1
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Mukherjee S, Rogers A, Creech G, Hang C, Ramirez A, Dummeldinger M, Brueggemeier S, Mapelli C, Zaretsky S, Huang M, Black R, Peddicord MB, Cuniere N, Kempson J, Pawluczyk J, Allen M, Parsons R, Sfouggatakis C. Process Development of a Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitor of PD-L1. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6651-6663. [PMID: 38663026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This article outlines the process development leading to the manufacture of 800 g of BMS-986189, a macrocyclic peptide active pharmaceutical ingredient. Multiple N-methylated unnatural amino acids posed challenges to manufacturing due to the lability of the peptide to cleavage during global side chain deprotection and precipitation steps. These issues were exacerbated upon scale-up, resulting in severe yield loss and necessitating careful impurity identification, understanding the root cause of impurity formation, and process optimization to deliver a scalable synthesis. A systematic study of macrocyclization with its dependence on concentration and pH is presented. In addition, a side chain protected peptide synthesis is discussed where the macrocyclic protected peptide is extremely labile to hydrolysis. A computational study explains the root cause of the increased lability of macrocyclic peptide over linear peptide to hydrolysis. A process solution involving the use of labile protecting groups is discussed. Overall, the article highlights the advancements achieved to enable scalable synthesis of an unusually labile macrocyclic peptide by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The sustainability metric indicates the final preparative chromatography drives a significant fraction of a high process mass intensity (PMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amanda Rogers
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Gardner Creech
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chao Hang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Dummeldinger
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Shawn Brueggemeier
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Claudio Mapelli
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Masano Huang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Regina Black
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael B Peddicord
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Nicolas Cuniere
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Martin Allen
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Rodney Parsons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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2
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Kekessie I, Wegner K, Martinez I, Kopach ME, White TD, Tom JK, Kenworthy MN, Gallou F, Lopez J, Koenig SG, Payne PR, Eissler S, Arumugam B, Li C, Mukherjee S, Isidro-Llobet A, Ludemann-Hombourger O, Richardson P, Kittelmann J, Sejer Pedersen D, van den Bos LJ. Process Mass Intensity (PMI): A Holistic Analysis of Current Peptide Manufacturing Processes Informs Sustainability in Peptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4261-4282. [PMID: 38508870 PMCID: PMC11002941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule therapeutics represent the majority of the FDA-approved drugs. Yet, many attractive targets are poorly tractable by small molecules, generating a need for new therapeutic modalities. Due to their biocompatibility profile and structural versatility, peptide-based therapeutics are a possible solution. Additionally, in the past two decades, advances in peptide design, delivery, formulation, and devices have occurred, making therapeutic peptides an attractive modality. However, peptide manufacturing is often limited to solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), liquid phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), and to a lesser extent hybrid SPPS/LPPS, with SPPS emerging as a predominant platform technology for peptide synthesis. SPPS involves the use of excess solvents and reagents which negatively impact the environment, thus highlighting the need for newer technologies to reduce the environmental footprint. Herein, fourteen American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACS GCIPR) member companies with peptide-based therapeutics in their portfolio have compiled Process Mass Intensity (PMI) metrics to help inform the sustainability efforts in peptide synthesis. This includes PMI assessment on 40 synthetic peptide processes at various development stages in pharma, classified according to the development phase. This is the most comprehensive assessment of synthetic peptide environmental metrics to date. The synthetic peptide manufacturing process was divided into stages (synthesis, purification, isolation) to determine their respective PMI. On average, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) (PMI ≈ 13,000) does not compare favorably with other modalities such as small molecules (PMI median 168-308) and biopharmaceuticals (PMI ≈ 8300). Thus, the high PMI for peptide synthesis warrants more environmentally friendly processes in peptide manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Kekessie
- Early Discovery
Biochemistry - Peptide Therapeutics, Genentech,
Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katarzyna Wegner
- Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredient Development, Ipsen Manufacturing
Ireland Ltd., Blanchardstown
Industrial Park, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Isamir Martinez
- Green Chemistry
Institute, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St North West, Washington, District of Columbia, 20036, United
States
| | - Michael E. Kopach
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy D. White
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Drug Substance
Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Martin N. Kenworthy
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Lopez
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan G. Koenig
- Small
Molecule
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc.,
A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philippa R. Payne
- Outsourced
Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Rd NW, Edmonton, T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Stefan Eissler
- Bachem
AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Balasubramanian Arumugam
- Chemical
Macromolecule Division, Asymchem Life Science
(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Chemical
Macromolecule Division, Asymchem Life Science
(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Richardson
- Chemistry, Pfizer, 10578 Science Center Drive (CB6), San Diego, California 09121, United States
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3
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Pham TL, Thomas F. Design of Functional Globular β-Sheet Miniproteins. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300745. [PMID: 38275210 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The design of discrete β-sheet peptides is far less advanced than e. g. the design of α-helical peptides. The reputation of β-sheet peptides as being poorly soluble and aggregation-prone often hinders active design efforts. Here, we show that this reputation is unfounded. We demonstrate this by looking at the β-hairpin and WW domain. Their structure and folding have been extensively studied and they have long served as model systems to investigate protein folding and folding kinetics. The resulting fundamental understanding has led to the development of hyperstable β-sheet scaffolds that fold at temperatures of 100 °C or high concentrations of denaturants. These have been used to design functional miniproteins with protein or nucleic acid binding properties, in some cases with such success that medical applications are conceivable. The β-sheet scaffolds are not always completely rigid, but can be specifically designed to respond to changes in pH, redox potential or presence of metal ions. Some engineered β-sheet peptides also exhibit catalytic properties, although not comparable to those of natural proteins. Previous reviews have focused on the design of stably folded and non-aggregating β-sheet sequences. In our review, we now also address design strategies to obtain functional miniproteins from β-sheet folding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Lam Pham
- Truc Lam Pham, Prof. Dr. Franziska Thomas, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Thomas
- Truc Lam Pham, Prof. Dr. Franziska Thomas, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Badgujar D, Paritala ST, Matre S, Sharma N. Enantiomeric purity of synthetic therapeutic peptides: A review. Chirality 2024; 36. [PMID: 38448043 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic therapeutic peptides are a complex and popular class of pharmaceuticals. In recent years, peptides with proven therapeutic activity have gained significant interest in the market. The determination of synthetic peptide enantiomeric purity plays a critical role in the evaluation of the quality of the medicine. Since racemization is one of the most common side reactions occurring in AAs or peptides, enantiomeric impurities such as D-isomers can form during the peptide synthesis or can be introduced from the starting materials (e.g., AAs). The therapeutic effect of a synthetic or semi-synthetic bioactive peptide molecule depends on its AA enantiomeric purity and secondary/tertiary structure. Therefore, the enantiomeric purity determination for synthetic peptides is supportive for interpreting unwanted therapeutic effects and determining the quality of synthetic peptide therapeutics. However, enantiomeric purity analysis encounters formidable analytical challenges during chromatographic separation, as D/L isomers have identical physical-chemical properties except stereochemical configuration. To ensure peptides AA stereochemical configuration whether in the free or bound state, sensitive and reproducible quantitative analytical method is mandatory. In this regard, numerous analytical techniques were emerged for the quantification of D-isomeric impurities in synthetic peptides, but still, very few reports are available in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the importance, regulatory requirements, and various analytical methods used for peptide enantiomeric purity determination. In addition, we discussed the available literature in terms of enantiomeric impurity detection, common hydrolysis procedural aspects, and different analytical strategies used for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Badgujar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shubham Matre
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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5
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Niu Y, Sun B, Liu Z, Mao X, Zhang Y. Virtual screening and characteristics of novel umami peptides from porcine type I collagen. Food Chem 2024; 434:137386. [PMID: 37716151 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to rapidly and precisely discover novel umami peptides from porcine type I collagen using virtual screening, sensory evaluation and molecular docking simulation. Porcine type I collagen was hydrolyzed in silico and six umami peptide candidates (CN, SM, CRD, GESMTDGF, MS, DGC) were shortlisted via umami taste, bioactivity, toxicity, allergenicity, solubility and stability predictions. The sensory evaluation confirmed that these peptides exhibited umami taste, with CRD, GESMTDGF and DGC displaying higher umami intensity and significant umami-enhancing effects in 0.35% sodium glutamate solution. Molecular docking predicted that Ser 276/384/385 of T1R1 and Asn68, Val277, Thr305, Ser306, Leu385 of T1R3 may also play critical roles in binding umami peptides. The umami taste of peptides may be perceived mainly through the formation of hydrogen bonds with the hydrophilic amino acids of T1R1/T1R3. This work provided a robust procedure and guidance to develop novel umami peptides from food byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Flavor Science of China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Flavor Science of China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yajie Niu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Flavor Science of China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zunying Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Flavor Science of China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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6
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Nobuta T, Tsuchiya N, Suto Y, Yamagiwa N. Hexylsilane-mediated direct amidation of amino acids with a catalytic amount of 1,2,4-triazole. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:703-707. [PMID: 38044816 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01722b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report amino acid amidation using hexylsilane and a catalytic amount of 1,2,4-triazole. The conventional protection/deprotection method for the α-amino group of amino acids is not required. The corresponding α-amino amides were obtained in moderate to good yields with low to no racemization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nobuta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui Takasaki, Gumma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui Takasaki, Gumma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Suto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui Takasaki, Gumma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Yamagiwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui Takasaki, Gumma, 370-0033, Japan.
