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Huang B, Chen M, Wang J, Zhang X. Advances in zirconia-based dental materials: Properties, classification, applications, and future prospects. J Dent 2024; 147:105111. [PMID: 38866229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics are widely used in dental restorations due to their superior mechanical properties, durability, and ever-improving translucency. This review aims to explore the properties, classification, applications, and recent advancements of zirconia-based dental materials, highlighting their potential to revolutionize dental restoration techniques. STUDY SELECTION, DATA AND SOURCES The most recent literature available in scientific databases (PubMed and Web of Science) reporting advances of zirconia-based materials within the dental field is thoroughly examined and summarized, covering the major keywords "dental zirconia, classification, aesthetic, LTD, applications, manufacturing, surface treatments". CONCLUSIONS An exhaustive overview of the properties, classifications, and applications of dental zirconia was presented, alongside an exploration of future prospects and potential advances. This review highlighted the importance of addressing challenges such as low-temperature degradation resistance and optimizing the balance between mechanical strength and translucency. Also, innovative approaches to improve the performances of zirconia as dental material was discussed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides a better understanding of zirconia-based dental biomaterials for dentists, helping them to make better choice when choosing a specific material to fabricate the restorations or to place the implant. Moreover, new generations of zirconia are still expected to make progress on key issues such as the long-term applications in dental materials while maintaining both damage resistance and aesthetic appeal, defining the directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Lopes ACO, Benalcázar-Jalkh EB, Bergamo ETP, Campos TMB, de Carvalho LF, Tanaka R, Genova LA, Yamaguchi S, Witek L, Coelho PG, Bonfante EA. Development of ZTA (80% Al 2O 3/20% ZrO 2) pre-sintered blocks for milling in CAD/CAM systems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 154:106533. [PMID: 38598918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The present work aims to develop a production method of pre-sintered zirconia-toughened-alumina (ZTA) composite blocks for machining in a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) system. The ZTA composite comprised of 80% Al2O3 and 20% ZrO2 was synthesized, uniaxially and isostatically pressed to generate machinable CAD-CAM blocks. Fourteen green-body blocks were prepared and pre-sintered at 1000 °C. After cooling and holder gluing, a stereolithography (STL) file was designed and uploaded to manufacture disk-shaped specimens projected to comply with ISO 6872:2015. Seventy specimens were produced through machining of the blocks, samples were sintered at 1600 °C and two-sided polished. Half of the samples were subjected to accelerated autoclave hydrothermal aging (20h at 134 °C and 2.2 bar). Immediate and aged samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Optical and mechanical properties were assessed by reflectance tests and by biaxial flexural strength test, Vickers indentation and fracture toughness, respectively. Samples produced by machining presented high density and smooth surfaces at SEM evaluation with few microstructural defects. XRD evaluation depicted characteristic peaks of alpha alumina and tetragonal zirconia and autoclave aging had no effect on the crystalline spectra of the composite. Optical and mechanical evaluations demonstrated a high masking ability for the composite and a characteristic strength of 464 MPa and Weibull modulus of 17, with no significant alterations after aging. The milled composite exhibited a hardness of 17.61 GPa and fracture toughness of 5.63 MPa m1/2, which remained unaltered after aging. The synthesis of ZTA blocks for CAD-CAM was successful and allowed for the milling of disk-shaped specimens using the grinding method of the CAD-CAM system. ZTA composite properties were unaffected by hydrothermal autoclave aging and present a promising alternative for the manufacture of infrastructures of fixed dental prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo C O Lopes
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto B Benalcázar-Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Prosthodontics, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Tiago M B Campos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura F de Carvalho
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tanaka
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Tanaka Lab, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis A Genova
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN, SP, Brazil
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo - Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Jamali M, Ezoji F, Esmaeili B, Khafri S. Comparative effects of glazing versus polishing on mechanical, optical, and surface properties of zirconia ceramics with different translucencies. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e884. [PMID: 38798053 PMCID: PMC11128755 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the effects of glazing versus polishing on mechanical, optical, and surface properties of zirconia ceramics with different translucencies. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, 120 bar-shaped specimens (25 × 4 × 1.2 mm) were fabricated from three different types of zirconia with different translucencies (n = 40, DD Bio ZW, ZX2, and Cube X2). After sintering, each zirconia group was randomly divided into five subgroups of control (glazing), glazing + bur abrasion, glazing + bur abrasion + polishing with EVE Diacera® kit, glazing + bur abrasion + reglazing, and glazing + bur abrasion + polishing with EVE Diacera® kit + reglazing. The specimens underwent surface roughness, hardness, flexural strength, and translucency tests, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for assessment of surface topography. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, Tukey test, and Pearson test (α = .05). RESULTS Flexural strength, surface hardness, and translucency were significantly correlated with zirconia type. ZW zirconia had significantly higher flexural strength and surface hardness and significantly lower translucency than Cube X2 and ZX2 (p < .001). Surface roughness had no significant correlation with zirconia type (p = .274). Polishing created the smoothest, and bur abrasion created the roughest surface (p < .001). Flexural strength and hardness in most experimental groups were significantly lower than in the control group (p < .001). Translucency was not significantly different in bur abrasion and polishing groups, compared with the control group; however, reglazing significantly increased the translucency (p < .001). SEM micrographs confirmed the surface roughness results. XRD showed monoclinic phase only in reglazed groups. CONCLUSION Of different surface treatments, polishing improved the surface properties and caused the smallest change in mechanical properties of zirconia with different translucencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jamali
- Student Research CommitteeBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Fariba Ezoji
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Behnaz Esmaeili
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Soraya Khafri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public HealthBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
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Okutan Y, Gundogdu Y, Donmez MB, Seker H, Kilic HS. Effect of femtosecond laser induced surface patterns on the flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35432. [PMID: 38817034 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
To investigate how patterns generated by femtosecond (fs) laser and femtosecond laser power affect the surface roughness (Ra) and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of monolithic zirconia. Eighty disk-shaped zirconia specimens were divided into eight subgroups (n = 10): Control (C), airborne-particle abrasion (APA), 400 mW fs laser (spiral [SP(400)], square [SQ(400)], circular [CI(400)]), and 700 mW fs laser ([SP(700)], [SQ(700)], [CI(700)]). Ra values were calculated by using a surface profilometer. One additional specimen per group was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometry. BFS values were obtained by using the piston-on-3-ball test. One-way ANOVA and either Tukey's HSD (BFS) or Tamhane's T2 (Ra) tests were used to evaluate data (α = 0.05). Regardless of the pattern and power, fs laser groups had higher Ra than C and APA, while SP groups had lower Ra than CI and SQ groups (p ≤ 0.004). For each pattern, Ra increased with higher laser power (p < 0.001), while the laser power did not affect the BFS (p ≥ 0.793). CI and SQ groups had lower BFS than the other groups (p ≤ 0.040), whereas SP groups had similar BFS to C and APA (p ≥ 0.430). Fs laser microstructuring with spiral surface pattern increased the Ra without jeopardizing the BFS of zirconia. Thus, this treatment might be an option to roughen tested zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yener Okutan
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gundogdu
- Selcuk University, Kadınhanı Faik İçil Vocational High School, Department of Computer Technologies, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Istinye University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Istanbul, Turkey
- University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huseyin Seker
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Sukur Kilic
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Konya, Turkey
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Jiang C, Ding M, Zhang J, Zhu C, Qin W, Zhao Z, Jiao T. 3D Printed Porous Zirconia Biomaterials based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Promote Osseointegration In Vitro by Regulating Osteoimmunomodulation and Osteo/Angiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38501200 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is a highly useful structure for bone tissue engineering owing to its nearly nonexistent average surface curvature, high surface area-to-volume ratio, and exceptional mechanical energy absorption properties. However, limited literature is available regarding bionic zirconia implants using the TPMS structure for bone regeneration. Herein, we employed the digital light processing (DLP) technology to fabricate four types of zirconia-based TPMS structures: P-cell, S14, IWP, and Gyroid. For cell proliferation, the four porous TPMS structures outperformed the solid zirconia group (P-cell > S14 > Gyroid > IWP > ZrO2). In vitro assessments on the biological responses and osteogenic properties of the distinct porous surfaces identified the IWP and Gyroid structures as promising candidates for future clinical applications of porous zirconia implants because of their superior osteogenic capabilities (IWP > Gyroid > S14 > P-cell > ZrO2) and mechanical properties (ZrO2 > IWP > Gyroid > S14 > P-cell). Furthermore, the physical properties of the IWP/Gyroid surface had more substantial effects on bone immune regulation by reducing macrophage M1 phenotype polarization while increasing M2 phenotype polarization compared with the solid zirconia surface. Additionally, the IWP and Gyroid groups exhibited enhanced immune osteogenesis and angiogenesis abilities. Collectively, these findings highlight the substantial impact of topology on bone/angiogenesis and immune regulation in promoting bone integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Ding
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Zhu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Jiaxing CeramPlus Technology Co. Ltd., Jiashan 314100, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ting Jiao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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Yousry M, Hammad I, Halawani ME, Aboushelib M. Translucency of recent zirconia materials and material-related variables affecting their translucency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:309. [PMID: 38443872 PMCID: PMC10913643 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent forms of translucent zirconia material have been developed, offering a wide range of options and varieties for enhancing aesthetics, making it a preferred choice in the field of prosthetic dentistry. However, there is insufficient understanding regarding the recent types of zirconia materials and their optical behavior. Understanding the variables that influence the translucency of zirconia and identifying strategies to enhance its esthetics are crucial. PURPOSE The current systemic review highlights a comprehensive understanding of different zirconia generations in relation to their optical characteristics and evaluates material-related variables affecting their translucency. METHODS The present review studied in-vitro studies that evaluated the optical characteristics of different yttria content of yttria stabilized materials. The topics explored were: (1) the different zirconia material generations and their optical behavior; (2) material-related factors that affect their translucency. The research was restricted to online publication in the English language from July 1, 2010, to July 31, 2023, using PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct resources. The search key terms and their combinations were "zirconia," "translucent zirconia," "cubic zirconia," "highly translucent zirconia," "yttria partially stabilized zirconia," "monolithic zirconia," "translucency," "optical properties," and "light transmission." RESULTS The data obtained from fifty-three studies addressed the optical characteristics of various zirconia generations. They reported that changing yttria content had a significant impact on translucency. Different kinds of zirconia ceramics of the same generation have varying translucencies. Achieving optimum aesthetics with monolithic zirconia is challenging due to factors related to material aspects such as the presence of additives, point defects, microstructure, thickness, phase distribution, and sintering conditions. CONCLUSIONS Newly developed monolithic dental zirconia ceramics have improved aesthetics and translucency. However, additional research is necessary to evaluate their performance and long-term durability. TRIAL REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, under number CRD42023474482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahinour Yousry
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ihab Hammad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Halawani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Aboushelib
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Koenig V, Douillard T, Chevalier J, Amiard F, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Le Goff S, Vanheusden A, Dardenne N, Wulfman C, Mainjot A. Intraoral low-temperature degradation of monolithic zirconia dental prostheses: 5-year results of a prospective clinical study with ex vivo monitoring. Dent Mater 2024; 40:198-209. [PMID: 37951752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the 5-year intraoral evolution and kinetics of low-temperature degradation (LTD) of second-generation monolithic prostheses made of 3% molar yttrium-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) and the influence of masticatory mechanical stresses and glaze layer on this evolution. METHODS A total of 101 posterior tooth elements were included in this prospective clinical study, which comprised ex vivo LTD monitoring (at baseline, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and 5 years) using Raman spectroscopy (n = 2640 monoclinic phase measurement points per evaluation time) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four types of areas (1-2 mm2 surface, six on molars, and four on premolars) were analysed on each element surface: occlusal, axial, glazed, or unglazed. Raman mapping, high-resolution SEM, and focused ion beam-SEM were performed on selected samples. RESULTS The dental prostheses developed a tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation at the extreme surface of the material after six months in a buccal environment, and this process increased significantly over time. Over the five years of monitoring, the transformation developed nonuniformly with the presence of localised clusters of monoclinic grains. Tribological stresses generate grain pull-out from these clusters, which may raise questions regarding the release of 3Y-TZP nanoparticles into the body. The prosthesis fracture rate was 4.5% after 5 years. SIGNIFICANCE LTD developed in vivo on the surfaces of 3Y-TZP dental prostheses and progressed slowly but significantly over time, up to 5 years investigation. However, the effects of aging on the failure rate recorded and of zirconia nanoparticles released into the body require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Koenig
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium
| | - T Douillard
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - J Chevalier
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Amiard
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM - UMR6283), Université du Mans, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
| | - M Lamy de la Chapelle
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM - UMR6283), Université du Mans, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
| | - S Le Goff
- Unité de Recherches en Biomatériaux Innovants et Interfaces (URB2i) - EA4462, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Montrouge 92120, France
| | - A Vanheusden
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium
| | - N Dardenne
- Department of Public Health, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Wulfman
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium; Unité de Recherches en Biomatériaux Innovants et Interfaces (URB2i) - EA4462, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Montrouge 92120, France
| | - A Mainjot
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium.
