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Nishioki T, Sato T, Okajima A, Motomura H, Takeshige T, Watanabe J, Yae T, Koyama R, Kido K, Takahashi K. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on COPD exacerbations in Japanese patients: a retrospective study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2792. [PMID: 38307984 PMCID: PMC10837154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Various infection control measures implemented during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic have reduced the number of respiratory infections, which are the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Here, we investigated whether infectious disease prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced COPD exacerbations and the characteristics of patients exhibiting exacerbations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We included outpatients and inpatients with moderate or severe COPD exacerbations who required systemic steroids between April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2022. Their medical records were retrospectively compared and analyzed in 2-year intervals (before and during the COVID-19 pandemic). During the 4-year observation period, 70,847 outpatients and 2,772 inpatients were enrolled; 55 COPD exacerbations were recorded. The number of COPD exacerbations decreased from 36 before to 19 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding the characteristics of patients with exacerbations, the % forced expiratory volume in one second (52.3% vs. 38.6%, P = 0.0224) and body mass index (BMI) (22.5 vs. 19.3, P = 0.0127) were significantly lower during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic. The number of COPD exacerbations during the pandemic decreased. Additionally, the tendency for a reduction in COPD exacerbation was greatest in patients with preserved lung function or above-standard BMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Nishioki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Akifumi Okajima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Motomura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Tomohito Takeshige
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Ryo Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Kenji Kido
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10, Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
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Wee LE, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Thumboo J, Venkatachalam I. Correspondence on 'Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory joint diseases and in the general population: a nationwide Swedish cohort study'. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:e224. [PMID: 33837047 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Jing Yuan Tan
- Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Lim LHM, Lim HF, Liew MF, Chen W. Impact of Guideline-Based Asthma Treatment on Health Services Use in Singapore Before and During COVID-19 Outbreak. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:1207-1216. [PMID: 37927777 PMCID: PMC10625321 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s425342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To date, the role of standard asthma care in reducing asthma-related health services use (HSU) during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. This study examined the impact of guideline-based asthma treatment on the use of asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits, polyclinic visits (total visits and urgent visits characterized by nebuliser use) before and during the pandemic. Methods Data from April 2017 to October 2020 was obtained from the National University Health System, one of the three healthcare clusters in Singapore. Using generalized linear models, we estimated the joint effects of the ratio of preventer to reliever dispensations (PRR) and COVID-19 on asthma-related ED visits per hospital per month, total asthma-related polyclinic visits and asthma-related urgent polyclinic visits per clinic per month. Results Findings show that before the onset of COVID-19, for every 0.5 unit increase in PRR, the number of asthma-related ED visits and urgent polyclinic visits decreased by 12.9% (95% CI: -13.0% to -12.9%) and 6.8% (95% CI: -6.9% to -6.7%), respectively, whereas total asthma-related polyclinic visits increased by 1.0% (95% CI: 0.9% to 1.0%). During the pandemic, a 0.5 unit increase of PRR decreased the number of asthma-related ED visits, urgent and total polyclinic visits by 16.9% (95% CI: -17.0% to - 16.9%), 9.3% (95% CI: -9.5% to -9.2%) and 0.7% (95% CI: -0.8% to -0.7%), respectively. Discussion These findings suggest that regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in PRR consistently reduced the frequency of asthma-related urgent and emergent care, although it barely influenced routine asthma follow-up visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Huey Mien Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Fang Lim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Mei Fong Liew
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
- FAST and Chronic Programmes, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Kim HK, Min KD, Cho SI. Analysis of the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on influenza during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic by time-series forecasting. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:717. [PMID: 37875817 PMCID: PMC10594831 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in South Korea during the 2019-2020 seasonal influenza epidemic. The social distancing measures, as effective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), adopted to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 might have influenced influenza activity. We evaluated IFV(influenza virus) activity during the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect of NPI intensity on influenza transmission. METHODS IFV activity and epidemic duration during COVID-19 pandemic were predicted under a counterfactual scenario with no NPIs against COVID-19. The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model was used to quantify the effects of NPIs on the transmission of influenza virus. Influenza-like illness/1000 outpatients and IFV positivity rate from the 2011-2012 to 2021-2022 seasons were used in this study. RESULTS Comparison of the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 seasonal influenza activities with those in 2013-2019 showed that COVID-19 outbreaks and associated NPIs such as face mask use, school closures, and travel restrictions reduced the influenza incidence by 91%. Without NPIs against COVID-19, the rates of influenza-like illness and IFV positivity would have been high during the influenza epidemic season, as in previous seasons. NPI intensity decreased the transmission of influenza; the magnitude of the reduction increased as the intensity of social-distancing measures increased (weak social distancing; step-by-step daily recovery: 58.10%, strong social distancing; special quarantine measures: 95.12%). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NPIs and personal hygiene can be used to suppress influenza transmission. NPIs against COVID-19 may be useful strategies for the prevention and control of influenza epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Simon S, Joean O, Welte T, Rademacher J. The role of vaccination in COPD: influenza, SARS-CoV-2, pneumococcus, pertussis, RSV and varicella zoster virus. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:230034. [PMID: 37673427 PMCID: PMC10481333 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0034-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exacerbations of COPD are associated with worsening of the airflow obstruction, hospitalisation, reduced quality of life, disease progression and death. At least 70% of COPD exacerbations are infectious in origin, with respiratory viruses identified in approximately 30% of cases. Despite long-standing recommendations to vaccinate patients with COPD, vaccination rates remain suboptimal in this population.Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading morbidity and mortality causes of lower respiratory tract infections. The Food and Drug Administration recently approved pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that showed strong immunogenicity against all 20 included serotypes. Influenza is the second most common virus linked to severe acute exacerbations of COPD. The variable vaccine efficacy across virus subtypes and the impaired immune response are significant drawbacks in the influenza vaccination strategy. High-dose and adjuvant vaccines are new approaches to tackle these problems. Respiratory syncytial virus is another virus known to cause acute exacerbations of COPD. The vaccine candidate RSVPreF3 is the first authorised for the prevention of RSV in adults ≥60 years and might help to reduce acute exacerbations of COPD. The 2023 Global Initiative for Chronic Lung Disease report recommends zoster vaccination to protect against shingles for people with COPD over 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Simon
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oana Joean
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Rademacher
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Zhang B, Kang W, Xiong S, Huang X, Chen P, Huang J, Hou Y, Ma L, Xiang T. Changes in the epidemiological characteristics of prehospital emergency services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, Chengdu, 2016-2021. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7796. [PMID: 37179377 PMCID: PMC10182747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) brought a healthy crisis all around the world. It's not only affected healthcare utilization, but also some disease's incidence. We collected pre-hospital emergency data in Chengdu from January 2016 to December 2021, and studied the demand for emergency medical services (EMSs), emergency response times (ERTs), and the disease spectrum in the city proper of Chengdu as a whole. A total of 1,122,294 prehospital emergency medical service (EMS) instances met the inclusion criteria. Under the influence of COVID-19, notably in 2020, the epidemiological characteristics of prehospital emergency services in Chengdu were considerably altered. However, as the pandemic was brought under control, they returned to normal or even earlier in 2021.The COVID-19 pandemic had an effect on people's medical care-seeking behavior and the performance of prehospital emergency services. Although the indicators associated with prehospital emergency services eventually recovered as the epidemic was brought under control, they remained marginally different from before the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenchao Kang
