1
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Lay-Fortenbery A, Tower CW, Ezeajughi E, Calahan J, Duru C, Matejtschuk P, Munson EJ. Predicting the Stability of Lyophilized Human Serum Albumin Formulations Containing Sucrose and Trehalose Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Effect of Storage Temperature on 1H T 1 Relaxation Times. AAPS J 2024; 26:40. [PMID: 38570383 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In a lyophilized protein/disaccharide system, the ability of the disaccharide to form a homogeneous mixture with the protein and to slow the protein mobility dictates the stabilization potential of the formulation. Human serum albumin was lyophilized with sucrose or trehalose in histidine, phosphate, or citrate buffer. 1H T1 relaxation times were measured by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and were used to assess the homogeneity and mobility of the samples after zero, six, and twelve months at different temperatures. The mobility of the samples decreased after 6 and 12 months storage at elevated temperatures, consistent with structural relaxation of the amorphous disaccharide matrix. Formulations with sucrose had lower mobility and greater stability than formulations with trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Cole W Tower
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ernest Ezeajughi
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Julie Calahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA.
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Wood V, Kellerman MA, Groves K, Quaglia M, Topp EM, Matejtschuk P, Dalby PA. Investigation of the Solid-State Interactions in Lyophilized Human G-CSF Using Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1965-1976. [PMID: 38516985 PMCID: PMC10988552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) previously elucidated the interactions between excipients and proteins for liquid granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) formulations, confirming predictions made using computational structure docking. More recently, solid-state HDX mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) was developed for proteins in the lyophilized state. Deuterium uptake in ssHDX-MS has been shown for various proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, to be highly correlated with storage stability, as measured by protein aggregation and chemical degradation. As G-CSF is known to lose activity through aggregation upon lyophilization, we applied the ssHDX-MS method with peptide mapping to four different lyophilized formulations of G-CSF to compare the impact of three excipients on local structure and exchange dynamics. HDX at 22 °C was confirmed to correlate well with the monomer content remaining after lyophilization and storage at -20 °C, with sucrose providing the greatest protection, and then phenylalanine, mannitol, and no excipient leading to progressively less protection. Storage at 45 °C led to little difference in final monomer content among the formulations, and so there was no discernible relationship with total deuterium uptake on ssHDX. Incubation at 45 °C may have led to a structural conformation and/or aggregation mechanism no longer probed by HDX at 22 °C. Such a conformational change was observed previously at 37 °C for liquid-formulated G-CSF using NMR. Peptide mapping revealed that tolerance to lyophilization and -20 °C storage was linked to increased stability in the small helix, loop AB, helix C, and loop CD. LC-MS HDX and NMR had previously linked loop AB and loop CD to the formation of a native-like state (N*) prior to aggregation in liquid formulations, suggesting a similar structural basis for G-CSF aggregation in the liquid and solid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria
E. Wood
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom
| | - Mark-Adam Kellerman
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom
| | - Kate Groves
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TQ11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Quaglia
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TQ11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Topp
- Department
of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, and
Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation
Science, NIBSC, Medicines & Healthcare
Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United
Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Dalby
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom
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3
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McCarthy D, Han Y, Carrick K, Schmidt D, Workman W, Matejtschuk P, Duru C, Atouf F. Reference Standards to Support Quality of Synthetic Peptide Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1317-1328. [PMID: 36949371 PMCID: PMC10338602 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptides are an important class of therapeutics. Their quality is evaluated using a series of analytical tests, many of which depend on well-characterized reference standards to determine identity, purity, and strength. OBJECTIVE Discuss approaches to producing peptide reference standards, including vialing, lyophilization, analytical testing and stability studies. METHODS Case studies are used to illustrate analytical approaches to characterize reference standards, including methods for value assignment, content uniformity, and identity testing. Methods described include NMR, mass spectrometry, and chromatography techniques for identity testing and HPLC and GC methods for assessing peptide content and impurities. RESULTS This report describes the analytical strategy used to establish peptide reference standard and illustrates how results from multiple labs are integrated to assign a value to the final lyophilized vial. A two-step process for value assignment is described, which uses a mass balance approach to assign a quantitative value to a bulk peptide material. The bulk material is then used as a standard to assign a final value to the vialed material. Testing to confirm peptide identity and to ensure consistency of the vialed material is also described. Considerations for addressing variability, identifying outliers, and implementing stability studies are also presented. CONCLUSION The methods and case studies described provide a benchmark for best practices in establishing the preparation, analytical testing, handling, and storage of peptide reference standards for the pharmaceutical industry. Some peptide features, such as chiral or isobaric amino acids, may require additional techniques to ensure a full characterization of the peptide reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane McCarthy