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7
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Chen YC, Wu HY, Lin LC, Chang CW, Liao PC. Characterizing the D-Amino Acid Position in Peptide Epimers by Using Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of Liraglutide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1379. [PMID: 38338662 PMCID: PMC10855602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) occur in biological and artificial environments. Since the importance of DAACPs has been recognized, various mass spectrometry-based analytical approaches have been developed. However, the capability of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) fragmentation to characterize DAACP sites has not been evaluated. In this study, we compared the normalized spectra intensity under different conditions of HCD and used liraglutide along with its DAACPs as examples. Our results indicated that the difference in the intensity of y ions between DAACPs and all-L liraglutide could not only distinguish them but also localize the sites of D-amino acids in the DAACPs. Our data demonstrate the potential of using HCD for the site characterization of DAACPs, which may have great impact in biological studies and peptide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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8
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Bozza D, De Luca C, Felletti S, Spedicato M, Presini F, Giovannini PP, Carraro M, Macis M, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Ricci A, Cabri W. Dimethyl carbonate as a green alternative to acetonitrile in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Part II: Purification of a therapeutic peptide. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464530. [PMID: 38035518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Preparative liquid chromatography in reversed phase conditions (RPLC) is the most common approach adopted in the downstream processing for the purification of therapeutic peptides at industrial level. Due to the strict requirements on the quality imposed by the Regulatory Agencies, routinary methods based on the use of aqueous buffers and acetonitrile (ACN) as organic modifier are commonly used, where ACN is practically the only available choice for the purification of peptide derivatives. However, ACN is known to suffers of many shortcomings, such as drastic shortage in the market, high costs and, most importantly, it shows unwanted toxicity for human health and environment, which led it among the less environmentally friendly ones. For this reason, the selection of a suitable alternative becomes crucial for the sustainable downstream processing of peptides and biopharmaceuticals in general. In this paper, a promising green solvent, namely dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been used for the separation of a peptide not only in linear conditions but also for its purification through non-linear overloaded chromatography. The performance of the process has been compared to that achievable with the common method where ACN is used as organic modifier and to that obtained with two additional solvents (namely ethanol and isopropanol), already used as greener alternatives to ACN. This proof-of-concept study showed that, thanks to its higher elution strength, DMC can be considered a green alternative to ACN, since it allows to reduce method duration while reaching good purities and recoveries. Indeed, at a target purity fixed to 98.5 %, DMC led to the best productivity with respect to all the other solvents tested, confirming its suitability as a sustainable alternative to ACN for the purification of complex biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Carraro
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy.
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Henrion A, Arsene CG, Liebl M, O'Connor G. Label-free quantification of host cell protein impurity in recombinant hemoglobin materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:387-396. [PMID: 38008782 PMCID: PMC10761545 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis relies on pure-substance primary calibrators with known mass fractions of impurity. Here, label-free quantification (LFQ) is being evaluated as a readily available, reliable method for determining the mass fraction of host cell proteins (HCPs) in bioengineered proteins which are intended for use as protein calibration standards. In this study a purified hemoglobin-A2 (HbA2) protein, obtained through its overexpression in E. coli, was used. Two different materials were produced: natural and U15N-labeled HbA2. For the quantification of impurities, precursor ion (MS1-) intensities were integrated over all E. coli proteins identified and divided by the intensities obtained for HbA2. This ratio was calibrated against the corresponding results for an E. coli cell lysate, which had been spiked at known mass ratios to pure HbA2. To demonstrate the universal applicability of LFQ, further proteomes (yeast and human K562) were then alternatively used for calibration and found to produce comparable results. Valid results were also obtained when the complexity of the calibrator was reduced to a mix of just nine proteins, and a minimum of five proteins was estimated to be sufficient to keep the sampling error below 15%. For the studied materials, HbA2 mass fractions (or purities) of 923 and 928 mg(HbA2)/g(total protein) were found with expanded uncertainties (U) of 2.8 and 1.3%, resp. Value assignment by LFQ thus contributes up to about 3% of the overall uncertainty of HbA2 quantification when these materials are used as calibrators. Further purification of the natural HbA2 yielded a mass fraction of 999.1 mg/g, with a negligible uncertainty (U = 0.02%), though at a significant loss of material. If an overall uncertainty of 5% is acceptable for protein quantification, working with the original materials would therefore definitely be viable, circumventing the need of further purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Henrion
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Maik Liebl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gavin O'Connor
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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10
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Duengo S, Muhajir MI, Hidayat AT, Musa WJA, Maharani R. Epimerisation in Peptide Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:8017. [PMID: 38138507 PMCID: PMC10745333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimerisation is basically a chemical conversion that includes the transformation of an epimer into another epimer or its chiral partner. Epimerisation of amino acid is a side reaction that sometimes happens during peptide synthesis. It became the most avoided reaction because the process affects the overall conformation of the molecule, eventually even altering the bioactivity of the peptide. Epimerised products have a high similarity of physical characteristics, thus making it difficult for them to be purified. In regards to amino acids, epimerisation is very important in keeping the chirality of the assembled amino acids unchanged during the peptide synthesis and obtaining the desirable product without any problematic purification. In this review, we report several factors that induce epimerisation during peptide synthesis, including how to characterise and affect the bioactivities. To avoid undesirable epimerisation, we also describe several methods of suppressing the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Duengo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, North Sulawesi, Indonesia;
| | - Muhamad Imam Muhajir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Ace Tatang Hidayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Weny J. A. Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, North Sulawesi, Indonesia;
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceutical, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
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11
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Neumann J, Schmidtsdorff S, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Controlling the elution order of insulin and its analogs in sub-/supercritical fluid chromatography using methanesulfonic acid and 18-crown-6 as mobile phase additives. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300520. [PMID: 37775313 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The purity analysis of therapeutic peptides can often be challenging, demanding the application of more than a single analytical technique. Supercritical fluid chromatography nowadays is a promising alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, providing orthogonal and complementary information. This study investigated its applicability for the separation of human insulin, its analogs and degradation products. A previously published method development protocol for peptides up to 2000 Da was successfully applied to the higher molecular weight insulins (6 kDa). A single gradient method was optimized for all insulins using a Torus DEA column (100 × 3.0 mm, 1.7 μm), carbon dioxide and a modifier consisting of methanol/acetonitrile/water/methanesulfonic acid (65:35:2:0.1, v/v/v/v). Consecutively, the crown ether 18-crown-6, which is well known to complex charged lysine sidechains and other amino functionalities, was added to the modifier to evaluate its impact on selectivity. A decreased retention and a shift in the elution order for the insulins were observed. An inverse effect on retention was found when combined with a neutral stationary phase chemistry (Viridis BEH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neumann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Carrera-Aubesart A, Gallo M, Defaus S, Todorovski T, Andreu D. Topoisomeric Membrane-Active Peptides: A Review of the Last Two Decades. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2451. [PMID: 37896211 PMCID: PMC10610229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, bioactive peptides have been gaining recognition in various biomedical areas, such as intracellular drug delivery (cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) or anti-infective action (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs), closely associated to their distinct mode of interaction with biological membranes. Exploiting the interaction of membrane-active peptides with diverse targets (healthy, tumoral, bacterial or parasitic cell membranes) is opening encouraging prospects for peptides in therapeutics. However, ordinary peptides formed by L-amino acids are easily decomposed by proteases in biological fluids. One way to sidestep this limitation is to use topoisomers, namely versions of the peptide made up of D-amino acids in either canonic (enantio) or inverted (retroenantio) sequence. Rearranging peptide sequences in this fashion provides a certain degree of native structure mimicry that, in appropriate contexts, may deliver desirable biological activity while avoiding protease degradation. In this review, we will focus on recent accounts of membrane-active topoisomeric peptides with therapeutic applications as CPP drug delivery vectors, or as antimicrobial and anticancer candidates. We will also discuss the most common modes of interaction of these peptides with their membrane targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Carrera-Aubesart
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
| | - Toni Todorovski
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
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13
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De Groot AS, Roberts BJ, Mattei A, Lelias S, Boyle C, Martin WD. Immunogenicity risk assessment of synthetic peptide drugs and their impurities. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103714. [PMID: 37467878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs play an important part in medicine owing to their many therapeutic applications. Of the 80 peptide drugs approved for use in humans, at least five are now off-patent and are consequently being developed as generic alternatives to the originator products. To accelerate access to generic products, the FDA has proposed new regulatory pathways that do not require direct comparisons of generics to originators in clinical trials. The 'Abbreviated New Drug Application' (ANDA) pathway recommends that sponsors provide information on any new impurities in the generic drug, compared with the originator product, because the impurities can have potential to elicit unwanted immune responses owing to the introduction of T-cell epitopes. This review describes how peptide drug impurities can elicit unexpected immunogenicity and describes a framework for performing immunogenicity risk assessment of all types of bioactive peptide products. Although this report primarily focuses on generic peptides and their impurities, the approach might also be of interest for developers of novel peptide drugs who are preparing their products for an initial regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA; University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA USA.