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Hajhamid B, Bozec L, Tenenbaum H, De Souza G, Somogyi-Ganss E. Effect of artificial aging on optical properties and crystalline structure of high-translucency zirconia. J Prosthodont 2024; 33:61-69. [PMID: 36641491 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of different in vitro aging protocols on the optical properties and crystalline structure of high-translucency (HT) zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six specimens of HT and extra-high translucency (XT) zirconia were divided into three groups: control (CO)-no treatment; hydrothermal aging (HA)-autoclave aging for 12.5 h at 134°C, 2 bar; clinically related aging (CRA)-aging in the chewing simulator for 1.2 million cycles, followed by 50,000 thermocycles (5-55°C) and immersion in HCl (pH 1.2) for 15 h. Optical properties, crystalline structure, and surface roughness were analyzed and compared using analysis of variance (5% significance level). RESULTS There was no statistically significant effect of aging on translucency (p = 0.10), but CRA promoted the development of a high contrast ratio (p = 0.03). Aging did not cause significant color changes for HT (p = 0.65) or XT (p = 0.36). The proportion of monoclinic crystals increased to 40% for HT-zirconia after HA and 5% after CRA. No monoclinic crystals were detected for XT groups. There was no effect of aging on surface roughness (p = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS Although hydrothermal aging has been widely used to verify zirconia crystalline stability, it did not generate an effect similar to clinically related aging on the optical properties and crystalline structure of zirconia. HA affected the crystalline structure of HT-zirconia, and CRA compromised the optical properties of XT zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beshr Hajhamid
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace De Souza
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Kohal RJ, Schikofski T, Adolfsson E, Vach K, Patzelt SBM, Nold J, Wemken G. Fracture Resistance of a Two-Piece Zirconia Implant System after Artificial Loading and/or Hydrothermal Aging-An In Vitro Investigation. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:567. [PMID: 38132821 PMCID: PMC10743638 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the fracture resistance of a two-piece alumina-toughened zirconia implant system with a carbon-reinforced PEEK abutment screw. METHODS Thirty-two implants with screw-retained zirconia abutments were divided into four groups of eight samples each. Group 0 (control group) was neither loaded nor aged in a chewing simulator; group H was hydrothermally aged; group L was loaded with 98 N; and group HL was subjected to both hydrothermal aging and loading in a chewing simulator. One sample of each group was evaluated for t-m phase transformation, and the others were loaded until fracture. A one-way ANOVA was applied to evaluate differences between the groups. RESULTS No implant fracture occurred during the artificial chewing simulation. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the groups in terms of fracture resistance (group 0: 783 ± 43 N; group H: 742 ± 43 N; group L: 757 ± 86 N; group HL: 740 ± 43 N) and bending moment (group 0: 433 ± 26 Ncm; group H: 413 ± 23 Ncm; group L: 422 ± 49 Ncm; group HL: 408 ± 27 Ncm). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of the present investigation, it can be concluded that artificial loading and hydrothermal aging do not reduce the fracture resistance of the investigated implant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Joachim Kohal
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Tim Schikofski
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Erik Adolfsson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden;
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Berthold Maximilian Patzelt
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.N.); (G.W.)
- Private Dental Clinic, 78658 Zimmern ob Rottweil, Germany
| | - Julian Nold
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Gregor Wemken
- Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.N.); (G.W.)
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10
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Benalcázar-Jalkh EB, Bergamo ETP, Campos TMB, Coelho PG, Sailer I, Yamaguchi S, Alves LMM, Witek L, Tebcherani SM, Bonfante EA. A Narrative Review on Polycrystalline Ceramics for Dental Applications and Proposed Update of a Classification System. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7541. [PMID: 38138684 PMCID: PMC10744432 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Dental zirconias have been broadly utilized in dentistry due to their high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Although initially introduced in dentistry as an infrastructure material, the high rate of technical complications related to veneered porcelain has led to significant efforts to improve the optical properties of dental zirconias, allowing for its monolithic indication. Modifications in the composition, processing methods/parameters, and the increase in the yttrium content and cubic phase have been presented as viable options to improve zirconias' translucency. However, concerns regarding the hydrothermal stability of partially stabilized zirconia and the trade-off observed between optical and mechanical properties resulting from the increased cubic content remain issues of concern. While the significant developments in polycrystalline ceramics have led to a wide diversity of zirconia materials with different compositions, properties, and clinical indications, the implementation of strong, esthetic, and sufficiently stable materials for long-span fixed dental prostheses has not been completely achieved. Alternatives, including advanced polycrystalline composites, functionally graded structures, and nanosized zirconia, have been proposed as promising pathways to obtain high-strength, hydrothermally stable biomaterials. Considering the evolution of zirconia ceramics in dentistry, this manuscript aims to present a critical perspective as well as an update to previous classifications of dental restorative ceramics, focusing on polycrystalline ceramics, their properties, indications, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto B. Benalcázar-Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmara T. P. Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
- Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Tiago M. B. Campos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo G. Coelho
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Irena Sailer
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Larissa M. M. Alves
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Sérgio M. Tebcherani
- Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Av. Monteiro Lobato Km 04, Ponta Grossa 84016-210, PR, Brazil;
| | - Estevam A. Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
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11
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Kim SH, Oh NS, Pang NS, Jung BY. The effect of surface treatment and low-temperature degradation on flexural strength of additive manufactured zirconia. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 148:106167. [PMID: 37837875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of low-temperature degradation (LTD) and surface treatment on the flexural strength of additive-manufactured (AM) zirconia by comparison to subtractive-manufactured (SM) zirconia. Disc-shaped zirconia specimens were fabricated using AM and SM technology, and each group was assigned to 3 subgroups according to the type of surface treatment: control, sandblasting (SB), and 9% hydrofluoric acid etching (HF). The groups were then further divided into 2 subgroups: unaged and aged. Biaxial flexural strength, crystal phase, surface topography, and surface roughness were measured to evaluate the mechanical properties. Statistical analyses were performed with 3-way ANOVA, followed by the comparison of means with Bonferroni post hoc analyses. The means and standard deviations of the biaxial flexural strength and Weibull parameters were calculated with descriptive statistics. All SM groups showed significantly greater flexural strength than the AM groups (p < .05), and LTD did not affect flexural strength except for the SMHF group (p < .05). After LTD, monoclinic phases (m-phase) were found in all groups, and SEM images showed grain pullout due to zirconia volume expansion in both control groups. Sandblasting significantly affected flexural strength (p < .05), whereas the HF group did not affect flexural strength except in the SMHF group after LTD (p < .05). No significant difference was observed in the surface roughness of AM compared to SM groups conditioned with the same surface treatment regardless of LTD. AM zirconia has comparable mechanical properties to SM zirconia, regardless of low-temperature degradation and surface treatment, which indicates the potential of the AM technique for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Kim
- Department of Dentistry, Inha University School of Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Nam-Sik Oh
- Department of Dentistry, Inha University School of Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Nan-Sim Pang
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Bock-Young Jung
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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Liu H, Inokoshi M, Xu K, Tonprasong W, Minakuchi S, Van Meerbeek B, Vleugels J, Zhang F. Does speed-sintering affect the optical and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of in-vitro studies. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:312-328. [PMID: 37705876 PMCID: PMC10495607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zirconia restorations are increasingly popular in dental treatment. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) needs to be sintered for clinical applications and novel speed-sintering protocols are being developed for chairside treatments. Whether the properties of speed-sintered YSZ meet clinical requirements, however, remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the influence of speed-sintering on the optical and mechanical properties of dental YSZ according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published between January 1, 2010 and February 28, 2022 in English, Chinese, or Japanese. After full-text evaluation and quality assessment, 26 articles were selected. Meta-analysis revealed that speed-sintering does not significantly affect the CIEDE2000-based translucency parameter, contrast ratio, three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, or fracture toughness of YSZ (p < 0.01) compared to conventional sintering. However, the CIELab-based translucency parameter of conventionally sintered YSZ is higher than that of speed-sintered YSZ. The descriptive analysis indicated that speed-sintering does not affect the hardness of YSZ compared to that of conventionally sintered YSZ. The results indicate that speed-sintering is suitable for preparing YSZ for dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Liu
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masanao Inokoshi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kaiqi Xu
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Watcharapong Tonprasong
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Minakuchi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7 blok a, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Vleugels
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fei Zhang
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7 blok a, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Miura S, Shinya A, Ishida Y, Fujita T, Vallittu P, Lassila L, Fujisawa M. The effect of low-temperature degradation and building directions on the mechanical properties of additive-manufactured zirconia. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:800-805. [PMID: 37793824 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-temperature degradation (LTD) on the mechanical properties of additive-manufactured zirconia. In addition, the mechanical properties of additive-manufactured were compared with those before aging under similar experimental conditions. This study prepared stereolithography apparatus fabricated zirconia specimens with flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness. The specimen position data were set as parallel (0°), diagonal (45°), and perpendicular (90°) to the direction of the building. The LTD condition was 5 h under 134ºC and 0.2 MPa in an autoclave. It was found that the 0° direction differed significantly from all other conditions before and after aging, and the highest flexural strength was obtained when the additive specimen was manufactured perpendicular to the building direction. However, the results indicate that there is a negligible effect of aging on the mechanical properties of additive-manufactured zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Miura
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
| | - Akikazu Shinya
- Department of Dental Materials Sciences, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
| | - Yoshiki Ishida
- Department of Dental Materials Sciences, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University
| | - Takafumi Fujita
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
- Welfare District of County of Southwest Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
| | - Masanori Fujisawa