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Kevin Carrick
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Dale Schmidt
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Workman Biotech Consultants, LLC, Cottleville, MO, 63304, USA
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical & Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Analytical & Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Fouad Atouf
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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4
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Kellerman MAW, Almeida T, Rudd TR, Matejtschuk P, Dalby PA. NMR Reveals Functionally Relevant Thermally Induced Structural Changes within the Native Ensemble of G-CSF. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3242-3255. [PMID: 35948076 PMCID: PMC9449972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Structure–function relationships in proteins refer
to a
trade-off between stability and bioactivity, molded by evolution of
the molecule. Identifying which protein amino acid residues jeopardize
global or local stability for the benefit of bioactivity would reveal
residues pivotal to this structure–function trade-off. Here,
we use 15N–1H heteronuclear single quantum
coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to
probe the microenvironment and dynamics of residues in granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) through thermal perturbation. From
this analysis, we identified four residues (G4, A6, T133, and Q134)
that we classed as significant to global stability, given that they
all experienced large environmental and dynamic changes and were closely
correlated to each other in their NMR characteristics. Additionally,
we observe that roughly four structural clusters are subject to localized
conformational changes or partial unfolding prior to global unfolding
at higher temperature. Combining NMR observables with structure relaxation
methods reveals that these structural clusters concentrate around
loop AB (binding site III inclusive). This loop has been previously
implicated in conformational changes that result in an aggregation
prone state of G-CSF. Residues H43, V48, and S63 appear to be pivotal
to an opening motion of loop AB, a change that is possibly also important
for function. Hence, we present here an approach to profiling residues
in order to highlight their potential roles in the two vital characteristics
of proteins: stability and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark-Adam W Kellerman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Almeida
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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5
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Matejtschuk P, Bird C, Ezeajughi E, MacLellan-Gibson K, Wadhwa M. Impact of Formulation Choices on the Freeze-Drying of an Interleukin-6 Reference Material. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:868460. [PMID: 35860358 PMCID: PMC9289548 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.868460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulation is critical to successful delivery of lyophilized biologics. We have compared the impact of buffer choice and the addition of sodium chloride (a formulant often viewed as unfavorable for freeze-drying applications) on the outcome of trial lyophilization of an interleukin-6 reference material. While phosphate buffer was a preferred choice and yielded well-formed cakes associated with fair recovery of biological activity, the resultant residual moisture content was high (2–4% w/w). By inclusion of isotonic levels of NaCl, the freeze-dried appearance and process were not impaired, but the residual moisture delivered was considerably reduced to levels <1% w/w. We postulate that this is due to the presence of a more open-cake structure and support this with evidence from thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. This work illustrates the importance of wide ranging empirical investigation of formulation options in order to optimize freeze-drying outcomes for biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul Matejtschuk,
| | - Christopher Bird
- Biotherapeutics, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Ezeajughi
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty MacLellan-Gibson
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Meenu Wadhwa
- Biotherapeutics, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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6
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Wood VE, Groves K, Wong LM, Kong L, Bird C, Wadhwa M, Quaglia M, Matejtschuk P, Dalby PA. Protein Engineering and HDX Identify Structural Regions of G-CSF Critical to Its Stability and Aggregation. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:616-629. [PMID: 34965730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein engineering and formulation of therapeutic proteins for prolonged shelf-life remain a major challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. Understanding the influence of mutations and formulations on the protein structure and dynamics could lead to more predictive approaches to their improvement. Previous intrinsic fluorescence analysis of the chemically denatured granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) suggested that loop AB could subtly reorganize to form an aggregation-prone intermediate state. Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has also revealed that excipient binding increased the thermal unfolding transition midpoint (Tm) by stabilizing loop AB. Here, we have combined protein engineering with biophysical analyses and HDX-MS to reveal that increased exchange in a core region of the G-CSF comprising loop AB (ABI, a small helix, ABII) and loop CD packed onto helix B and the beginning of loop BC leads to a decrease in Tm and higher aggregation rates. Furthermore, some mutations can increase the population of the aggregation-prone conformation within the native ensemble, as measured by the greater local exchange within this core region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Kate Groves
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - Lok Man Wong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Luyan Kong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Christopher Bird
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - Meenu Wadhwa