- Chengdu Medical Emergency Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqiang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Chengdu Medical Emergency Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Chengdu Medical Emergency Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinmin Huang
- Chengdu Medical Emergency Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Hou
- Chengdu Medical Emergency Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Chengdu Medical Emergency Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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7
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Brucki BM, Bagade T, Majeed T. A health impact assessment of gender inequities associated with psychological distress during COVID19 in Australia's most locked down state-Victoria. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:233. [PMID: 36732738 PMCID: PMC9894749 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since March 2020, when the COVID19 pandemic hit Australia, Victoria has been in lockdown six times for 264 days, making it the world's longest cumulative locked-down city. This Health Impact Assessment evaluated gender disparities, especially women's mental health, represented by increased levels of psychological distress during the lockdowns. METHODS A desk-based, retrospective Health Impact Assessment was undertaken to explore the health impacts of the lockdown public health directive with an equity focus, on the Victorian population, through reviewing available qualitative and quantitative published studies and grey literature. RESULTS Findings from the assessment suggest the lockdown policies generated and perpetuated avoidable inequities harming mental health demonstrated through increased psychological distress, particularly for women, through psychosocial determinants. CONCLUSION Ongoing research is needed to elucidate these inequities further. Governments implementing policies to suppress and mitigate COVID19 need to consider how to reduce harmful consequences of these strategies to avoid further generating inequities towards vulnerable groups within the population and increasing inequalities in the broader society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Brucki
- School of Medicine & Public Health, College of Health Medicine & Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tanmay Bagade
- School of Medicine & Public Health, College of Health Medicine & Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Tazeen Majeed
- School of Medicine & Public Health, College of Health Medicine & Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Public Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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8
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Shappell C, Rhee C, Klompas M. Update on Sepsis Epidemiology in the Era of COVID-19. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:173-184. [PMID: 36646093 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Timely and accurate data on the epidemiology of sepsis is essential to inform public policy, clinical practice, and research priorities. Recent studies have illuminated several ongoing questions about sepsis epidemiology, including the incidence and outcomes of sepsis in non-Western countries and in specialized populations such as surgical patients, patients with cancer, and the elderly. There have also been new insights into the limitations of current surveillance methods using administrative data and increasing experience tracking sepsis incidence and outcomes using "big data" approaches that take advantage of detailed electronic health record data. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has fundamentally changed the landscape of sepsis epidemiology. It has increased sepsis rates, helped highlight ongoing controversies about how to define sepsis, and intensified debate about the possible unintended consequences of overly rigid sepsis care bundles. Despite these controversies, there is a growing consensus that severe COVID-19 causing organ dysfunction is appropriate to label as sepsis, even though it is treated very differently from bacterial sepsis, and that surveillance strategies need to be modified to reliably identify these cases to fully capture and delineate the current burden of sepsis. This review will summarize recent insights into the epidemiology of sepsis and highlight several urgent questions and priorities catalyzed by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shappell
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chanu Rhee
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Klompas
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abdelaziz AO, Emam RM, Shehata SR, Abdelghany EA. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the health services provided by the Cardiothoracic Minia University Hospital in Egypt: A single-center retrospective observational study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY : CJRT = REVUE CANADIENNE DE LA THERAPIE RESPIRATOIRE : RCTR 2023; 59:70-74. [PMID: 36911366 PMCID: PMC9993953 DOI: 10.29390/cjrt-2022-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Background The emergence of the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 resulted in a worldwide pandemic, which had severe consequences on the global health systems. There were drastic strains on the public health services. This, in turn, markedly affected patients with non-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) problems. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 infection on the health services provided to patients at the cardiothoracic university hospital, Minia University. Methods A retrospective analysis of data about services provided to patients at Minia Cardiothoracic University hospital was obtained from pre-pandemic era (2018-2019) and during the pandemic time (2020-2021). The two sets of data were compared together. Data were collected about the number of patients who underwent different procedures such as Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), sleep studies or interventional chest procedures (bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy). Also, data were collected about the number of patients admitted in the chest ward, respiratory intensive care unit (ICU) or Coronary care unit and the number of patients who visited cardiothoracic, cardiology or chest outpatient clinics. Results There is 81.4% reduction in the number of Pulmonary Function Testsperformed during the period 2020-2021 compared with the period 2018-2019, where the number of patients admitted to chest inward decreased by 66.4%. The number of sleep studies performed reduced by 61.5%, while the number of different outpatient clinical visits reduced to similar values (45.8% for cardiothoracic clinic, 45.4% for cardiology clinic and 40.5% for chest clinic). Regarding respiratory ICU admissions, the study reported a reduction of 35.7% and also Coronary care unit admissions decreased by 30.6%. Interventional pulmonary procedures had the lowest reduction rate (0.7%). Conclusion Different health services were negatively affected by the emergence of COVID-19 era in both pulmonary and non-pulmonary fields.
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10
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Hsu HT, Huang FL, Ting PJ, Chang CC, Chen PY. The epidemiological features of pediatric viral respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:1101-1107. [PMID: 34756671 PMCID: PMC8501510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have shown various levels of impact on common respiratory pathogens. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological changes seen in certain common respiratory viruses found in Taiwanese children (e.g., influenza virus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) after the implementation of public health measures, as well as interpret the possible meaning of these changes. METHODS This retrospective observational study examined the viral isolation from children younger than 18 years at a medical center in central Taiwan during the period January 2015-December 2020, a time frame of six years. Viral isolations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2015-December 2019), along with those during the post-COVID-19 period (January-December 2020) were analyzed and compared. RESULTS A total of 6899 throat swab samples were collected during the pre-pandemic period of 2015-2019, with 2681 of them having a positive result (38.86%). There were a total of 713 samples collected in 2020, with 142 of them showing positive results (19.92%). The overall positive rate of viral isolates significantly decreased in 2020 (p < 0.001). Declines in the isolation of the influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and enterovirus were observed. The RSV surprisingly became the leading isolate, with up to 47 (6.59%) instances in 2020, and showing an unusual peak in the winter of 2020. The rise began in September of 2020 and reached its plateau in November of that year. CONCLUSIONS Most respiratory viruses decreased under NPIs regarding SARS-CoV-2. However, the RSV outbreak in the winter of 2020 had shown the limitation of current NPIs. Possible explanations have been discussed in details and public preventive measures should be reinforced for RSV, particularly amongst people having young children both at home and in care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ting Hsu
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Liang Huang
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Ting
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chih Chang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Altare C, Kostandova N, OKeeffe J, Omwony E, Nyakoojo R, Kasozi J, Spiegel PB. COVID-19 epidemiology and changes in health service utilization in Uganda's refugee settlements during the first year of the pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1927. [PMID: 36253816 PMCID: PMC9574818 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by multiple waves with varying rates of transmission affecting countries at different times and magnitudes. Forced displacement settings were considered particularly at risk due to pre-existing vulnerabilities. Yet, the effects of COVID-19 in refugee settings are not well understood. In this study, we report on the epidemiology of COVID-19 cases in Uganda’s refugee settlement regions of West Nile, Center and South, and evaluate how health service utilization changed during the first year of the pandemic. Methods We calculate descriptive statistics, testing rates, and incidence rates of COVID-19 cases in UNHCR’s line list and adjusted odds ratios for selected outcomes. We evaluate the changes in health services using monthly routine data from UNHCR’s health information system (January 2017 to March 2021) and apply interrupted time series analysis with a generalized additive model and negative binomial distribution, accounting for long-term trends and seasonality, reporting results as incidence rate ratios. Findings The first COVID-19 case was registered in Uganda on March 20, 2020, and among refugees two months later on May 22, 2020 in Adjumani settlement. Incidence rates were higher at national level for the general population compared to refugees by region and overall. Testing capacity in the settlements was lower compared to the national level. Characteristics of COVID-19 cases among refugees in Uganda seem to align with the global epidemiology of COVID-19. Only hospitalization rate was higher than globally reported. The indirect effects of COVID-19 on routine health services and outcomes appear quite consistent across regions. Maternal and child routine and preventative health services seem to have been less affected by COVID-19 than consultations for acute conditions. All regions reported a decrease in consultations for respiratory tract infections. Interpretation COVID-19 transmission seemed lower in settlement regions than the national average, but so was testing capacity. Disruptions to health services were limited, and mainly affected consultations for acute conditions. This study, focusing on the first year of the pandemic, warrants follow-up research to investigate how susceptibility evolved over time, and how and whether health services could be maintained. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14305-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Altare
