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Hoh RA, Joshi SA, Lee JY, Martin BA, Varma S, Kwok S, Nielsen SCA, Nejad P, Haraguchi E, Dixit PS, Shutthanandan SV, Roskin KM, Zhang W, Tupa D, Bunning BJ, Manohar M, Tibshirani R, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Kambham N, West RB, Hamilton RG, Tsai M, Galli SJ, Chinthrajah RS, Nadeau KC, Boyd SD. Origins and clonal convergence of gastrointestinal IgE + B cells in human peanut allergy. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaay4209. [PMID: 32139586 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cells in human food allergy have been studied predominantly in the blood. Little is known about IgE+ B cells or plasma cells in tissues exposed to dietary antigens. We characterized IgE+ clones in blood, stomach, duodenum, and esophagus of 19 peanut-allergic patients, using high-throughput DNA sequencing. IgE+ cells in allergic patients are enriched in stomach and duodenum, and have a plasma cell phenotype. Clonally related IgE+ and non-IgE-expressing cell frequencies in tissues suggest local isotype switching, including transitions between IgA and IgE isotypes. Highly similar antibody sequences specific for peanut allergen Ara h 2 are shared between patients, indicating that common immunoglobulin genetic rearrangements may contribute to pathogenesis. These data define the gastrointestinal tract as a reservoir of IgE+ B lineage cells in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shilpa A Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brock A Martin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shirley Kwok
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra C A Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Parastu Nejad
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily Haraguchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Priya S Dixit
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Swetha V Shutthanandan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dana Tupa
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan J Bunning
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monali Manohar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nielsen Q Fernandez-Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neeraja Kambham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert G Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca S Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Flicker S, Zettl I, Tillib SV. Nanobodies-Useful Tools for Allergy Treatment? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576255. [PMID: 33117377 PMCID: PMC7561424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade single domain antibodies (nanobodies, VHH) qualified through their unique characteristics have emerged as accepted and even advantageous alternative to conventional antibodies and have shown great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Currently nanobodies find their main medical application area in the fields of oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. According to late-breaking information, nanobodies specific for coronavirus spikes have been generated these days to test their suitability as useful therapeutics for future outbreaks. Their superior properties such as chemical stability, high affinity to a broad spectrum of epitopes, low immunogenicity, ease of their generation, selection and production proved nanobodies also to be remarkable to investigate their efficacy for passive treatment of type I allergy, an exaggerated immune reaction to foreign antigens with increasing global prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Flicker
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Zettl
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei V. Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Glesner J, Kapingidza AB, Godzwon M, Offermann LR, Mueller GA, DeRose EF, Wright P, Richardson CM, Woodfolk JA, Vailes LD, Wünschmann S, London RE, Chapman MD, Ohlin M, Chruszcz M, Pomés A. A Human IgE Antibody Binding Site on Der p 2 for the Design of a Recombinant Allergen for Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2545-2556. [PMID: 31554696 PMCID: PMC6810898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Der p 2 is one of the most important allergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Identification of human IgE Ab binding epitopes can be used for rational design of allergens with reduced IgE reactivity for therapy. Antigenic analysis of Der p 2 was performed by site-directed mutagenesis based on the x-ray crystal structure of the allergen in complex with a Fab from the murine IgG mAb 7A1 that binds an epitope overlapping with human IgE binding sites. Conformational changes upon Ab binding were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance using a 7A1-single-chain variable fragment. In addition, a human IgE Ab construct that interferes with mAb 7A1 binding was isolated from a combinatorial phage-display library constructed from a mite-allergic patient and expressed as two recombinant forms (single-chain Fab in Pichia pastoris and Fab in Escherichia coli). These two IgE Ab constructs and the mAb 7A1 failed to recognize two Der p 2 epitope double mutants designed to abolish the allergen-Ab interaction while preserving the fold necessary to bind Abs at other sites of the allergen surface. A 10-100-fold reduction in binding of IgE from allergic subjects to the mutants additionally showed that the residues mutated were involved in IgE Ab binding. In summary, mutagenesis of a Der p 2 epitope defined by x-ray crystallography revealed an IgE Ab binding site that will be considered for the design of hypoallergens for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Glesner
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | - Eugene F DeRose
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | - Paul Wright
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | | | - Lisa D Vailes
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Robert E London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | | | | | | | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903;
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4