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative and Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
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14
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Piza MMT, Bergamo ETP, Campos TMB, Carvalho LF, Goulart CA, Gutierres E, Lopes ACO, Benalcazar Jalkh EB, Bonfante EA. Alumina-toughened zirconia nanocomposite: Aging effect on microstructural, optical, and mechanical properties. Dent Mater 2023; 39:1022-1031. [PMID: 37775460 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To process an alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) nanocomposite and to characterize its crystalline phases, microstructure, residual stress, mechanical and optical properties before and after two different artificial aging methodologies. METHODS Disc-shaped specimens were obtained through uniaxial pressing of a commercial ATZ powder comprised of 80%ZrO2 / 20%Al2O3, with a particle size of 50 nm and 150 nm, respectively. Sintering was performed at 1500ºC for 2 h. Groups were established according to the aging protocol as immediate (ATZ-I) and aged either in autoclave (ATZ-A) or hydrothermal reactor (ATZ-R) at 134 ºC for 20 h at 2.2 bar. Crystalline phases and microstructure were assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Residual stress was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. Contrast Ratio (CR) and Translucency Parameter (TP) were calculated to characterize optical properties. Mechanical properties were analyzed through Vickers microhardness, fracture toughness, and biaxial flexural strength test. RESULTS XRD spectra of both aging protocols revealed the presence of monoclinic zirconia (20-31%), where higher phase transformation was observed after aging in hydrothermal reactor. Optical properties evaluation demonstrated high opacity (CR: 0.99) and masking ability (TP: 0.26), with no significant differences after aging. Raman spectroscopy evidenced the presence of residual compressive stresses in the aged groups, being significantly higher for ATZ-R (-215.2 MPa). As-sintered specimens revealed hardness of ∼12.3 GPa and fracture toughness of ∼1.9 MPa.m1/2. Characteristic strength was 740 MPa for ATZ-I, 804 MPa for ATZ-A, and 879 MPa for ATZ-R, with significant differences between groups. Weibull modulus ranged from 16.5 to 18.8. All groups demonstrated high reliability up to 500 MPa stress missions (99-100%), with no significant differences after aging. SIGNIFICANCE The experimental ATZ nanocomposite presented high opacity and a high Weibull modulus. While aging created internal compressive stress responsible for an increase in characteristic strength, the nanocomposite was susceptible to hydrothermal degradation. Further studies are required to evaluate its degradation kinetics at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M T Piza
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago M B Campos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Department of Physics, Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura F Carvalho
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso A Goulart
- São Paulo State University, School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Gutierres
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Adolfo C O Lopes
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto B Benalcazar Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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15
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Mijiritsky E, Elad A, Krausz R, Ivanova V, Zlatev S. Clinical performance of full-arch implant-supported fixed restorations made of monolithic zirconia luted to a titanium bar: A retrospective study with a mean follow-up of 16 months. J Dent 2023; 137:104675. [PMID: 37607658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This retrospective case series aimed to evaluate the short-term clinical advantages and limitations of full-arch implant-supported restorations made of monolithic zirconia suprastructures passively luted to titanium bar infrastructures and to report the rate of complications within a minimum of 1-year follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 31 patients (19 men and 12 women) requiring full-arch implant-supported prostheses in the upper or lower jaw. The patients were treated using an entirely digital approach from implant planning and guided implant placement to prosthetic construction planning, design, and fabrication. Full-arch implant-supported monolithic zirconia suprastructures luted to prism-shaped titanium bars were used in all the cases. All the restorations were evaluated for biological and technical complications during fixed control appointments. RESULTS No implant failures or serviceable prosthetic complications were reported, and the prosthetic survival rate was 100%, with a follow-up duration ranging from 12 months to 20 months. In two cases, a fracture line was observed in the zirconia suprastructures, although it did not require any intervention. CONCLUSIONS After a 16-month mean follow-up period, the monolithic zirconia implant-supported full-arch fixed dental prostheses demonstrated no biological or technical complications. Further clinical studies with long-term results are required to confirm these reported outcomes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CAD-/CAM-milled monolithic zirconia structures passively luted to titanium bar infrastructures are a viable treatment option for full-arch restorations over implants, demonstrating 100% survival and success rates in the present study. The outcomes of this short-term retrospective study indicated high success in function, aesthetics, phonetics, and the ability to maintain flawless hygiene. However, the long-term results of restorations produced using the proposed technique should be considered before recommending this approach for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Mijiritsky
- Department of Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
| | | | | | - Vasilena Ivanova
- Oral Surgery Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
| | - Stefan Zlatev
- CAD/CAM Center of Dental Medicine at the Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
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16
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Zhai Z, Sun J. Research on the low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia ceramics fabricated by stereolithography. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:629-638. [PMID: 34933748 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Stereolithography is a promising method of fabricating zirconia ceramics with high strength and accuracy. However, studies of the aging effects on zirconia ceramics fabricated by this technique are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the aging effects on the crystalline content, microstructure, and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) printed by stereolithography apparatus (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) compared with those of zirconia milled by computer numerical control (CNC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Bar-shaped specimens were fabricated after layer-by-layer printing, debinding, and sintering by SLA and DLP. Specimens milled and sintered by CNC were used as controls (n=24/material). The specimens were divided into 12 groups (n=6) and aged (0/5/10/15 hours, 134 °C, 0.2 MPa), after which the crystalline content, microstructure, and mechanical properties were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 3-point bend tests. The flexural strength and monoclinic (m) phase content were statistically evaluated (α=.05). RESULTS The XRD results showed that an m peak was not detected for any of the tested materials before aging. The m-phase content was the highest for SLA (5/10/15 hours: 19.64%/34.76%/41.88%), followed by DLP (5/10/15 hours: 9.62%/21.76%/28.43%) and CNC (5/10/15 hours: 2.29%/7.77%/7.66%). The SEM images showed zirconia grain fragments for DLP and grain pullout for SLA, while surface defects were not obvious for CNC. Within the materials, the flexural strength was the highest for SLA after aging for 5 hours (1010.3 MPa), followed by 10 hours (913.06 MPa) and 15 hours and 0 hours, which exhibited no difference (0/15 hours: 776.71/814.28 MPa) (P<.001). The flexural strength for CNC and DLP did not significantly change after aging for 5 hours, 10 hours, and 15 hours (P>.05). The flexural strength for CNC was always more than 1200 MPa, and that for DLP was approximately 800 MPa before and after aging. CONCLUSIONS Although the m-phase content for SLA and DLP increased with the aging time, the mechanical properties did not significantly decrease, indicating the stability of both materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidi Zhai
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China.
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17
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Gali S, Gururaja S, Prabhu TN, Srinivasan S. Investigation of Spark Plasma Sintering on Microstructure-Properties of Zirconia Reinforced Fluormica Glass for Dental Restorations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6125. [PMID: 37763404 PMCID: PMC10532871 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional sintering methods of dental ceramics have limitations of high temperature and slow cooling rates with requirements of additional heat treatment for crystallization. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an emerging technique that has the potential to process dental restorations with dense microstructures and tailor-made clinically relevant properties with optimized processing parameters. This study explored the potential of the SPS of zirconia-reinforced fluormica glass (FM) for dental restorative materials. METHODS FM glass frit was obtained through the melt-quench technique (44.5 SiO2-16.7 Al2O3-9.5 K2O-14.5 MgO-8.5 B2O3-6.3 F (wt.%)). The glass frit was ball-milled with 20 wt.% of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (FMZ) for enhanced fracture toughness. The mixtures were SPS sintered at a pressure of 50 MPa and a heating rate of 100 °C/min for 5 min with an increase in temperature from 650-750 °C-850 °C-950 °C. Phase analysis was carried out using XRD and microstructural characterization with SEM. Micro-hardness, nano-indentation, porosity, density, indentation fracture toughness, and genotoxicity were assessed. CONCLUSIONS The increase in the SPS temperature of FMZ influenced its microstructure and resulted in reduced porosity, improved density, and optimal mechanical properties with the absence of genotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaranjani Gali
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - Suhasini Gururaja
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - T. Niranjana Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560058, India
| | - Srikari Srinivasan
- Department of Automotive & Aerospace Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560058, India
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Packaeser MG, Aragonez GC, Machado PS, Borges ALS, Pereira GKR, Valandro LF, Rippe MP. High-versus low-viscosity resin cements: Its effect on the load-bearing capacity under fatigue of a translucent zirconia. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105829. [PMID: 37068429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of a resin cement with distinct viscosities, and to evaluate their impact on the static and fatigue strength of a translucent zirconia (4Y-PSZ) after air-abrasion surface treatment. Bar-shaped specimens of two different viscosities of resin cement (high and low) were obtained (25 × 10 × 3 mm). Sonelastic and Maxwell principles tests were performed to determine the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of each resin cement. Disc-shaped specimens of 4Y-PSZ were made (Ø = 15 mm, 1.2 mm in thickness) for the mechanical tests and allocated into groups according to two factors: surface treatment (presence or absence of air-abrasion with alumina particles; 45 μm grain-size); cement (absence, low or high viscosity). The static (n = 10) and cyclical (n = 15) biaxial flexural strength tests were performed by piston-on-three-balls geometry. A fatigue strength test was executed (20 Hz, initial stress of 60 MPa [12% of the mean static biaxial flexural strength], followed by increments of 25 MPa [5% of the mean static biaxial flexural strength] at each step of 10,000 cycles until the failure). The obtained data were analyzed by Weibull analysis. Survival rates were tabulated by the Kaplan-Meier test. Complementary analyses of surface roughness, topography, cross-sectional interfacial zone, fractography, and zirconia crystalline content (X-ray diffraction) were also performed. The evaluated resin cements with high and low viscosity presented similar elastic modulus (13.63 GPa; 12.74 GPa) and Poisson's ratio (0.32; 0.30), respectively. The air-abraded groups depicted higher mechanical strength of the zirconia ceramics than non-abraded groups (p˂ 0.05), regardless of the resin cement. 4Y-PSZ adhesively bonded to a high or low viscosity resin cement have statistically similar behavior (p˃ 0.05). The mechanical structural reliability of the 4Y-PSZ was not affected by the factors. Therefore, resin cement with high and low viscosity presented similar properties and potential to fill the zirconia surface, and did not affect the mechanical behavior of 4Y-PSZ. However, the air-abrasion surface treatment increased the static and fatigue flexural strength of the translucent zirconia.