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Natalya Kostandova
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer OKeeffe
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emmanuel Omwony
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ronald Nyakoojo
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Kasozi
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul B Spiegel
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, 615 N Wolfe str, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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12
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Kitt E, Brennan L, Harrison C, Hei H, Paul E, Satchell L, Wilson KB, Smathers S, Handy L, Coffin SE. Dodging the bundle-Persistent healthcare-associated rhinovirus infection throughout the pandemic. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:1140-1144. [PMID: 35588914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare-associated viral infections (HAVI) are a common cause of patient harm in the pediatric population. We implemented a HAVI prevention bundle in 2015, which included 6 core elements: caregiver screening, symptom-based isolation, personal protective equipment (PPE), hand hygiene, staff illness procedures, and monitoring of environmental cleanliness. Enhanced bundle elements were introduced at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which provided an opportunity to observe the effectiveness of the bundle with optimal adherence to prevention practices, and to measure the impact on respiratory HAVI epidemiology. METHODS Respiratory HAVIs were confirmed through review of medical records and application of the National Health Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance criteria for upper respiratory infections (URIs) with predetermined incubation periods for unit attribution. Descriptive statistics of the study population were examined, and comparative analyses were performed on demographic and process metrics. Data analysis was conducted using R statistical software. RESULTS We observed an overall decrease in respiratory HAVI of 68%, with prepandemic rates of 0.19 infections per 1,000 patient significantly decreased to a rate of 0.06 per 1,000 patient days in the pandemic period (P < .01). Rhinovirus made up proportionally more of our respiratory HAVI in the pandemic period (64% vs 53%), with respiratory HAVI secondary only to rhinovirus identified during 8 of 16 months in the pandemic period. Compliance with our HAVI prevention bundle significantly improved during pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of our HAVI bundle during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed toward significant reduction in nosocomial transmission of respiratory HAVI. Even with prevention practices optimized, respiratory HAVIs secondary to rhinovirus continued to be reported, likely due to the capacity of rhinovirus to evade bundle elements in hospital, and infection prevention efforts at large in the community, leaving vulnerable patients at continued risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Kitt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Lauren Brennan
- Center for Healthcare Quality and Analytics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cecelia Harrison
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hillary Hei
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, ECRI, Plymouth Meeting, PA
| | - Elina Paul
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lauren Satchell
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kimberly B Wilson
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah Smathers
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lori Handy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan E Coffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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Xu L, Zhuo L, Zhang J, Yang W, Liu G, Zhan S, Wang S, Xiao H. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Service in Primary Healthcare Institutions: An Inspiration From Yinchuan of China. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1926-1933. [PMID: 34664493 PMCID: PMC9808251 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a great challenge to the healthcare system. This study evaluated the impact of the pandemic on the utilization of primary healthcare (PHC). METHODS The outpatient data from 158 PHC institutions in Yinchuan from May 1, 2017 to April 30, 2020 were used. The difference in difference (DID) model was used to analyze the difference in the number of outpatient visits per day, total outpatient expenditure per day, and outpatient expenditure per visit between December 2019 and February 2020 compared with the same periods in two previous years. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling was used to investigate the association between the outpatient volume and the number of the last week's new COVID-19 cases in Yinchuan, Ningxia, and China. RESULTS From December 2019 to February 2020, the decline in the number of outpatient visits per day (DID: -367.21 times, P=.004) was larger than that in two previous years, and a similar trend can be seen in the outpatient expenditure per day. However, the rise in the outpatient expenditure per visit (DID: 19.06 thousand yuan, P=.003) was larger than that in two previous years. In 2020, the outpatient visits for most types of diseases decreased from week 3 and rebounded after week 5. The decline and rebound of outpatient visits in the population aged 45 years and older were steeper than in those younger. The outpatient volume was negatively associated with the number of the last week's new COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSION This study indicated a significant impact of the pandemic on PHC service utilization. Since PHC service is the foundation of the healthcare system in most developing countries, measures should be taken to make PHC help cope with the crisis and relieve the burden of hospital care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhuo
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Children’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Children’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Peking University Health Information Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Xiao
- Department of Paediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Jia H, Fan S, Xia M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household financial asset allocation: A China population study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:990610. [PMID: 36033060 PMCID: PMC9416866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.990610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese government implemented a “dynamic zero” epidemic prevention policy, which led to an increase in the likelihood of business shutdowns, increased uncertainty about people's income, and changes in people's psychological expectations, which in turn influenced their behavioral choices. This study aims to understand the impact of COVID-19 and other major public health emergencies on household financial asset allocation. To do so, we conducted an online survey of 712 people in China to measure household financial asset allocation behavior during three different time periods: pre-pandemic, mid-pandemic, and post-pandemic. At the same time, we analyzed the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on risk attitudes and the differences in household asset allocation decisions at different pre-pandemic time points among people with different risk attitudes. The results show that household financial asset allocation changed significantly before, during, and after the pandemic, and residents' precautionary savings increased. In addition, gender, education level, occupation, and annual income have significant effects on risk preferences. The pandemic leads to increased uncertainty in economic and social development, people's psychological expectations of economic development play an important role in household financial asset allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Jia
- School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shugang Fan
- School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Miao Xia
- School of Marxism, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Miao Xia
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15
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Bedawi EO, Ur Rehman K, Sivakumar DP, Ferguson K, Ajmal S, Graham E, Panchal RK, Corcoran JP, Blyth KG, Rahman NM, West A. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pleural Infection incidence: a UK multicentre retrospective analysis. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00206-2022. [PMID: 35919861 PMCID: PMC9235054 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00206-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall in non-coronavirus disease 2019 (non-COVID-19) respiratory viruses, including seasonal influenza, during the pandemic is well reported [1–4]. It is thought to be a result of a combination of social distancing, lockdowns, improved hand hygiene and potentially virus–virus interactions and cross-protection affecting population dynamics. However, as vaccines weaken the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), clinicians remain vigilant for a potential resurgence of other respiratory pathogens and the implications of an ongoing rise in new SARS-CoV-2 variants. There was a significant reduction in pleural infection incidence, by almost a third, in the year following the start of the #COVID19 pandemic. Public health measures enforced during this period are likely to have played a significant role.https://bit.ly/3QAPPR9
