain length and head group, with longer chain-length species exhibiting greater adsorption than shorter chain-length species, along with greater adsorption of species with sulfonic acid head groups compared to their chain length counterparts with carboxylic acid head groups. These findings demonstrate that biochar derived from municipal solid waste can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of PFOS and PFAS mixtures from source waters. The circular economy benefits and waste reduction potential associated with the use of sewage sludge-derived biochar supports the development of a viable sludge-derived biochar for the removal of PFAS from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Meservey
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
| | - Indrek Külaots
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
| | - J Daniel Bryant
- Woodard & Curran, 50 Millstone Road, Building 400, East Windsor, NJ, 08520, United States
| | - Chloe Gray
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
| | - Julia Wahl
- Woodard & Curran, 47 Pleasant Street, Northampton, MA, 01060, United States
| | - Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States.
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Santiago-Cruz HA, Lou Z, Xu J, Sullivan RC, Bowers BB, Molé RA, Zhang W, Li J, Yuan JS, Dai SY, Lowry GV. Carbon Adsorbent Properties Impact Hydrated Electron Activity and Perfluorocarboxylic Acid (PFCA) Destruction. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2024; 4:2220-2233. [PMID: 39296420 PMCID: PMC11406532 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.4c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based adsorbents used to remove recalcitrant water contaminants, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are often regenerated using energy-intensive treatments that can form harmful byproducts. We explore mechanisms for sorbent regeneration using hydrated electrons (eaq -) from sulfite ultraviolet photolysis (UV/sulfite) in water. We studied the UV/sulfite treatment on three carbon-based sorbents with varying material properties: granular activated carbon (GAC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polyethylenimine-modified lignin (lignin). Reaction rates and defluorination of dissolved and adsorbed model perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), were measured. Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) was employed to empirically quantify eaq - formation rates in heterogeneous suspensions. Results show that dissolved PFCAs react rapidly compared to adsorbed ones. Carbon particles in solution decreased aqueous reaction rates by inducing light attenuation, eaq - scavenging, and sulfite consumption. The magnitude of these effects depended on adsorbent properties and surface chemistry. GAC lowered PFOA destruction due to strong adsorption. CNT and lignin suspensions decreased eaq - formation rates by attenuating light. Lignin showed high eaq - quenching, likely due to its oxygenated functional groups. These results indicate that desorbing PFAS and separating the adsorbent before initiating PFAS degradation reactions will be the best engineering approach for adsorbent regeneration using UV/sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosea A Santiago-Cruz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zimo Lou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, United States
| | - Bailey B Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Rachel A Molé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Wan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jinghao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Susie Y Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Saawarn B, Mahanty B, Hait S. Adsorptive removal of perfluorooctanoic acid from aqueous matrices using peanut husk-derived magnetic biochar: Statistical and artificial intelligence approaches, kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142397. [PMID: 38782130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from water matrices is crucial owing to its pervasiveness and adverse ecological and human health effects. This study investigates the adsorptive removal of PFOA using magnetic biochar (MBC) derived from FeCl3-treated peanut husk at different temperatures (300, 600, and 900 °C). Preliminary experiments demonstrated that MBC600 exhibited superior performance, with its characterization confirming the presence of γ-Fe2O3. However, efficient PFOA removal from water matrices depends on determining the optimum combination of inputs in the treatment approaches. Therefore, optimization and predictive modeling of the PFOA adsorption were investigated using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the artificial intelligence (AI) models, respectively. The central composite design (CCD) of RSM was employed as the design matrix. Further, three AI models, viz. artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were selected to predict PFOA adsorption. The RSM-CCD model applied to optimize three input process parameters, namely, adsorbent dose (100-400 mg/L), pH (3-10), and contact time (20-60 min), showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on PFOA removal. Maximum PFOA removal of about 98.3% was attained at the optimized conditions: adsorbent dose: 400 mg/L, pH: 3.4, and contact time: 60 min. Non-linear analysis showed PFOA adsorption was best fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9997). PFOA adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9951) with a maximum adsorption capacity of ∼307 mg/g. Thermodynamics and spectroscopic analyses revealed that PFOA adsorption is a spontaneous, exothermic, and physical phenomenon, with electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding governing the process. A comparative analysis of the statistical and AI models for PFOA adsorption demonstrated high R2 (>0.99) for RSM-CCD, ANN, and ANFIS. This research demonstrates the applicability of the statistical and AI models for efficient prediction of PFOA adsorption from water matrices using MBC (MBC600).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavini Saawarn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Byomkesh Mahanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Subrata Hait
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India.
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6
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Pritchard JC, Hawkins KM, Cho YM, Spahr S, Higgins CP, Luthy RG. Flow rate and kinetics of trace organic contaminants removal in black carbon-amended engineered media filters for improved stormwater runoff treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121811. [PMID: 38833811 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff is considered a key component of future water supply portfolios for water-stressed cities. Beneficial use of runoff, such as capture for recharge of drinking water aquifers, relies on improved stormwater treatment. Many dissolved constituents, including metals and trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) such as hydrophilic pesticides and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), are of concern due to their toxicity, persistence, prevalence in stormwater runoff, and poor removal in conventional stormwater control measures. This study explores the operational flow rate limitations of black carbon (BC)-amended engineered media filters for removal of a wide suite of dissolved metals and TrOCs and provides validation for a previously developed predictive TrOC transport model. Column experiments were conducted with face velocities of 40 and 60 cm h-1 to assess Douglas Fir-based biochar and regenerated activated carbon (RAC) filter performance in light of media-contaminant removal kinetic limitations. This study found that increasing the face velocity in BC-amended filters to 40 and 60 cm h-1, which are representative of field conditions, decreased the removal of total suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved hydrophilic TrOCs, and PFASs when expressed as volume treated relative to previous studies conducted at 20 cm h-1. Dissolved metals and hydrophobic TrOCs removal were not substantially affected by the increased flow rates. A predictive 1-d intraparticle pore diffusion-limited sorption model with sorption and effective tortuosity parameters determined previously from experiments conducted at 20 cm h-1 was validated for these higher flow rates. This work provides insights to the kinetic limitations of contaminant removal within biochar and RAC filters and implications for stormwater filter design and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Conrad Pritchard
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mills Hawkins
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Yeo-Myoung Cho
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Richard G Luthy
- Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Lee A, Choe JK, Zoh KD, Lee C, Choi Y. Development of ionic-liquid-impregnated activated carbon for sorptive removal of PFAS in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141872. [PMID: 38570046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on activated carbon (AC) is considerably hindered by the surface water constituents, degrading the ability of the AC adsorption process to remove PFAS in drinking water treatment. Herein, we developed ionic-liquid-impregnated AC (IL/AC) as an alternative to AC for PFAS sorption and demonstrated its performance with real surface water for the first time. Ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL(C2)) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL(C6)) were selected from among 272 different ILs using the conductor-like screening model for realistic solvents (COSMO-RS) simulation. Impregnation of the ILs in AC was verified using various analytical techniques. Although the synthesized IL/ACs were less effective than pristine AC in treating PFAS in deionized water, their performances were less impacted by the surface water constituents, resulting in comparable or sometimes better performances than pristine AC for treating PFAS in surface water. The removal efficiencies of 10 wt% IL(C6)/AC for six PFAS were 1.40-1.96 times higher than those of pristine AC in a surface water sample containing 2.6 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and millimolar-level divalent cation concentration. PFAS partitioning from the surface water to ILs was not hindered by dissolved organic matter and was enhanced by the divalent cations, indicating the advantages of IL/ACs for treating significant amounts of PFAS in water. The synthesized IL/ACs were effective at treating coexisting pharmaceutical and personal-care products in surface water, showcasing their versatility for treating a broad range of water micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleum Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Dey D, Shafi T, Chowdhury S, Dubey BK, Sen R. Progress and perspectives on carbon-based materials for adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141164. [PMID: 38215829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (also known as 'forever chemicals') have emerged as trace pollutants of global concern, attributing to their persistent and bio-accumulative nature, pervasive distribution, and adverse public health and environmental impacts. The unregulated discharge of PFAS into aquatic environments represents a prominent threat to the wellbeing of humans and marine biota, thereby exhorting unprecedented action to tackle PFAS contamination. Indeed, several noteworthy technologies intending to remove PFAS from environmental compartments have been intensively evaluated in recent years. Amongst them, adsorption and photocatalysis demonstrate remarkable ability to eliminate PFAS from different water matrices. In particular, carbon-based materials, because of their diverse structures and many exciting properties, offer bountiful opportunities as both adsorbent and photocatalyst, for the efficient abatement of PFAS. This review, therefore, presents a comprehensive summary of the diverse array of carbonaceous materials, including biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, that can serve as ideal candidates in adsorptive and photocatalytic treatment of PFAS contaminated water. Specifically, the efficacy of carbon-mediated PFAS removal via adsorption and photocatalysis is summarised, together with a cognizance of the factors influencing the treatment efficiency. The review further highlights the neoteric development on the novel innovative approach 'concentrate and degrade' that integrates selective adsorption of trace concentrations of PFAS onto photoactive surface sites, with enhanced catalytic activity. This technique is way more energy efficient than conventional energy-intensive photocatalysis. Finally, the review speculates the cardinal challenges associated with the practical utility of carbon-based materials, including their scalability and economic feasibility, for eliminating exceptionally stable PFAS from water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjali Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Tajamul Shafi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Brajesh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India; School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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Hedayati