| | | | - Aimee Mattei
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sandra Lelias
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
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14
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Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with post-first dimension flow splitting for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300351. [PMID: 37464972 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a comprehensive achiral × chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation for enantioselective amino acid analysis coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry detection using data-independent acquisition. Flow splitting after the first and second dimension separation was utilized for volumetric flow reduction and for enabling a multi-detector approach (with ultraviolet, fluorescence, charged aerosol, and MS detection), respectively. Derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate provided a chromophore, a fluorophore, and an efficient mass tag for efficient ionization in positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Chiral columns often have limitations in terms of their chemoselectivity, which may be a problem when complex sample mixtures with structurally related compounds need to be separated. It can be alleviated by a reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional-liquid chromatography setup, in which the first dimension provides the chemoselectivity and a chiral tandem column constituted of quinine-carbamate derived weak anion-exchanger and zwitterionic ion-exchanger in the second dimension separation of D- and L-amino acid enantiomers. The method was used to control the stereointegrity of the therapeutic peptide octreotide. After hydrolysis, all amino acid constituents were detected with the correct configuration and composition. Some options for flow splitting and integration of destructive detectors in the first dimension separation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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McCarthy D, Han Y, Carrick K, Schmidt D, Workman W, Matejtschuk P, Duru C, Atouf F. Reference Standards to Support Quality of Synthetic Peptide Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1317-1328. [PMID: 36949371 PMCID: PMC10338602 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptides are an important class of therapeutics. Their quality is evaluated using a series of analytical tests, many of which depend on well-characterized reference standards to determine identity, purity, and strength. OBJECTIVE Discuss approaches to producing peptide reference standards, including vialing, lyophilization, analytical testing and stability studies. METHODS Case studies are used to illustrate analytical approaches to characterize reference standards, including methods for value assignment, content uniformity, and identity testing. Methods described include NMR, mass spectrometry, and chromatography techniques for identity testing and HPLC and GC methods for assessing peptide content and impurities. RESULTS This report describes the analytical strategy used to establish peptide reference standard and illustrates how results from multiple labs are integrated to assign a value to the final lyophilized vial. A two-step process for value assignment is described, which uses a mass balance approach to assign a quantitative value to a bulk peptide material. The bulk material is then used as a standard to assign a final value to the vialed material. Testing to confirm peptide identity and to ensure consistency of the vialed material is also described. Considerations for addressing variability, identifying outliers, and implementing stability studies are also presented. CONCLUSION The methods and case studies described provide a benchmark for best practices in establishing the preparation, analytical testing, handling, and storage of peptide reference standards for the pharmaceutical industry. Some peptide features, such as chiral or isobaric amino acids, may require additional techniques to ensure a full characterization of the peptide reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane McCarthy
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Kevin Carrick
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Dale Schmidt
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Workman Biotech Consultants, LLC, Cottleville, MO, 63304, USA
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical & Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Analytical & Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Fouad Atouf
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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16
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Strege MA, Oman TJ, Risley DS, Muehlbauer LK, Jalan A, Jerry Lian Z. Enantiomeric purity analysis of synthetic peptide therapeutics by direct chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1219:123638. [PMID: 36857849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The determination of chiral purity is critical to the evaluation of the quality of peptide pharmaceutical products. For synthetic peptides, the undesirable d-isomers can be introduced as impurities in amino acid starting materials and can also be formed during peptide synthesis and in some cases during product shelf life. A chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method is described that facilitates rapid and accurate determination of amino acid chiral purity of a peptide. The peptide is hydrolyzed in deuterated acid to facilitate correction for any racemization occurring during this step of sample preparation, and the amino acids are subsequently separated by chiral chromatography interfaced with ESI-MS/MS for quantitation. The amino acid samples are analyzed directly following hydrolysis using high-low chromatography and extraction of selected ion response, providing efficiency and simplicity by avoiding the derivatization steps and multiple external standards required by traditional methodologies. GMP method validation feasibility is described for all nineteen chiral proteogenic amino acids. The practical application of the chiral HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was demonstrated through the recovery of d-amino acid substitutions at each residue of an octapeptide across the 0.1-1.0 % range of interest. The method was applied to the analysis of four model peptides, each consisting of 8-14 amino acid residues, and the results were comparable to those provided by traditional testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Strege
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
| | - Trent J Oman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Donald S Risley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Laura K Muehlbauer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Ankur Jalan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Zhirui Jerry Lian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
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17
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Neumann J, Schmidtsdorff S, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Ternary eluent compositions in supercritical fluid chromatography improved fingerprinting of therapeutic peptides. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2201007. [PMID: 36601991 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, little information has been published on the application of ternary eluent compositions in supercritical fluid chromatography for separating peptides. This work investigates the benefits of adding acetonitrile to methanol as the modifier. Three cyclic antibiotic peptides (bacitracin, colistin, and daptomycin) ranging between 1000 and 2000 Da were chosen as model substances. The ternary mixture of carbon dioxide, methanol, and acetonitrile is optimized to increase the resolution of the peptide's fingerprint. In addition, varying compositions of methanol and acetonitrile were found to change the elution order of the analytes, which is a valuable tool during method development. An individual gradient method using two Torus 2-PIC columns (each 100 × 3.0 mm, 1.7 μm), carbon dioxide, and a modifier consisting of acetonitrile/methanol/water/methanesulfonic acid (60:40:2:0.1, v:v:v:v) was optimized for each of the peptides. Subsequently, a generic method development protocol applicable to polypeptides is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neumann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Proteomics and Molecular Docking Analyses Reveal the Bio-Chemical and Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Hypolipidemic Activity of Nano-Liposomal Bioactive Peptides in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040780. [PMID: 36832854 PMCID: PMC9956075 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health concern. Physical activities and eating nutrient-rich functional foods can prevent obesity. In this study, nano-liposomal encapsulated bioactive peptides (BPs) were developed to reduce cellular lipids. The peptide sequence NH2-PCGVPMLTVAEQAQ-CO2H was chemically synthesized. The limited membrane permeability of the BPs was improved by encapsulating the BPs with a nano-liposomal carrier, which was produced by thin-layer formation. The nano-liposomal BPs had a diameter of ~157 nm and were monodispersed in solution. The encapsulation capacity was 61.2 ± 3.2%. The nano-liposomal BPs had no significant cytotoxicity on the tested cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. The in vitro hypolipidemic activity significantly promoted the breakdown of triglycerides (TGs). Lipid droplet staining was correlated with TG content. Proteomics analysis identified 2418 differentially expressed proteins. The nano-liposomal BPs affected various biochemical pathways beyond lipolysis. The nano-liposomal BP treatment decreased the fatty acid synthase expression by 17.41 ± 1.17%. HDOCK revealed that the BPs inhibited fatty acid synthase (FAS) at the thioesterase domain. The HDOCK score of the BPs was lower than that of orlistat, a known obesity drug, indicating stronger binding. Proteomics and molecular docking analyses confirmed that the nano-liposomal BPs were suitable for use in functional foods to prevent obesity.