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16
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Joean O, Welte T. Vaccination and modern management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a narrative review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:605-614. [PMID: 35713962 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) carries a tremendous societal and individual burden, posing significant challenges for public health systems worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality. Due to aging and multimorbidity but also in the wake of important progress in deciphering the heterogeneous disease endotypes, an individualized approach to the prevention and management of COPD is necessary. AREAS COVERED This article tackles relevant immunization strategies that are available or still under development with a focus on the latest evidence but also controversies around different regional immunization approaches. Further, we present the crossover between chronic lung inflammation and lung microbiome disturbance as well as its role in delineating COPD endotypes. Moreover, the article attempts to underline endotype-specific treatment approaches. Lastly, we highlight non-pharmacologic prevention and management programs in view of the challenges and opportunities of the COVID-19 era. EXPERT OPINION Despite the remaining challenges, personalized medicine has the potential to offer tailored approaches to prevention and therapy and promises to improve the care of patients living with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Joean
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Out-of-Season Epidemic of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The High Burden of Child Hospitalization in an Academic Hospital in Southern Italy in 2021. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9060848. [PMID: 35740785 PMCID: PMC9221938 DOI: 10.3390/children9060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most common cause of hospitalization in young children. In the last 2 years, public health measures aimed at controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have affected the epidemiology and seasonality of RSV worldwide. The aim of this descriptive retrospective observational study was to describe the characteristics of children hospitalized with RSV in an academic tertiary care hospital in Southern Italy in 2021. We also investigate the seasonal trends of RSV from 2017 to 2021. The demographic characteristics, comorbidities, clinical data, and coinfections were retrospectively evaluated. Compared with previous seasons, the 2021 outbreak of RSV was characterized by an increased number of patients, with a delayed peak observed in November. Overall, 179 children, including 128 (71.5%) aged <12 months, were hospitalized for RSV infection between August and December 2021. Ten children (5.6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), all aged <5 months. One patient (0.5%) aged <1 month with severe comorbidities died. The severity of symptoms was significantly associated with younger age, underlying chronic disease, and the length of hospital stay (p < 0.05 each). History of prematurity was not significantly associated with the presence of coinfections. Because of the high burden of RSV infection and the expected larger RSV epidemics resulting from a greater number of RSV-naïve children, systematic epidemiological and virological surveillance is needed. Appropriate pathways for access to RSV prevention in all infants should also be introduced.
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18
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Cookson W, Moffatt M, Rapeport G, Quint J. A Pandemic Lesson for Global Lung Diseases: Exacerbations Are Preventable. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1271-1280. [PMID: 35192447 PMCID: PMC9873111 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2389ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A dramatic global reduction in the incidence of common seasonal respiratory viral infections has resulted from measures to limit the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the pandemic. This has been accompanied by falls reaching 50% internationally in the incidence of acute exacerbations of preexisting chronic respiratory diseases that include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. At the same time, the incidence of acute bacterial pneumonia and sepsis has fallen steeply worldwide. Such findings demonstrate the profound impact of common respiratory viruses on the course of these global illnesses. Reduced transmission of common respiratory bacterial pathogens and their interactions with viruses appear also as central factors. This review summarizes pandemic changes in exacerbation rates of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and pneumonia. We draw attention to the substantial body of knowledge about respiratory virus infections in these conditions, and that it has not yet translated into clinical practice. Now that the large scale of benefits that could be gained by managing these pathogens is unmistakable, we suggest that the field merits substantial academic and industrial investment. We consider how pandemic-inspired measures for prevention and treatment of common infections should become a cornerstone for managing respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Garth Rapeport
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Quint
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Antunes KH, Cassão G, Santos LD, Borges SG, Poppe J, Gonçalves JB, Nunes EDS, Recacho GF, Sousa VB, Da Silva GS, Mansur D, Stein RT, Pasquali C, De Souza APD. Airway Administration of Bacterial Lysate OM-85 Protects Mice Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867022. [PMID: 35603159 PMCID: PMC9118194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a seasonal pathogen responsible for the highest percentage of viral bronchiolitis in pediatric patients. There are currently no vaccine available and therapeutic methods to mitigate the severity of RSV bronchiolitis are limited. OM-85, an oral standardized bacterial lysate isolated from human respiratory strains and widely used to prevent recurrent infections and/or exacerbations in populations at risk, has been shown to be effective and safe in children and adults. Here, we demonstrate that airway administration of OM-85 in Balb/c mice prior to infection prevents RSV-induced disease, resulting in inhibition of viral replication associated with less perivascular and peribronchial inflammation in the lungs. These protective effects are dose and time-dependent with complete protection using 1mg dose of OM-85 only four times intranasally. Mechanistic insights using this topical route in the airways revealed increased alveolar macrophages, a selective set of tolerogenic DCs, Treg and Th1 expansion in the lung, even in the absence of infection, contributing to a better Th1/Th2 balance and preventing ILC2 recruitment in the airways and associated inflammatory sequelae. OM-85 preventive treatment also improved antiviral response by increasing IFNβ and its responsive genes in the lung. In vitro, OM-85 protects against RSV infection in a type I interferon pathway. Our animal model data suggest that intranasal use of OM-85 should be considered as a potential prophylactic product to prevent RSV bronchiolitis once human studies confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Cassão
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Duarte Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sofia Giacomet Borges
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Poppe
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Budelon Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda da Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Fernando Recacho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitória Barbosa Sousa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Souza Da Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mansur
- Laboratory of Imunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Renato T Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, São Lucas Hospital PUCRS, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Duarte De Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Altare C, Kostandova N, OKeeffe J, Hayek H, Fawad M, Musa Khalifa A, Spiegel PB. COVID-19 epidemiology and changes in health service utilization in Azraq and Zaatari refugee camps in Jordan: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003993. [PMID: 35536871 PMCID: PMC9089859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in humanitarian contexts are not well understood. Specific vulnerabilities in such settings raised concerns about the ability to respond and maintain essential health services. This study describes the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Azraq and Zaatari refugee camps in Jordan (population: 37,932 and 79,034, respectively) and evaluates changes in routine health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS AND FINDINGS We calculate the descriptive statistics of COVID-19 cases in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)'s linelist and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for selected outcomes. We evaluate the changes in health services using monthly routine data from UNHCR's health information system (HIS; January 2018 to March 2021) and apply interrupted time series analysis with a generalized additive model and negative binomial (NB) distribution, accounting for long-term trends and seasonality, reporting results as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). COVID-19 cases were first reported on September 8 and September 13, 2020 in Azraq and Zaatari camps, respectively, 6 months after the first case in Jordan. Incidence rates (IRs) were lower in camps than neighboring governorates (by 37.6% in Azraq (IRR: 0.624, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.584 to 0.666], p-value: <0.001) and 40.2% in Zaatari (IRR: 0.598, 95% CI: [0.570, 0.629], p-value: <0.001)) and lower than Jordan (by 59.7% in Azraq (IRR: 0.403, 95% CI: [0.378 to 0.430], p-value: <0.001) and by 63.3% in Zaatari (IRR: 0.367, 95% CI: [0.350 to 0.385], p-value: <0.001)). Characteristics of cases and risk factors for negative disease outcomes were consistent with increasing COVID-19 evidence. The following health services reported an immediate decline during the first year of COVID-19: healthcare utilization (by 32% in Azraq (IRR: 0.680, 95% CI [0.549 to 0.843], p-value < 0.001) and by 24.2% in Zaatari (IRR: 0.758, 95% CI [0.577 to 0.995], p-value = 0.046)); consultations for respiratory tract infections (RTIs; by 25.1% in Azraq (IRR: 0.749, 95% CI: [0.596 to 0.940], p-value = 0.013 and by 37.5% in Zaatari (IRR: 0.625, 95% CI: [0.461 to 0.849], p-value = 0.003)); and family planning (new and repeat family planning consultations decreased by 47.4% in Azraq (IRR: 0.526, 95% CI: [0.376 to 0.736], p-value = <0.001) and 47.6% in Zaatari (IRR: 0.524, 95% CI: [0.312 to 0.878], p-value = 0.014)). Maternal and child health services as well as noncommunicable diseases did not show major changes compared to pre-COVID-19 period. Conducting interrupted time series analyses in volatile settings such refugee camps can be challenging as it may be difficult to meet some analytical assumptions and to mitigate threats to validity. The main limitation of this study relates therefore to possible unmeasured confounding. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 transmission was lower in camps than outside of camps. Refugees may have been affected from external transmission, rather than driving it. Various types of health services were affected differently, but disruptions appear to have been limited in the 2 camps compared to other noncamp settings. These insights into Jordan's refugee camps during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic set the stage for follow-up research to investigate how infection susceptibility evolved over time, as well as which mitigation strategies were more successful and accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Altare