MS, Nicomel NR, Abida O, Li LY. Removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous media by surfactant-modified clinoptilolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16915-16927. [PMID: 38329667 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmentally persistent, bioaccumulating, and toxic compounds that have attracted global attention. It is challenging to reduce the residual concentrations of these compounds to safe discharge limits. In this study, batch experiments were performed to evaluate natural clinoptilolite and clinoptilolites modified (MC) with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC-MC), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB-MC), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-MC), and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA-MC) as cost-effective aqueous PFAS adsorbents. The removal capacities of the adsorbents for the majority of the PFASs decreased in the following order: DDAB-MC > CPC-MC ≫ modified natural clinoptilolite with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-MC) ≫ modified natural clinoptilolite with tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA-MC) ≈ natural clinoptilolite modified with NaCl (NC). In particular, CPC-MC and DDAB-MC reduced PFASs concentration in 50 μg/L by up to 98% for perfluorooctane sulphonate. Within 30 min, CPC-MC (30.5 μg/L) and DDAB-MC (32.1 μg/L) met the PFOS water quality criterion of 36 μg/L in inland surface waters. Both adsorbents met this criterion at the highest solution volume (40 mL) and 0.125 g/L (solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8). PFASs with short hydrocarbon chains competed more for adsorption. PFASs with sulphonate functional groups were also adsorbed more than carboxyl groups in single- and multi-PFAS solutions. The modified surfaces of clinoptilolites controlled PFAS adsorption through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. PFAS removal with surfactant-modified clinoptilolites is cost-effective and protects aquatic environments by using surplus natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh S Hedayati
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nina Ricci Nicomel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Otman Abida
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 70000, Laâyoune, Morocco
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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10
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Qian Y, Hu P, Lang-Yona N, Xu M, Guo C, Gu JD. Global landfill leachate characteristics: Occurrences and abundances of environmental contaminants and the microbiome. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132446. [PMID: 37729713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachates are complex mixtures containing very high concentrations of biodegradable and recalcitrant toxic compounds. Understanding the major contaminant components and microbial community signatures in global landfill leachates is crucial for timely decision-making regarding contaminant management and treatment. Therefore, this study analyzed leachate data from 318 landfill sites primarily used for municipal solid waste disposal, focusing on their chemical and microbiological characteristics. The most prevalent and dominant components in landfill leachates are the chemical oxygen demand (COD, 3.7-75.9 × 103 mg/L) and NH4+ (0.03-0.81 × 104 mg/L), followed by salt species such as SO42- (0.03-5.25 × 103 mg/L), Cl- (3.2-7.8 × 103 mg/L), K+ (0.58-4.20 × 103 mg/L), Na+ (1.3-13.0 × 103 mg/L) and Ca2+ (2.35-230.23 × 103 mg/L), which exhibit significant fluctuations. Heavy metals and metalloids are widely distributed in most landfill leachates but at relatively low concentrations (<182.8 mg/L) compared to conventional parameters. Importantly, there is a distinct global variation in the occurrence of emerging environmental contaminants (ECs). Among these compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 0.02-7.50 × 103 μg/L) of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenol A (BPA, 0.01-33.46 × 103 μg/L) belonged to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), together with di-ethyltoluamide (DEET, 1.0-1.0 × 103 μg/L) affiliated to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are the most frequently detected in landfill leachates. Additionally, the microbial community compositions in most leachates are primarily dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi, and some of their abundances are correlated with the concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, Na+ and Cr. Notably, the leading microbes driving advanced removal of inorganic nitrogen in the treatment systems are Candidatus Brocadia (anammox), denitrifying Thauera, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira, along with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira. The findings of this work provide a deeper insight into the leachate characteristics and the sustainable management of landfill leachates, especially presenting a snapshot of the global distribution of pollutants and also the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfen Qian
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Naama Lang-Yona
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Meiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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11
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Verma S, Mezgebe B, Hejase CA, Sahle-Demessie E, Nadagouda MN. Photodegradation and photocatalysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A review of recent progress. NEXT MATERIALS 2024; 2:1-12. [PMID: 38840836 PMCID: PMC11151751 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2023.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are oxidatively recalcitrant organic synthetic compounds. PFAS are an exceptional group of chemicals that have significant physical characteristics due to the presence of the most electronegative element (i.e., fluorine). PFAS persist in the environment, bioaccumulate, and have been linked to toxicological impacts. Epidemiological and toxicity studies have shown that PFAS pose environmental and health risks, requiring their complete elimination from the environment. Various separation technologies, including adsorption with activated carbon or ion exchange resin; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; and destruction methods (e.g., sonolysis, thermally induced reduction, and photocatalytic dissociation) have been evaluated to remove PFAS from drinking water supplies. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize previous reports on the photodegradation of PFAS with a special focus on photocatalysis. Additionally, challenges associated with these approaches along with perspectives on the state-of-the-art approaches will be discussed. Finally, the photocatalytic defluorination mechanism of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) following complete mineralization will also be examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanny Verma
- Pegasus Technical Services INC., Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Bineyam Mezgebe
- Groundwater Characterization and Remediation Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, US EPA, Ada, OK 74820, USA
| | - Charifa A. Hejase
- Pegasus Technical Services INC., Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie
- Land Remediation and Technology Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda
- Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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12
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Tolaymat T, Robey N, Krause M, Larson J, Weitz K, Parvathikar S, Phelps L, Linak W, Burden S, Speth T, Krug J. A critical review of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) landfill disposal in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167185. [PMID: 37734620 PMCID: PMC10842600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Landfills manage materials containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from municipal solid waste (MSW) and other waste streams. This manuscript summarizes state and federal initiatives and critically reviews peer-reviewed literature to define best practices for managing these wastes and identify data gaps to guide future research. The objective is to inform stakeholders about waste-derived PFAS disposed of in landfills, PFAS emissions, and the potential for related environmental impacts. Furthermore, this document highlights data gaps and uncertainties concerning the fate of PFAS during landfill disposal. Most studies on this topic measured PFAS in liquid landfill effluent (leachate); comparatively fewer have attempted to estimate PFAS loading in landfills or other effluent streams such as landfill gas (LFG). In all media, the reported total PFAS heavily depends on waste types and the number of PFAS included in the analytical method. Early studies which only measured a small number of PFAS, predominantly perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), likely report a significant underestimation of total PFAS. Major findings include relationships between PFAS effluent and landfill conditions - biodegradable waste increases PFAS transformation and leaching. Based on the results of multiple studies, it is estimated that 84% of PFAS loading to MSW landfills (7.2 T total) remains in the waste mass, while 5% leaves via LFG and 11% via leachate on an annual basis. The environmental impact of landfill-derived PFAS has been well-documented. Additional research is needed on PFAS in landfilled construction and demolition debris, hazardous, and industrial waste in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabet Tolaymat
- The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Nicole Robey
- Innovative Technical Solutions, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Max Krause
- The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Judd Larson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Keith Weitz
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Lara Phelps
- The Center for Environmental Measurements and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William Linak
- The Center for Environmental Measurements and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Susan Burden
- Office of Science Advisor, Policy and Engagement, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tom Speth
- The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Krug
- The Center for Environmental Measurements and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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13
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Parvin S, Hara-Yamamura H, Kanai Y, Yamasaki A, Adachi T, Sorn S, Honda R, Yamamura H. Important properties of anion exchange resins for efficient removal of PFOS and PFOA from groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139983. [PMID: 37643650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) present in various water sources have raised a serious concern on their health risk worldwide. Anion exchange is known to be one of the effective treatment methods but the resin properties suitable for theses contaminants have not been fully understood. We examined four commercially available anion exchange resins with different properties (DIAION™ PA312, HPA25M, UBA120, and WA30) and one polymer-based adsorbent (HP20), for their PFOA and PFOS removal in the batch experiment. All or a part of the selected resins were further characterized for their functional group, surface morphology and pore size distribution. The 72 h batch experiment with the 100 mg/L PFOA or PFOS in the laboratory pure water matrix showed a superior capacity of the strong base anion exchange resins, the porous-type HPA25M and PA312, and the gel-type UBA120, for PFOA removal (92.6-97.9%). Among those resins, the high porous HPA25M was suggested most effective due to its remarkably high reaction rate and effectiveness to PFOS (99.9%). In the groundwater matrix, however, the performance of the those anion exchange resins was generally suppressed, causing up to 71% decrease in their removal rates. The least matrix impact was observed for PFOS removal by HPA25M, which indicated the resin's high selectivity to the contaminant. The physiochemical analysis indicated that the presence of relatively large pores (1 nm-10 nm) over HPA25M played an important role in the PFAS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanaz Parvin
- Division of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroe Hara-Yamamura
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yuma Kanai
- Division of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Aki Yamasaki
- Specialty Materials Business Group, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1-1, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8251, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Adachi
- Separation Materials Group, Life Solutions Technology Center, R&D Division, Specialty Materials Business Group, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1-1, Kurosaki-Shiroishi, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 806-0004, Japan.