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19
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Zhang B, Xu W, Yin C, Tang Y. Characterization of low-level D-amino acid isomeric impurities of Semaglutide using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115164. [PMID: 36462248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Under the guideline issued by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ANDAs for Certain Highly Purified Synthetic Peptide Drug Products That Refer to Listed Drugs of rDNA Origin Guidance for Industry, a synthetic Semaglutide that is intended to be a "generic" of the approved rDNA origin Semaglutide is under exploring. Thus, each peptide-related impurity that is 0.10% of the drug substance or greater need to be identified for Semaglutide covered by this guidance. Among others, characterization of the low-level D-amino acid (D form) isomeric impurities are always the most challenging ones. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) was used to separate the impurities, followed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to determine the molecular weight of the impurities that existed in both formulations. Following the targeted D form isomers off-line collection, the samples went through lyophilization, deuterated hydrochloric acid (D-HCl) hydrolyzation with low level D/L form shifting suppression substrates, chiral derivatization and RP-UPLC tandem mass spectrometry analysis of different amino acids by comparing with standards. Herein, we reported an accurate, straightforward characterization method with low limit of detection for the low-level D-Ser8, D-His1 and D-Asp9 Semaglutide impurities in Semaglutide formulations. The developed UPLC tandem HRMS method entails a valuable step forward in the detection of trace levels of the D-isomers of Semaglutide and other peptide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baole Zhang
- Centre for Research & Development, Hybio Pharmaceutical Co., Hybio Innovation Industry Building, No. 7, Guansheng 4th RD, Guanlan High-tech Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Wanglong Xu
- Centre for Research & Development, Hybio Pharmaceutical Co., Hybio Innovation Industry Building, No. 7, Guansheng 4th RD, Guanlan High-tech Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Chuanlong Yin
- Centre for Research & Development, Hybio Pharmaceutical Co., Hybio Innovation Industry Building, No. 7, Guansheng 4th RD, Guanlan High-tech Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Yangming Tang
- Centre for Research & Development, Hybio Pharmaceutical Co., Hybio Innovation Industry Building, No. 7, Guansheng 4th RD, Guanlan High-tech Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China.
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20
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Frolov AI, Chankeshwara SV, Abdulkarim Z, Ghiandoni GM. pIChemiSt ─ Free Tool for the Calculation of Isoelectric Points of Modified Peptides. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:187-196. [PMID: 36573842 PMCID: PMC9832473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The isoelectric point (pI) is a fundamental physicochemical property of peptides and proteins. It is widely used to steer design away from low solubility and aggregation and guide peptide separation and purification. Experimental measurements of pI can be replaced by calculations knowing the ionizable groups of peptides and their corresponding pKa values. Different pKa sets are published in the literature for natural amino acids, however, they are insufficient to describe synthetically modified peptides, complex peptides of natural origin, and peptides conjugated with structures of other modalities. Noncanonical modifications (nCAAs) are ignored in the conventional sequence-based pI calculations, therefore producing large errors in their pI predictions. In this work, we describe a pI calculation method that uses the chemical structure as an input, automatically identifies ionizable groups of nCAAs and other fragments, and performs pKa predictions for them. The method is validated on a curated set of experimental measures on 29 modified and 119093 natural peptides, providing an improvement of R2 from 0.74 to 0.95 and 0.96 against the conventional sequence-based approach for modified peptides for the two studied pKa prediction tools, ACDlabs and pKaMatcher, correspondingly. The method is available in the form of an open source Python library at https://github.com/AstraZeneca/peptide-tools, which can be integrated into other proprietary and free software packages. We anticipate that the pI calculation tool may facilitate optimization and purification activities across various application domains of peptides, including the development of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I. Frolov
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D,
AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden,
| | - Sunay V. Chankeshwara
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D,
AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zeyed Abdulkarim
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Wang J, Berglund MR, Braden T, Embry MC, Johnson MD, Groskreutz SR, Sayyed FB, Tsukanov SV, White TD, Jalan A, Seibert KD, Kopach ME. Mechanistic Study of Diketopiperazine Formation during Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis of Tirzepatide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46809-46824. [PMID: 36570276 PMCID: PMC9773959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on investigating diketopiperazine (DKP) and the formation of associated double-amino-acid deletion impurities during linear solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of tirzepatide (TZP). We identified that the DKP formation primarily occurred during the Fmoc-deprotection reaction and post-coupling aging of the unstable Fmoc-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) intermediate. Similar phenomena have also been observed for other TZP active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) intermediates that contain a penultimate proline amino acid, such as Fmoc-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin, Fmoc-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin, and Fmoc-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin, which are intermediates for both hybrid and linear synthesis approaches. During post-coupling aging, it is found that Fmoc deprotection can proceed in dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and acetonitrile (ACN) solvents without any piperidine addition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that a peptide that has a penultimate proline stabilizes the transition state through the C-H···π interaction during Fmoc decomposition, which causes those peptides to be more prone to cascade-deprotection reactions. Pseudo-reaction pathways are then proposed, and a corresponding macrokinetics model is developed to allow accurate prediction of the TZP peptide intermediate self-deprotection and DKP formation rate. Based on those studies, control strategies for minimizing DKP formation were further investigated and an alternative to Fmoc protection was identified (Bsmoc-protected amino acids), which eliminated the formation of the DKP byproducts. In addition, the use of oxyma additives and lower storage temperature was demonstrated to markedly improve the peptide intermediate stability to DKP degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Wang
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Mark R. Berglund
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Timothy Braden
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Matthew C. Embry
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Martin D. Johnson
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Stephen R. Groskreutz
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Fareed Bhasha Sayyed
- Synthetic
Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly
Services India Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru560103, India
| | | | - Timothy D. White
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Ankur Jalan
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Kevin D. Seibert
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Michael E. Kopach
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
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22
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Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive Online Reversed-Phase × Chiral Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Data-Independent Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-Ion Spectra-Acquisition for Untargeted Enantioselective Amino Acid Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17063-17072. [PMID: 36442145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an advanced analytical platform for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis (eAAA) by comprehensive achiral × chiral 2D-LC hyphenated to ESI-QTOF-MS/MS utilizing data-independent SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra) technology. The methodology involves N-terminal pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC; AccQ) as retention, selectivity, and MS tag, supporting retention and UV detection in RPLC (1D), chiral recognition, and thus enantioselectivity by the core-shell tandem column composed of a quinine carbamate weak anion exchanger (QN-AX) and a zwitterionic chiral ion-exchanger (ZWIX(+)) (2D) as well as the ionization efficiency during positive electrospray ionization due to a high proton affinity of the AQC label. Furthermore, the urea-type MS tag gives rise to the generation of AQC-tag characteristic signature fragments in MS2. The latter allows the chemoselective mass spectrometric filtering of targeted and untargeted N-derivatized amino acids or related labeled species. The chiral core-shell tandem column provides a complete enantioselective amino acid profile of all proteinogenic amino acids within 1 min, with full baseline separation of all enantiomers, but without resolution of isomeric Ile/allo-Ile (aIle)/Leu, which can be resolved by RPLC. The entire LC × LC separation occurs within a total run time of 60 min (1D), with the chiral 2D operated in gradient elution mode and a cycle time of 60 s. A strategy to mine the 2D-LC-SWATH data is presented and demonstrated for the qualitative eAAA of two peptide hydrolysate samples of therapeutic peptides containing common and uncommon as well as primary and secondary amino acids. Absolute configuration assignment of amino acids using template matching for all proteinogenic amino acids was made feasible due to method robustness and the inclusion of an isotopically labeled L-[U-13C15N]-AA standard. The quantification performance of this LC × LC-MS/MS assay was also evaluated. Accuracies were acceptable for the majority of AAs enabling AA composition determination in peptide hydrolysates simultaneously with configuration assignment, as exemplified by oxytocin. This methodology represents a step toward truly untargeted 2D enantioselective amino acid analysis and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Cheng Y, Wu P, Kan Y, Li M, Li H. Identification and determination of structurally related peptide impurities in thymalfasin by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8035-8045. [PMID: 36207535 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymalfasin is an important peptide drug widely used for the single or combination treatment of hepatitis, sepsis, cancer, and immunodeficiency. Accurate purity assessment of thymalfasin material is essential for thymalfasin certified reference materials (CRMs) production and analytical method validation, in which comprehensive determination of thymalfasin-related impurities is required to avoid quantitative bias. In this study, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-hrMS) methods have been established to comprehensively characterize and quantify thymalfasin-related impurities using a thymalfasin China Pharmacopoeia (ChP) standard and then successfully applied to three commercial thymalfasin materials. A total of twenty-three thymalfasin-related impurities (> 0.1 mg/g) were separated, identified, and quantified in the ChP standard analyzed. The major impurities existing in thymalfasin ChP standard and commercial materials include deamination, amination, succinimide, amino acid insertion/deletion, dimers, and isomers at different mass fraction levels. In particular, over half of the thymalfasin-related impurities were found directly or indirectly arising from the labile C-terminal asparagine (Asn) residue. Given the 28th Asn residue at the C-terminus is not necessary for the biological activity of thymalfasin as reported previously, thus deletion, replacement, or modification of thymalfasin C-terminal Asn residue is proposed for new drug research and development. In summary, these results provide a further complement to the thymalfasin-related impurity profile and issue a warning for protection or processing of the thymalfasin C-terminal Asn residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Cheng
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peize Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
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24
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Characterization of structurally related peptide impurities using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS: application to Cbf-14, a novel antimicrobial peptide. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6485-6495. [PMID: 35840670 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cbf-14 (RLLRKFFRKLKKSV), a designed antimicrobial peptide derived from the cathelicidin family, is effective against drug-resistant bacteria. Structurally related peptide impurities in peptide medicines probably have side effects or even toxicity, thus impurity profiling research during the entire production process is indispensable. In this study, a simple liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method using a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer was developed for separation, identification, and characterization of structurally related peptide impurities in Cbf-14. A total of one process-related impurity and thirty-two degradation products were identified, and seven of them have been synthesized and confirmed. These impurities have not been declared in custom synthetic peptides. The degradation products were divided into five categories: fifteen Cbf-14 hydrolysates, five Cbf-14 isomers, four acetyl-Cbf-14 isomers, two aldimine derivatives, and six oxidized impurities. Combined with the peptide synthesis and the stress-testing studies, the origins and the formation mechanisms of these impurities were elucidated, which provides a unique insight for the follow-up quality study of Cbf-14 and other peptide products.