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Gould HJ, Wu YCB. IgE repertoire and immunological memory: compartmental regulation and antibody function. Int Immunol 2019; 30:403-412. [PMID: 30053010 PMCID: PMC6116883 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now generally recognized that bone marrow is the survival niche for antigen-specific plasma cells with long-term immunological memory. These cells release antibodies into the circulation, needed to prime effector cells in the secondary immune response. These antibodies participate in the surveillance for antigen and afford immune defence against pathogens and toxins previously encountered in the primary immune response. IgE antibodies function together with their effector cells, mast cells, to exert 'immediate hypersensitivity' in mucosal tissues at the front line of immune defence. The constant supply of IgE antibodies from bone marrow plasma cells allows the rapid 'recall response' by mast cells upon re-exposure to antigen even after periods of antigen absence. The speed and sensitivity of the IgE recall response and potency of the effector cell functions are advantageous in the early detection and elimination of pathogens and toxins at the sites of attack. Local antigen provocation also stimulates de novo synthesis of IgE or its precursors of other isotypes that undergo IgE switching in the mucosa. This process, however, introduces a delay before mast cells can be sensitized and resume activity; this is terminated shortly after the antigen is eliminated. Recent results from adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing of immunoglobulin genes suggest that the mucosal IgE+ plasmablasts, which have undergone affinity maturation in the course of their evolution in vivo, are a source of long-lived IgE+ plasma cells in the bone marrow that are already fully functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Gould
- Randall Centre in Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Asthma UK Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Yu-Chang Bryan Wu
- Randall Centre in Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Asthma UK Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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5
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Levin M, King JJ, Glanville J, Jackson KJL, Looney TJ, Hoh RA, Mari A, Andersson M, Greiff L, Fire AZ, Boyd SD, Ohlin M. Persistence and evolution of allergen-specific IgE repertoires during subcutaneous specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1535-44. [PMID: 26559321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment with proved long-term curative potential in patients with allergic disease. Allergen-specific IgE is the causative agent of allergic disease, and antibodies contribute to SIT, but the effects of SIT on aeroallergen-specific B-cell repertoires are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the IgE sequences expressed by allergen-specific B cells and track the fate of these B-cell clones during SIT. METHODS We used high-throughput antibody gene sequencing and identification of allergen-specific IgE with combinatorial antibody fragment library technology to analyze immunoglobulin repertoires of blood and the nasal mucosa from aeroallergen-sensitized subjects before and during the first year of subcutaneous SIT. RESULTS Of 52 distinct allergen-specific IgE heavy chains from 8 allergic donors, 37 were also detected by using high-throughput antibody gene sequencing of blood samples, nasal mucosal samples, or both. The allergen-specific clones had increased persistence, higher likelihood of belonging to clones expressing other switched isotypes, and possibly larger clone size than the rest of the IgE repertoire. Clone members in nasal tissue showed close mutational relationships. CONCLUSION In the future, combining functional binding studies, deep antibody repertoire sequencing, and information on clinical outcomes in larger studies might aid assessment of SIT mechanisms and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jasmine J King
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Department of Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | | | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Adriano Mari
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy
| | - Morgan Andersson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew Z Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Levin M, Rotthus S, Wendel S, Najafi N, Källström E, Focke-Tejkl M, Valenta R, Flicker S, Ohlin M. Multiple independent IgE epitopes on the highly allergenic grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1409-19. [PMID: 25262820 PMCID: PMC4278554 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Group 5 allergens are small proteins that consist of two domains. They belong to the most potent respiratory allergens. Objective To determine the binding sites and to study allergic patients' IgE recognition of the group 5 allergen (Phl p 5) from timothy grass pollen using human monoclonal IgE antibodies that have been isolated from grass pollen allergic patients. Methods Using recombinant isoallergens, fragments, mutants and synthetic peptides of Phl p 5, as well as peptide-specific antibodies, the interaction of recombinant human monoclonal IgE and Phl p 5 was studied using direct binding and blocking assays. Cross-reactivity of monoclonal IgE with group 5 allergens in several grasses was studied and inhibition experiments with patients' polyclonal IgE were performed. Results Monoclonal human IgE showed extensive cross-reactivity with group 5 allergens in several grasses. Despite its small size of 29 kDa, four independent epitope clusters on isoallergen Phl p 5.0101, two in each domain, were recognized by human IgE. Isoallergen Phl p 5.0201 carried two of these epitopes. Inhibition studies with allergic patients' polyclonal IgE suggest the presence of additional IgE epitopes on Phl p 5. Conclusions & Clinical Relevance Our results reveal the presence of a large number of independent IgE epitopes on the Phl p 5 allergen explaining the high allergenic activity of this protein and its ability to induce severe allergic symptoms. High-density IgE recognition may be a general feature of many potent allergens and form a basis for the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Madritsch C, Gadermaier E, Roder UW, Lupinek C, Valenta R, Flicker S. High-density IgE recognition of the major grass pollen allergen Phl p 1 revealed with single-chain IgE antibody fragments obtained by combinatorial cloning. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2069-78. [PMID: 25637023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 1 belongs to the group 1 of highly cross-reactive grass pollen allergens with a molecular mass of ∼25-30 kDa. Group 1 allergens are recognized by >95% of grass pollen allergic patients. We investigated the IgE recognition of Phl p 1 using allergen-specific IgE-derived single-chain variable Ab fragments (IgE-ScFvs) isolated from a combinatorial library constructed from PBMCs of a grass pollen-allergic patient. IgE-ScFvs reacted with recombinant Phl p 1 and natural group 1 grass pollen allergens. Using synthetic Phl p 1-derived peptides, the binding sites of two ScFvs were mapped to the N terminus of the allergen. In surface plasmon resonance experiments they showed comparable high-affinity binding to Phl p 1 as a complete human IgE-derived Ab recognizing the allergens' C terminus. In a set of surface plasmon resonance experiments simultaneous allergen recognition of all three binders was demonstrated. Even in the presence of the three binders, allergic patients' polyclonal IgE reacted with Phl p 1, indicating high-density IgE recognition of the Phl p 1 allergen. Our results show that multiple IgE Abs can bind with high density to Phl p 1, which may explain the high allergenic activity and sensitizing capacity of this allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Madritsch
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Uwe W Roder
- GE Healthcare Europe GmbH, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
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8
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Levin M, Davies AM, Liljekvist M, Carlsson F, Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Ohlin M. Human IgE against the major allergen Bet v 1--defining an epitope with limited cross-reactivity between different PR-10 family proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:288-99. [PMID: 24447087 PMCID: PMC4215112 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The interaction between IgE and allergen is a key event at the initiation of an allergic response, and its characteristics have substantial effects on the clinical manifestation. Despite this, the molecular details of the interaction between human IgE and the major birch allergen Bet v 1, one of the most potent tree allergens, still remain poorly investigated. Objective To isolate Bet v 1-specific human monoclonal IgE and characterize their interaction with the allergen. Methods Recombinant human IgE were isolated from a combinatorial antibody fragment library and their interaction with Bet v 1 assessed using various immunological assays. The structure of one such IgE in the single-chain fragment variable format was determined using X-ray crystallography. Results We present four novel Bet v 1-specific IgE, for one of which we solve the structure, all with their genetic origin in the IGHV5 germline gene, and demonstrate that they target two non-overlapping epitopes on the surface of Bet v 1, thereby fulfilling the basic criteria for FcεRI cross-linkage. We further define these epitopes and for one epitope pinpoint single amino acid residues important for the interaction with human IgE. This provides a potential explanation, at the molecular level, for the differences in recognition of isoforms of Bet v 1 and other allergens in the PR-10 protein family displayed by IgE targeting this epitope. Finally, we present the first high-resolution structure of a human allergen-specific IgE fragment in the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance We here display the usefulness of allergen-specific human monoclonal IgE as a tool in studies of the crucial molecular interaction taking place at the initiation of an allergic response. Such studies may aid us in development of better diagnostic tools and guide us in the development of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Gadermaier E, Levin M, Flicker S, Ohlin M. The human IgE repertoire. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 163:77-91. [PMID: 24296690 DOI: 10.1159/000355947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is a key mediator in allergic diseases. However, in strong contrast to other antibody isotypes, many details of the composition of the human IgE repertoire are poorly defined. The low levels of human IgE in the circulation and the rarity of IgE-producing B cells are important reasons for this lack of knowledge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on these repertoires both in terms of their complexity and activity, i.e. knowledge which despite the difficulties encountered when studying the molecular details of human IgE has been acquired in recent years. We also take a look at likely future developments, for instance through improvements in sequencing technology and methodology that allow the isolation of additional allergen-specific human antibodies mimicking IgE, as this certainly will support our understanding of human IgE in the context of human disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Levin M, Rydnert F, Källström E, Tan LW, Wormald PJ, Lindstedt M, Greiff L, Ohlin M. Phl p 1–Specific Human Monoclonal IgE and Design of a Hypoallergenic Group 1 Grass Pollen Allergen Fragment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:551-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Levin M, Ohlin M. Inconclusive evidence for or against positive antigen selection in the shaping of human immunoglobulin E repertoires: a call for new approaches. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161:122-6. [PMID: 23343692 DOI: 10.1159/000345421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms driving the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody repertoires are a matter of debate. Alternatives to the classical view on antibody development, involving somatic mutation and antigen-driven selection of high-affinity variants in germinal centers, have been proposed. METHODS We have re-analyzed the pattern of mutations in previously isolated and characterized human clonally unrelated IgE-encoding transcripts using the validated focused binomial methodology to find evidence in such genes of antigen-specific selection. RESULTS As expected there is a selection against replacement mutations in IgE framework regions. In contrast, in all examined cases but one (assessing IgE repertoires of parasite-infected individuals) there was no evidence in favor of either positive or negative selection in complementarity determining regions. Importantly, however, the validated method also failed to detect selection for replacement mutations in two, non-IgE, hypermutated antibody populations targeting tetanus toxoid and vaccinia virus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Current methodology is unable to define with certainty, using commonly assessed IgE repertoire sizes, whether antigen selection is or is not a major driving force in the establishment of human IgE. New approaches are needed to address this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