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da Rosa LS, Pilecco RO, Sarkis-Onofre R, Kantorski KZ, Valandro LF, Rocha Pereira GK. Should finishing, polishing or glazing be performed after grinding YSZ ceramics? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105654. [PMID: 36634437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the characteristics and consequences of post-processing methods after grinding procedures in YSZ ceramics on its surface roughness and flexural strength. The protocol of this review was made prospectively and is available online in the PROSPERO database (link). Literature searches on PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs, Web of Science and Scopus were conducted on December 2022 to select in vitro studies written in English, without publishing-date restrictions, that considered surface characteristics and mechanical properties of YSZ ceramics submitted to grinding and subsequent post-processing surface treatments as an attempt to revert the effect induced by grinding. Two authors independently selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Mean differences (Rev-Man 5.1, random effects model, α= 0.05) were obtained by comparing flexural strength and surface roughness values of ground surfaces with at least one post-processing surface treatment (global analysis). Subgroup analyses were performed considering the most prevalent categories of post-processing methods. A total of 33 (out of 4032) studies were eligible and included in the analysis. In the global analysis, ground surfaces showed higher flexural strength than when post-processing methodologies were employed (p< 0.0001). The subgroup analysis showed that only polishing was able to enhance the flexural strength after grinding (p= 0.001); however, when other protocols were used, the ground surface was always superior in terms of flexural strength (p< 0.0001). Post-processing techniques in both the global and sub-group analyses were able to reduce the surface roughness after grinding in YSZ ceramics (p< 0.00001). High heterogeneity was found in all the meta-analyses. Concerning the risk of bias analysis, the included studies had mixed scores for the considered factors. In conclusion, in terms of improving flexural strength and restoring surface roughness after grinding, polishing protocols can be considered the best indication as post-processing treatment after YSZ ceramics adjustments/grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Saldanha da Rosa
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Oliveira Pilecco
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Sarkis-Onofre
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Atitus Educação, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Karla Zanini Kantorski
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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20
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Toma FR, Porojan SD, Vasiliu RD, Porojan L. The Effect of Polishing, Glazing, and Aging on Optical Characteristics of Multi-Layered Dental Zirconia with Different Degrees of Translucency. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020068. [PMID: 36826868 PMCID: PMC9967825 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Considering that the appearance of a dental material is an important factor that contributes to the success of prosthetic restorations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the optical properties and color changes among the layers of three commercial zirconias, to compare the aspect of the polished and glazed surfaces before and after aging and to evaluate the effects of hydrothermal degradation on their aesthetics. (2) Methods: Forty-eight plate-shaped samples were sectioned from presintered blocks of each multilayer translucent zirconia with different Yttrium content: Ceramill Zolid fx ML (5 mol%) = CeZ, STML (4 mol%) = STM, IPS e.maxZirCAD CEREC/in Lab MT Multi (4 mol% + 5 mol%) = IPZ. The samples were sintered according to the recommendation of each manufacturer, and half (24) of them were polished and the other half (24) glazed on one of the surfaces. Each type was equally divided into one control and one aging group, and, for each material, this resulted in four groups (n = 12): polished-control, polished-autoclaved glazed-control, and glazed-autoclaved. The artificial aging was carried out with an autoclave and distilled water at 134 °C, 0.2 MPa for 1 h, and for optical parameters (TP, CR, OP) and color change (ΔE*) measurements on a black and white background in a CIE L*a*b* color system, a spectrophotometer was used. The specimens were evaluated in incisal, cervical, and medium areas on polished and glazed samples before and after the aging stage. Statistical analysis was achieved with a two-way ANOVA test, the unpaired t-test, and the paired t-test. (3) Results: Before and after aging, the mean TP values for polished samples were higher than the glazed ones. After aging, the mean TP values increased for all groups (except polished CeZ), and significant differences were reported for polished STM, IPZ. After LTD, the opalescence registered an increase for almost all groups (except polished CeZ, polished and glazed IPZ-medium area), and significant differences were reported for almost all groups (except STM-incisal, IPZ-cervical, medium areas). The levels of color change were between extremely slight to perceivable. (4) Conclusions: Optical properties of the selected multilayer zirconia were influenced by polishing and glazing as surface treatment and affected by artificial aging (CeZ the least); perceivable color changes for polished STM, IPZ were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Roxana Toma
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Daniel Porojan
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Diana Vasiliu
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liliana Porojan
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence:
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21
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Bonfante EA, Calamita M, Bergamo ETP. Indirect restorative systems-A narrative review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:84-104. [PMID: 36688803 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The background and clinical understanding of the properties of currently available indirect restorative systems and fabrication methods is, along with manufacturer and evidence-based literature, an important starting point to guide the clinical selection of materials for tooth and/or implant supported reconstructions. Therefore, this review explores most indirect restorative systems available in the market, especially all-ceramic, along with aspects of manufacturing process, clinical survival rates, and esthetic outcomes. OVERVIEW Progressive incorporation of new technologies in the dental field and advancements in materials science have enabled the development/improvement of indirect restorative systems and treatment concepts in oral rehabilitation, resulting in reliable and predictable workflows and successful esthetic and functional outcomes. Indirect restorative systems have evolved from metal ceramics and polymers to glass ceramics, polycrystalline ceramics, and resin-matrix ceramics, aiming to improve not only biological and mechanical properties, but especially the optical properties and esthetic quality of the reconstructions, in attempt to mimic natural teeth. CONCLUSIONS Based on several clinical research, materials, and patient-related parameters, a decision tree for the selection of indirect restorative materials was suggested to guide clinicians in the rehabilitation process. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The pace of materials development is faster than that of clinical research aimed to support their use. Since no single material provides an ideal solution to every case, professionals must continuously seek information from well designed, long-term clinical trials in order to incorporate or not new materials and technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Calamita
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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22
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Singh RG, Lyons KM, Waddell JN, Li KC. Effect of thermocycling on the mechanical properties, inorganic particle release and low temperature degradation of glazed high translucent monolithic 3Y-TZP dental restorations. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105495. [PMID: 36208582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of thermocycling on the surface deterioration of glazed monolithic high translucent 3Y-TZP dental restorations is still unclear. The purpose of this study therefore was to evaluate low temperature degradation (LTD), elemental release and surface degradation pattern after five years of simulated clinical time. A total of 123 specimens were prepared from second-generation high translucent 3Y-TZP as per ISO 6872:2015 standards (3 mm × 4 mm × 30 mm). They were classified as per glazing and thermocycling protocol; group CPT, DGT and IGT. Glaze materials were applied on one surface of the specimen and subjected to a thermocycling in artificial saliva, four-point bending test, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Flexural strength, characteristic strength and Weibull modulus values were derived from four-point bending test. Descriptive fractographic analysis of surfaces was conducted to observe the surface degradation characteristics and point of failure. Control/no glaze with thermocycling (CPT = 621.5, 1σ = 117.0 MPa) presented higher flexural strength values compared to glaze I with thermocycling (442.4, 1σ = 45.4 MPa) and glaze II with thermocycling (534.3, 1σ = 46.3 MPa). Characteristic strength from Weibull analysis also observed higher values (669.2 MPa) for the control specimens. XRD analysis showed that monoclinic volume fraction (Vm = 11.0, 1σ = 0.7%) was highest in control specimens. Fractographic analysis suggested that there was no correlation between the point of failure initiation and mean flexural strength values. Glazing protected the high translucent 3Y-TZP surface against LTD during thermocycling but negatively impacted on the flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Gaurav Singh
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Karl Michael Lyons
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - John Neil Waddell
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Revilla-León M, Al-Haj Husain N, Barmak AB, Pérez-López J, Raigrodski AJ, Özcan M. Chemical Composition and Flexural Strength Discrepancies Between Milled and Lithography-Based Additively Manufactured Zirconia. J Prosthodont 2022; 31:778-783. [PMID: 35068002 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the chemical composition, flexural strength, and Weibull characteristics of milled and lithography-based additively manufactured (AM) zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A virtual design of a bar (25×4×2 mm) was completed using a software program. The standard tessellation language file was used to manufacture all the specimens: 3Y-TZP zirconia (Priti multidisc ZrO2 monochrome) milled (M group) and 3Y-TZP zirconia (LithaCon 3Y 210) lithography-based AM (CeraFab System S65 Medical) (AM group) bar specimens (n = 20). The chemical composition of the specimens was determined by using energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) elemental analysis in a scanning electron microscope. Flexural strength was measured in all specimens using 3-point bend test according to ISO/CD 6872.2 with a universal testing machine (Instron Model 8501). Two-parameter Weibull distribution values were calculated. The Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that the data were normally distributed (p < 0.05). Flexural strength values were analyzed using independent Student's t-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS There were no major chemical composition differences observed between M and AM groups. The AM specimens (1518.9 ± 253.9 MPa) exhibited a significantly higher flexural strength mean value compared to the milled (980.5 ± 130.3 MPa) specimens (DF = 13, T-value = -5.97, p < 0.001). The Weibull distribution presented the highest shape for M specimens (11.49) compared to those of AM specimens (6.95). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the chemical composition of milled and AM zirconia material tested. AM zirconia tested exhibited significantly higher flexural strength compared with the milled zirconia evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Kois Center, Seattle, WA.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Nadin Al-Haj Husain
- University of Zurich, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Center of Dental Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abdul B Barmak
- Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Ariel J Raigrodski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Private Practice, Lynnwood, WA