| | - Sovannlaksmy Sorn
- Division of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamamura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan.
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14
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Zhang Y, Thomas A, Apul O, Venkatesan AK. Coexisting ions and long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) inhibit the adsorption of short-chain PFAS by granular activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132378. [PMID: 37643572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the competitive adsorption between long-chain and short-chain PFAS and the impact of coexisting ions to understand the mechanisms leading to the early breakthrough of short-chain PFAS from granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. Three pairs of short-chain and long-chain PFAS representing different functional groups were studied using GAC (Filtrasorb 400) in batch systems. In bisolute systems, the presence of long-chain PFAS decreased the adsorption of short-chain PFAS by 30-50% compared to their single solute adsorption capacity (0.22-0.31 mmol/g). In contrast to the partial decrease observed in bisolute systems, the addition of long-chain PFAS to GAC pre-equilibrated with short-chain PFAS completely desorbed all short-chain PFAS from GAC. This suggested that the outermost adsorption sites on GAC were preferentially occupied by short-chain PFAS in the absence of competition but were prone to displacement by long-chain PFAS. The presence of inorganic/organic ions inhibited the adsorption of short-chain PFAS (up to 60%) but had little to no impact on long-chain PFAS, with the inhibitory trend inversely correlated with Kow values. Study results indicated that the displacement of short-chain PFAS by long-chain PFAS and charge neutralization are important mechanisms contributing to the early breakthrough of short-chain PFAS from GAC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Amanda Thomas
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Onur Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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15
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Tan HM, Pan CG, Yin C, Yu K. Toward systematic understanding of adsorptive removal of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by various activated carbons (ACs). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116495. [PMID: 37364627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have received great attention due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Various activated carbons (ACs) exhibit wide variability in adsorptive performance towards PFASs. In order to gain a systematic understanding of adsorptive removal of legacy and emerging PFASs by ACs, the adsorption of ten PFASs on various ACs was comprehensively investigated. Results showed that granular activated carbon-1 (GAC-1) and powdered activated carbon-1 (PAC-1) removed more than 90% of all target PFASs. Particle size, surface charge, and micropores quantity of ACs were closely related to their performance for PFASs removal. Electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, surface complexation and hydrogen bonding were the adsorption mechanisms, with hydrophobic interaction being the predominant adsorptive force. Physical and chemical adsorption were both involved in PFAS adsorption. The removal rates of PFASs by GAC-1 decreased from 93%-100% to 15%-66% in the presence of 5 mg/L fulvic acid (FA). GAC was able to remove more PFASs under acidic medium, whereas PAC removed hydrophobic PFASs better under the neutral medium. The removal rates of PFASs by GAC-3 increased significantly from 0%-21% to 52%-97% after being impregnated with benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), demonstrating the superiority of this modification method. Overall, this study provided theoretical support for removing PFASs from water phase with ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Tan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Chao Yin
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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16
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Liu C, Shen Y, Zhao X, Chen Z, Gao R, Zuo Q, He Q, Ma J, Zhi Y. Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by nanofiltration: Effect of molecular structure and coexisting natural organic matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131438. [PMID: 37099911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the removal efficiency of anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by nanofiltration (NF) in the presence of three representative natural organic matter (NOM) types: bovine serum albumin (BSA), humic acid (HA), and sodium alginate (SA). In particular, effects of PFAS molecular structure and coexisting NOM on the transmission and adsorption efficiency of PFAS during NF treatment were analyzed. The results indicate that NOM types dominate membrane fouling behavior despite the coexistence of PFAS. SA exhibits the most significant fouling propensity, resulting in maximum water flux decline. NF effectively removed both ether and precursor PFAS. The effects of the three typical NOM on the membrane-passing behavior of PFAS were consistent for all PFAS investigated. Generally, PFAS transmission decreased in the order of SA-fouled > pristine > HA-fouled > BSA-fouled, indicating that the presence of HA and BSA enhanced PFAS removal while SA declined. Furthermore, reduced PFAS transmission was observed with increased perfluorocarbon chain length or molecular weight (MW), regardless of the presence or type of the NOM. The impacts of NOM on PFAS filtration diminished when the PFAS van der Waals radius was > 4.0 Å, MW > 500 Da, polarization > 20 Å, or LogKow > 3. These findings suggest that both steric repulsion and hydrophobic interactions, especially the former, play important roles in PFAS rejection by NF. This study provides insights into the specific applicability and performance of membrane-based processes for eliminating PFAS during drinking and wastewater treatments, and highlighting the importance of coexisting NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ye Shen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qingyang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
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17
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Abulikemu G, Wahman DG, Sorial GA, Nadagouda M, Stebel EK, Womack EA, Smith SJ, Kleiner EJ, Gray BN, Taylor RD, Gastaldo CX, Pressman JG. Role of grinding method on granular activated carbon characteristics. CARBON TRENDS 2023; 11:1-12. [PMID: 37234684 PMCID: PMC10208277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2023.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A coconut shell (AC1230CX) and a bituminous coal based (F400) granular activated carbon (GAC) were ground with mortar and pestle (MP), a blender, and a bench-scale ball milling unit (BMU). Blender was the most time-efficient for particle size reduction. Four size fractions ranging from 20 × 40 to 200 × 325 were characterized along with the bulk GACs. Compared to bulk GACs, F400 blender and BMU 20 × 40 fractions decreased in specific surface area (SSA, -23% and -31%, respectively) while smaller variations (-14% to 5%) occurred randomly for AC1230CX ground fractions. For F400, the blender and BMU size fraction dependencies were attributed to the combination of (i) radial trends in the F400 particle properties and (ii) importance of shear (outer layer removal) versus shock (particle fracturing) size reduction mechanisms. Compared to bulk GACs, surface oxygen content (At%-O1s) increased up to 34% for the F400 blender and BMU 20 × 40 fractions, whereas all AC1230CX ground fractions, except for the blender 100 × 200 and BMU 60 × 100 and 100 × 200 fractions, showed 25-29% consistent increases. The At%-O1s gain was attributed to (i) radial trends in F400 properties and (ii) oxidization during grinding, both of which supported the shear mechanism of mechanical grinding. Relatively small to insignificant changes in point of zero charge (pHPZC) and crystalline structure showed similar trends with the changes in SSA and At%-O1s. The study findings provide guidance for informed selection of grinding methods based on GAC type and target particle sizes to improve the representativeness of adsorption studies conducted with ground GAC, such as rapid small-scale column tests. When GACs have radial trends in their properties and when the target size fraction only includes larger particle sizes, manual grinding is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulizhaer Abulikemu
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - David G. Wahman
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - George A. Sorial
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna Nadagouda
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Eva K. Stebel
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Erika A. Womack
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA
| | - Samantha J. Smith
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Eric J. Kleiner
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Brooke N. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Rose D. Taylor
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cameron X. Gastaldo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jonathan G. Pressman
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Lu J, Lu H, Liang D, Feng S, Li Y, Li J. A review of the occurrence, transformation, and removal technologies for the remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from landfill leachate. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138824. [PMID: 37164196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that pose significant environmental and human health risks. The presence of PFAS in landfill leachate is becoming an increasingly concerning issue. This article presents a comprehensive review of current knowledge and research gaps in monitoring and removing PFAS from landfill leachate. The focus is on evaluating the effectiveness and sustainability of existing removal technologies, and identifying areas where further research is needed. To achieve this goal, the paper examines the existing technologies for monitoring and treating PFAS in landfill leachate. The review emphasizes the importance of sample preparation techniques and quality assurance/quality control measures in ensuring accurate and reliable results. Then, this paper reviewed the existing technologies for removal and remediation of PFAS in landfill leachates, such as adsorption, membrane filtration, photocatalytic oxidation, electrocatalysis, biodegradation, and constructed wetlands. Additionally, the paper summarizes the factors that exhibit the performance of various treatment technologies: reaction time, experimental conditions, and removal rates. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the potential application of different remediation technologies (i.e., adsorption, membrane filtration, photocatalytic oxidation, electrocatalysis, biodegradation, and constructed wetlands, etc.) in treating landfill leachate containing PFAS and its precursors, such as fluorotelomeres like FTOH and FTSs. The review highlights the importance of considering economic, technical, and environmental factors when selecting control measures. Overall, this article aims to provide guidance for promoting environmental protection and sustainable development in the context of PFAS contamination in landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, 061100, China.