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - Milena Quaglia
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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7
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Schneider KT, Kirmann T, Wenzel EV, Grosch JH, Polten S, Meier D, Becker M, Matejtschuk P, Hust M, Russo G, Dübel S. Shelf-Life Extension of Fc-Fused Single Chain Fragment Variable Antibodies by Lyophilization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:717689. [PMID: 34869052 PMCID: PMC8634725 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.717689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of sequence defined antibodies from universal libraries by phage display has been established over the past three decades as a robust method to cope with the increasing market demand in therapy, diagnostics and research. For applications requiring the bivalent antigen binding and an Fc part for detection, phage display generated single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments can rapidly be genetically fused to the Fc moiety of an IgG for the production in eukaryotic cells of antibodies with IgG-like properties. In contrast to conversion of scFv into IgG format, the conversion to scFv-Fc requires only a single cloning step, and provides significantly higher yields in transient cell culture production than IgG. ScFv-Fcs can be effective as neutralizing antibodies in vivo against a panel of pathogens and toxins. However, different scFv fragments are more heterologous in respect of stability than Fab fragments. While some scFv fragments can be made extremely stable, this may change due to few mutations, and is not predictable from the sequence of a newly selected antibody. To mitigate the necessity to assess the stability for every scFv-Fc antibody, we developed a generic lyophilization protocol to improve their shelf life. We compared long-term stability and binding activity of phage display-derived antibodies in the scFv-Fc and IgG format, either stored in liquid or lyophilized state. Conversion of scFv-Fcs into the full IgG format reduced protein degradation and aggregation, but in some cases compromised binding activity. Comparably to IgG conversion, lyophilization of scFv-Fc resulted in the preservation of the antibodies' initial properties after storage, without any drop in affinity for any of the tested antibody clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Toni Kirmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Grosch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saskia Polten
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Doris Meier
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Gray E, Hogwood J, Dougall T, Rigsby P, Matejtschuk P, Terao E. Calibration of the WHO 5th IS for Blood Coagulation Factor IX, Concentrate and Ph. Eur. Human Coagulation Factor IX Concentrate Biological Reference Preparation Batch 3 and investigation of the suitability of an IS as potency standard for purified full-length recombinant FIX. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2021; 2021:26-68. [PMID: 33783349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A joint World Health Organization (WHO) - European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) study was run to calibrate the WHO 5th International Standard (IS) for Blood Coagulation Factor IX (FIX), Concentrate, and European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) Human Coagulation Factor IX concentrate Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) Batch 3. The suitability of the 4th IS as a potency standard for purified full-length recombinant FIX (rFIX) was also investigated. Forty-nine laboratories contributed data for the calibration of 2 plasma-derived FIX candidates, relative to the 4th IS, from clotting and chromogenic assays. The intra-laboratory variability was reasonably low; the inter-laboratory variation was lower for sample B (14/148) than for sample C (14/162). Although there were no discrepancies between clotting and chromogenic assays, a significantly lower potency was obtained for sample C with clotting assays when buffer rather than FIX-deficient plasma was used as pre-diluent. A significant assay discrepancy was observed with estimates for the 4th IS for Blood Coagulation Factors FII, VII, IX, X, Plasma against the 4th IS, resulting in a clotting to chromogenic activity ratio of 1.11. The study also investigated the comparability of the plasma-derived concentrate standard with the rFIX products and considered the establishment of an IS for rFIX. The 3 rFIX products currently licensed were represented in this study. Data from 49 laboratories for 2 rFIX candidates were received, with additional results for another full-length rFIX test sample returned by 6 laboratories. The intra-laboratory variability when the rFIX samples were assayed against the 4th IS was acceptably low. Although the full-length rFIX could be assayed against the plasma-derived 4th IS and provided statistically valid results, there were large discrepancies among the clotting assays using different APTT reagents. The inter-laboratory variability of the chromogenic assays was similarly high. There were also significant clotting and chromogenic assay discrepancies. The data from the present study indicate that a recombinant standard for rFIX products will minimise assay discrepancies and improve inter-laboratory agreement. However, they also underline that the value assignment of the 1st rFIX IS needs careful consideration. The Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS) of WHO was therefore not requested to consider the establishment of an IS for rFIX. In order to ensure continued harmonised standards, sample B (14/148) was established as the WHO 5th IS for Blood Coagulation Factor IX, Concentrate, and as Ph. Eur. Human Coagulation Factor IX, concentrate BRP Batch 3 with the functional activity of 10.5 IU/ampoule.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Haemostasis Section, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - J Hogwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Haemostasis Section, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - T Dougall
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Biostatistics Section, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - P Rigsby
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Biostatistics Section, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - P Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Standardisation Science Technology, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - E Terao