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- University of Zurich, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Center of Dental Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tan X, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Yu P, Mei Z, Yu H. Physical and biological implications of accelerated aging on stereolithographic additive-manufactured zirconia for dental implant abutment. J Prosthodont Res 2022; 66:600-609. [PMID: 34924492 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_21_00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of accelerated aging on the physical and biological features of zirconia manufactured by digital light processing (DLP) and conventional subtractive manufacturing (SM) with similar composition. METHODS Both the DLP- and SM-fabricated zirconia samples (7 mm × 7.5 mm × 1.5 mm) were grouped according to aging (134 °C, 0.2 MPa, 100% humidity) times, including 0 h, 5 h, and 10 h. Phase assemblage and surface topography of zirconia manufactured by different technologies were evaluated before and after aging. The biological effects of zirconia on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell events, including cell viability, proliferation, morphology and adhesion, were also evaluated by live/dead viability assay, cck-8 assay, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy respectively. RESULTS The DLP-fabricated zirconia showed a higher initial cubic phase content and rate of phase transformation than the SM-fabricated zirconia. Among the different aging time-based groups, the 5 h-aged group exhibited significantly lower sub-micron scale surface roughness compared with the other groups. Aging did not significantly alter cellular behavior in any zirconia type, except for minor changes in adhesive cell numbers recorded in an aging time/culturing time-dependent manner. In addition to small differences in cell alignment patterns and overall cell morphology, the two zirconia types presented comparable biological performance before and after aging. CONCLUSION Although the microstructure and surface characteristics of DLP-fabricated zirconia can be affected by autoclave aging, this newly manufactured zirconia is likely to maintain desirable long-term biocompatibility as an implant abutment material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yuqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Ziyu Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
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25
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Benalcázar Jalkh EB, Bergamo ETP, Campos TMB, de Araújo-Júnior ENS, Lopes ACO, Tebcherani SM, Yamaguchi S, Genova LA, Gierthmuehlen PC, Witek L, Coelho PG, Bonfante EA. Stability of fatigued and aged ZTA compared to 3Y-TZP and Al 2O 3 ceramic systems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105451. [PMID: 36162164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of fatigue and aging on the crystalline content and reliability of a zirconia-toughened-alumina (ZTA) composite compared to its individual counterpart materials (3Y-TZP and Al2O3). Thirty-six disc-shaped specimens per group were obtained to comply with ISO 6872:2015. Crystalline content, microstructure and reliability of experimental groups were evaluated in four stages: 1) immediate; 2) aged; 3) fatigued; 4) aged + fatigue. Aging was performed in autoclave and Step-Stress-Accelerated-Life-Testing (SSALT) was performed using three stress profiles. Weibull statistics were used to determine Weibull parameters and life-expectancy. A significant increase in monoclinic phase in 3Y-TZP was observed after aging (19.31%), fatigue (17.88%) and aging + fatigue (55.81%), while ZTA evidenced minimal variation among all conditions (<5.69%). 3Y-TZP presented higher reliability than ZTA at 300 and 500 MPa, and ZTA outperformed Al2O3 at the same stress missions. None of the ceramics yielded acceptable reliability at 800 MPa. A higher characteristic strength was observed for 3Y-TZP, followed by ZTA and Al2O3. While after aging ZTA and Al2O3 remained stable, 3Y-TZP exhibited a significant increase in the characteristic stress. Aging did not affect the reliability of ZTA and Al2O3. 3Y-TZP demonstrated an increase in monoclinic content and characteristic strength after aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto B Benalcázar Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago M B Campos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Everardo N S de Araújo-Júnior
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Adolfo C O Lopes
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio M Tebcherani
- Federal University of Technology, Paraná, Department of Production Engineering, Av. Monteiro Lobato km 04, 84016-210, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luis A Genova
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN, SP, Brazil
| | - Petra C Gierthmuehlen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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26
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Alfrisany NM, Somogyi-Ganss E, Tam L, Hatton BD, Sodhi RN, De Souza GM. Room-temperature atomic layer deposition of SiO2 on microcracked ZrO2 layers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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Toma FR, Bîrdeanu MI, Uțu ID, Vasiliu RD, Moleriu LC, Porojan L. Surface Characteristics of High Translucent Multilayered Dental Zirconia Related to Aging. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3606. [PMID: 35629636 PMCID: PMC9144863 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in terms of surface characteristics (roughness, topography, microhardness) among layers for multi-layered high translucent and super-high translucent zirconia and the influence of finishing and aging on surface characteristics and microstructure. (2) Methods: Three types of translucent multilayer zirconia were evaluated: STML (4Y-TZP); IPS e.maxZirCAD CEREC/in Lab MT Multi (4Y-TZP + 5Y-TZP); CeramillZolidfx ML (5Y-TZP). Ninety-six plate-shaped samples (32 for a material), 16 mm × 14 mm × 1 mm size, were cut with a precision disc, polished on both sides with sand papers and sintered respecting the manufacturer’s protocol. Half of the specimens (16) were finished by polishing and the other half by glazing and then equally divided into one control group and one group subject to aging by autoclaving (1 h, 134 °C, 0.2 MPa), resulting in four groups of eight samples, for each zirconia. The specimens were evaluated in three areas: cervical, medium, incisal-of each glazed or polished surface, before and after aging. Tests were performed to determine the surface roughness using a profilometer; the surface topography by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microhardness was recorded using a microhardness tester. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA test, unpaired sample t-Test, paired sample t-Test (α = 0.05) and Pearson’s correlation. (3) Results: Before and after autoclaving, for glazed samples significance (p < 0.05) higher surface roughness, respectively lower microhardness in comparison with the polished group was assessed. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were reported between the three areas, on glazed or polished surfaces of a material. Although, after aging an increase in surface roughness was observed both on glazed and polished samples, statistical differences were found for STML (p < 0.05). No significant differences (p> 0.05) concerning microhardness among the same areas, on glazed and polished surfaces, recorded before and after aging, except CeramillZolidfx ML glazed samples. (4) Conclusions: For tested zirconia materials no significant differences among layers were registered regarding surface characteristics. Surface treatment (glazing or polishing) has a significant impact on surface roughness and microhardness. Both before and after aging, the surface roughness values for the glazed samples were higher than for those polished. The super translucent 4Y-TZP material was more affected by aging compared to the super-high translucent 5Y-TZP material. The combined material revealed similarities for each layer corresponding to the microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Roxana Toma
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, EftimieMurgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.R.T.); (R.D.V.)
| | - Mihaela Ionela Bîrdeanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 300569 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ion-Dragoș Uțu
- Department of Materials and Fabrication Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Bd. Mihai Viteazu nr.1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Diana Vasiliu
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, EftimieMurgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.R.T.); (R.D.V.)
| | - Lavinia Cristina Moleriu
- Department of Functional Science, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, EftimieMurgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Liliana Porojan
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, EftimieMurgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.R.T.); (R.D.V.)
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Prado PHCO, Dapieve KS, Campos TMB, Valandro LF, Melo RMD. Effect of hydrothermal and mechanical aging on the fatigue performance of high-translucency zirconias. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1060-1071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wear Behavior of Different Generations of Zirconia: Present Literature. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:9341616. [PMID: 35295406 PMCID: PMC8920625 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9341616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The wear behavior of the novel zirconia generation is less well understood and may be affected by compositional modifications compared to the conventional zirconia. Materials and Methods. Combinations of keywords such as “zirconia,” “high translucent,” and “wear” were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar databases up to May 2021. The total of 23 relevant articles was selected according to inclusion criteria. Results. Reports show comparable wear resistance of translucent zirconia to the conventional zirconia despite an increased cubic phase content and lower mean flexural strength. A meticulously polished surface creates the lowest surface roughness, producing favorable zirconia wear resistance and antagonist wear compared to a glazed surface. In comparison to other ceramic materials, zirconia produces the least wear on an enamel antagonist and almost undetectable wear when opposed by zirconia. Wear when paired against resin materials yields a favorable outcome, whereas wear behavior against a metal antagonist varies with the surface hardness of the metal. Conclusions. All zirconia generations are considered wear-friendly to all types of antagonists. Nonetheless, comparative studies on antagonist wear opposing zirconia of different compositions are still limited and further investigation is required.
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de Araújo-Júnior ENS, Bergamo ETP, Bastos TMC, Benalcázar Jalkh EB, Lopes ACO, Monteiro KN, Cesar PF, Tognolo FC, Migliati R, Tanaka R, Bonfante EA. Ultra-translucent zirconia processing and aging effect on microstructural, optical, and mechanical properties. Dent Mater 2022; 38:587-600. [PMID: 35272865 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the ceramic processing and aging method on the microstructure, optical, and mechanical properties of a third generation ultra-translucent zirconia, yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ). METHODS In-house discs were obtained through uniaxial and isostatic pressing an ultra-translucent Y-PSZ powder and sintering at 1450 °C for 2 h. As control, a commercial disc was milled from pre-sintered blocks fabricated with the same 5Y-PSZ powder through isostatic pressing and sintered under the same protocol. Discs were allocated into three groups according to aging condition as immediate (non-aged) and aged using autoclave or hydrothermal reactor at 134ºC for 20 h at 2.2 bar. Crystalline content and microstructure were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Optical properties were determined using reflectance data to calculate the contrast ratio (CR) and translucency parameter (TP). Mechanical properties were assessed by Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and biaxial flexural strength tests. RESULTS XRD spectra revealed a prevalence of cubic (70%) and tetragonal (30%) phases, and the SEM images showed a dense fully crystalline ceramic matrix for both materials. Crystalline content and microstructure of the in-house and commercial 5Y-PSZs were not affected by aging. As-sintered 5Y-PSZs demonstrated similar CR (~0.6) and TP (~18) values, as well as Vickers hardness (~14 GPa) and fracture toughness (~3.8 Mpa.m1/2), with no significant alteration after both aging methods. In-house and commercial Y-PSZs Weibull moduli ranged from 3.0 to 5.3. 5Y-PSZ processing methods resulted in similar characteristic strength after sintering (592-618 Mpa). While commercial 5Y-PSZ showed no significant influence of aging on strength, hydrothermal reactor aging significantly decreased the in-house Y-PSZ characteristic strength (474 Mpa). Both 5Y-PSZs demonstrated high reliability up to 300-Mpa strength missions, with no detrimental effect of aging (88-100%). SIGNIFICANCE Irrespective of the processing method, ultra-translucent 5Y-PSZ showed high aging resistance and translucency stability, as well as strength corresponding to the indication up to short-span anterior prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everardo N S de Araújo-Júnior
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago M C Bastos
- Department of Physics, Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ernesto B Benalcázar Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Adolfo C O Lopes
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelli N Monteiro
- Department of Biomaterial and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo F Cesar
- Department of Biomaterial and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Tognolo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Migliati
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tanaka