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Dongzhe Liang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - SanSan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, 061100, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, 061100, China
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Southerland E, Birnbaum LS. What Limits Will the World Health Organization Recommend for PFOA and PFOS in Drinking Water? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7103-7105. [PMID: 37127903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Southerland
- Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science and National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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20
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Murray CC, Safulko A, Vatankhah H, Liu CJ, Tajdini B, Marshall RE, Bellona C. PFAS adsorbent selection: The role of adsorbent use rate, water quality, and cost. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131481. [PMID: 37146339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination in aqueous matrices has intensified the search for PFAS adsorbents with elevated capacity, selectivity, and cost effectiveness. A novel surface modified organoclay (SMC) adsorbent was evaluated for PFAS removal performance in parallel with granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange resin (IX) for the treatment of five distinct PFAS impaired waters including groundwater, landfill leachate, membrane concentrate and wastewater effluent. Rapid small scale column tests (RSSCTs) and breakthrough modeling were coupled to provide insight on adsorbent performance and cost for multiple PFAS and water types. IX exhibited the best performance with respect to adsorbent use rates in treatment of all tested waters. IX was nearly four times more effective than GAC and two times more effective than SMC in the treatment of PFOA from water types excluding groundwater. Employed modeling strengthened the comparison of adsorbent performance and water quality to infer adsorption feasibility. Further, evaluation of adsorption was extended beyond PFAS breakthrough with the inclusion of unit adsorbent cost as a decision metric influencing adsorbent selection. An analysis of levelized media cost indicated treatment of landfill leachate and membrane concentrate was at least three times more expensive than groundwaters or wastewaters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner C Murray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Hazen and Sawyer, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - Andrew Safulko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Brown and Caldwell, Lakewood, CO 80401, USA
| | - Hooman Vatankhah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Charlie J Liu
- Kennedy Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Bahareh Tajdini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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21
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Ersan G, Cerrón-Calle GA, Ersan MS, Garcia-Segura S. Opportunities for in situ electro-regeneration of organic contaminant-laden carbonaceous adsorbents. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119718. [PMID: 36774755 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adsorptive separation technologies have proven to be effective on organic contaminant removal in aqueous water. However, the breakthrough of contaminants is inevitable and can be at relatively low bed volumes, which makes the regeneration of spent adsorbents an urgent need. Electrochemically induced regeneration processes are given special attention and may provide ease of operation through in situ regeneration avoiding (i) removal and transport adsorbents, and (ii) avoiding use of hazardous chemicals (i.e., organic solvents, acids, or bases). Therefore, this review article critically evaluates the fundamental aspects of in situ electro-regeneration for spent carbons, and later discusses specific examples related to the treatment of emerging contaminants (such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS). The fundamental concepts of electrochemically driven processes are comprehensively defined and addressed in terms of (i) adsorbent characteristics, (ii) contaminant properties, (iii) adsorption/regeneration driving operational parameters and conditions, and (iv) the competitive effects of water matrices. Additionally, future research needs and challenges to enhance understanding of in situ electro-regeneration applications for organic contaminants (specifically PFAS)-laden adsorbents are identified and outlined as a future key perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States.
| | - Gabriel Antonio Cerrón-Calle
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States.
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22
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Shehata N, Egirani D, Olabi AG, Inayat A, Abdelkareem MA, Chae KJ, Sayed ET. Membrane-based water and wastewater treatment technologies: Issues, current trends, challenges, and role in achieving sustainable development goals, and circular economy. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:137993. [PMID: 36720408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-based technologies are recently being considered as effective methods for conventional water and wastewater remediation processes to achieve the increasing demands for clean water and minimize the negative environmental effects. Although there are numerous merits of such technologies, some major challenges like high capital and operating costs . This study first focuses on reporting the current membrane-based technologies, i.e., nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and forward- and reverse-osmosis membranes. The second part of this study deeply discusses the contributions of membrane-based technologies in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) stated by the United Nations (UNs) in 2015 followed by their role in the circular economy. In brief, the membrane based processes directly impact 15 out of 17 SDGs which are SDG1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. However, the merits, challenges, efficiencies, operating conditions, and applications are considered as the basis for evaluating such technologies in sustainable development, circular economy, and future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Shehata
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Davidson Egirani
- Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria
| | - A G Olabi
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Abrar Inayat
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt
| | - Kyu-Jung Chae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Major of Ocean Renewable Energy Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, South Korea.
| | - Enas Taha Sayed
- Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt.
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23
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Schurer R, de Ridder DJ, Schippers JC, Hijnen WAM, Vredenbregt L, van der Wal A. Advanced drinking water production by 1 kDa hollow fiber nanofiltration - Biological activated carbon filtration (HFNF - BACF) enhances biological stability and reduces micropollutant levels compared with conventional surface water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138049. [PMID: 36746252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study comprehensively investigates the quality of drinking water produced by novel advanced treatment encompassing 1 kDa hollow fiber nanofiltration (HFNF) - Biological Activated Carbon Filtration (BACF) from (reservoir) surface water, and compares this with drinking water after conventional 'CSF' pretreatment (coagulation - flocculation - sedimentation - media filtration - UV-disinfection) - BACF. The objective of HFNF - BACF treatment is to enhance the drinking water's quality in increased biological stability, reduced concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMP), and improvement in other chemical-physical parameters, whilst maintaining sufficient hardness to avoid subsequent remineralization. For this study a large suite of quality parameters was extensively monitored in pilot plants during nearly two years, enabling the incorporation of seasonal effects. HFNF - BACF treatment accomplished a similarly high level of biological stability as regrowth-free drinking waters (total organic carbon (DOC) 0.6 mg/L, assimilable organic carbon (AOC) 4 μg/L Ac-C and <1 μg/L biopolymer-C, total microbial growth potential (MGP) as BPC14 50 ng d/L and as BGP 170 × 103 cells/mL), unlike the conventional treatment (1.9 mg/L, 10 μg/L, 9 μg/L, 130 ng d/L and 170 × 103 cells/mL, respectively) where regrowth occurred in its distribution network. Average OMP removal, including perfluoro-alkyl substances (PFAS), by HFNF - BACF (54%) was higher than conventional treatment (37%). This improvement was mainly attributable to rejection in the HFNF membrane step, indicating that the DOC concentration after HFNF pretreatment was not yet sufficiently low to eliminate competitive adsorption and/or preloading in the BACF (confirmed by laboratory experiments). The advanced treatment also performed better in turbidity, particulates and most trace metals. Importantly, hardness retention by HFNF was only moderate, rendering remineralization unnecessary. Overall, this study demonstrates the superior performance in water quality of advanced HFNF - BACF treatment compared to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schurer
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands; IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - D J de Ridder
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J C Schippers
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Environmental Engineering and Water Technology Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - W A M Hijnen
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Vredenbregt
- Pentair X-Flow, PO Box 741, 7500 AS, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - A van der Wal
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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24
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McCleaf P, Stefansson W, Ahrens L. Drinking water nanofiltration with concentrate foam fractionation-A novel approach for removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119688. [PMID: 36764110 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are recognized as persistent pollutants that have been found in drinking water sources on a global scale. Semi-permeable membrane treatment processes such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration (NF) have been shown effective at removing PFAS, however, disposal of PFAS laden concentrate is problematic. Without treatment of the concentrate, PFAS is released into the environment. The present work examined a novel PFAS removal scheme for drinking water using NF filtration with treatment of the resulting NF concentrate via foam fractionation (FF) with and without co-surfactants. The NF-pilot removed 98% of PFAS from AFFF contaminated groundwater producing permeate with 1.4 ng L-1 total PFAS. Using FF resulted in ∑PFAS removal efficiency of 90% from the NF concentrate and with improved removal of 94% with addition of cationic co-surfactant. The resulting foamate composed approximately 2% of the NF feedwater volume and contained greater than 3000 ng L-1 PFAS or 41 times greater than the NF feedwater. Addition of the cationic co-surfactant to the FF process resulted in increased removal efficiency of the shorter chain PFAS, specifically 37% for PFPeA, 9% for PFHxA, and 34% for PFBS thus attaining 59%, 99% and 96% removal efficiency, respectively. PFOA, PFPeS, PFHxS, PFOS each attained 99% FF removal with or without co-surfactant addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip McCleaf
- Uppsala Water and Waste Ltd., P.O. Box 1444, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William Stefansson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Al Amin M, Luo Y, Nolan A, Mallavarapu M, Naidu R, Fang C. Thermal kinetics of PFAS and precursors in soil: Experiment and surface simulation in temperature-time plane. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:138012. [PMID: 36720409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemically and thermally stable due to the presence of carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond in their molecular structures, hence have been previously formulated as firefighting ingredients. During the firefighting process, however, owing to the high temperature, PFAS can be potentially degraded, particularly for PFAS precursors that contain non-C-F bonds, which is studied herein by exposing PFAS-contaminated soil in a muffle furnace oven. Different temperatures and time intervals are applied to the real soil sample to mimic the firing process and to evaluate the degradation and conversion of PFAS. This thermal treatment can not only degrade precursors (e.g. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulphonate), but also degrade perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA, e.g. perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSA, e.g. perfluorooctane sulfonate PFOS). The concentration dependence of the PFAS on temperature and time is fitted using a 2D Gaussian surface to simulate the complex thermal kinetic, and to compare with the traditional approach such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (1D dependence on temperature only). The 2D simulation can directly visualise the thermal kinetic of individual or sum PFAS in the complex temperature-time plane, which depends on the sample background and particularly on the coexist PFAS precursors. Overall, this study provides a simple approach to monitor and optimise the thermal treatment of the PFAS-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Amin
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Yunlong Luo
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Annette Nolan
- Ramboll Australia, The Junction, NSW, 2291, Australia
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia.