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalya Kostandova
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer OKeeffe
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heba Hayek
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Amman, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Fawad
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Paul B. Spiegel
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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21
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Decline in the number of patients with meningitis in German hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurol 2022; 269:3389-3399. [PMID: 35316388 PMCID: PMC8938731 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives In 2020, a wide range of hygiene measures was implemented to mitigate infections caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In consequence, pulmonary infections due to other respiratory pathogens also decreased. Here, we evaluated the number of bacterial and viral meningitis and encephalitis cases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods In a multicentre retrospective analysis of data from January 2016 until December 2020, numbers of patients diagnosed with bacterial meningitis and other types of CNS infections (such as viral meningitis and encephalitis) at 26 German hospitals were studied. Furthermore, the number of common meningitis-preceding ear-nose-throat infections (sinusitis, mastoiditis and otitis media) was evaluated. Results Compared to the previous years, the total number of patients diagnosed with pneumococcal meningitis was reduced (n = 64 patients/year in 2020 vs. n = 87 to 120 patients/year between 2016 and 2019, all p < 0.05). Additionally, the total number of patients diagnosed with otolaryngological infections was significantly lower (n = 1181 patients/year in 2020 vs. n = 1525 to 1754 patients/year between 2016 and 2019, all p < 0.001). We also observed a decline in viral meningitis and especially enterovirus meningitis (n = 25 patients/year in 2020 vs. n = 97 to 181 patients/year between 2016 and 2019, all p < 0.001). Discussion This multicentre retrospective analysis demonstrates a decline in the number of patients treated for viral and pneumococcal meningitis as well as otolaryngological infections in 2020 compared to previous years. Since the latter often precedes pneumococcal meningitis, this may point to the significance of the direct spread of pneumococci from an otolaryngological focus such as mastoiditis to the brain as one important pathophysiological route in the development of pneumococcal meningitis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-11034-w.
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22
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Foley DA, Phuong LK, Peplinski J, Lim SM, Lee WH, Farhat A, Minney-Smith CA, Martin AC, Mace AO, Sikazwe CT, Le H, Levy A, Hoeppner T, Borland ML, Hazelton B, Moore HC, Blyth C, Yeoh DK, Bowen AC. Examining the interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Western Australia. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:e7. [PMID: 34433552 PMCID: PMC8390145 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a relative absence in winter 2020, a large resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detections occurred during the 2020/2021 summer in Western Australia. This seasonal shift was linked to SARS-CoV-2 public health measures. We examine the epidemiology and RSV testing of respiratory-coded admissions, and compare clinical phenotype of RSV-positive admissions between 2019 and 2020. METHOD At a single tertiary paediatric centre, International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition Australian Modification-coded respiratory admissions longer than 12 hours were combined with laboratory data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. Data were grouped into bronchiolitis, other acute lower respiratory infection (OALRI) and wheeze, to assess RSV testing practices. For RSV-positive admissions, demographics and clinical features were compared between 2019 and 2020. RESULTS RSV-positive admissions peaked in early summer 2020, following an absent winter season. Testing was higher in 2020: bronchiolitis, 94.8% vs 89.2% (p=0.01); OALRI, 88.6% vs 82.6% (p=0.02); and wheeze, 62.8% vs 25.5% (p<0.001). The 2020 peak month, December, contributed almost 75% of RSV-positive admissions, 2.5 times the 2019 peak. The median age in 2020 was twice that observed in 2019 (16.4 vs 8.1 months, p<0.001). The proportion of RSV-positive OALRI admissions was greater in 2020 (32.6% vs 24.9%, p=0.01). There were no clinically meaningful differences in length of stay or disease severity. INTERPRETATION The 2020 RSV season was in summer, with a larger than expected peak. There was an increase in RSV-positive non-bronchiolitis admissions, consistent with infection in older RSV-naïve children. This resurgence raises concern for regions experiencing longer and more stringent SARS-CoV-2 public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anthony Foley
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linny Kimly Phuong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Peplinski
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Selina Mei Lim
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Hao Lee
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asifa Farhat
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cara A Minney-Smith
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C Martin
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chisha T Sikazwe
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Huong Le
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Hoeppner
- Emergency Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Divisions of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Briony Hazelton
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Blyth
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Kaya Akca U, Atalay E, Cuceoglu MK, Balik Z, Sener S, Ozsurekci Y, Basaran O, Batu ED, Bilginer Y, Ozen S. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of the pediatric rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 2022; 42:51-57. [PMID: 34727197 PMCID: PMC8561687 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-05027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and implemented restrictions on the frequency of pediatric rheumatic diseases remain unknown, while they have probably prevented common infections in children. We present the effects of the COVID-19 on our pediatric rheumatology practice in a main referral center. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients presenting to pediatric rheumatology department in 4 years before March 2020 and compared it to the pandemic year (March 2020-March 2021). Since there was an overall decrease in patient numbers, we calculated the percentage according to the total number of that year. A total of 32,333 patients were evaluated. The mean annual number of patients decreased by 42% during the COVID-19 pandemic. When follow-up visits (25,156) were excluded, there were 2818 new diagnoses of rheumatic diseases. In the pre-pandemic period, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) (n = 695, 28.1%) was the most frequent, whereas in the pandemic period multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (n = 68, 19.2%) was the most common diagnosis. There were no significant differences in the percentages of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, autoimmune diseases, rare autoinflammatory diseases, and other vasculitides. However, there was a significant decrease in patients diagnosed with FMF, IgA vasculitis (IgAV), acute rheumatic fever (ARF), classic Kawasaki disease (KD), and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) (all p < 0.05). During the pandemic year, the percentage of most common diseases did not differ. On the other hand, we suggest that the decreases in IgAV, KD (classic), and MAS, which parallels the decrease in ARF, confirm the role of infections in the pathogenesis for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummusen Kaya Akca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal Atalay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muserref Kasap Cuceoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Balik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seher Sener
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozsurekci
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Basaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Deniz Batu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yelda Bilginer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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24
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Ilesanmi OS, Chirico F, Afolabi AA, Nucera G. Coping with the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: implications for an improved outbreak response. Future Virol 2021:10.2217/fvl-2021-0184. [PMID: 35069774 PMCID: PMC8764879 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has commenced. To avert increase in cases and avert preventable deaths, community engagement strategies such as the promotion of vaccination, voluntary testing and debunking of COVID-19-related rumors need to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
- 1Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria,2Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria,Author for correspondence:
| | - Francesco Chirico
- 3Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Nucera