This overview describes the nature of the immune responses induced by the inhalation of allergens. There is a dichotomy in that B cells have multiple mechanisms that limit the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production, whereas T-cell responses are large even in nonallergic subjects. With the possible exception of responses to cat allergen, however, T cells from nonallergic subjects have limited effector function of helping IgG antibody, and in house-dust mite allergy, this declines with age. Regulation by interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing cells and CD25+ T-regulatory cells has been proposed, but critically, there is limited evidence for this, and many studies show the highest IL-10 production by cells from allergic subjects. Recent studies have shown the importance of nonlymphoid chemokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-27, so studying responses in situ is critical. Most sources of allergens have 1 or 2 dominant allergens, and for house-dust mite, it has been shown that people have a predictable responsiveness to high-, mid-and poor-IgE-binding proteins regardless of the total size of their response. This allergen hierarchy can be used to design improved allergen preparations and to investigate how antiallergen responses are regulated.
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13
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Hecker J, Diethers A, Schulz D, Sabri A, Plum M, Michel Y, Mempel M, Ollert M, Jakob T, Blank S, Braren I, Spillner E. An IgE epitope of Bet v 1 and fagales PR10 proteins as defined by a human monoclonal IgE. Allergy 2012; 67:1530-7. [PMID: 23066955 DOI: 10.1111/all.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyses of the molecular basis underlying allergenicity and allergen cross-reactivity, as well as improvement of allergy diagnostics and therapeutics, are hampered by the lack of human monoclonal IgE antibodies and knowledge about their epitopes. Here, we addressed the consecutive generation and epitope delineation of a human monoclonal IgE against the prototypic allergen Bet v 1. METHODS Phage-display scFv hybrid libraries of allergic donor-derived VH epsilon and synthetic VL were established from 107 mononuclear cells. An obtained scFv was converted into human immunoglobulin formats including IgE. Using variants of Bet v 1, the epitope of the antibody was mapped and extrapolated to other PR10 proteins. RESULTS The obtained antibodies exhibited pronounced reactivity with Bet v 1, but were not reactive with the homologous PR10 protein Mal d 1. The epitope as defined by the IgE paratope and a set of chimeric Bet v 1 fusion proteins and fragments could be assigned to a C-terminal helix-structured motif comprised by amino acid residues 132-154, including the critical residue E149. Grafting this motif re-established the reactivity of the per se nonreactive Mal d 1 framework. Cross-reactivities predicted by primary structure analyses of different isoforms and PR10 proteins were verified by allergen chip-based analyses. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results demonstrate that hybrid IgE repertoires represent a source for human antibodies with genuine paratopes. The IgE-derived information about the IgE epitope nature of Bet v 1 and homologues allows for detailed insights into molecular aspects of allergenicity and cross-reactivity within the PR10 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hecker
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - A. Diethers
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - A. Sabri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - M. Plum
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Y. Michel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - M. Mempel
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology; Georg-August-University; Göttingen; Germany
| | - M. Ollert
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Division of Molecular and Clinical Allergotoxicology; Technische Universität München; Munich; Germany
| | - T. Jakob
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg; Germany
| | - S. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - I. Braren
- Hamburg Center for Experimental Therapy Research; University Medical Center Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
| | - E. Spillner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Hamburg; Hamburg; Germany
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Gadermaier E, Flicker S, Lupinek C, Steinberger P, Valenta R. Determination of allergen specificity by heavy chains in grass pollen allergen-specific IgE antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23206656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affinity and clonality of allergen-specific IgE antibodies are important determinants for the magnitude of IgE-mediated allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze the contribution of heavy and light chains of human allergen-specific IgE antibodies for allergen specificity and to test whether promiscuous pairing of heavy and light chains with different allergen specificity allows binding and might affect affinity. METHODS Ten IgE Fabs specific for 3 non-cross-reactive major timothy grass pollen allergens (Phl p 1, Phl p 2, and Phl p 5) obtained by means of combinatorial cloning from patients with grass pollen allergy were used to construct stable recombinant single chain variable fragments (ScFvs) representing the original Fabs and shuffled ScFvs in which heavy chains were recombined with light chains from IgE Fabs with specificity for other allergens by using the pCANTAB 5 E expression system. Possible ancestor genes for the heavy chain and light chain variable region-encoding genes were determined by using sequence comparison with the ImMunoGeneTics database, and their chromosomal locations were determined. Recombinant ScFvs were tested for allergen specificity and epitope recognition by means of direct and sandwich ELISA, and affinity by using surface plasmon resonance experiments. RESULTS The shuffling experiments demonstrate that promiscuous pairing of heavy and light chains is possible and maintains allergen specificity, which is mainly determined by the heavy chains. ScFvs consisting of different heavy and light chains exhibited different affinities and even epitope specificity for the corresponding allergen. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that allergen specificity of allergen-specific IgE is mainly determined by the heavy chains. Different heavy and light chain pairings in allergen-specific IgE antibodies affect affinity and epitope specificity and thus might influence clinical reactivity to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Eckl-Dorna J, Pree I, Reisinger J, Marth K, Chen KW, Vrtala S, Spitzauer S, Valenta R, Niederberger V. The majority of allergen-specific IgE in the blood of allergic patients does not originate from blood-derived B cells or plasma cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1347-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - I. Pree
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - J. Reisinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | | | - K.-W. Chen
- Division of Immunopathology; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - S. Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | - S. Spitzauer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | | | - V. Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
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16
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Antibody repertoire complexity and effector cell biology determined by assays for IgE-mediated basophil and T-cell activation. J Immunol Methods 2012; 383:4-20. [PMID: 22683539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effector cell activation and T-cell activation, the latter mediated by facilitated antigen presentation, are immunological mechanisms that play crucial roles in the manifestation and maintenance of allergic disease. In addition to their relevance for the pathogenesis of allergy in-vivo, in-vitro assays based on these immunological mechanisms have been established and used for diagnostics, for monitoring the progression of disease and for the effect of specific immunotherapy as well as for basic research purposes. Here we review different parameters that affect effector cell activation and facilitated antigen uptake and presentation, including assay designs, readout parameters and critical experimental conditions. Central to the two immunological mechanisms is complex formation between allergen-specific IgE, allergen, and cell surface-anchored immunoglobulin receptor; the high affinity IgE-receptor FcεRI on basophils and mast cells, and the low affinity IgE-receptor FcεRII (CD23) on B-cells. Accordingly, the effect of IgE repertoire complexity and allergen diversity on effector cell and facilitated antigen presentation is discussed in detail.
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17
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Abstract
Here, we discuss various questions related to IgE epitopes: What are the technical possibilities and pitfalls, what is currently known, how can we put this information into hypothetical frameworks and the unavoidable question: how useful is this information for patient care or allergenicity prediction? We discuss the information obtained by (i) 3D structures of allergen-antibody complexes; (ii) analysis of allergen analogues; (iii) mimics without obvious structural similarity; (iv) mAbs competing with IgE; (v) repertoire analysis of cloned IgEs, and other developments. Based on limited data, four suggestions are presented in the literature: (i) IgE might be more cross-reactive than IgG; (ii) IgE might be more often directed to immunologically 'uninviting' surfaces; (iii) IgE epitopes may tend to cluster and (iv) IgE paratopes might have a higher intrinsic flexibility. While these are not proven facts, they still can generate hypotheses for future research. The hypothesis is put forward that the IgE repertoire of switched B-cells is less influenced by positive selection, because positive selection might not be able to rescue IgE-switched B cells. While this might be of interest for the discussion about mechanisms leading to allergen-sensitization, we need to be modest in answering the 'clinical relevance' question. Current evidence indicates the IgE-epitope repertoire is too big to make specific IgE epitopes a realistic target for diagnosis, treatment or allergenicity prediction. In-depth analysis of a few selected IgE epitope-peptides or mimitopes derived from allergen-sequences and from random peptide libraries, respectively, might well prove rewarding in relation to diagnosis and prognosis of allergy, particularly food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Aalberse
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Levin M, Tan LW, Baker L, Wormald PJ, Greiff L, Ohlin M. Diversity of immunoglobulin E-encoding transcripts in sinus mucosa of subjects diagnosed with non-allergic fungal eosinophilic sinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:811-20. [PMID: 21561493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of allergy in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains controversial. For example, in some cases with sinus fungal infections allergy can be demonstrated by standard tests. In other cases, such signs can be absent despite elevated levels of IgE-positive cells in sinus tissue and the presence of IgE and eosinophils in the sinus mucous. OBJECTIVE To define the nature of molecular diversity in antibodies of the IgE isotype at the site of local inflammation in subjects diagnosed with non-allergic fungal eosinophilic sinusitis (NAFES). METHODS The local occurrence and sequence characteristics of IgE-encoding transcripts in NAFES patients were investigated and compared with sequences found in subjects diagnosed with CRS featuring systemic allergy. These sequences have also been compared with other reported IgE-encoding transcriptomes. Results IGHV genes derived from major subgroups 1, 3, 4 and 5 and a diverse set of IGHD and IGHJ genes were shown to create the IgE repertoire in patients diagnosed with NAFES and CRS. The average lengths of the third hypervariable loop in these populations were 15.8 and 14.6 residues. The sequences showed evidence of extensive somatic hypermutation (mutation frequency: NAFES, 6.4 ± 3.2%; CRS, 7.0 ± 4.4%) with substitutions targeted to complementarity-determining regions. These sequence collections thus show extensive similarities to those found in other polyclonal Ig repertoires including those encoding IgE. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We conclude that sinus IgE-encoding transcripts in subjects diagnosed with NAFES show evidence of conventional IgE responses and we suggest that allergens with characteristics of classical antigens should be investigated for a role in the local response occurring in NAFES. This investigation illustrates that assessment of local immunity might be an important diagnostic tool in conditions like NAFES with no systemic signs of allergy to identify or rule out an allergic component of the patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Kerzel S, Rogosch T, Struecker B, Maier RF, Zemlin M. IgE transcripts in the circulation of allergic children reflect a classical antigen-driven B cell response and not a superantigen-like activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2253-60. [PMID: 20660349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most frequent chronic disorder in childhood. Although IgE is a central effector molecule in allergic diseases, the nature of the IgE response is still under debate. The objective of our study was to clarify whether the IgE repertoire in the circulation of allergic children represents a classical Ag-driven and oligoclonal B cell response, a superantigen-like activation of a subset of B cells, or a polyclonal B-1 cell expansion. Using a highly sensitive RT-PCR method, we amplified, cloned, and sequenced IgE H chain transcripts from 13 children with allergic asthma. We gained 1366 functional IgE sequences, which currently represent the most extensive collection of human IgE transcripts. Compared to IgM transcripts from the same children, the somatic mutation rate was significantly enhanced in IgE transcripts (21 per thousand versus 72 per thousand; p < 0.001), which renders a polyclonal B-1 response unlikely. Moreover, IgE sequences displayed significantly enhanced Ag selection and hence were indicative of a classical Ag-driven immune response with affinity maturation (p < 0.001). In contrast to several recent studies, the usage pattern of variable gene segment of the H Ig chain in IgE transcripts followed the germline complexity, arguing against a superantigen-like interaction. We conclude that IgE transcripts in the circulation of children with allergic asthma reflect a classical adaptive B-2 cell response. This study provides reference data for a better characterization of the IgE response under immunomodulating therapies, such as anti-IgE therapy or allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kerzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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20
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Marth K, Novatchkova M, Focke-Tejkl M, Jenisch S, Jäger S, Kabelitz D, Valenta R. Tracing antigen signatures in the human IgE repertoire. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2323-9. [PMID: 20573403 PMCID: PMC2981859 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.05.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergen recognition by IgE antibodies is a key event in allergic inflammation. In this study, the IgE IGHV repertoires of individuals with allergy to the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, were analyzed over a four years period of allergen exposure by RT-PCR and sequencing of cDNA. Approximately half of the IgE transcripts represented non-redundant sequences, which belonged to seventeen different IGHV genes. Most variable regions contained somatic mutations but also non-mutated sequences were identified. There was no evidence for relevant increases of somatic mutations over time of allergen exposure. Highly similar IgE variable regions were found after four years of allergen exposure in the same and in genetically non-related individuals. Our results indicate that allergens select and shape a limited number of similar IgE variable regions in the human IgE repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marth
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Jenisch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Michaelisstrasse 5, 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Siegfried Jäger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Michaelisstrasse 5, 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 1404005108; fax: +43 1404005130.
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21
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Valenta R, Ferreira F, Focke-Tejkl M, Linhart B, Niederberger V, Swoboda I, Vrtala S. From allergen genes to allergy vaccines. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:211-41. [PMID: 20192803 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergy is a hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 25% of the population. The structures of the most common allergens have been revealed through molecular cloning technology in the past two decades. On the basis of this knowledge of the sequences and three-dimensional structures of culprit allergens, investigators can now analyze the immune recognition of allergens and the mechanisms of allergic inflammation in allergic patients. Allergy vaccines have been constructed that are able to selectively target the aberrant immune responses in allergic patients via different pathways of the immune system. Here we review various types of allergy vaccines that have been developed based on allergen structures, results from their clinical application in allergic patients, and future strategies for allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergy prophylaxis.