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25
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Tian Y, Tirrell MV, LaBelle JL. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Biomacromolecules through Intracellular Delivery of Nucleic Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102600. [PMID: 35285167 PMCID: PMC9232950 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules have long been at the leading edge of academic and pharmaceutical drug development and clinical translation. With the clinical advances of new therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acids, the array of medical applications of biomacromolecules has broadened considerably. A major on-going effort is to expand therapeutic targets within intracellular locations. Owing to their large sizes, abundant charges, and hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, advanced delivery technologies are required to deliver biomacromolecules effectively inside cells. In this review, strategies used for the intracellular delivery of three major forms of biomacromolecules: nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides, are highlighted. An emphasis is placed on synthetic delivery approaches and the major hurdles needed to be overcome for their ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Matthew V Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - James L LaBelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 900 E 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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26
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Development of Anticancer Peptides Using Artificial Intelligence and Combinational Therapy for Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050997. [PMID: 35631583 PMCID: PMC9147327 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases causing abnormal cell growth, altering the genome, and invading or spreading to other parts of the body. Among therapeutic peptide drugs, anticancer peptides (ACPs) have been considered to target and kill cancer cells because cancer cells have unique characteristics such as a high negative charge and abundance of microvilli in the cell membrane when compared to a normal cell. ACPs have several advantages, such as high specificity, cost-effectiveness, low immunogenicity, minimal toxicity, and high tolerance under normal physiological conditions. However, the development and identification of ACPs are time-consuming and expensive in traditional wet-lab-based approaches. Thus, the application of artificial intelligence on the approaches can save time and reduce the cost to identify candidate ACPs. Recently, machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and hybrid learning (ML combined DL) have emerged into the development of ACPs without experimental analysis, owing to advances in computer power and big data from the power system. Additionally, we suggest that combination therapy with classical approaches and ACPs might be one of the impactful approaches to increase the efficiency of cancer therapy.
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27
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Sharma N, Kukreja D, Giri T, Kumar S, Shah RP. Synthetic pharmaceutical peptides characterization by chromatography principles and method development. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2200-2216. [PMID: 35460196 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As per United States Food and Drug Administration, any polymer/chain composed of 40 or fewer amino acids is called as a peptide, where more than 40 amino acids are considered as proteins. In many occasions there is a change in the source of manufacturing of the peptide active pharmaceutical ingredient, where one has to prove the sameness of that product with the existing formulation by considering several aspects like presence of impurities/degradation products, extent of aggregations etc. For the same, several chromatographic characterization techniques such as; Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/high resolution mass spectrometry, supercritical fluid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography etc are widely used in pharmaceutical industry. It is well known that the method development of peptide molecules is often challenging as many variables are to be kept in mind which can affect the separation, recovery and stability of molecule. The present review focuses on the basics of peptide degradation and method development by using various chromatographic techniques for characterization. It also covers a deep insight of method development parameters and variables to be considered which might directly or indirectly affect the chromatographic separation and recovery, and also provides a guide on selection of chromatographic parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Sharma
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Divya Kukreja
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Tushar Giri
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Ravi P Shah
- The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India), Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
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28
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, which usually occurs in children and adolescents. It is generally a high-grade malignancy presenting with extreme metastases to the lungs or other bones. The etiology of the disease is multifaceted and still remains obscure. A combination of surgery and chemotherapy has played a major role in the treatment of OS over the past three decades, and consequently, the overall survival rates for the disease have remained unchanged. Therefore, there is an urgent need to employ new comprehensive analyses and technologies to develop significantly more informative classification systems, with the aim of developing more effective and less toxic therapies for OS patients. This review discusses the existing knowledge of OS therapy and potential methods to develop novel therapeutic agents for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Rothzerg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Abigail L Pfaff
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sulev Koks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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29
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Wang S, Wu P, Li M, Huang T, Shi N, Feng L, Li H. Mass balance method for SI-traceable purity assignment of synthetic oxytocin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114401. [PMID: 34656934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is not only a significant peptide drug for enhancing uterine contractions, but also an emerging biomarker and therapeutic target of mental disorders in clinical practice. There is a pressing need for the standardization of oxytocin assays because of its low pharmaceutical quality and large variations among measurement approaches. International System of Units (SI)-traceable analytical methods and well-characterized pure reference materials are urgently needed to set up standard reference measurement systems in laboratory medicine, ensuring the accuracy and comparability of test results. Herein, the purity assignment of a synthetic oxytocin containing a disulfide linkage was established based on a mass balance method, which had never been performed for a cross-linked peptide. An in-house validated liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of structurally-related impurities in the study material. Twenty-one structurally-related impurities including deamidations, oxidations, and amino acid insertions, etc. ranging from 0.05 mg g-1 to 15.65 mg g-1 were identified and quantified by applying a hierarchy calibration concept. This study subsequently discusses a fit for purpose assessment for non-peptide related impurities including water, non-volatile counterions, inorganic elements, and volatile organic compounds that were determined using coulometric Karl Fischer titration, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The resulting assigned value (796.5 mg g-1) is determined to be traceable to SI associated with a small measurement uncertainty of 6.5 mg g-1 (k = 2). The method developed in this study has been verified through an international key comparison jointly coordinated by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the National Institute of Metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Peize Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Ting Huang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Naijie Shi
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liuxing Feng
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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30
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Mattei AE, Gutierrez AH, Martin WD, Terry FE, Roberts BJ, Rosenberg AS, De Groot AS. In silico Immunogenicity Assessment for Sequences Containing Unnatural Amino Acids: A Method Using Existing in silico Algorithm Infrastructure and a Vision for Future Enhancements. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 2:952326. [PMID: 36945694 PMCID: PMC10026553 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2022.952326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The in silico prediction of T cell epitopes within any peptide or biologic drug candidate serves as an important first step for assessing immunogenicity. T cell epitopes bind human leukocyte antigen (HLA) by a well-characterized interaction of amino acid side chains and pockets in the HLA molecule binding groove. Immunoinformatics tools, such as the EpiMatrix algorithm, have been developed to screen natural amino acid sequences for peptides that will bind HLA. In addition to commonly occurring in synthetic peptide impurities, unnatural amino acids (UAA) are also often incorporated into novel peptide therapeutics to improve properties of the drug product. To date, the HLA binding properties of peptides containing UAA are not accurately estimated by most algorithms. Both scenarios warrant the need for enhanced predictive tools. The authors developed an in silico method for modeling the impact of a given UAA on a peptide's likelihood of binding to HLA and, by extension, its immunogenic potential. In silico assessment of immunogenic potential allows for risk-based selection of best candidate peptides in further confirmatory in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays, thereby reducing the overall cost of immunogenicity evaluation. Examples demonstrating in silico immunogenicity prediction for product impurities that are commonly found in formulations of the generic peptides teriparatide and semaglutide are provided. Next, this article discusses how HLA binding studies can be used to estimate the binding potentials of commonly encountered UAA and "correct" in silico estimates of binding based on their naturally occurring counterparts. As demonstrated here, these in vitro binding studies are usually performed with known ligands which have been modified to contain UAA in HLA anchor positions. An example using D-amino acids in relative binding position 1 (P1) of the PADRE peptide is presented. As more HLA binding data become available, new predictive models allowing for the direct estimation of HLA binding for peptides containing UAA can be established.