- 4Department of Medicine, ASST Fatebenefratelli & Sacco. Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Emergency Unit, Milan, Italy
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25
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Lam RW, Inselman JW, Jeffery MM, Maddux JT, Rank MA. National decline in asthma exacerbations in United States during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:692-694. [PMID: 34582946 PMCID: PMC8464023 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina W Lam
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Jonathan W Inselman
- Division of Health Care Delivery Research, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Molly M Jeffery
- Division of Health Care Delivery Research, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jacob T Maddux
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Matthew A Rank
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona; Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
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26
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Kuroki A, Tay J, Lee GH, Yang YY. Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Peptides and Polymers. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101113. [PMID: 34599850 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the human cost of the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still being witnessed worldwide, the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents against emerging and re-emerging viruses is seen as a necessity to hamper the spread of infections. Various targets during the viral life-cycle can be considered to inhibit viral infection, from viral attachment to viral fusion or replication. Macromolecules represent a particularly attractive class of therapeutics due to their multivalency and versatility. Although several antiviral macromolecules hold great promise in clinical applications, the emergence of resistance after prolonged exposure urges the need for improved solutions. In the present article, the recent advancement in the discovery of antiviral peptides and polymers with diverse structural features and antiviral mechanisms is reviewed. Future perspectives, such as, the development of virucidal peptides/polymers and their coatings against SARS-CoV-2 infection, standardization of antiviral testing protocols, and use of artificial intelligence or machine learning as a tool to accelerate the discovery of antiviral macromolecules, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Kuroki
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Ways, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Joyce Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Ways, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Guan Huei Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117597 Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Ways, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
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27
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Chan HC, Tambyah PA, Tee NWS, Somani J. Return of other respiratory viruses despite the disappearance of influenza during COVID-19 control measures in Singapore. J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104992. [PMID: 34619380 PMCID: PMC8485711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwang Ching Chan
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore. 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore. 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Nancy Wen Sim Tee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore. 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Jyoti Somani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore. 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
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28
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So JY, O'Hara NN, Kenaa B, Williams JG, deBorja CL, Slejko JF, Zafari Z, Sokolow M, Zimand P, Deming M, Marx J, Pollak AN, Reed RM. Population Decline in COPD Admissions During the COVID-19 Pandemic Associated with Lower Burden of Community Respiratory Viral Infections. Am J Med 2021; 134:1252-1259.e3. [PMID: 34126098 PMCID: PMC8196237 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to widespread implementation of public health measures, such as stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and masking mandates. In addition to decreasing spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, these measures also impact the transmission of seasonal viral pathogens, which are common triggers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Whether reduced viral prevalence mediates reduction in COPD exacerbation rates is unknown. METHODS We performed retrospective analysis of data from a large, multicenter health care system to assess admission trends associated with community viral prevalence and with initiation of COVID-19 pandemic control measures. We applied difference-in-differences analysis to compare season-matched weekly frequency of hospital admissions for COPD prior to and after implementation of public health measures for COVID-19. Community viral prevalence was estimated using regional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention test positivity data and correlated to COPD admissions. RESULTS Data involving 4422 COPD admissions demonstrated a season-matched 53% decline in COPD admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic, which correlated to community viral burden (r = 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.78) and represented a 36% greater decline over admission frequencies observed in other medical conditions less affected by respiratory viral infections (incidence rate ratio 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.71, P < .001). The post-COVID-19 decline in COPD admissions was most pronounced in patients with fewer comorbidities and without recurrent admissions. CONCLUSION The implementation of public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with decreased COPD admissions. These changes are plausibly explained by reduced prevalence of seasonal respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y So
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Nathan N O'Hara
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Blaine Kenaa
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - John G Williams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Christopher L deBorja
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center, Glen Burnie, Md
| | - Julia F Slejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore
| | - Zafar Zafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore
| | - Michael Sokolow
- Quality Management Department, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore
| | - Paul Zimand
- Quality Management Department, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore
| | - Meagan Deming
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Jason Marx
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland St. Joseph's Medical Center, Towson
| | - Andrew N Pollak
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Robert M Reed
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
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29
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Huh K, Kim YE, Ji W, Kim DW, Lee EJ, Kim JH, Kang JM, Jung J. Decrease in hospital admissions for respiratory diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide claims study. Thorax 2021; 76:939-941. [PMID: 33782081 PMCID: PMC8011422 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been widely implemented to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. We assessed the effect of NPIs on hospitalisations for pneumonia, influenza, COPD and asthma. This retrospective, ecological study compared the weekly incidence of hospitalisation for four respiratory conditions before (January 2016-January 2020) and during (February-July 2020) the implementation of NPI against COVID-19. Hospitalisations for all four respiratory conditions decreased substantially during the intervention period. The cumulative incidence of admissions for COPD and asthma was 58% and 48% of the mean incidence during the 4 preceding years, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Ji
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Man Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Convergence Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Anand SV, Shuy YK, Lee PSS, Lee ES. One Year on: An Overview of Singapore's Response to COVID-19-What We Did, How We Fared, How We Can Move Forward. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179125. [PMID: 34501718 PMCID: PMC8431401 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background—One year has passed since the first COVID-19 case in Singapore. This scoping review commemorates Singaporean researchers that have expanded the knowledge on this novel virus. We aim to provide an overview of healthcare-related articles published in peer-reviewed journals, authored by the Singapore research community about COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic. Methods—This was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) protocol. It included healthcare-related articles about COVID-19 published between 23 January 2020 and 22 January 2021 with a Singapore-affiliated author. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and local journals were searched. The articles were screened independently by two reviewers. Results—The review included 504 articles. Most of the articles narrated the changes to hospital practice (210), while articles on COVID-19 pathology (94) formed most of the non-narrative papers. Publications on public health (61) and the indirect impacts to clinical outcomes (45) were other major themes explored by the research community. The remaining articles detailed the psychological impact of the pandemic (35), adaptations of medical education (30), and narratives of events (14). Conclusion—Amidst a resurgence of community cases involving variant COVID-19 strains, the resources from the research community will provide valuable guidance to navigate these uncertain times.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vivek Anand
- Ministry of Health Holdings, Singapore 099253, Singapore;
| | - Yao Kang Shuy
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308207, Singapore;
| | - Poay Sian Sabrina Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore 138543, Singapore;
| | - Eng Sing Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308207, Singapore;