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Abstract
Freeze-drying is a complex process despite the relatively small number of steps involved, since the freezing, sublimation, desorption, and reconstitution processes all play a part in determining the success or otherwise of the final product qualities, and each stage can impose different stresses on a product. This is particularly the case with many fragile biological samples, which require great care in the selection of formulation additives such as protective agents and other stabilizers. Despite this, the process is widely used, not least because once any such processing stresses can be overcome, the result is typically a significantly more stable product than was the case with the starting material. Indeed, lyophilization may be considered a gentler method than conventional air-drying methods, which tend to apply heat to the product rather than starting by removing heat as is the case here. Additionally, due to the high surface area to volume ratio, freeze-dried materials tend to be drier than their conventionally dried counterparts and also rehydrate more rapidly. This chapter provides an overview of freeze-drying (lyophilization) of biological specimens with particular reference to the importance of formulation development, characterization, and cycle development factors necessary for the commercial exploitation of freeze-dried products, and reviews the recent developments in analytical methods which have come to underpin modern freeze-drying practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, UK
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10
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Wood VE, Groves K, Cryar A, Quaglia M, Matejtschuk P, Dalby PA. HDX and In Silico Docking Reveal that Excipients Stabilize G-CSF via a Combination of Preferential Exclusion and Specific Hotspot Interactions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4637-4651. [PMID: 33112626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assuring the stability of therapeutic proteins is a major challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry, and a better molecular understanding of the mechanisms through which formulations influence their stability is an ongoing priority. While the preferential exclusion effects of excipients are well known, the additional presence and impact of specific protein-excipient interactions have proven to be more elusive to identify and characterize. We have taken a combined approach of in silico molecular docking and hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to characterize the interactions between granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and some common excipients. These interactions were related to their influence on the thermal-melting temperatures (Tm) for the nonreversible unfolding of G-CSF in liquid formulations. The residue-level interaction sites predicted in silico correlated well with those identified experimentally and highlighted the potential impact of specific excipient interactions on the Tm of G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Groves
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Cryar
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Quaglia
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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11
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Arsiccio A, Matejtschuk P, Ezeajughi E, Riches-Duit A, Bullen A, Malik K, Raut S, Pisano R. Impact of controlled vacuum induced surface freezing on the freeze drying of human plasma. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119290. [PMID: 32243970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During the freezing step of a typical freeze drying process, the temperature at which nucleation is induced is generally stochastically distributed, resulting in undesired within-batch heterogeneity. Controlled nucleation techniques have been developed to address this problem; these make it possible to trigger the formation of ice crystals at the same time and temperature in all the batch. Here, the controlled nucleation technique known as vacuum induced surface freezing is compared to spontaneous freezing for the freeze drying of human plasma, a highly concentrated system commonly stored in a dried state. The potency of Factor VIII (FVIII), a sensitive, labile protein present in plasma, and the reconstitution time of the dried cakes are evaluated immediately after freeze drying, and after 1, 3, 6 or 9 months storage at different degradation temperatures. We show that the application of controlled nucleation significantly reduces the reconstitution time and in addition helps to improve FVIII stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arsiccio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Ernest Ezeajughi
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Riches-Duit
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Anwen Bullen
- Imaging Section, Analytical & Biological Sciences Division, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; UCL Ear Institute, Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran Malik
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Sanj Raut
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
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12
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Duralliu A, Matejtschuk P, Stickings P, Hassall L, Tierney R, Williams DR. The Influence of Moisture Content and Temperature on the Long-Term Storage Stability of Freeze-Dried High Concentration Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040303. [PMID: 32230795 PMCID: PMC7238084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High protein concentration products for targeted therapeutic use are often freeze-dried to enhance stability. The long-term storage stability of freeze-dried (FD) plasma-derived Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from moderate to high concentrations (10-200 mg/mL) was assessed. Monomer content, binding activity and reconstitution times were evaluated over a 12-month period under accelerated and real-term storage conditions. In the first case study it was shown that FD IgG from 10 to 200 mg/mL had minimal monomer/activity losses at up to ambient temperature after 12 months of storage. However, at 45 °C the sucrose-to-protein ratio played a significant impact on IgG stability above 50 mg/mL. All IgG concentrations witnessed moisture ingress over a 12-month period. The impact of moisture