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Hajhamid B, Alfrisany N, Somogyi-Ganss E. The effect of accelerated aging on crystalline structures and optical properties of different monolithic zirconia: A qualitative systematic review. Dent Mater 2022; 38:569-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bitencourt SB, Hatton BD, Bastos-Bitencourt NA, Micheline dos Santos D, Pesqueira AA, De Souza GM. Silica deposition on zirconia via room-temperature atomic layer deposition (RT-ALD): Effect on bond strength to veneering ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 129:105142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Arcila LVC, Ramos NDC, Campos TMB, Dapieve KS, Valandro LF, de Melo RM, Bottino MA. Mechanical behavior and microstructural characterization of different zirconia polycrystals in different thicknesses. J Adv Prosthodont 2022; 13:385-395. [PMID: 35003554 PMCID: PMC8712112 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2021.13.6.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the microstructure of three yttria partially stabilized zirconia ceramics and to compare their hardness, indentation fracture resistance (IFR), biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and fatigue flexural strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disc-shaped specimens were obtained from 3Y-TZP (Vita YZ HT), 4Y-PSZ (Vita YZ ST) and 5Y-PSZ (Vita YZ XT), following the ISO 6872/2015 guidelines for BFS testing (final dimensions of 12 mm in diameter, 0.7 and 1.2 ± 0.1 mm in thicknesses). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed, and mechanical properties were assessed by Vickers hardness, IFR, quasi-static BFS and fatigue tests. RESULTS All ceramics showed similar chemical compositions, but mainly differed in the amount of yttria, which was higher as the amount of cubic phase in the diffractogram (5Y-PSZ > 4Y-PSZ > 3Y-TZP). The 4Y- and 5Y-PSZ specimens showed surface defects under SEM, while 3Y-TZP exhibited greater grain uniformity on the surface. 5Y-PSZ and 3Y-TZP presented the highest hardness values, while 3Y-TZP was higher than 4Y- and 5Y-PSZ with regard to the IFR. The 5Y-PSZ specimen (0.7 and 1.2 mm) showed the worst mechanical performance (fatigue BFS and cycles until failure), while 3Y-TZP and 4Y-PSZ presented statistically similar values, higher than 5Y-PSZ for both thicknesses (0.7 and 1.2 mm). Moreover, 3Y-TZP showed the highest (1.2 mm group) and the lowest (0.7 mm group) degradation percentage, and 5Y-PSZ had higher strength degradation than 4Y-PSZ group. CONCLUSION Despite the microstructural differences, 4Y-PSZ and 3Y-TZP had similar fatigue behavior regardless of thickness. 5Y-PSZ had the lowest mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Viviana Calvache Arcila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José Dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Nathália de Carvalho Ramos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José Dos Campos, Brazil.,College of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (Unitau), Taubaté, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- College of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Renata Marques de Melo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José Dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Bottino
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José Dos Campos, Brazil
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Influence of high-speed sintering protocols on translucency, mechanical properties, microstructure, crystallography, and low-temperature degradation of highly translucent zirconia. Dent Mater 2021; 38:451-468. [PMID: 34961644 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impacts of high-speed sintering on the optical and mechanical properties, microstructure, crystallography, and low-temperature degradation of commercial yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) were investigated. METHODS Five commercial Y-PSZ products (KATANA HT, KATANA STML, KATANA UTML, Zpex 4, and Zpex Smile) were investigated. Specimens were sintered following speed-sintering (~90 min) and conventional-sintering protocols (~7 h), and a group of KATANA STML was super-speed-sintered (18 min). Dimensions of the zirconia specimens after sintering were 14.5 mm (diameter) and 1.2 mm (thickness). Translucency was assessed using a colorimeter. Biaxial flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine, followed by Weibull analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used for microstructure assessments. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystallography before and after hydrothermal aging. Low-temperature degradation (LTD) tests were performed at 134 °C under 2-3 bar water vapor in an autoclave. RESULTS The translucency and flexural strength were not affected significantly by the sintering programs (p > 0.05). The conventionally sintered KATANA STML and speed-sintered Zpex 4 presented the highest and lowest Weibull modulus, respectively. The conventionally-sintered Y-PSZ had a larger average grain size and smaller fraction of fine grains than those of the speed-sintered specimens. The fractographic analysis of the speed- and conventionally sintered Y-PSZ yielded comparable results. The speed-sintered Y-PSZ exhibited a lower c-ZrO2 content than that of conventionally-sintered Y-PSZ, except for KATANA HT and KATANA STML. LTD tests indicated that some of the speed and conventionally-sintered Y-PSZ exhibited similar monoclinic volume fractions. SIGNIFICANCE Speed-sintering programs are acceptable for Y-PSZ zirconia.
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Surface Characterisation of Dental Resin Composites Related to Conditioning and Finishing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234236. [PMID: 34883740 PMCID: PMC8659525 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the little information related to surface processing and conditioning of resin matrix ceramic materials previous glazing, the main purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different surface treatments on the surface morphology of different resin composite materials. Five types of resin composite CAD-CAM materials: a resin composite ceramic Vita Enamic (E) and four types of nanoparticle-filled resins, like Lava Ultimate (L), Cerasmart (C), Shofu HC (S), Hyramic (H) were taken into consideration. Specimens received the following surface treatment protocols: conventional polishing [p], polishing and glazing [pg], conditioning with CoJet [c], conditioning with CoJet and glazing [cg], sandblasting [s], sandblasting and glazing [sg], etching [e], etching and glazing [eg]. Surface roughness was analyzed for all samples and nanosurface topographic characterization was made by Atomic Force Microscopy. The highest roughness was registered for sandblasted surfaces [s], followed by tribochemical silica airborne particle abrasion [c], and etching [e]. A very strong correlated conditioning behavior of resin nanoceramic materials, like L, C and S samples was found. The microroughness decreased thus [s] > [c] > [e]. These are moderate correlated with H, and are moderate negative correlated to E, where e is more efficient. Three-dimensional images indicated visible grain boundaries after conditioning, for all materials. After polishing and glazing, surfaces became smoother. For all tested conditioning and finishing methods, surface roughness values were within clinically acceptable limits. Finishing by polishing was proved to be a good choice for all materials taken into consideration, polishing and glazing likewise, excepting Hyramic. For Enamic and Shofu HC sandblasting or tribochemical conditioning and glazing and for Hyramic polishing and glazing are not the best options, related to nanoroughness values. Referring to the nanosurface topography, for Enamic, Cerasmart and Hyramic, glazing would be the method of choice, associated with the adequate conditioning method for each material.
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Bergamo ETP, Campos TMB, Lopes ACO, Cardoso KB, Gouvea MVR, de Araújo-Júnior ENS, Witek L, Gierthmühlen PC, Coelho PG, Benalcázar Jalkh EB, Zahoui A, de Carvalho LF, Bonfante EA. Hydrothermal aging affects the three-dimensional fit and fatigue lifetime of zirconia abutments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104832. [PMID: 34536801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of aging using two different methods on the three-dimensional fit of zirconia abutments at the implant-abutment connection and estimate the probability of survival of anterior crowns supported by straight and 17-degree angled abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two different zirconia abutment designs, straight and 17-degree angled abutments (n = 63/group), were evaluated in the current study. The abutments were randomly allocated into three experimental groups according to laboratory aging condition (134°C, 2.2 bar, 20 h): (i) control, (ii) autoclave aging, and (iii) hydrothermal reactor aging. Crystalline content was determined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, and microstructure was analyzed using field-emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). Implant-abutment volume misfit was determined in the straight abutments by micro-computed tomography using the silicone replica technique. For fatigue testing, abutments were torqued to the implants and connected to standardized maxillary incisor zirconia crowns. The assemblies were subjected to step-stress accelerated life testing (SSALT) in water until fracture or suspension. The use level probability Weibull curves and probability of survival for a mission of 50,000 cycles at 50, 100, 150 and 200 N were calculated and plotted. Fractured samples were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS The crystalline spectra depicted a zirconia system primarily composed of the tetragonal phase. Laboratory aging yielded a 20%- and 37%-increase in the monoclinic content for abutments aged in autoclave and hydrothermal reactor relative to control, respectively. A fully crystalline matrix with a regular grain size was observed in the FEG-SEM for control abutments, with a considerable presence of intergranular defects. While autoclave aging triggered no significant alteration to the microstructure, defect population was reduced after hydrothermal reactor aging. Control abutments presented a significantly higher volume misfit (2.128 ± 0.54 mm3) relative to aged abutments using autoclave (1.244 ± 0.48 mm3) or hydrothermal reactor (1.441 ± 0.41 mm3). The beta (β) values indicated that failures were predominantly controlled by material strength rather than fatigue damage accumulation for all groups, except for straight control abutments. Irrespective of aging, the probability of survival of straight and angled zirconia abutments was up to 95% (95-100%) at 50 and 100 N. A 50N-increase in the load resulted in wider range of survival estimate, with straight autoclave abutments percentage significantly lower probability of survival (77%) than angled hydrothermal reactor abutments (99%). At 200N, angled hydrothermal reactor (97%) or autoclave (82%) aged abutments demonstrated the highest probability of survival, angled control (71%) and straight hydrothermal reactor (69%) abutments intermediate values, and straight autoclave (23%) and control (7%) abutments the lowest estimate. The failure mode predominantly involved abutment and/or abutment screw fracture for both straight and angled abutments. CONCLUSIONS Hydrothermal aging significantly influenced volume misfit, as well as the probability of survival of zirconia abutments at higher loads for both angled and straight abutments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiago M B Campos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Adolfo C O Lopes
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina B Cardoso
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus V R Gouvea
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Everardo N S de Araújo-Júnior
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Petra C Gierthmühlen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA; Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, 222 East 41st Street New York, NY, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto B Benalcázar Jalkh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 1st Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abbas Zahoui
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura F de Carvalho
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, 9-75 Octavio Pinheiro Brizolla, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Surface and bulk properties of zirconia as a function of composition and aging. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:104994. [PMID: 34864575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-SZ) materials with different levels of translucency have been used for indirect dental restorations. Y-SZ composition and microstructure are modified to improve translucency, and it is not clear how these materials respond to aging. This study evaluated the effect of hydrothermal aging (HA) performed in an autoclave on the properties of four dental Y-SZ materials with different compositions. Sintered bar-shaped specimens (14 x 4 x 2 mm) were prepared from four different zirconia-based materials (n = 40): low translucency 3 mol % Y-SZ (3Y-LT; Ceramill ZI, Amann Girrbach); high translucency 4 mol % Y-SZ (4Y-HT; Ceramill Zolid); and two high translucency 5 mol % Y-SZ (5Y-HT - Lava Esthetic, 3M; 5Y-SHT - Ceramill Zolid FX). Fully sintered specimens were exposed to HA for different times (control - 0 h, 5 h, 10 h, or 15 h at 134 °C, 2 bar pressure) and characterized for surface roughness, flexural strength (three-point bending), hardness and elastic modulus (nanoindentation), surface wettability (sessile drop technique) and crystalline content (x-ray diffraction, XRD). Data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD (p < 0.05). Zirconia composition significantly affected roughness (p = 0.016). Zirconia*aging interaction affected flexural strength (p = 0.012), surface wettability (p < 0.001), and hardness (p = 0.002). Zirconia composition (p = 0.011) and aging (p = 0.001) affected elastic modulus, while the interaction effect was not significant (p = 0.94). HA affects zirconia-based materials in different degrees. For 3Y-LT and 4Y-HT, surface and bulk properties were affected by aging to a similar extent. However, surface and bulk properties may change during clinical use as a result of prolonged degradation of Y-SZ.