- Clinical Research Unit, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore 138543, Singapore;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Dadras O, Alinaghi SAS, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, Barzegary A, Vahedi F, Pashaei Z, Mirzapour P, Fakhfouri A, Zargari G, Saeidi S, Mojdeganlou H, Badri H, Qaderi K, Behnezhad F, Mehraeen E. Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:67. [PMID: 34217366 PMCID: PMC8253677 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began, necessary measures to prevent virus transmission and reduce mortality have been implemented, including mandatory public use of masks, regular hand-sanitizing and hand-washing, social distancing, avoidance of crowds, remote work, and cancellation of public events. During and after the introduction of COVID-19 lockout, we performed a systematic review of available published literature to investigate the incidence of seasonal influenza and other respiratory viral infections. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and the World Health Organization databases and websites were systematically searched for original studies concerning the impact of COVID-19 prevention means and measures on other common respiratory infectious diseases during the pandemic published by March 2021. RESULTS The findings showed that the adherence to health protocols to prevent COVID-19 could help to reduce the incidence of other infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CONCLUSION The implemented prevention measures and protocols might have reduced the incidence of influenza and some other common respiratory infections. However, controversies exist on this matter and future large population-based studies might provide further information to address these controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Seyed Ahmad Seyed Alinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad MohsseniPour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzin Vahedi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazal Zargari
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Saeidi
- Department of Nursing, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Badri
- School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kowsar Qaderi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, 1419733141 Khalkhal, Iran
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32
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Morello BR, Milazzo A, Marshall HS, Giles LC. Lessons for and from the COVID-19 pandemic response - An appraisal of guidance for the public health management of Invasive Meningococcal Disease. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1069-1074. [PMID: 34218099 PMCID: PMC8230839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has focussed public attention on the management of communicable disease like never before. Surveillance, contact tracing, and case management are recognised as key components of outbreak prevention. Development of guidance for COVID-19 has drawn from existing management of other communicable diseases, including Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD). IMD is a rare but severe outcome of Neisseria meningitidis infection that can be prevented through vaccination. Cases still occur sporadically, requiring ongoing surveillance and consistent management. To this end, national and international public health agencies have developed and published guidance for identification and management of IMD cases. AIM To assess national and international guidelines for the public health management of IMD, with a focus on the recommendations for identification and management of "close contacts" to IMD cases. METHODS Guidelines from six national and international public health agencies were assessed using a modified version of the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) Instrument in four key domains: stakeholder involvement, developmental rigour, clarity, and applicability. A direct comparison of terminology and recommendations for identification and management of close contacts to IMD cases was also conducted. RESULTS Guidelines from Europe and the United Kingdom rated most highly using the AGREE II Instrument, both presenting a clear, critical assessment of the strength of the available evidence, and the risks, costs, and benefits behind recommendations for management of close contacts. Direct comparison of guidelines identified inconsistencies in the language defining close contacts to IMD cases. CONCLUSION Discrepancies between guidelines could be due to limited evidence concerning mechanisms behind disease transmission, along with the lack of a consistent process for development and review of guideline recommendations. COVID-19 management has demonstrated that international collaboration for development of public health guidance is possible, a practice that should be extended to management of other communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna R Morello
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner of North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Adriana Milazzo
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner of North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Helen S Marshall
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner of North Terrace & George Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, Norwich Centre, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Lynne C Giles
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner of North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, Norwich Centre, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.
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Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data. LANCET DIGITAL HEALTH 2021; 3:e360-e370. [PMID: 34045002 PMCID: PMC8166576 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27–0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14–0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. Funding Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France).
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Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:694-700. [PMID: 33631305 PMCID: PMC7899024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background With a unique influenza season occurring in the midst of a pandemic, there is interest in assessing the role of the influenza vaccine in COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, patients receiving a laboratory test for COVID-19 were identified. The primary outcome was comparison of positive COVID-19 testing in those who received the influenza vaccine versus those who did not. Secondary end points in patients testing positive for COVID-19 included mortality, need for hospitalization, length of stay, need for intensive care, and mechanical ventilation. Results A total of 27,201 patients received laboratory testing for COVID-19. The odds of testing positive for COVID-19 was reduced in patients who received an influenza vaccine compared to those who did not (odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.86; P < .001). Vaccinated patients testing positive for COVID-19 were less likely to require hospitalization (odds ratio, 0.58, 95% CI 0.46-0.73; P < .001), or mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 0.45, 95% CI 0.27-0.78; P = .004) and had a shorter hospital length of stay (risk ratio, 0.76, 95% CI 0.65-0.89; P < .001). Conclusion Influenza vaccination is associated with decreased positive COVID-19 testing and improved clinical outcomes and should be promoted to reduce the burden of COVID-19.
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Wee LE, Tan JY, Chung SJ, Conceicao EP, Hock Tan B, Venkatachalam I. Zero health-care-associated respiratory viral infections among solid organ transplant recipients: Infection prevention outcomes during COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:2311-2313. [PMID: 33450112 PMCID: PMC8014027 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang E. Wee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,
| | - Jing Y. Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shimin J. Chung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,SingHealth Duke-NUS Transplant Centre, General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edwin P. Conceicao
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ban Hock Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,SingHealth Duke-NUS Transplant Centre, General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Tan JY, Conceicao EP, Wee LE, Sim XYJ, Venkatachalam I. COVID-19 public health measures: a reduction in hospital admissions for COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2021; 76:512-513. [PMID: 33273024 PMCID: PMC7716293 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hospitalisations for acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) carry significant morbidity and mortality. Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are the most common cause of AECOPD and are associated with worse clinical outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health measures, such as social distancing and universal masking, were originally implemented to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2; these public health measures were subsequently also observed to reduce transmission of other common circulating RVIs. In this study, we report a significant and sustained decrease in hospital admissions for all AECOPD as well as RVI-associated AECOPD, which coincided with the introduction of public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Edwin Philip Conceicao
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Liang En Wee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Xiang Ying Jean Sim
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Wee LE, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Sim JXY, Venkatachalam I. Reduction in asthma admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequence of public health measures in Singapore. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.04493-2020. [PMID: 33653808 PMCID: PMC7926041 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04493-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We read with interest the study by Izquierdoet al. [1] that reported a lower proportion of patients with concurrent asthma and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), compared to other chronic diseases. During the ongoing pandemic, various studies have also observed a lower occurrence of persons with asthma amongst hospitalised COVID-19 cases [2, 3]. Several hypotheses have been postulated to account for these observations, including lower susceptibility to COVID-19 amongst patients with asthma [2, 3] and a remission in rates of common circulating respiratory viral infections (RVIs) [4]. RVIs are potential triggers of asthma exacerbations and may cause a loss of asthma control [5]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, community-wide public health measures introduced to reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), such as universal masking and social distancing, may reduce community transmission of common RVIs [4], potentially decreasing the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations and hence reducing hospitalisations. However, patients may demonstrate a higher threshold to seek care due to fear of nosocomial transmission during the pandemic. Significant community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may thus confound causal interpretation of trends in asthma hospitalisations. While the ongoing pandemic provides a rare opportunity to ascertain the impact of public health measures on hospitalisations for asthma exacerbations, such observations are only possible in areas that have mitigated community transmission and maintained public health interventions over a sustained duration. A sustained reduction in asthma admissions with PCR-proven respiratory viral infections coincided with the widespread adoption of public health measures, including social distancing and wearing of face coverings, during a pandemichttps://bit.ly/2Kug9iw