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26
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Pinkard BR, Austin C, Purohit AL, Li J, Novosselov IV. Destruction of PFAS in AFFF-impacted fire training pit water, with a continuous hydrothermal alkaline treatment reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137681. [PMID: 36584826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As regulations are being established to limit the levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water and wastewater, effective treatment technologies are needed to remove or destroy PFAS in contaminated liquid matrices. Many military installations and airports have fire training ponds (FTPs) where PFAS-containing firefighting foams are discharged during training drills. FTP water disposal is expensive and challenging due to the high PFAS levels. Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT) has previously been shown to destroy a wide range of PFAS compounds with a high degree of destruction and defluorination. In this study, we investigate the performance of a continuous flow HALT reactor for destroying PFAS in contaminated FTP water samples. Processing with 5 M-NaOH and 1.6 min of continuous processing results in >99% total PFAS destruction, and 10 min processing time yields >99% destruction of every measured PFAS species. Operating with 0.1 M-NaOH or 1 M-NaOH shows little effect on the destruction of measured perfluorosulfonic acids, while all measured perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluorotelomer sulfonates are reduced to levels below the method detection limits. Continuous HALT processing with sufficient NaOH loading appears to destroy parent PFAS compounds significantly faster than batch HALT processing, a positive indicator for scaling up HALT technology for practical applications in environmental site remediation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Pinkard
- Aquagga, Inc., Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA; University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering Department, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Conrad Austin
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering Department, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Anmol L Purohit
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering Department, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jianna Li
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering Department, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Igor V Novosselov
- University of Washington, Mechanical Engineering Department, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Liu C, Zhao X, Faria AF, Deliz Quiñones KY, Zhang C, He Q, Ma J, Shen Y, Zhi Y. Evaluating the efficiency of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane processes for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water: A critical review. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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28
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Tang W, Meng Y, Yang B, He D, Li Y, Li B, Shi Z, Zhao C. Preparation of hollow-fiber nanofiltration membranes of high performance for effective removal of PFOA and high resistance to BSA fouling. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 122:14-24. [PMID: 35717080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) process has become one of the most promising technologies to remove micro-organic combined water pollution. Developing a NF membrane material with efficient separation for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) combined pollution is highly desired, this manuscript targets this unmet need specifically. In this work, hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles with various contents blended with carboxylic multiwalled carbon nanotube were used to modify poly (m-phenylene isophthal amide) (SiO2/CMWCNT/PMIA) hollow fiber NF membrane. The modified membrane with 0.1 wt% SiO2 doping exhibits way better fouling resistance with irreversible fouling ratio decreased dramatically from 18.7% to 2.3%, and the recovery rate of water flux increases significantly from 81.2% to 97.7%. The separation experiment results had confirmed that the modified membrane could improve the rejection from 97.2% to 98.6% for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its combined pollution with bovine serum albumin (BSA). It is clear that this reported SiO2/CMWCNT/PMIA hollow fiber NF membrane potentially could be applied in water treatment. This research also provides a theoretical basis for efficiently removal of PFOA and its combined pollution by NF membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunyi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Fourth Construction CO. LTD of China Electronics System Engineering, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Dongyu He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zheming Shi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changwei Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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29
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de Oliveira FDG, Robey NM, Smallwood TJ, Spreadbury CJ, Townsend TG. Landfill gas as a source of anthropogenic antimony and arsenic release. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135739. [PMID: 35850227 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimony is used extensively in consumer goods, including single use plastic bottles, electronics, textiles and automobile brakes, which are disposed of in landfills at the end of their service lives. As a result, Sb is a constituent of concern in landfill emissions. Previous research has focused on leachate (liquid) and waste incineration flue gas emissions; however, Sb has the potential to volatilize through chemical and microbial processes within a landfill. In this study, iron-amended granular activated carbon was used to adsorb volatile metals directly from gas in a full-scale landfill gas collection system. Metals were quantified using acid digestion and ICP-AES analysis. Antimony concentrations far exceeded those previously reported, at up to 733 μg m-3 (mean: 254 μg m-3). In addition to Sb, As was also measured at high levels compared to previous research, as high as 740 μg m-3 (mean: 178 μg m-3). Using US EPA landfill and landfill gas databases, total Sb emissions via landfill gas are estimated to be approximately 27.3 kg day-1 in the US. Based on other estimates of national and global Sb emissions, this corresponds to approximately 4.5% of total US atmospheric emissions of Sb and 0.42% of global atmospheric emissions. Sb mass release via landfill gas is approximately 3.9 times higher than via leachate emissions. Although gas emissions are higher than expected, the vast majority (99.9%) of Sb present in landfilled MSW remains within the waste mass indefinitely. In addition to these mass release estimates, this experiment suggests that iron-amended activated carbon may offer significant metals removal from LFG, especially in the first months of new well operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D G de Oliveira
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, PO Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nicole M Robey
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, PO Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J Smallwood
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, PO Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Chad J Spreadbury
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, PO Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, PO Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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30
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Saawarn B, Mahanty B, Hait S, Hussain S. Sources, occurrence, and treatment techniques of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous matrices: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114004. [PMID: 35970375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of synthetic organic pollutants, have prompted concerns about their global prevalence and possible health effects. This review consolidates the most recent data on different aspects of PFAS, such as their occurrence, and prominent sources. The current literature analysis of PFAS occurrence suggests significant variation in their concentration ranging from 0.025 to 1.2 × 108 ng/L in wastewater, 0.01 to 8.9 × 105 ng/L in surface water, and <0.01 to 1.3 × 104 ng/L in groundwater globally. Since conventional treatment techniques are inadequate in remediating PFAS, innovative treatment approaches based on their removal or mineralization mechanism have been comprehensively reviewed. Advanced treatment technologies have shown degradation or removal of PFAS to be around 6 and > 99.9% in different aqueous matrices. However, due to significant drawbacks in their applicability in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a novel treatment train approach has emerged as an effective alternative. This approach synergistically integrates multiple remediation techniques while addressing the impediments of individual treatments. Furthermore, nanofiltration (NF270) combined with electrochemical degradation has been demonstrated to be the most efficient (>98%) treatment train approach in PFAS remediation. If implemented in WWTPs, nanofiltration followed by adsorption using activated carbon is also a viable method for PFAS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavini Saawarn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Byomkesh Mahanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Subrata Hait
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India.