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31
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Karongo R, Ge M, Geibel C, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective multiple heart cutting online two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of all proteinogenic amino acids with second dimension chiral separations in one-minute time scales on a chiral tandem column. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338858. [PMID: 34538327 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a unique, robust and fully automated analytical platform technology for the enantioselective amino acid analysis using a multiple heart cutting RPLC-enantio/stereoselective HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method. This 2D-LC method allows the full enantioselective separation of 20 proteinogenic AAs plus 5 isobaric analogues, namely allo-Threonine (aThr), homoserine (Hse), allo-isoleucine (aIle), tert-Leucine (Tle) and Norleucine (Nle), after pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC; AccQ). This N-terminal AA-derivatization method introduces on the one hand beneficial chromatographic properties for 1D RP-LC (stronger retention) and 2D chiral separation (better chiral recognition), and on the other hand favorable detection properties with its chromophoric, fluorophoric, and easily ionizable quinoline mass tag. The entire separation occurs within a total 2DLC run time of 45 min, which includes the 1D-RP run and the 68 s 2D chiral separations of 30 heart-cuts (from the 1D-RP-run) on a chiral quinine carbamate (core-shell QNAX/fully porous ZWIX) tandem column. This relatively short overall run time was only possible by utilizing the highly efficient "smart peak parking" algorithm for the heart cuts and the resulting optimized analysis order thereof. 1D retention time precisions of <0.21% RSD were a requirement for the time-based sampling mode and finally led to a robust, fully automated enantioselective amino acid analysis platform. This achiral-chiral 2DLC method was applied for the amino acid stereoconfiguration assignment of three peptides (aureobasidin A, a lipopeptide research sample, and octreotide) using an L-[u-13C15N] labelled internal AA standard mix spiked to each sample. The isotopically labelled L-AA standard allowed an easy and straightforward identification and configuration assignment, as well as the relative quantification of amino acids within the investigated peptides, allowing the direct determination of the number of respective amino acids and their chirality within a peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Min Ge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Geibel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Lian Z, Wang N, Tian Y, Huang L. Characterization of Synthetic Peptide Therapeutics Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Challenges, Solutions, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1852-1860. [PMID: 34110145 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides represent an important and expanding class of therapeutics. Despite having a relatively small size as compared to monoclonal antibodies and other proteins, synthetic peptides are subject to many complex structural modifications originating from the starting materials, manufacturing process, and storage conditions. Although mass spectrometry has been increasingly used to characterize impurities of synthetic peptides, systematic review of this field is scarce. In this paper, an overview of the impurities in synthetic peptide therapeutics is provided in the context of how the knowledge from detailed characterization of the impurities using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be used to develop the manufacturing process and control strategy for synthetic peptide therapeutics following the critical quality attribute (CQA)-driven and risk-based approach. The thresholds for identifying and controlling the impurities are discussed based on currently available regulatory guidance. Specific LC-MS techniques for identification of various types of impurities based on their structural characteristics are discussed with the focus on structural isomers and stereoisomers (i.e., peptide epimers). Absolute and relative quantitation methods for the peptide impurities are critiqued. Potential pitfalls in characterization of synthetic peptide therapeutics using LC-MS are discussed. Finally, a systematic LC-MS workflow for characterizing the impurities in synthetic peptide therapeutics is proposed, and future perspectives on applying emerging LC-MS techniques to address the remaining challenges in the development of synthetic peptide therapeutics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Lian
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuwei Tian
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lihua Huang
- Bioproducts Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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33
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Vincenzi M, Mercurio FA, Leone M. NMR Spectroscopy in the Conformational Analysis of Peptides: An Overview. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2729-2782. [PMID: 32614739 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200702131032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools to study the structure and interaction properties of peptides and proteins from a dynamic perspective. Knowing the bioactive conformations of peptides is crucial in the drug discovery field to design more efficient analogue ligands and inhibitors of protein-protein interactions targeting therapeutically relevant systems. OBJECTIVE This review provides a toolkit to investigate peptide conformational properties by NMR. METHODS Articles cited herein, related to NMR studies of peptides and proteins were mainly searched through PubMed and the web. More recent and old books on NMR spectroscopy written by eminent scientists in the field were consulted as well. RESULTS The review is mainly focused on NMR tools to gain the 3D structure of small unlabeled peptides. It is more application-oriented as it is beyond its goal to deliver a profound theoretical background. However, the basic principles of 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear experiments are briefly described. Protocols to obtain isotopically labeled peptides and principal triple resonance experiments needed to study them, are discussed as well. CONCLUSION NMR is a leading technique in the study of conformational preferences of small flexible peptides whose structure can be often only described by an ensemble of conformations. Although NMR studies of peptides can be easily and fast performed by canonical protocols established a few decades ago, more recently we have assisted to tremendous improvements of NMR spectroscopy to investigate instead large systems and overcome its molecular weight limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Vincenzi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council of Italy, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council of Italy, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council of Italy, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
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34
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Ummiti K, Shanmukha Kumar JV. Establishment of validated stability indicating purity method based on the stress degradation behavior of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (ganirelix) in an injectable formulation using HPLC and LC-MS-QTOF. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:126-140. [PMID: 33823624 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211005335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress study of a drug substance or pharmaceutical drug product provides a vision into degradation pathways and degradation products of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and helps in interpretation of the chemical structure of the degradation impurities. In the current study, Ganirelix active ingredient presented in the Orgalutran® was stressed with acidic and alkali hydrolysis, photolysis, thermal and oxidation conditions as per the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A (R2). Ganirelix was found to be labile under thermal and alkali hydrolytic stress conditions, while it was stable to acid hydrolytic, oxidative and photolytic stress. All degradation products were separated with a resolution > 1.5 on a C18 column (2.6 µm, 25 cm×4.6 mm) using a hydrophilic ion pair such as sodium perchlorate, at a concentration <0.04 M. In total, four major degradant impurities were found during stress study. These impurities were fractionated and desalted by flash chromatography for identification of chemical structures. LC-MS-QTOF analysis revealed that two degradation products are diastereomers of Ganirelix, one degradation product is a deamination compound and other degradation product result from the insertion of a new amino acid residue in the Ganirelix peptide sequence. The developed method is sensitive enough to quantify the related substances of Ganirelix at the 0.04% level with that of Ganirelix test concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarswamy Ummiti
- Department of Chemistry, 207673Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - J V Shanmukha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, 207673Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
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Zhang S, Guaglianone G, Morris MA, Yoo S, Howitz WJ, Xing L, Zheng JG, Jusuf H, Huizar G, Lin J, Kreutzer AG, Nowick JS. Expression of N-Terminal Cysteine Aβ 42 and Conjugation to Generate Fluorescent and Biotinylated Aβ 42. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1191-1200. [PMID: 33793198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent derivatives of the β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are valuable tools for studying the interactions of Aβ with cells. Facile access to labeled expressed Aβ offers the promise of Aβ with greater sequence and stereochemical integrity, without impurities from amino acid deletion and epimerization. Here, we report methods for the expression of Aβ42 with an N-terminal cysteine residue, Aβ(C1-42), and its conjugation to generate Aβ42 bearing fluorophores or biotin. The methods rely on the hitherto unrecognized observation that expression of the Aβ(MC1-42) gene yields the Aβ(C1-42) peptide, because the N-terminal methionine is endogenously excised by Escherichia coli. Conjugation of Aβ(C1-42) with maleimide-functionalized fluorophores or biotin affords the N-terminally labeled Aβ42. The expression affords ∼14 mg of N-terminal cysteine Aβ from 1 L of bacterial culture. Subsequent conjugation affords ∼3 mg of labeled Aβ from 1 L of bacterial culture with minimal cost for labeling reagents. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicates the N-terminal cysteine Aβ to be >97% pure and labeled Aβ peptides to be 94-97% pure. Biophysical studies show that the labeled Aβ peptides behave like unlabeled Aβ and suggest that labeling of the N-terminus does not substantially alter the properties of the Aβ. We further demonstrate applications of the fluorophore-labeled Aβ peptides by using fluorescence microscopy to visualize their interactions with mammalian cells and bacteria. We anticipate that these methods will provide researchers convenient access to useful N-terminally labeled Aβ, as well as Aβ with an N-terminal cysteine that enables further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Gretchen Guaglianone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael A Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Stan Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Howitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Li Xing