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edwin Philip Conceicao
- Dept of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yuan Tan
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean Xiang Ying Sim
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Dept of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Dept of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Kyriakopoulos C, Gogali A, Exarchos K, Potonos D, Tatsis K, Apollonatou V, Loukides S, Papiris S, Sigala I, Katsaounou P, Aggelidis M, Fouka E, Porpodis K, Kontakiotis T, Sampsonas F, Karampitsakos T, Tzouvelekis A, Bibaki E, Karagiannis K, Antoniou K, Tzanakis N, Dimeas I, Daniil Z, Gourgoulianis K, Kouratzi M, Steiropoulos P, Antonakis E, Papanikolaou IC, Ntritsos G, Kostikas K. Reduction in Hospitalizations for Respiratory Diseases during the First COVID-19 Wave in Greece. Respiration 2021; 100:588-593. [PMID: 33827103 PMCID: PMC8089411 DOI: 10.1159/000515323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the first COVID-19 wave, a considerable decline in hospital admissions was observed worldwide. AIM This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess if there were any changes in the number of patients hospitalized for respiratory diseases in Greece during the first CO-VID-19 wave. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated respiratory disease hospitalization rates across 9 tertiary hospitals in Greece during the study period (March-April 2020) and the corresponding period of the 2 previous years (2018-2019) that served as the control periods. Demographic data and discharge diagnosis were documented for every patient. RESULTS Of the 1,307 patients who were hospitalized during the study period, 444 (35.5%) were males with a mean (±SD) age of 66.1 ± 16.6 years. There was a 47 and 46% reduction in all-cause respiratory morbidity compared to the corresponding periods of 2018 and 2019, respectively. The mean incidence rate for respiratory diseases during the study period was 21.4 admissions per day, and this rate was significantly lower than the rate during the same period in 2018 (40.8 admissions per day; incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.525; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.491-0.562; p < 0.001) or the rate during 2019 (39.9 admissions per day; IRR, 0.537; 95% CI, 0.502-0.574; p < 0.001). The greatest reductions (%) in the number of daily admissions in 2020 were observed for sleep apnoea (87% vs. 2018 and 84% vs. 2019) followed by admissions for asthma (76% vs. 2018 and 79% vs. 2019) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (60% vs. 2018 and 51% vs. 2019), while the lowest reductions were detected in hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism (6% vs. 2018 and 23% vs. 2019) followed by tuberculosis (25% vs. both 2018 and 2019). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION The significant reduction in respiratory admissions in 2020 raises the reasonable question of whether some patients may have avoided seeking medical attention during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggests an urgent need for transformation of healthcare systems during the pandemic to offer appropriate management of respiratory diseases other than COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Kyriakopoulos
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athena Gogali
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Exarchos
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Potonos
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tatsis
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Apollonatou
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department University of Athens Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Loukides
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department University of Athens Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Papiris
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department University of Athens Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Sigala
- 1st Dept of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- 1st Dept of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maximos Aggelidis
- Respiratory Medicine Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Health Sciences, General Hospital of Thessaloniki G Papanikolaou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelika Fouka
- Respiratory Medicine Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Health Sciences, General Hospital of Thessaloniki G Papanikolaou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- Respiratory Medicine Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Health Sciences, General Hospital of Thessaloniki G Papanikolaou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kontakiotis
- Respiratory Medicine Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Health Sciences, General Hospital of Thessaloniki G Papanikolaou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotis Sampsonas
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Patra School of Health Sciences, University General Hospital of Patra, Patra, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Patra School of Health Sciences, University General Hospital of Patra, Patra, Greece
| | - Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Patra School of Health Sciences, University General Hospital of Patra, Patra, Greece
| | - Eleni Bibaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzanakis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Ilias Dimeas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Larisa, University of Thessaly, Medical School, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Zoe Daniil
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Larisa, University of Thessaly, Medical School, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Larisa, University of Thessaly, Medical School, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Maria Kouratzi
- Respiratory Medicine Department Democritus University of Thrace Department of Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paschalis Steiropoulos
- Respiratory Medicine Medical School of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Antonakis
- Corfu General Hospital, Respiratory Medicine Department Corfu General Hospital, Respiratory Medicine Department Corfu, Ionian Islands, Corfu, Greece
| | - Ilias C. Papanikolaou
- Corfu General Hospital, Respiratory Medicine Department Corfu General Hospital, Respiratory Medicine Department Corfu, Ionian Islands, Corfu, Greece
| | - Georgios Ntritsos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kostikas
- Respiratory Medicine Department University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Luciani L, Ninove L, Zandotti C, Nougairède A. COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences disrupt epidemiology of enterovirus meningitis, South-East France. J Med Virol 2021; 93:1929-1931. [PMID: 33482046 PMCID: PMC8014593 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Luciani
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix‐Marseille Univ‐IRD 190‐Inserm 1207‐Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille‐IHU Méditerranée Infection)MarseilleFrance
| | - Laetitia Ninove
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix‐Marseille Univ‐IRD 190‐Inserm 1207‐Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille‐IHU Méditerranée Infection)MarseilleFrance
| | - Christine Zandotti
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix‐Marseille Univ‐IRD 190‐Inserm 1207‐Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille‐IHU Méditerranée Infection)MarseilleFrance
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix‐Marseille Univ‐IRD 190‐Inserm 1207‐Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille‐IHU Méditerranée Infection)MarseilleFrance
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Nzwalo H, Logallo N. Addressing Stroke Admissions During COVID-19 Pandemic Beyond Fear and Constraining Health Factors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105693. [PMID: 33685785 PMCID: PMC7908875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Nzwalo
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of Algarve, Algarve, Portugal; Stroke Unit, University Hospital Center of Algarve, Algarve, Portugal.
| | - Nicola Logallo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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Okechukwu C. The impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on the spread of influenza viruses and influenza-like illnesses. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/injms.injms_148_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wee LE, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Chan LLH, Phoon PC, Sim XYJ, Venkatachalam I. Reduction in heart failure admissions with concomitant respiratory viral infections during the novel coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: Unintended consequence of public health measures in Singapore. J Card Fail 2020; 27:117-119. [PMID: 33232821 PMCID: PMC7836988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Edwin Philip Conceicao
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Xiang Ying Jean Sim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Wee LE, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Venkatachalam I, Ling ML. Zero healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections amongst haematology inpatients: unexpected consequence of heightened infection control during COVID-19 outbreak. J Hosp Infect 2020; 107:S0195-6701(20)30492-8. [PMID: 34756843 PMCID: PMC7580702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Singhealth Infectious Diseases Residency, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Edwin Philip Conceicao
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jing Yuan Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Indumathi Venkatachalam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Moi Lin Ling
- Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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