ingress from environmental exposure (between 0.1% and 5% w/w moisture) for IgG 50 mg/mL was assessed, being generated by exposing low moisture batches to an atmospheric environment for fixed time periods. Results showed that at -20 °C and 20 °C there was no significant difference in terms of monomer or antigen-binding activity losses over 6 months. However, at 45 °C, there were losses in monomer content, seemingly worse for higher moisture content samples although model binding activity indicated no losses. Finally, the difference between a low moisture product (0.1-1% w/w) and a moderately high moisture (3% w/w) product generated by alternative freeze-drying cycles, both stoppered under low oxygen headspace conditions, was evaluated. Results showed that at -20 °C and 20 °C there was no difference in terms of binding activity or monomer content. However, at 45 °C, the low moisture samples had greater monomer and binding activity losses than samples from the highest moisture cycle batch, indicating that over-drying can be an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Duralliu
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Paul Stickings
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK; (P.S.); (L.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Laura Hassall
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK; (P.S.); (L.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Robert Tierney
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK; (P.S.); (L.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Daryl R. Williams
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-594-5611
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13
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Oddone I, Arsiccio A, Duru C, Malik K, Ferguson J, Pisano R, Matejtschuk P. Vacuum-Induced Surface Freezing for the Freeze-Drying of the Human Growth Hormone: How Does Nucleation Control Affect Protein Stability? J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:254-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Hussain MT, Forbes N, Perrie Y, Malik KP, Duru C, Matejtschuk P. Freeze-drying cycle optimization for the rapid preservation of protein-loaded liposomal formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 573:118722. [PMID: 31705976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Technology such as the use of microfluidics to generate liposomes has been well researched, yet the stabilisation of liposomal formulations is a major challenge to their greater implementation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the use of 96 well plates to freeze-dry ovalbumin (OVA) loaded neutral (DMPC:Chol and DSPC:Chol), anionic (DSPC:Chol:PS) and cationic (DSPC:Chol:DOTAP) liposomes. Through the use of high throughput screening, a freeze drying cycle was optimised; ramp freezing from from 4 °C to -45 °C, followed by primary drying at -30 °C and secondary drying at 30 °C under a vacuum of 0.1 mBar. These parameters maintained liposome physicochemical properties, with the liposomes remaining below 100 nm and were homogenous (polydispersity index of less than 0.2 post rehydration). Minimal leakage of the OVA protein was observed, with almost 100% OVA remaining encapsulated post rehydration of the formulations. Here we have identified a simple method that allows for the rapid screening and freeze-drying of a range of liposomal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam T Hussain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Forbes
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran P Malik
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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15
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Duralliu A, Matejtschuk P, Dubey S, Koroma H, Gubinelli F, Williams DR. The influence of the closure format on the storage stability and moisture content of freeze-dried influenza antigen. Vaccine 2019; 37:4485-4490. [PMID: 31277955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Low moisture content is seen as crucial to achieving long term stability of freeze dried biologics and reference materials. Highly hygroscopic freeze-dried material are susceptible to moisture ingress over time which can lead to degradation and loss of biological potency. This study compared vials with unprocessed stoppers, vials with vacuum-oven dried stoppers and glass ampoules in order to determine the superior long term storage format in terms of moisture ingress and potency. B/Phuket influenza antigen was chosen as the model biological standard and the lyophilized antigen was stored at -20, 25 and 45 °C over a 1 year period. Ampoules had no significant moisture change across all storage temperatures as would be anticipated. Moisture content results at -20 °C showed no significant differences between ampoules, vials with vacuum-oven dried stoppers and vials with unprocessed stoppers over 12 months. Vials with vacuum-oven dried stoppers performed similarly to ampoules at -20 °C and 20 °C, but had a small increase in moisture content after 6 months at 45 °C. Vials with unprocessed stoppers preformed the worst and exhibited the largest moisture ingress after just 3 months at both 20 °C and 45 °C. Single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) potency assays showed at -20 °C and 20 °C there was no significant difference between all closure formats. At 45 °C there was a drop in potency for all closure formats, but ampoules and vials with vacuum-oven dried stoppers retained higher potency than vials with unprocessed stoppers. Thus, while ampoules are still considered to be the gold standard format for long term storage stability, using vials with vacuum-oven dried stoppers provides comparable stability and moisture integrity at -20 °C and 20 °C storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Duralliu
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Sitara Dubey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Halima Koroma
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl R Williams