| | - Sahid Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
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Chow SJ, Croll HC, Ojeda N, Klamerus J, Capelle R, Oppenheimer J, Jacangelo JG, Schwab KJ, Prasse C. Comparative investigation of PFAS adsorption onto activated carbon and anion exchange resins during long-term operation of a pilot treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119198. [PMID: 36240713 PMCID: PMC11330578 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Widespread contamination of groundwater with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has required drinking water producers to quickly adopt practical and efficacious treatments to limit human exposure and deleterious health outcomes. This pilot-scale study comparatively investigated PFAS adsorption behaviors in granular activated carbon (GAC) and two strong-base gel anion exchange resin (AER) columns operated in parallel over a 441-day period to treat contaminated groundwater dominated by short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA). Highly-resolved breakthrough profiles of homologous series of 2-8 CF2 PFCA and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA), including ultrashort-chain compounds and branched isomers, were measured to elucidate adsorption trends. Sample ports at intermediate bed depths could predict 50% breakthrough of compounds on an accelerated basis, but lower empty bed contact times led to conservative estimates of initial breakthrough. Homologous PFAS series displayed linear (GAC) and log-linear (AER) relationships between chain-length and breakthrough, independent of initial concentration. AERs generally outperformed GAC on a normalized bed volume basis, and this advantage widened with increasing PFAS chain-length. As designed, all treatments would have short full-scale service times (≤142 days for GAC; ≤61 days for AERs) before initial breakthrough of short-chain (2-4 CF2) PFCA. However, AER displayed far longer breakthrough times for PFSA compared to GAC (>3× treatment time), and breakthrough was not observed for PFSA with >4 CF2 in AERs. GAC had a finite molar adsorption capacity for total PFAS, leading to a stoichiometric replacement of short-chain PFCA by PFSA and longer-chain PFCA over time. AERs quickly reached a finite adsorption capacity for PFCA, but they showed substantially greater selectivity for PFSA whose capacity was not reached within the duration of the pilot. Breakthrough characteristics of keto- and unsaturated-PFSA, identified in the groundwater by suspect screening, were also evaluated in absence of reference standards. Modified PFAS structures (branched, keto-, unsaturated-) broke through faster than linear and unmodified perfluorinated structures with equal degrees of fluorination, and the effects were more pronounced in GAC compared to AERs. The results highlight that the design of robust PFAS treatment systems should consider facets beyond current PFAS targets including operational complexities and impacts of unregulated and unmonitored co-contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Chow
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Henry C Croll
- Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Des Moines, IA 50315, USA
| | - Nadezda Ojeda
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jamie Klamerus
- Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Minneapolis, MN 55402, USA
| | - Ryan Capelle
- Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Minneapolis, MN 55402, USA
| | - Joan Oppenheimer
- Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Pasadena, California 91101, USA
| | - Joseph G Jacangelo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Manning IM, Guan Pin Chew N, Macdonald HP, Miller KE, Strynar MJ, Coronell O, Leibfarth FA. Hydrolytically Stable Ionic Fluorogels for High-Performance Remediation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Natural Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208150. [PMID: 35945652 PMCID: PMC9711936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PFAS are known bioaccumulative and persistent chemicals which pollute natural waters globally. There exists a lack of granular sorbents to efficiently remove both legacy and emerging PFAS at environmentally relevant concentrations. Herein, we report a class of polymer networks with a synergistic combination of ionic and fluorous components that serve as granular materials for the removal of anionic PFAS from water. A library of Ionic Fluorogels (IFs) with systematic variation in charge density and polymer network architecture was synthesized from hydrolytically stable fluorous building blocks. The IFs were demonstrated as effective sorbents for the removal of 21 legacy and emerging PFAS from a natural water and were regenerable over multiple cycles of reuse. Comparison of one IF to a commercial ion exchange resin in mini-rapid small-scale column tests demonstrated superior performance for the removal of short-chain PFAS from natural water under operationally relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M. Manning
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill131 South RdChapel HillNC 27599USA
| | - Nick Guan Pin Chew
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill135 Dauer DrChapel HillNC 27599USA
| | - Haley P. Macdonald
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill135 Dauer DrChapel HillNC 27599USA
| | - Kelsey E. Miller
- Office of Research and DevelopmentCenter for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNC 27709USA
| | - Mark J. Strynar
- Office of Research and DevelopmentCenter for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNC 27709USA
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill135 Dauer DrChapel HillNC 27599USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill131 South RdChapel HillNC 27599USA
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Liu F, Guan X, Xiao F. Photodegradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water: A review of fundamentals and applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129580. [PMID: 35905606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, mobile, and toxic chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. Several countries, including the United States, plan to set an enforceable maximum contamination level for certain PFAS compounds in drinking water sources. Among the available treatment options, photocatalytic treatment is promising for PFAS degradation and mineralization in the aqueous solution. In this review, recent advances in the abatement of PFAS from water using photo-oxidation and photo-reduction are systematically reviewed. Degradation mechanisms of PFAS by photo-oxidation involving the holes (hvb+) and oxidative radicals and photo-reduction using the electrons (ecb-) and hydrated electrons (eaq-) are integrated. The recent development of innovative heterogeneous photocatalysts and photolysis systems for enhanced degradation of PFAS is highlighted. Photodegradation mechanisms of alternative compounds, such as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) and chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), are also critically evaluated. This paper concludes by identifying major knowledge gaps and some of the challenges that lie ahead in the scalability and adaptability issues of photocatalysis for natural water treatment. Development made in photocatalysts design and system optimization forges a path toward sustainable treatment of PFAS-contaminated water through photodegradation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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Mayakaduwage S, Ekanayake A, Kurwadkar S, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M. Phytoremediation prospects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113311. [PMID: 35460639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in various industrial activities and daily-life products has made them ubiquitous contaminants in soil and water. PFAS-contaminated soil acts as a long-term source of pollution to the adjacent surface water bodies, groundwater, soil microorganisms, and soil invertebrates. While several remediation strategies exist to eliminate PFASs from the soil, strong ionic interactions between charged groups on PFAS with soil constituents rendered these PFAS remediation technologies ineffective. Pilot and field-scale data from recent studies have shown a great potential of PFAS to bio-accumulate and distribute within plant compartments suggesting that phytoremediation could be a potential remediation technology to clean up PFAS contaminated soils. Even though several studies have been performed on the uptake and translocation of PFAS by different plant species, most of these studies are limited to agricultural crops and fruit species. In this review, the role of both aquatic and terrestrial plants in the phytoremediation of PFAS was discussed highlighting different mechanisms underlying the uptake of PFASs in the soil-plant and water-plant systems. This review further summarized a wide range of factors that influence the bioaccumulation and translocation of PFASs within plant compartments including both structural properties of PFASs and physiological properties of plant species. Even though phytoremediation appears to be a promising remediation technique, some limitations that reduced the feasibility of phytoremediation in the practical application have been emphasized in previous studies. Additional research directions are suggested, including advanced genetic engineering techniques and endophyte-assisted phytoremediation to upgrade the phytoremediation potential of plants for the successful removal of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mayakaduwage
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Anusha Ekanayake
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
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Wang M, Cai Y, Zhou B, Yuan R, Chen Z, Chen H. Removal of PFASs from water by carbon-based composite photocatalysis with adsorption and catalytic properties: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155652. [PMID: 35508243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants widely distributed in aquatic environments. The adsorption and photocatalytic methods have been widely used to remove PFASs in water because of their respective advantages. Still, they have apparent defects when used alone. Therefore, the adsorption and photocatalytic technologies are combined through suitable preparation methods, and the excellent properties of the two are used to synergize the treatment of organic pollutants. This strategy of "concentrating" pollutants and then degrading them in a centralized manner plays an essential role in removing trace PFASs. Nevertheless, a review focusing on this kind of adsorption photocatalyst system is lacking. This review will fill this gap and provide a reference for developing a carbon-based composite photocatalyst. Firstly, different carbon-based composite photocatalysts are reviewed in detail, focusing on the differences in various composite materials' excellent adsorption and catalytic properties. Secondly, the factors influencing the removal effect of carbon-based composite photocatalysts are discussed. Thirdly, the removal mechanism of carbon-based composite photocatalysts is summarized in detail. The removal process involves two steps: adsorption and photodegradation. The adsorption process involves multiple cooperative adsorption mechanisms, and photocatalytic degradation includes oxidative and reductive degradation. Fourthly, the comparison of adsorption-photocatalysis with common treatment techniques (including removal rate, range of adaptation, cost, and the possibility of expanding application) is summarized. Finally, the prospects of carbon-based composite photocatalysts for repairing PFASs are given by evaluating the performance of different composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanping Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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36
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Manning IM, Chew NGP, Macdonald HP, Miller KE, Strynar MJ, Coronell O, Leibfarth F. Hydrolytically Stable Ionic Fluorogels for High‐Performance Remediation of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Natural Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Manning
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kenan Science Library: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chemistry 27599 Chapel Hill UNITED STATES
| | - Nick Guan Pin Chew
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kenan Science Library: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Environmental Sciences and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Haley P Macdonald
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kenan Science Library: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Environmental Sciences and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Kelsey E Miller
- Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling UNITED STATES
| | - Mark J Strynar
- Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling UNITED STATES
| | - Orlando Coronell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kenan Science Library: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Environmental Sciences and Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Frank Leibfarth
- University of North Carolina Chemistry University of North CarolinaKenan Labs A500 27599 Chapel Hill UNITED STATES
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37
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Croll HC, Chow S, Ojeda N, Schwab K, Prasse C, Capelle R, Klamerus J, Oppenheimer J, Jacangelo JG. Adaptation of selected models for describing competitive per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances breakthrough curves in groundwater treated by granular activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128804. [PMID: 35366450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) has proven to be a successful technology for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) removal from contaminated drinking water supplies. Proper design of GAC treatment relies upon characterization of media service-life, which can change significantly depending on the PFAS contamination, treatment media, and water quality, and is often determined by fitting descriptive models to breakthrough curves. However, while common descriptive breakthrough models are favored for their ease-of-use, they have a significant shortcoming in that they are not able to properly fit PFAS desorption in competitive sorption scenarios. The present work adapts three common descriptive models to fit competitive PFAS breakthrough curves from a GAC pilot study. The adapted and original models were fit to the experimental breakthrough curves for 12 common PFAS and evaluated using adjusted R2 and reduced χ2 values. This study found that the novel adaptation of the common descriptive models successfully accounted for desorption of PFAS compounds from the GAC, accurately describing increased exposure risks due to elevated effluent levels during desorption without significantly increasing the complexity of implementing the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Croll
- Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Des Moines, IA 50322, USA
| | - Steven Chow
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nadezda Ojeda
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kellogg Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Joan Oppenheimer
- Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Washington DC 20005, USA
| | - Joseph G Jacangelo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Institute for Water Technology and Policy, Stantec, Washington DC 20005, USA.