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
| | - Jian-Guo Zheng
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
| | - Hannah Jusuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Grace Huizar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Adam G Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - James S Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Yan Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Niu Y, Zhang S, Xu W, Ren C. Advances of peptides for antibacterial applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111682. [PMID: 33714188 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, peptide antibacterial products with unique antibacterial mechanisms have attracted widespread interest. They can effectively reduce the probability of drug resistance of bacteria and are biocompatible, so they possess tremendous development prospects. This review provides recent research and analysis on the basic types of antimicrobial peptides (including poly (amino acid)s, short AMPs, and lipopeptides) and factors to optimize antimicrobial effects. It also summarizes the two most important modes of action of antimicrobial peptides and the latest developments in the application of AMPs, including antimicrobial agent, wound healing, preservative, antibacterial coating and others. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges to improve the antibacterial peptides and propose prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yuanze Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yuzhong Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
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Cao SJ, Lv ZQ, Guo S, Jiang GP, Liu HL. An update - Prolonging the action of protein and peptide drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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The Impact of Product and Process Related Critical Quality Attributes on Immunogenicity and Adverse Immunological Effects of Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1025-1041. [PMID: 33316242 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has experienced great successes with protein therapeutics in the last two decades and with novel modalities, including cell therapies and gene therapies, more recently. Biotherapeutics are complex in structure and present challenges for discovery, development, regulatory, and life cycle management. Biotherapeutics can interact with the immune system that may lead to undesired immunological responses, including immunogenicity, hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), injection site reactions (ISR), and others. Many product and process related critical quality attributes (CQAs) have the potential to trigger or augment such immunological responses to the product. Tremendous efforts, both clinically and preclinically, have been invested to understand the impact of product and process related CQAs on adverse immunological effects. The information and knowledge are critical for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD), which requires risk assessment and establishment of specifications and control strategies for CQAs. A quality target product profile (QTPP) that identifies the key CQAs through process development can help assign severity scores based on safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the molecule. Gaps and future directions related to biotherapeutics and emerging novel modalities are presented.
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Molineau J, Hideux M, West C. Chromatographic analysis of biomolecules with pressurized carbon dioxide mobile phases - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113736. [PMID: 33176241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules like proteins, peptides and nucleic acids widely emerge in pharmaceutical applications, either as synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients, or from natural products as in traditional Chinese medicine. Liquid-phase chromatographic methods (LC) are widely employed for the analysis and/or purification of such molecules. On another hand, to answer the ever-increasing requests from scientists involved in biomolecules projects, other chromatographic methods emerge as useful complements to LC. In particular, there is a growing interest for chromatography with a mobile phase comprising pressurized carbon dioxide, which can be named either (i) supercritical (or subcritical) fluid chromatography (SFC) when CO2 is the major constituent of the mobile phase, or (ii) enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) when hydro-organic or purely organic solvents are the major constituents of the mobile phase. Despite the low polarity of CO2, supposedly inadequate to solubilize such biomolecules, SFC and EFLC were both employed in many occasions for this purpose. This paper specifically reviews the literature related to the SFC/EFLC analysis of free amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. The analytical conditions employed for specific molecular families are presented, with a focus on the nature of the stationary phase and the mobile phase composition. We also discuss the potential benefits of combining SFC/EFLC to LC in a single gradient elution, a method sometimes designated as unified chromatography (UC). Finally, detection issues are presented, and more particularly hyphenation to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Molineau
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Maria Hideux
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Caroline West
- University of Orleans, ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ghosh D, Williams RO. Just how prevalent are peptide therapeutic products? A critical review. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119491. [PMID: 32622810 PMCID: PMC10655677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
How prevalent are peptide therapeutic products? How innovative are the formulations used to deliver peptides? This review provides a critical analysis of therapeutic peptide products and the formulations approved by the United States Food and Drug administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). This review also provides an in-depth analysis of dosage forms and administration routes for delivering peptide therapeutics, including injectables, oral dosage forms, and other routes of administration. We discuss the function of excipients in parenteral formulations in detail, since most peptide therapeutics are parenterally administered. We provide case studies of alternate delivery routes and dosage forms. Based on our analysis, therapeutic peptides administered as injectables remain the most commonly used dosage forms, particularly in the form of subcutaneous, intravenous, or intramuscular injections. In addition, therapeutic peptides are formulated to achieve prolonged release, often through the use of polymer carriers. The limited number of oral therapeutic peptide products and their poor absorption and subsequent low bioavailability indicate a need for new technologies to broaden the formulation design space. Therapeutic peptide products may also be delivered through other administration routes, including intranasal, implant, and sublingual routes. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how therapeutic peptides are now formulated and administered is essential to improve peptide delivery, improve patient compliance, and reduce the healthcare burden for these crucial therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hairui Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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A selective comprehensive reversed-phase×reversed-phase 2D-liquid chromatography approach with multiple complementary detectors as advanced generic method for the quality control of synthetic and therapeutic peptides. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Wu P, Li M, Kan Y, Wu X, Li H. Impurities identification and quantification for calcitonin salmon by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113271. [PMID: 32247161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin salmon is an important peptide pharmaceutical, which is mainly used for the treatment of osteoporosis and hypercalcemia. Structurally related peptide impurities in a peptide pharmaceutical probably have side effect or even toxicity, thus needs to be carefully characterized according to pharmacopoeia. With the improvement of analytical techniques, liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has become a pivotal technique for the identification and quantification of structurally related peptide impurities in peptide materials. In this study, an LC-HRMS-based method has been developed for the identification and quantification of structurally related peptide impurities in calcitonin salmon material. With this method, 7 peptide impurities (> 1 mg/g) in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) reference standard and 9 peptide impurities (> 1 mg/g) in European Pharmacopoeia (EP) reference standard were identified and accurately quantified. Besides the peptide impurities reported by USP and EP, several new impurities such as [7-Dehydroalanine] calcitonin salmon, triple-sulfate-calcitonin salmon, [26-Proline] calcitonin salmon, [14-Glutamic acid] calcitonin salmon, [20-Glutamic acid] calcitonin salmon, [26-Aspartic acid] calcitonin salmon, calcitonin salmon acid were observed in the reference standard materials studied. The total mass fractions of all structurally related peptide impurities in calcitonin salmon study materials were estimated to be 57.4 mg/g for USP and 46.3 mg/g for EP with associated expended uncertainties at a 95 % confidence level of 5.2 mg/g (k = 2) and 3.1 mg/g (k = 2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peize Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xue Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology & Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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43
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Wu P, Ye S, Li M, Li H, Kan Y, Yang Z. Impurity identification and quantification for arginine vasopressin by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8799. [PMID: 32247289 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE For pharmaceutical quality control, impurities may have unexpected pharmacological or toxicological effects on quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is an important cyclic peptide drug that is mainly used for the treatment of diabetes insipidus and esophageal varices bleeding. With the advancement made in analytical techniques, liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) has emerged as a critical technique for the identification and quantification of structurally related peptide impurities in AVP. METHODS An LC/HRMS/MS-based method using a quadrupole ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer operated in the positive ion electrospray ionization mode was developed for the determination and quantification of structurally related peptide impurities in AVP. RESULTS Under optimized experimental conditions, three deamidation products, ([Glu4 ]AVP, [Asp5 ]AVP, and AVP acid), two amino acid deletion impurities (des-Pro7 -AVP and des-Gly9 -AVP), one amino acid insertion impurity (endo-Gly10a -AVP), one end chain reaction product (N-acetyl-AVP), and one AVP isomer were detected. Subsequent quantification using an external standard method estimated the total mass fraction of all structurally related peptide impurities in the AVP study material to be 30.3 mg/g with an expanded uncertainty of 3.0 mg/g (k = 2). CONCLUSIONS This study complements the AVP impurity profile and improves the separation and discovery of other potential impurities in vasopressin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peize Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Sijian Ye