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Duralliu A, Matejtschuk P, Williams DR. Measuring the specific surface area (SSA) of freeze-dried biologics using inverse gas chromatography. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:216-221. [PMID: 31233863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The specific surface area (SSA) of freeze-dried biologics (FD) is usually measured via a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis of volumetric nitrogen adsorption isotherms. However, this technique has accuracy limitations for materials <0.5 m2/g, requires dry samples, must be measured at 77 K and has slow sample preparation times (drying/degassing). Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is chromatographic characterization technique which can be used to analyse the SSA (down to ≈0.1 m2/g) of various solid-state materials including powders using organic molecules such as octane at ambient temperatures/pressure for a range of relative humidities. This study presents a comprehensive comparison between the N2 BET adsorption versus octane BET adsorption using IGC methods for determining the SSA's for a range of freeze dried biological materials. These include IgG 5% w/w, an influenza antigen standard, sucrose 5% w/w and trehalose 5% w/w. IGC provided comparable SSA values to the N2 BET method with better reproducibility (lower RSDs %). Large variations in average SSA within manufactured FD batches were observed for both IGC and volumetric determinations. IGC was also used to measure the change in SSA with increasing humidity, with FD cakes shrinking and losing their structural integrity with increasing moisture content. Such information highlights the importance of moisture content in determining the physical stability of FD cakes as exemplified by their SSA. In conclusion, IGC is a suitable alternative method for determining the SSA of freeze-dried biological materials which are generally strongly dependent on their moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Duralliu
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl R Williams
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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17
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Robinson MJ, Matejtschuk P, Longstaff C, Dalby PA. Selective Stabilization and Destabilization of Protein Domains in Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Using Formulation Excipients. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:744-755. [PMID: 30565948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multidomain biotherapeutic proteins present additional behavioral and analytical challenges for the optimization of their kinetic stability by formulation. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) comprises six protein domains that exhibit a complex and pH-dependent thermal unfolding profile, due to partially independent domain unfolding. Here we have used tPA as a model for evaluating the relationships between various thermal unfolding and aggregation parameters in multidomain proteins. We show that changes in the thermal unfolding profile of tPA were parametrized by the overall thermal midpoint transition temperature, Tm, and the Van't Hoff entropy for unfolding, Δ Svh, which is a measure of unfolding cooperativity. The kinetics of degradation at 45 °C, leading to aggregation, were measured as rates of monomer and activity loss. These two rates were found to be coincident at all pH. Aggregation accelerated at pH 4 due to the early unfolding of the serine protease N-terminal domain (SP-N), whereas at pH 5-8, the fraction unfolded at 45 °C ( f45) was <1%, resulting in a baseline rate of aggregation from the native ensemble. We used a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach to evaluate how formulation excipients impact and control the thermal unfolding profile for tPA and found that the relative stability of each of the tPA domains was dependent on the formulation. Therefore, the optimization of formulations for complex multidomain proteins such as tPA may need to be multiobjective, with careful selection of the desired attributes that improve stability. As aggregation rates (ln v) correlated well to Tm ( R2 = 0.77) and Δ Svh ( R2 = 0.71) but not Tagg ( R2 = 0.01), we analyzed how formulation excipients and pH would be able to optimize Tm and Δ Svh. Formulation excipient behaviors were found to group according to their combined impact on Tm and Δ Svh. The effects of each excipient were often selectively stabilizing or destabilizing to specific tPA domains and changed the stability of particular domains relative to the others. The types of mechanism by which this could occur might involve specific interactions with the protein surface, or otherwise effects that are mediated via the solvent as a result of the different surface hydrophobicities and polarities of each domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Robinson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, Potters Bar , Hertfordshire EN6 3QG , U.K
| | - Colin Longstaff
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, Potters Bar , Hertfordshire EN6 3QG , U.K
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K
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18
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Matejtschuk P, Duru C, Bristow AF, Burns CJ, Cowper B, Daas A, Costanzo A. Establishment of an erythropoietin CRS with stable measurable dimer content for SEC system suitability qualification. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2019; 2019:11-26. [PMID: 30714898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) monograph 1316 'Erythropoietin concentrated solution' prescribes that the dimer content of therapeutic erythropoietin (EPO) preparations must not exceed 2% as determined by Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). This report describes the evaluation of a candidate Chemical Reference Substance (cCRS) to serve as system suitability reference material for the qualification of SEC systems used to assess dimer and oligomer content in EPO solutions. The study organised by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) was performed with the participation of six European laboratories which tested the candidate material and the EPO for physicochemical tests CRS batch 1. The candidate material was shown to be a suitable reference material for the determination of the resolving capability of the SEC system for separation of dimer and higher oligomers from monomeric EPO. The cCRS was adopted by the Ph. Eur. Commission as Erythropoietin for SEC system suitability CRS batch 1 following consideration of the report. The importance of the resolving capability of the SEC system, as defined by the peak ratios or the peak-to-valley resolution, together with the asymmetry of the peaks eluted, and the linear response of the UV detector were all seen as critical parameters. Therefore, the monograph Erythropoietin concentrated solution (1316) was revised concomitantly to take account of the CRS and to set acceptance criteria for these critical parameters..