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38
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Das S, Ronen A. A Review on Removal and Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Novel Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:662. [PMID: 35877866 PMCID: PMC9325267 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals consisting of thousands of individual species. PFAS consists of a fully or partly fluorinated carbon-fluorine bond, which is hard to break and requires a high amount of energy (536 kJ/mole). Resulting from their unique hydrophobic/oleophobic nature and their chemical and mechanical stability, they are highly resistant to thermal, chemical, and biological degradation. PFAS have been used extensively worldwide since the 1940s in various products such as non-stick household items, food-packaging, cosmetics, electronics, and firefighting foams. Exposure to PFAS may lead to health issues such as hormonal imbalances, a compromised immune system, cancer, fertility disorders, and adverse effects on fetal growth and learning ability in children. To date, very few novel membrane approaches have been reported effective in removing and destroying PFAS. Therefore, this article provides a critical review of PFAS treatment and removal approaches by membrane separation systems. We discuss recently reported novel and effective membrane techniques for PFAS separation and include a detailed discussion of parameters affecting PFAS membrane separation and destruction. Moreover, an estimation of cost analysis is also included for each treatment technology. Additionally, since the PFAS treatment technology is still growing, we have incorporated several future directions for efficient PFAS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avner Ronen
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus 84990, Israel;
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Wang J, Lin Z, He X, Song M, Westerhoff P, Doudrick K, Hanigan D. Critical Review of Thermal Decomposition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Mechanisms and Implications for Thermal Treatment Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5355-5370. [PMID: 35446563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are fluorinated organic chemicals that are concerning due to their environmental persistence and adverse human and ecological effects. Remediation of environmental PFAS contamination and their presence in consumer products have led to the production of solid and liquid waste streams containing high concentrations of PFASs, which require efficient and cost-effective treatment solutions. PFASs are challenging to defluorinate by conventional and advanced destructive treatment processes, and physical separation processes produce waste streams (e.g., membrane concentrate, spent activated carbon) requiring further post-treatment. Incineration and other thermal treatment processes are widely available, but their use in managing PFAS-containing wastes remains poorly understood. Under specific operating conditions, thermal treatment is expected to mineralize PFASs, but the degradation mechanisms and pathways are unknown. In this review, we critically evaluate the thermal decomposition mechanisms, pathways, and byproducts of PFASs that are crucial to the design and operation of thermal treatment processes. We highlight the analytical capabilities and challenges and identify research gaps which limit the current understanding of safely applying thermal treatment to destroy PFASs as a viable end-of-life treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Zunhui Lin
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xuexiang He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Mingrui Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Kyle Doudrick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
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40
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Ordonez D, Valencia A, Sadmani AHMA, Chang NB. Green sorption media for the removal of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152886. [PMID: 34998770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of selected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water via two green sorption media (IFGEM-7 and AGEM-2). Both selected green sorption media recipes contain sand (85-91%) and clay (3-4%), in addition to recycled iron (Fe) (5-7.5%) or aluminum (Al) (4.5% in AGEM-2 only). Batch and column studies were integrated and performed using the prescribed green sorption media recipes to determine their efficiencies in removing two most targeted PFAS, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In the batch test, while the removal efficiencies of PFOS ranged from 27 to 46% and 23 to 42%, those for PFOA ranged from 6 to 16% and 5 to 18% when using IFGEM-7 and AGEM-2, respectively. The higher removal of PFOS than PFOA observed in both IFGEM-7 and AGEM-2 batch tests could be attributed to higher media affinity for sulfonate groups of PFOS when compared to the carboxylate groups of PFOA. In the column study, the initial removal (within 1 h) by IFGEM-7 was greater than 99% for PFOS and 28% for PFOA. When comparing different dynamic adsorption models, it appears that the non-linear equations could better describe the trend of experimental data compared to the linear forms of the Modified Dose Response model. Life expectancy calculations, performed for demonstration purposes of field applications, suggested that if IFGEM-7 were to be applied in a downflow filter box to treat a hypothetical volume of 60,000 L of water during an emergency response, and it may last for 1506 h (62.8 d) and 4.2 h for a target removal of 80% of PFOS and PFOA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ordonez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Valencia
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - A H M Anwar Sadmani
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ni-Bin Chang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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41
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Machine learning-based modeling and analysis of PFOS removal from contaminated water by nanofiltration process. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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42
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Kazwini T, Yadav S, Ibrar I, Al-Juboori RA, Singh L, Ganbat N, Karbassiyazdi E, Samal AK, Subbiah S, Altaee A. Updated review on emerging technologies for PFAS contaminated water treatment. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Wan H, Mills R, Wang Y, Wang K, Xu S, Bhattacharyya D, Xu Z. Gravity-driven electrospun membranes for effective removal of perfluoro-organics from synthetic groundwater. J Memb Sci 2022; 644:120180. [PMID: 35911189 PMCID: PMC9337624 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants in water and soil. Electrospun membranes with open structure could treat PFAS in a gravity-driven mode with ultralow pressure needs. The electrospun ultrathin fibers (67 ± 27 nm) was prepared for the enhanced specific surface area; where polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) backbones and the grafted quaternary ammonium moieties (QA; PVDF-g-QA membranes) provided both hydrophobicity and anion-exchange ability (electrostatic interaction). High affinity towards the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)/perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) molecules (denoted as PFOX collectively) was observed, and >95% PFOX was removed from synthetic groundwater with a flux of 32.3 Lm-2h-1 at ΔPo = 313 Pa. With a higher octanol/water partitioning coefficient (Log Kow = 6.3) and close dispersion interaction parameter to the membrane backbones (16.6% difference in δd), the effective PFOS removal remained under alkaline and high conductivity conditions due to the intensive hydrophobic interaction compared to that of PFOA. Long-term studies exhibited >90% PFOX removal in an 8 h test with a capacity of 258 L/m2. Under mild regeneration conditions, PFOA and PFOS were concentrated by 35-fold and 39-fold, respectively. Overall, the gravity-driven electrospun PVDF-g-QA membranes, with adsorptive effectiveness and ease of regeneration, showed great potential in PFAS remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rollie Mills
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Yixing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Keyu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Sunjie Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Zhi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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44
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Suresh Babu D, Mol JMC, Buijnsters JG. Experimental insights into anodic oxidation of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) on boron-doped diamond anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132417. [PMID: 34606896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
GenX is the trade name of the ammonium salt of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and is used as a replacement for the banned perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, recent studies have found GenX to be more toxic than PFOA. This work deals with the electrochemical degradation of HFPO-DA using boron-doped diamond anodes. For the first time, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of sulfate concentration and other operating parameters on HFPO-DA degradation. Results demonstrated that sulfate radicals were ineffective in HFPO-DA degradation due to steric hindrance by -CF3 branch. Direct electron transfer was found as the rate-determining step. By comparing degradation of HFPO-DA with that of PFOA, it was observed that the steric hindrance by -CF3 branch in HFPO-DA decreased the rate of electron transfer from the carboxyl head group even though its defluorination rate was faster. Conclusively, a degradation pathway is proposed in which HFPO-DA mineralizes to CO2 and F- via formation of three intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Suresh Babu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Josephus G Buijnsters
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Research Group of Micro and Nano Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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45
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PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020044. [PMID: 35202231 PMCID: PMC8878656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts. In this review, starting from PFAS chemistry, uses and environmental fate, we summarize the current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in different environmental media and their effects on living organisms, with a particular emphasis on humans. Also, we describe present and provisional legislative measures in the European Union framework strategy to regulate PFAS manufacture, import and use as well as some of the most promising treatment technologies designed to remediate PFAS contamination in different environmental compartments.