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Fraga S, Pereira GKR, Guilardi LF, May LG, Valandro LF, Kleverlaan CJ. Influence of testing environment on static fatigue behavior of a glass and a polycrystalline ceramic. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:56-64. [PMID: 34755790 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It aims on evaluate the effect of the test environment on static fatigue behavior of lithium disilicate-based (LD), and yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics. Specimens of LD (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) and YSZ (IPS e.max ZirCAD MO, 3 mol% Y2O3, Ivoclar Vivadent) were randomly allocated into three groups: tested in air, inert (paraffin oil, Sigma Aldrich) or distilled water. The static fatigue test (n=15) was performed using a piston-on-three ball assembly, adapted from ISO 6872, as follows: starting load 100 N for LD and 300 N for YSZ; loading application time set to 1 hour for each loading step; step size of 50 N for LD and 100 N for YSZ, applied successively until fracture. Data from static fatigue strength (MPa) and time to fracture (hours) were recorded. Fractographic analysis was executed. Survival analysis corroborates absence of influence of environment on static fatigue outcomes (fatigue strength, time to fracture and survival rates) for YSZ. For LD, specimens tested in air presented statistically superior survival rate and static fatigue strength (p= 0.025). In regards of time to fracture, LD tested in air were superior than when tested in distilled water (p=0.019) or inert (p=0.017) environments. No statistical differences for Weibull modulus were observed. Failures started on the tensile stress surface. Thus, the test environment did not affect slow crack growth (SCG) mechanisms during static fatigue test of YSZ ceramics, but it plays a significant role for the static fatigue behavior of lithium disilicate-based glass ceramics, indicating a high susceptibility to SCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fraga
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luís Felipe Guilardi
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Gressler May
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- * Federal University of Santa Maria, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam - ACTA, Department of Dental Materials Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Surface characterization of different surface treatments associations with plasma and bonding analysis of Y-TZP and the veneering ceramic. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1873-1883. [PMID: 34702557 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the surface of zirconia (Y-TZP) submitted to different surface treatments (with and without plasma associations) and to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) between veneering ceramic (VC) and Y-TZP after different aging methods. METHODS 301 Y-TZP specimens were fabricated and distributed into 7 groups: C (control): no treatment; Al: airborne abrasion with 27 μm Al2O3 particle; L: liner; P: plasma; Al + L: airborne + liner; Al + P: airborne + plasma; P + L: plasma + liner. The Y-TZP surface was characterized by SEM, EDS, AFM, surface profilometry, surface-free energy (SFE), and XRD. SBS between Y-TZP and VC was verified after three aging protocols: initial, after hydrothermal aging (autoclave for 5 h), or thermal fatigue (30,000 baths - 5-55 °C). One- (profilometry, SFE) and two-way ANOVA (SBS), and Tukey's HSD test were used. RESULTS For the plasma groups, a full globular surface coverage was observed (SEM, AFM). Si was found for Al, L, Al + L, and P + L. Roughness was lower for C, P, and Al + P. For SFE, the highest values were found when the liner was applied (>74.59 nm/Nm). The highest monoclinic content was observed for Al + L (6.96%) and Al + P (5.86%). For the initial period, Al and P + L presented the lowest SBS values (<5.85 MPa; P > 0.331). The highest SBS values were found for L, P, and P + L (hydrothermal aging) and for P, L, Al + L, and Al + P (thermal fatigue). SIGNIFICANCE Changes in Y-TZP topography and the SBS with the VC were found, according to treatments performed. Plasma treatment improved SBS and did not cause phase transformation.
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Khanlar LN, Salazar Rios A, Tahmaseb A, Zandinejad A. Additive Manufacturing of Zirconia Ceramic and Its Application in Clinical Dentistry: A Review. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9090104. [PMID: 34562978 PMCID: PMC8469515 DOI: 10.3390/dj9090104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has many advantages and became a valid manufacturing technique for polymers and metals in dentistry. However, its application for dental ceramics is still in process. Among dental ceramics, zirconia is becoming popular and widely used in dentistry mainly due to its outstanding properties. Although subtractive technology or milling is the state of art for manufacturing zirconia restorations but still has shortcomings. Utilizing AM in fabricating ceramics restorations is a new topic for many researchers and companies across the globe and a good understanding of AM of zirconia is essential for dental professional. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to illustrate different AM technologies available for processing zirconia and discus their advantages and future potential. A comprehensive literature review was completed to summarize different AM technologies that are available to fabricate zirconia and their clinical application is reported. The results show a promising outcome for utilizing AM of zirconia in restorative, implant and regenerative dentistry. However further improvements and validation is necessary to approve its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nasiry Khanlar
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Alma Salazar Rios
- College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; (A.S.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ali Tahmaseb
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Amirali Zandinejad
- College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; (A.S.R.); (A.Z.)
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Nanoscale physico-mechanical properties of an aging resistant ZTA composite. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104690. [PMID: 34385065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of aging on the nanomechanical properties and 3D surface topographical parameters of an experimental Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) composite compared to its respective individual counterpart materials. METHODS Disk-shaped specimens comprised of three material groups were processed: 1) ZTA 70/30 (70% alumina reinforced with 30% second-generation 3Y-TZP); 2) Zpex (Second-generation 3Y-TZP), and; 3) Al2O3 (High purity Alumina) (n = 10/material, 12 × 1 mm). After synthesis, ceramic powders were pressed, the green-body samples were sintered and polished. Nanoindentation testing was performed to record elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H). Interferometry was utilized to assess 3D surface roughness parameters (Sa, Sq), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) assessed the crystalline content and microstructure. All tests were performed before and after simulated aging (134°C, 2.2 bar, 20 h). Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed-model and least square difference pos-hoc tests (α = 5%). RESULTS XRD spectra indicated increase of monoclinic peaks for Zpex (~18%) relative to ZTA 70/30 (~2.5%) after aging. Additionally, aging did not affect the surface roughness parameters of ZTA 70/30 and Al2O3, although a significant increase in Sa was recorded for Zpex following aging (~90 nm) (p < 0.001). Al2O3 yielded the highest H and E values (H:21 GPa, E: 254 GPa), followed by ZTA 70/30 (H: 13 GPa, E: 214 GPa) and Zpex (H:11 GPa, E: 167 GPa), all significantly different (p < 0.03). CONCLUSION ZTA 70/30 and Al2O3 presented high hydrothermal stability with respect to all evaluated variables, where artificial aging significantly increased the monoclinic content and surface roughness of Zpex.
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Durkan R, Deste Gökay G, Şimşek H, Yilmaz B. Biaxial flexural strength and phase transformation characteristics of dental monolithic zirconia ceramics with different sintering durations: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:498-504. [PMID: 34059297 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Zirconia is a polymorphic metastable material which can react through a phase transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic when exposed to mechanical, physical, or chemical stimuli. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the fracture strength and phase structure of different high-translucency zirconia ceramics depending on the changes in sintering duration and thermocycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two monolithic zirconia ceramics, Katana (KAT) and NexxZr (NEX), were used to prepare disk-shaped specimens (n=66). The sintering temperature was 1500 °C, and 3 different sintering durations were tested: 1 hour, 2 hours (recommended by the manufacturer), and 3 hours. Thermocycling was applied to half the specimens. Fracture strength was calculated, and the specimens were analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to determine the level of the phase transformation. The normal distribution of the data was analyzed by using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare multiple groups (α=.05). The Fisher least significant difference test was applied to identify significant differences in fracture strength. The paired-specimen t test was applied to perform intragroup comparisons. RESULTS Sintering duration significantly affected the fracture strength of KAT (P=.007). For nonthermocycled specimens, the fracture strength of NEX was significantly higher than that of KAT (P<.001). Thermocycling had a significant effect on fracture strength depending on sintering duration and zirconia ceramic interaction (P=.046). CONCLUSIONS The sintering duration only affected the KAT zirconia, and the fracture strength of KAT decreased when sintered for 3 hours. Thermocycling decreased the fracture strength of both zirconias, except when the sintering duration was 2 hours for NEX. The fracture strength was higher for NEX than for KAT. Tetragonal-monoclinic phase transformation was not found for either zirconia according to the XRD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Durkan
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Gonca Deste Gökay
- Asisstant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | | | - Burak Yilmaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Adjunct Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Tran L, Tam DNH, Elshafay A, Dang T, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Quality assessment tools used in systematic reviews of in vitro studies: A systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:101. [PMID: 33964880 PMCID: PMC8106836 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) are commonly conducted to evaluate and summarize medical literature. This is especially useful in assessing in vitro studies for consistency. Our study aims to systematically review all available quality assessment (QA) tools employed on in vitro SRs/MAs. METHOD A search on four databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library and Web of Science, was conducted from 2006 to 2020. The available SRs/MAs of in vitro studies were evaluated. DARE tool was applied to assess the risk of bias of included articles. Our protocol was developed and uploaded to ResearchGate in June 2016. RESULTS Our findings reported an increasing trend in publication of in vitro SRs/MAs from 2007 to 2020. Among the 244 included SRs/MAs, 126 articles (51.6%) had conducted the QA procedure. Overall, 51 QA tools were identified; 26 of them (51%) were developed by the authors specifically, whereas 25 (49%) were pre-constructed tools. SRs/MAs in dentistry frequently had their own QA tool developed by the authors, while SRs/MAs in other topics applied various QA tools. Many pre-structured tools in these in vitro SRs/MAs were modified from QA tools of in vivo or clinical trials, therefore, they had various criteria. CONCLUSION Many different QA tools currently exist in the literature; however, none cover all critical aspects of in vitro SRs/MAs. There is a need for a comprehensive guideline to ensure the quality of SR/MA due to their precise nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Dao Ngoc Hien Tam
- Asia Shine Trading & Service CO. LTD., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Abdelrahman Elshafay
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Thao Dang
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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Koenig V, Bekaert S, Dupont N, Vanheusden A, Le Goff S, Douillard T, Chevalier J, Djaker N, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Amiard F, Dardenne N, Wulfman C, Mainjot A. Intraoral low-temperature degradation of monolithic zirconia dental prostheses: Results of a prospective clinical study with ex vivo monitoring. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1134-1149. [PMID: 33858665 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the intraoral development and kinetics of low-temperature degradation (LTD) in second-generation 3 mol.% yttria-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) monolithic prostheses, as well as the influence of masticatory mechanical stress and glaze layer on it. METHODS A total of 101 posterior tooth elements were included in a prospective clinical study, which included ex vivo LTD monitoring (at baseline, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years) using Raman spectroscopy (n = 2640 monoclinic phase measurement points per evaluation time) and SEM. Four types of areas (1-2 mm2 surface, 6 on molars, and 4 on premolars) were analyzed on each element surface: occlusal, axial, glazed, or unglazed. Raman depth mapping and high-resolution SEM were performed on the selected samples. RESULTS LTD developed in 3Y-TZP monolithic restorations 6 months after intraoral placement and progressed with time. After two years, the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation was non-uniform, with the presence of localized clusters of transformed grains. In axial areas, the grain aspect was typical of the classical nucleation-growth process reported for LTD, which progresses from the surface to a depth of several tens of microns. However, in occlusal areas, tribological stress generated surface crushing and grain pull-out from the clusters, which induced an underestimation of the aging process when the evaluation was limited to monoclinic phase quantification. Glazing cannot be considered a protection against LTD. SIGNIFICANCE If LTD occurs in dental prostheses in the same way as in orthopedic prostheses, its clinical impact is unknown and needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Koenig
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium
| | - S Bekaert
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium
| | - N Dupont
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium
| | - A Vanheusden
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium
| | - S Le Goff
- Unité de Recherches en Biomatériaux Innovants et Interfaces (URB2i) - EA4462, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Montrouge, 92120, France
| | - T Douillard
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - J Chevalier
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N Djaker
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, UMR 7244, CSPBAT, Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - M Lamy de la Chapelle
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM - UMR6283), Université du Mans, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - F Amiard
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM - UMR6283), Université du Mans, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - N Dardenne
- Department of Public Health, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Wulfman
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium; Unité de Recherches en Biomatériaux Innovants et Interfaces (URB2i) - EA4462, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Montrouge, 92120, France
| | - A Mainjot
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège (ULiège), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège, 4020, Belgium.