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22
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Sikula L, Gentil K, Liebetruth M, Schlingmann KP, Maier RF, Zemlin M. Plasma Cells and Nonplasma B Cells Express Differing IgE Repertoires in Allergic Sensitization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4947-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Christensen LH, Riise E, Bang L, Zhang C, Lund K. Isoallergen Variations Contribute to the Overall Complexity of Effector Cell Degranulation: Effect Mediated through Differentiated IgE Affinity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4966-72. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jylhä S, Mäkinen-Kiljunen S, Haahtela T, Söderlund H, Takkinen K, Laukkanen ML. Selection of recombinant IgE antibodies binding the beta-lactoglobulin allergen in a conformation-dependent manner. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:63-70. [PMID: 19647743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is a common food allergy, especially among infants and young children. Approximately 85% of milk-allergic children outgrow their allergy by the age of three but the remaining 15% remain allergic. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) is one of the major allergens in cow's milk. There is a definite need for the specific and sensitive detection of allergenic substances. Validated methods are obligatory to demonstrate allergen contamination and even fatal hidden allergens and, thus, to prevent life-threatening conditions of allergic persons. In this study, we constructed human IgE scFv libraries from an adult milk-allergic patient and isolated the first recombinant IgE antibodies specific to a food allergen, BLG. The selection of the IgE antibody libraries with two distinct panning procedures resulted in the enrichment of four clones having different BLG-binding profiles; two of the clones recognize the native BLG whereas the other two recognize only the heat-denatured form of BLG. For further characterization, the scFv fragments were converted to Fab fragments with human IgG1 isotype. The D1 Fab fragment, binding native BLG with nanomolar affinity, also partially inhibited serum IgE binding to BLG. These BLG-specific IgE antibodies can be applied for the detection of both native and denatured BLG in cow's milk products and furthermore, for the optimization of manufacturing processes to develop safe hypoallergenic milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Jylhä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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25
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Padavattan S, Flicker S, Schirmer T, Madritsch C, Randow S, Reese G, Vieths S, Lupinek C, Ebner C, Valenta R, Markovic-Housley Z. High-Affinity IgE Recognition of a Conformational Epitope of the Major Respiratory Allergen Phl p 2 As Revealed by X-Ray Crystallography. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2141-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Kerzel S, Wagner J, Rogosch T, Yildirim AO, Sikula L, Fehrenbach H, Garn H, Maier RF, Schroeder HW, Zemlin M. Composition of the immunoglobulin classic antigen-binding site regulates allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of experimental asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:591-601. [PMID: 19220320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When bound to mast cell FcepsilonRI, IgE serves as antigen receptor for allergic reactions, permitting specific identification of the allergen. Although the core of the classic antigen-binding site is heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-H3), recent studies suggest that allergens might also bind IgE in a superantigen-like fashion outside the classic antigen-binding site. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the contribution of the classic CDR-H3-centric antigen-binding site to the development of an allergic phenotype. METHODS Using a murine model of experimental asthma, we characterized a gene-targeted mouse strain expressing an altered range of CDR-H3s (DeltaD-iD mice) in response to the hydrophobic allergen ovalbumin (OVA). Mutant and wild-type (wt) mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with OVA; non-sensitized mice served as controls. RESULTS We found the composition of the classic CDR-H3-centric antigen-binding site to be critical for the development of characteristic aspects of allergic asthma. (i) Compared with wt animals, DeltaD-iD mice showed a significantly less pronounced OVA-induced rise in allergen-specific IgE levels and hence in total serum IgE levels. (ii) In addition, DeltaD-iD mice demonstrated a significant reduction in eosinophilic airway inflammation, as well as in interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 levels in BAL fluids. CONCLUSION Allergic sensitization and airway inflammation depend on the composition of the predominant CDR-H3 repertoire, suggesting that the classic CDR-H3-centric antigen-binding site plays a crucial role in creating the immunological interface between allergen and IgE. Our results further emphasize a central role of IgE, not only in mediating but also in regulating the allergic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kerzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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27
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Pedraza-Escalona M, Becerril-Luján B, Agundis C, Domínguez-Ramírez L, Pereyra A, Riaño-Umbarila L, Rodríguez-Romero A. Analysis of B-cell epitopes from the allergen Hev b 6.02 revealed by using blocking antibodies. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:668-76. [PMID: 18930549 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.08.