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46
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Gevaerd de Souza N, Parenky AC, Nguyen HH, Jeon J, Choi H. Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and water/soil slurry using Fe 0 -modified reactive activated carbon conjugated with persulfate. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e1671. [PMID: 34854167 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of highly persistent perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been a challenging but significant task. Herein, we propose adsorption-mediated chemical decomposition of PFAS implemented by using granular activated carbon (GAC) impregnated with zerovalent nanoiron (ZVI, Fe0 ), so-called reactive activated carbon (RAC). The effects of reaction temperature, injection of persulfate (PS), and presence of soil on removal of PFAS in water were evaluated. Results showed that RAC conjugated with PS at 60°C exhibited decomposition of PFAS, exclusively all three carboxylic PFAS tested, obviously producing various identifiable short-chain PFAS. Carboxylic PFAS were removed via physical adsorption combined with chemical decomposition while sulfonic PFAS were removed via solely adsorption mechanism. The presence of soil particles did not greatly affect the overall removal of PFAS. Carbon mass balance suggested that chemical oxidation by radical mechanisms mutually influences, in a complex manner, PFAS adsorption to GAC, ZVI and its iron derivatives, and soil particles. Nonetheless, all tested six PFAS were removed significantly. If successfully developed, the adsorption-mediated decomposition strategy may work for treatment of complex media containing PFAS and co-contaminants under different environmental settings. PRACTITIONERS POINTS: Treatment of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was addressed. Activated carbon with zerovalent iron was examined in the presence of persulfate. The system significantly removed and decomposed PFAS in water and soil mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gevaerd de Souza
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Ramboll Americas Engineering, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Akshay Chandrashekar Parenky
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Parsons Corporation, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Hiep Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Hyeok Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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47
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Li Y, Niu Z, Zhang Y. Occurrence of legacy and emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in water: A case study in Tianjin (China). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132409. [PMID: 34600003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the water solubility and environmentally persistent properties of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the contamination of PFAS in drinking water is raising widespread concerns for their potential adverse health risks. In the present study, the behavior of PFAS from source waters to effluent water was analyzed by taking samples from three drinking water sources (Yuqiao Reservoir, Beidagang Reservoir, and Yangtze River) and effluent of several treatment processes used in one drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) of Tianjin (China), including pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, and chlorination. The range of total concentration of PFAS (∑21PFAS) in three source water was 6.64-19.80 ng/L (Yuqiao Reservoir), 80.00-119.86 ng/L (Beidagang Reservoir), and 15.87 ng/L (Yangtze River), respectively. As for individual PFAS, PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid) was the most abundant PFAS, followed by PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate), and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), especially, 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 Cl-polyflurinated ether sulfonate) was detected in all samples. During treatment, the removal rate of ∑21PFAS was 11%, and the removal rate of long-chain PFAS such as PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFOS, and PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate) were relatively higher than short-chain PFAS due to their hydrophobic characteristic. Besides, the influence of seasonal factor (precipitation) on the occurrence and composition characteristics of PFAS in the aquatic environment was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that precipitation affected the total concentrations of PFAS in the aquatic environment, but barely on the composition characteristics of PFAS. Furthermore, the ecological risks could be negligible based on the concentration of PFAS measured in surface water. In the meanwhile, the health risks were also assessed based on the concentration of PFAS detected in drinking water, the result indicated that the concentrations of PFAS were less than the suggested drinking water advisories. In addition, more attention should be paid to the risk caused by the frequently detected emerging PFAS such as 6:2 Cl-PFESA and HFPO-DA (hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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48
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Vo HNP, Nguyen TMH, Ngo HH, Guo W, Shukla P. Biochar sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aqueous film-forming foams-impacted groundwater: Effects of PFASs properties and groundwater chemistry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131622. [PMID: 34303903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)-related products such as aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) has led to increasing contamination of groundwater systems. The concentration of PFASs in AFFF-impacted groundwater can be several orders of magnitude higher than the drinking water standard. There is a need for a sustainable and effective sorbent to remove PFASs from groundwater. This work aims to investigate the sorption of PFASs in groundwater by biochar column. The specific objectives are to understand the influences of PFASs properties and groundwater chemistry to PFASs sorption by biochar. The PFASs-spiked Milli-Q water (including 19 PFASs) and four aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF)-impacted groundwater were used. The partitioning coefficients (log Kd) of long chain PFASs ranged from 0.77 to 4.63 while for short chain PFASs they remained below 0.68. For long chain PFASs (C ≥ 7), log Kd increased by 0.5 and 0.8 for each CF2 moiety of PFCAs and PFSAs, respectively. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was the most influential factor in PFASs sorption over pH, salinity, and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). DOM contained hydrophobic compounds and metal ions which can form DOM-PFASs complexes to provide more sorption sites for PFASs. The finding is useful for executing PFASs remediation by biochar filtration column, especially legacy long chain PFASs, for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Nhat Phong Vo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Thi Minh Hong Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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49
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Wang X, Chen Z, Wang Y, Sun W. A review on degradation of perfluorinated compounds based on ultraviolet advanced oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118014. [PMID: 34517179 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), as emerging persistent pollutants, can exist for a long time in the environment due to their high stability. PFCs have been detected in drinking water, wastewater, and the human body. Studies have shown that PFCs pose a threat to human health and the ecological environment, which is expected to be listed in new drinking water regulations. Traditional processes, including coagulation, biological filtration, chlorination, ozonolysis, and ultraviolet light have ineffective removal efficiency on PFCs; however, advanced oxidation processes (AOP) based on ultraviolet (UV) light have good application prospects for the removal of PFCs. This study provides an overview of the removal of PFCs by UV-based AOPs; systematically introduces the research status of various UV-based AOPs from the perspectives of degradation pathways, degradation efficiency, influencing factors, formation of by-products; and comprehensively compares these different UV-based AOPs. Finally, the limitations of existing research and future research needs are discussed. This review aims to provide an overview for a better understanding of the degradation status and prospects of UV-based AOPs for the degradation of PFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yonglei Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
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50
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Barisci S, Suri R. Occurrence and removal of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3442-3468. [PMID: 34928819 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has caused serious problems for drinking water supplies especially at intake locations close to PFAS manufacturing facilities, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and sites where PFAS-containing firefighting foam was regularly used. Although monitoring is increasing, knowledge on PFAS occurrences particularly in municipal and industrial effluents is still relatively low. Even though the production of C8-based PFAS has been phased out, they are still being detected at many WWTPs. Emerging PFAS such as GenX and F-53B are also beginning to be reported in aquatic environments. This paper presents a broad review and discussion on the occurrence of PFAS in municipal and industrial wastewater which appear to be their main sources. Carbon adsorption and ion exchange are currently used treatment technologies for PFAS removal. However, these methods have been reported to be ineffective for the removal of short-chain PFAS. Several pioneering treatment technologies, such as electrooxidation, ultrasound, and plasma have been reported for PFAS degradation. Nevertheless, in-depth research should be performed for the applicability of emerging technologies for real-world applications. This paper examines different technologies and helps to understand the research needs to improve the development of treatment processes for PFAS in wastewater streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Barisci
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Temple University, 1947 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA E-mail:
| | - Rominder Suri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Temple University, 1947 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA E-mail:
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