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - C Duru
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - A F Bristow
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - C J Burns
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - B Cowper
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - A Daas
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Costanzo
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Whiting G, Ferguson J, Fang M, Pepin D, Donahoe P, Matejtschuk P, Burns C, Wheeler JX. Quantification of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance/Anti-Müllerian Hormone polypeptide by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2018; 560:50-55. [PMID: 29742446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of serum concentrations of Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), also known as anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) by immunoassay is gaining clinical acceptance and widespread use for the diagnosis of ovarian conditions and for prediction of the response to ovarian stimulation protocols as part of assisted reproductive therapies. Provision of an International Standard to harmonize immunoassay methods is required. It is desirable for the content of a future International Standard to be assigned in mass units for consistency with the units reported by current methods. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), a physicochemical method with traceability to the SI (Système International d'Unités) unit of mass, is a candidate approach to provide orthogonal data to support this mass assignment. Here, we report on the development of an IDMS method for quantitation of AMH using three peptides from different regions of the AMH monomer as surrogates for the measurement of AMH. We show the sensitivity and linearity of the standard peptides and demonstrate the reproducibility and consistency of the measurement amongst the three peptides for determining the AMH content in buffered preparations and in trial preparations of recombinant AMH, lyophilised in the presence of an excess of bovine casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Whiting
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Jackie Ferguson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Min Fang
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - David Pepin
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 6206, Boston, MA02114, USA
| | - Patricia Donahoe
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 6206, Boston, MA02114, USA
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Chris Burns
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jun X Wheeler
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
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20
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Ferguson JM, Pépin D, Duru C, Matejtschuk P, Donahoe PK, Burns CJ. Towards international standardization of immunoassays for Müllerian inhibiting substance/anti-Müllerian hormone. Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 37:631-640. [PMID: 30241771 PMCID: PMC6302068 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research question Is formulated and lyophilized, recombinant human Müllerian inhibiting substance, also known as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), suitable for the preparation of a WHO international standard to calibrate AMH immunoassays? Design The AMH content of a trial preparation, coded SS-581, was determined by five laboratories using seven immunoassay methods. Participants were requested to report the content of the preparation in terms of their method calibrators through the measurement of a minimum of five concentrations in the linear part of the dose-response curve. Participants were also asked to measure, concomitantly, a panel of six serum samples containing AMH at concentrations of 0.1–13.0 ng/ml. Results Across all assays, including two automated assays in development, the geometric mean content was 361.76 ng/ampoule with a geometric coefficient of variation (GCV%) of 39.95%. When measured by immunoassays that were commercially available at the time of the study, the mean content was 423.08 ng/ampoule, with a GCV% of 26.67%. The inter-method geometric means of five serum samples with an AMH concentration >0.3 ng/ml and measured concomitantly with dilutions of SS-581 varied with a range of GCV% of 14.90–22.35%, which may reflect the use of serum sample value transfer to calibrate current immunoassays, some of which use non-human AMH calibrators. The AMH in trial preparation SS-581 was shown to be biologically active in the Müllerian duct regression assay. Conclusions A reference material prepared using human recombinant AMH is a promising candidate for the preparation of an international standard for AMH for immunoassays calibrated to recombinant human AMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Mc Ferguson
- Biotherapeutics Division, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - David Pépin
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, CPZN 6206, MA, USA
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Technology, Development and Infrastructure Division, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Technology, Development and Infrastructure Division, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Patricia K Donahoe
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, CPZN 6206, MA, USA
| | - Chris J Burns
- Biotherapeutics Division, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar Hertfordshire, UK
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21
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Duralliu A, Matejtschuk P, Williams DR. Humidity induced collapse in freeze dried cakes: A direct visualization study using DVS. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Robinson MJ, Matejtschuk P, Bristow AF, Dalby PA. Tm-Values and Unfolded Fraction Can Predict Aggregation Rates for Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Variant Formulations but Not under Predominantly Native Conditions. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:256-267. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J. Robinson