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hev b 6.02 (hevein), identified as a major allergen from natural rubber latex (NRL), is involved in the latex-fruit syndrome and also acts as a pathogenesis defense-related protein. Its 3D structure has been solved at high resolution, and its linear epitopes have already been reported. However, information about conformational epitopes is still controversial, even though it is relevant for an accurate diagnosis and treatment, as well as for the study of allergen-antibody molecular interactions. We sought to analyze the B-cell epitopes of Hev b 6.02 at a molecular and structural level, using specific recombinant antibodies. We obtained a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb 6E7) and three human single chain fragments (scFvs A6, H8, and G7) anti-Hev b 6.02 that were able to compete for hevein binding with serum IgEs from latex allergic patients. In vitro assays showed that the mAb 6E7 and scFv H8 recognized the area of Hev b 6.02 where the aromatic residues are exposed; while the scFv G7 defined the amino and carboxy-terminal regions that lie close to each other, as a different epitope. The structural modeling of the Hev b 6.02-scFv H8 and Hev b 6.02-scFv G7 complexes revealed the putative regions of two conformational epitopes. In one of these, the aromatic residues, as well as polar side chains are important for the interaction, suggesting that they are part of a dominant conformational epitope also presented on the Hev b 6.02-IgE interactions. Antibodies recognizing this important allergen have potential to be used to diagnose and ultimately treat latex allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Pedraza-Escalona
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Persson J, Augustsson P, Laurell T, Ohlin M. Acoustic microfluidic chip technology to facilitate automation of phage display selection. FEBS J 2008; 275:5657-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lundberg K, Lindstedt M, Larsson K, Dexlin L, Wingren C, Ohlin M, Greiff L, Borrebaeck CA. Augmented Phl p 5-specific Th2 response after exposure of dendritic cells to allergen in complex with specific IgE compared to IgG1 and IgG4. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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A common idiotype in IgE and its relation to recognition of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 2. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2715-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Davies JM, O'Hehir RE. Immunogenetic characteristics of immunoglobulin E in allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:566-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Persson H, Sadegh MK, Greiff L, Ohlin M. Delineating the specificity of an IgE-encoding transcriptome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1186-92. [PMID: 17825890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although much is known about the reactivity of polyclonal populations of antibodies targeting the wide array of allergens produced by timothy (Phleum pratense) and other grass species, little is known about the finer details at the level of individual antibody specificities. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the IgE repertoire as it occurs in a patient with grass pollen allergy. METHODS For this purpose, a human IgE library was used, constructed from peripheral blood B cells of an individual with timothy allergy. The library was screened by using phage display against a panel of 6 timothy allergens (Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 4, Phl p 5, Phl p 6, and Phl p 11). RESULTS Highly diverse antibody fragments with respect to gene usage were identified. The binders were specific for their respective target antigen, except for clones selected on Phl p 6 that also recognized Phl p 5, most likely reflecting the high sequence homology between these allergens. Interestingly, by using this approach, we were able to determine the specificity of more than 25% of all IgE-producing transcripts in this individual with allergy. CONCLUSION The human IgE repertoire is produced by a limited number of highly related B-cell clones and as such is restricted in its recognition of a limited number of antigens. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Human allergen-specific antibodies can, by defining the specificity of IgE responses, aid in the development of allergy vaccines or even by themselves be used in passive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Persson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Lim A, Luderschmidt S, Weidinger A, Schnopp C, Ring J, Hein R, Ollert M, Mempel M. The IgE repertoire in PBMCs of atopic patients is characterized by individual rearrangements without variable region of the heavy immunoglobulin chain bias. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:696-706. [PMID: 17631954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with atopic diseases are characterized by high levels of specific IgE production. However, little is known about the composition of their B-cell repertoires. OBJECTIVES We sought to analyze the complete PBMC-derived IgE repertoire and to compare clonal expansions between different patients. METHODS We have analyzed the IgE-bearing B-cell receptor repertoire in highly atopic patients (>1000 IU/mL) using quantitative RT-PCR, complementarity determining region 3 spectratyping, and sequence analysis. Three representative patients were additionally followed during anti-IgE therapy. RESULTS Atopic patients exhibited 100 to 1000 times more IgE-specific transcripts than control individuals. These patients used a variable region of the heavy immunoglobulin chain (VH) epsilon repertoire highly similar to their IgM and IgG repertoires, with preference of VH3b, VH4, VH3a, and VH1 segments. Each patient harbored individual clonal expansions, most probably as correlation of allergen-specific IgE production. Common expansions within the complementary determining region 3 shared by several individuals with similar sensitization patterns were found in spectratyping analysis. However, these antigen-driven expansions showed differences on the sequence level. In omalizumab-treated patients the clinical improvement was paralleled by a clear increase in the ratio of IgG/IgE transcripts. CONCLUSION The IgE repertoire in atopic patients follows the VH use patterns seen for other immunoglobulins and seems to preferentially recruit individual rearrangements rather than public expansions. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The detailed analysis of the IgE B-cell repertoire is highly suitable to follow changes in IgE uses during different therapy modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/drug therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Omalizumab
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Lim
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Immunité anti-virale, Biothérapie et Vaccins, Paris, France; INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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