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Elraggal A, Silikas N. Effect of Air-Abraded Versus Laser-Fused Fluorapatite Glass-Ceramics on Shear Bond Strength of Repair Materials to Zirconia. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061468. [PMID: 33802778 PMCID: PMC8002453 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zirconia repair could be a feasible alternative option to total replacement in fractured zirconia-based restorations. Maximising the bond strength by enriching zirconia with fluorapatite glass-ceramics (FGC) powder has been addressed and compared to other surface treatments. Besides resin composite, other repair materials have been proposed and compared. Zirconia blocks received different surface treatments (A-sandblasting with tribochemical silica-coated alumina (CoJet). B-sandblasting with FGC powder (FGC), C-fluorapatite glass-ceramic coat+ neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation (FGC + Nd: YAG), and D-no surface treatment). The surface roughness, topography, and crystallinity were investigated by a profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, respectively. For each surface treatment, three repair materials (feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate, and resin composite) were bonded to zirconia with 10, Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-Monobond Plus/ Multilink Automix. Bonded specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles and tested for shear bond strength (SBS) at a speed of 1 mm/min, followed by the analysis of the mode of failure. FGC + Nd: YAG laser group reported the highest surface roughness and monoclinic content compared to CoJet, FGC, and control groups. The highest mean SBS was found in FGC-blasted zirconia, followed by FGC + Nd: YAG laser and CoJet treated groups. However, the lowest SBS was found in control groups regardless of the repair material. Sandblasting zirconia with FGC powder increased SBS of resin to zirconia with lower monoclinic phase transformation compared to FGC + Nd: YAG or CoJet groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaaeldin Elraggal
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1145096263
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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Ding SJ, Chu YH, Chen PT. Mechanical Biocompatibility, Osteogenic Activity, and Antibacterial Efficacy of Calcium Silicate-Zirconia Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7106-7118. [PMID: 33748624 PMCID: PMC7970563 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia ceramics with high mechanical properties have been used as a load-bearing implant in the dental and orthopedic surgery. However, poor bone bonding properties and high elastic modulus remain a challenge. Calcium silicate (CaSi)-based ceramic can foster osteoblast adhesion, growth, and differentiation and facilitate bone ingrowth. This study was to prepare CaSi-ZrO2 composites and evaluate their mechanical properties, long-term stability, in vitro osteogenic activity, and antibacterial ability. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used to evaluate the antibacterial and osteogenic activities of implants in vitro, respectively. Results indicated that the three-point bending strength of ZrO2 was 486 MPa and Young's modulus was 128 GPa, which were much higher than those of the cortical bone. In contrast, the bending strength and modulus of 20% (201 MPa and 48 GPa, respectively) and 30% CaSi (126 MPa and 20 GPa, respectively) composites were close to the reported strength and modulus of the cortical bone. As expected, higher CaSi content implants significantly enhanced cell growth, differentiation, and mineralization of hMSCs. It is interesting to note the induction ability of CaSi in osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs even when cultured in the absence of an osteogenic differentiation medium. The composite with the higher CaSi contents exhibited the greater bacteriostatic effect against E. coli and S. aureus. In conclusion, the addition of 20 wt % CaSi can effectively improve the mechanical biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and antibacterial activity of ZrO2 ceramics, which may be a potential choice for load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute
of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department
of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University
Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hung Chu
- Institute
of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tung Chen
- Institute
of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Habib AW, Aboushelib MN, Habib NA. Effect of chemical aging on color stability and surface properties of stained all-ceramic restorations. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:636-647. [PMID: 33665948 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of artificial aging on color stability, translucency, and surface roughness of stained all-ceramic restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from six different all-ceramic materials: two glass ceramics (Vita Mark II and Empress CAD), two lithium disilicate based ceramics (e.max and Suprinity), and two zirconia-based materials (ZirCAD LT and ZirCAD MT Multi). The discs were stained using two universal stains; IPS Ivocolor stain or Vita Akzent stain. Color change (ΔE) and the translucency parameter (TP) were measured before and after artificial aging. The surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using atomic force microscopy, while the surface microstructure was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative elemental analysis was performed using the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Leached ions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) (n = 12, α = 0.05). RESULTS Artificial aging had significantly changed the color (ΔE) and decreased the translucency (TP) of all stained ceramics. The mean surface roughness (Ra) was significantly increased in all specimens, which was also confirmed in the SEM scans. EDX analysis revealed a decrease in the elemental composition of the stained surface as a result of ceramic degradation, except for Ca and Zn in IPS Ivocolor stain. Furthermore, the ICP analysis revealed that most compositional elements of stain and glaze were detected in the aging solution. CONCLUSIONS Chemical aging had significantly affected the optical parameters and surface texture of stained monolithic ceramics. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Stained ceramics are liable to color degradation. Each type of stain should be used with its corresponding type of ceramic. Stained all-ceramic restorations are liable to color change and surface degradation during function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel W Habib
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa N Aboushelib
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nour A Habib
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Effects of Aging on the Color and Translucency of Monolithic Translucent Y-TZP Ceramics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8875023. [PMID: 33575352 PMCID: PMC7857873 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8875023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Monolithic restorations made of translucent yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) have become popular over the past few decades. However, whether aging affects the color and translucency of monolithic translucent Y-TZP is unclear. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies was to evaluate the effects of aging on the color and translucency of monolithic translucent Y-TZP ceramics. Materials and Methods This systematic review/meta-analysis was reported according to the PRISMA statement and registered in the OSF registries (https://osf.io/5qjmu). Four databases including Medline via the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases and the Cochrane Library were searched using no publication year and language limits. The last search was executed on November 20, 2020. In vitro studies comparing the translucency and/or color of monolithic translucent Y-TZP ceramics before and after simulated aging were selected. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software (version 5.3, Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) with random-effects models at a significance level of 0.05. A risk-of-bias assessment was also performed for the included studies. Results Of the 188 potentially relevant studies, 13 were included in the systematic review. The hydrothermal aging duration ranged from 1 to 100 h at relatively similar temperatures (~134°C). In the general meta-analyses, the aged Y-TZP ceramics exhibited similar translucency parameter (TP), L∗, and b∗ values compared with the nonaged controls (P = .73, P = .49, and P = .62, respectively). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the aged and nonaged Y-TZP ceramics in the a∗ value (P = .03; MD = −0.26; 95% CI = −0.51 to − 0.02), favoring the nonaged Y-TZP ceramics. The subgroup analyses showed that the duration of aging contributed to changes in the translucency and color of the Y-TZP ceramics. Conclusions The optical properties of monolithic translucent Y-TZP ceramics were stable after hydrothermal aging at 134°C and 0.2 MPa for ≤20 h. Moreover, clinically unacceptable changes in the translucency and color of monolithic translucent Y-TZP ceramics were found after hydrothermal aging for >20 h.
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Bergamo ETP, Cardoso KB, Lino LFO, Campos TMB, Monteiro KN, Cesar PF, Genova LA, Thim GP, Coelho PG, Bonfante EA. Alumina-toughened zirconia for dental applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, optical, and residual stress characterization after artificial aging. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:1135-1144. [PMID: 33314536 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the physicomechanical properties of an alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ). ATZ synthesis consisted of the addition of alumina particles in an yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) matrix. Specimens were obtained by uniaxial and isostatic pressing ATZ and 3Y-TZP powders and sintering at 1600°C/1 h and 1550°C/1 h, respectively. Crystalline content and residual stress were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical properties were determined by reflectance test. Mechanical properties were assessed by biaxial flexural strength test. All analyses were performed before and after aging (134°C, 20 h, 2 bar). XRD and SEM revealed a typical ATZ and 3Y-TZP crystalline content, chiefly tetragonal phase, with a dense polycrystalline matrix, though a smaller grain size for ATZ. Aging triggered a similar monoclinic transformation for both systems; however, ATZ exhibited higher residual compressive stresses than 3Y-TZP. While as-processed 3Y-TZP demonstrated significantly higher characteristic strength relative to ATZ, no significant difference was observed after aging (~215 MPa increase in the ATZ strength). ATZ presented significantly higher opacity relative to 3Y-TZP, although aging significantly increased the translucency of both systems (increase difference significantly higher in the 3Y-TZP compared to ATZ). ATZ physicomechanical properties support its applicability in the dental field, with a lower detrimental effect of aging relative to 3Y-TZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina B Cardoso
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas F O Lino
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago M B Campos
- Department of Physics, Aeronautics Technological Institute, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelli N Monteiro
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo F Cesar
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis A Genova
- Center of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Research in Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilmar P Thim
- Department of Physics, Aeronautics Technological Institute, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Yilmaz AD, Okutan Y. Effect of air-abrasion at pre- and/or post-sintered stage and hydrothermal aging on surface roughness, phase transformation, and flexural strength of multilayered monolithic zirconia. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:606-616. [PMID: 33236475 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of air-abrasion/sintering order and autoclave aging on the surface roughness (Ra), phase transformation, and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of monolithic zirconia. A total of 104 monolithic zirconia specimens (Katana ML) were divided into eight groups according to airborne-particle abrasion protocols and hydrothermal aging: control (non-aged: C-, aged: C+), air-abrasion before sintering (BS-, BS+), air-abrasion after sintering (AS-, AS+), and air-abrasion before and after sintering (BAS-, BAS+). A steam autoclave was used for accelerated aging, and Ra values were measured with a surface profilometer. All specimens were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine any phase transformation on the zirconia surface. BFS was measured by using the piston-on-three-balls method. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed on one specimen per group. BS and BAS groups showed higher Ra values compared with groups C and AS. The aging process significantly increased the monoclinic phase content of all specimens. Lower monoclinic levels were found in AS+ and BAS+ compared with other aged groups. The AS groups exhibited higher flexural strength values relative to control groups, whereas BS groups exhibited significantly lower flexural strength values (p < .05). There was no reduction in flexural strength by using the BAS protocol. Air-abrasion of zirconia at the pre-sintered stage only is not recommended in clinical use because of the remarkable decrease in flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dogus Yilmaz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Canakkale Oral and Dental Health Center, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Yener Okutan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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