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Zecheng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Jawa V, Terry F, Gokemeijer J, Mitra-Kaushik S, Roberts BJ, Tourdot S, De Groot AS. T-Cell Dependent Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics Pre-clinical Assessment and Mitigation-Updated Consensus and Review 2020. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1301. [PMID: 32695107 PMCID: PMC7338774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to protein and peptide drugs can alter or reduce their efficacy and may be associated with adverse effects. While anti-drug antibodies (ADA) are a standard clinical measure of protein therapeutic immunogenicity, T cell epitopes in the primary sequences of these drugs are the key drivers or modulators of ADA response, depending on the type of T cell response that is stimulated (e.g., T helper or Regulatory T cells, respectively). In a previous publication on T cell-dependent immunogenicity of biotherapeutics, we addressed mitigation efforts such as identifying and reducing the presence of T cell epitopes or T cell response to protein therapeutics prior to further development of the protein therapeutic for clinical use. Over the past 5 years, greater insight into the role of regulatory T cell epitopes and the conservation of T cell epitopes with self (beyond germline) has improved the preclinical assessment of immunogenic potential. In addition, impurities contained in therapeutic drug formulations such as host cell proteins have also attracted attention and become the focus of novel risk assessment methods. Target effects have come into focus, given the emergence of protein and peptide drugs that target immune receptors in immuno-oncology applications. Lastly, new modalities are entering the clinic, leading to the need to revise certain aspects of the preclinical immunogenicity assessment pathway. In addition to drugs that have multiple antibody-derived domains or non-antibody scaffolds, therapeutic drugs may now be introduced via viral vectors, cell-based constructs, or nucleic acid based therapeutics that may, in addition to delivering drug, also prime the immune system, driving immune response to the delivery vehicle as well as the encoded therapeutic, adding to the complexity of assessing immunogenicity risk. While it is challenging to keep pace with emerging methods for the preclinical assessment of protein therapeutics and new biologic therapeutic modalities, this collective compendium provides a guide to current best practices and new concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, PPDM, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | | | - Jochem Gokemeijer
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Singh AP, Nigam L, Yadav Y, Shekhar S, Subbarao N, Dey S. Design and in vitro analysis of SIRT2 inhibitor targeting Parkinson's disease. Mol Divers 2020; 25:2261-2270. [PMID: 32591930 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Sirtuin2 (SIRT2) protein rescues the α-synuclein toxicity in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thioacetyl group can structurally mimic the acetyl group and restrain the deacetylating p53 reaction by SIRT2. This work evaluated the biological activity of designed pentapeptides inhibitor containing N-thioacetyl-lysine against SIRT2. Pentapeptide by introducing thioacetyl-lysine as an inhibitor of SIRT2 was screened by molecular docking and synthesized by solid phase method. The inhibition of pure recombinant SIRT2 as well as SIRT2 in serum of PD patients by peptide was done by fluorescent activity assay. The inhibition of SIRT2 was assessed in PC12 cell line by measuring acetylated α-tubulin level. The peptide YKK(ε-thioAc)AM and HRK(ε-thioAc)AM were found to be SIRT2 inhibitors by molecular docking. However, YKK(ε-thioAc)AM was more specific towards SIRT2 than SIRT1 (Sirtuin1). It inhibited recombinant SIRT2 by IC50 value of 0.15 µM and KD values 9.92 × 10-8/M. It also inhibited serum SIRT2 of PD. It increased the acetylation of α-tubulin in PC12 neuroblastoma cells which is essential for maintaining the microtubular cell functions of brain. It can be concluded that novel peptide YKK(ε-thioAc)AM may be a platform for therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease targeting SIRT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lokesh Nigam
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Yudhishthir Yadav
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Ohga H, Akase F, Sakanoue R, Matsushima A, Ohta K, Matsuyama M. Alanine scanning and characterization of core peptides in Scombridae fish family for construction of Kiss1 super analog. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113356. [PMID: 31830476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Kiss1 administration strongly promotes gonadal development in immature chub mackerel (cm) (Scomber japonicus). Here, we performed an Alanine scanning (Ala-scanning) of Kiss1 to determine its key residues. Additionally, we examined functional peptides from 16 Scombridae species to develop maturation-inducing super-analogs that can be used universally in Scombridae species. In the Ala-scanning of Kiss1-15 (QDMSSYNFNSFGLRY), substitution of Gln1 and Asp2 did not affect agonistic activity. This suggests that peptides could be downsized. Furthermore, it is possible that Phe8 can be substituted by unnatural amino acids that are difficult to degrade. In molecular cloning, only Scomber showed a 16-residue form as a putative mature peptide. The other genera, did not have a His residue at the N-terminal, which indicated that the functional peptide was 15 residues and the second and third residues from the N-terminal showed variation between interspecies. Next, we examined the binding affinity of various synthetic Kiss1 core peptides in Scombridae interspecies using an SRE-Luc reporter system. We cloned Kiss1 receptors (KissR1) from bluefin tuna (bft) (Thunnus orientalis) and Japanese Spanish mackerel (jsm) (Scomberomorus niphonius) for the first time. In binding affinity with cmKissR1, bftKissR1, and jsmKissR1, the species specificity of the second residue from the N-terminus in each ligand could be ignored, but the difference in the third residue strongly affected receptor binding. Scombridae species possess the same Kiss1 system but the structure of the functional peptide might be species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ohga
- Fisheries Research Institute of Karatsu, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Saga 847 0132, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Akase
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Sakanoue
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 0395, Japan
| | - Ayami Matsushima
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohta
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 0395, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 0395, Japan
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A novel HPLC method for analysis of atosiban and its five related substances in atosiban acetate injection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 177:112808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Liu Y, Romijn EP, Verniest G, Laukens K, De Vijlder T. Mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation of small molecule impurities and degradation products in pharmaceutical development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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49
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Wu HY, Ma MC, Pan YY, Shih CL, Zgoda V, Li CS, Lin LC, Liao PC. Assessing the Similarity between Random Copolymer Drug Glatiramer Acetate by Using LC-MS Data Coupling with Hypothesis Testing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14281-14289. [PMID: 31590482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The full characterization of nonbiological complex drugs (NBCDs) is not possible, but analytical approaches are of urgent need to evaluate the similarity between different lots and compare with their follow-up versions. Here, we propose a hypothesis testing-based approach to assess the similarity/difference between random amino acid copolymer drugs using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Two glatiramer acetate (GA) drugs, commercially available Copaxone and in-house synthesized SPT, and a negative control were digested by Lys-C and followed by HILIC-MS analysis. After retention time alignment and feature identification, 1627 features matched to m/z values in an elemental composition database were considered as derived from active drug ingredients. A hypothesis testing approach, the sum of squared deviations test, was developed to process high-dimensional data derived from LC-MS spectra. The feasibility of this approach was first demonstrated by testing 5 versus 5 lots of Copaxone and Copaxone versus SPT, which suggested a significant similarity by obtaining the estimated 95th percentile of the distribution of the estimator (ρ̂(95%)) at 0.0056 (p-value = 0.0026) and 0.0026 (p-value < 0.0001), respectively. In contrast, the ρ̂ was 0.036 (p-value = 1.00), while comparing Copaxone and the negative control, implying a lack of similarity. We further synthesized nine stable isotope-labeled peptides to validate the proposed amino acid sequences in the database, demonstrating the correctness in sequence identification. The quantitation variations in our analytical procedures were determined to be 6.8-7.7%. This approach was found to have a great potential for evaluating the similarity between generic NBCDs and listed reference drugs, as well as to monitor the lot-to-lot variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Mi-Chia Ma
- Department of Statistics , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yi Pan
- Department of Statistics , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Shih
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan
| | - Victor Zgoda
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry , Moscow 119121 , Russia
| | - Chin-Shang Li
- School of Nursing , The State University of New York, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14214 , United States
| | | | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan
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Zhang J, Wang YY, Sun H, Li SY, Xiang SH, Tan B. Enantioselective three-component Ugi reaction catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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