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute
of Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - Adrian F. Bristow
- National Institute
of Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - Paul A. Dalby
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
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Stacey GN, Connon CJ, Coopman K, Dickson AJ, Fuller B, Hunt CJ, Kemp P, Kerby J, Man J, Matejtschuk P, Moore H, Morris J, Oreffo ROC, Slater N, Ward S, Wiggins C, Zimmermann H. Preservation and stability of cell therapy products: recommendations from an expert workshop. Regen Med 2017; 12:553-564. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
If the field of regenerative medicine is to deliver therapies, rapid expansion and delivery over considerable distances to large numbers of patients is needed. This will demand efficient stabilization and shipment of cell products. However, cryopreservation science is poorly understood by life-scientists in general and in recent decades only limited progress has been made in the technology of preservation and storage of cells. Rapid translation of new developments to a broader range of cell types will be vital, as will assuring a deeper knowledge of the fundamental cell biology relating to successful preservation and recovery of cell cultures. This report presents expert consensus on these and other issues which need to be addressed for more efficient delivery of cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn N Stacey
- UK Stem Cell Bank, Division of Advanced Therapies, NIBSC, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Che J Connon
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen Coopman
- Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barry Fuller
- Department of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles J Hunt
- UK Stem Cell Bank, Division of Advanced Therapies, NIBSC, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Paul Kemp
- Intercytex Ltd & HairClone, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie Kerby
- Cell Therapy Manufacturing Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Man
- UK Stem Cell Bank, Division of Advanced Therapies, NIBSC, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) a centre of the MHRA, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Harry Moore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nigel Slater
- The Bioscience Engineering Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Claire Wiggins
- National Health Service – Blood & Transplant, Watford, UK
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach, Germany
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biotechnology/Nanotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Marine Sciences, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antafogasta/Coquimbo, Chile
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Smith G, Arshad MS, Polygalov E, Ermolina I, McCoy TR, Matejtschuk P. Process Understanding in Freeze-Drying Cycle Development: Applications for Through-Vial Impedance Spectroscopy (TVIS) in Mini-pilot Studies. J Pharm Innov 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-016-9266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Matejtschuk P, Duru C, Malik K, Ezeajughi E, Gray E, Raut S, Mawas F. Use of Thermogravimetric Analysis for Moisture Determination in Difficult Lyophilized Biological Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2016.73023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Duru C, Swann C, Dunleavy U, Mulloy B, Matejtschuk P. The importance of formulation in the successful lyophilization of influenza reference materials. Biologicals 2015; 43:110-6. [PMID: 25614372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyophilized Influenza antigen reference reagents are a critical resource in the quality control of influenza vaccines. A standard formulation has been used successfully at NIBSC for many years however, following the unexpected occurrence of a collapsed appearance in a particular batch a study was carried out to establish the impact of the sugar concentration in the formulation using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). There was a correlation between the presence and size of the mDSC eutectic temperature events and the freeze dried appearance of the cakes, which became progressively worse with increasing amounts of sugar. NMR spectroscopy could be used to positively identify and quantify the sugars in the formulations. MDSC can rapidly predict if the freeze dried appearance will be acceptable so as to assure the successful lyophilization of influenza reference preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinwe Duru
- Standardisation Science, NIBSC, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Carolyn Swann
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure, NIBSC, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Una Dunleavy
- Division of Virology, NIBSC, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure, NIBSC, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardisation Science, NIBSC, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
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27
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Boyle J, Thorpe SJ, Hawkins JR, Lockie C, Fox B, Matejtschuk P, Halls C, Metcalfe P, Rigsby P, Armstrong-Fisher S, Varzi AM, Urbaniak S, Daniels G. International reference reagents to standardise blood group genotyping: evaluation of candidate preparations in an international collaborative study. Vox Sang 2012; 104:144-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Grant Y, Matejtschuk P, Bird C, Wadhwa M, Dalby PA. Freeze drying formulation using microscale and design of experiment approaches: a case study using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:641-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Ferguson M, Wilkinson DE, Heath A, Matejtschuk P. The first international standard for antibodies to HPV 16. Vaccine 2011; 29:6520-6. [PMID: 21767589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current HPV vaccines and vaccine candidates are based on recombinant virus capsid proteins, so called virus-like particles (VLPs). Standardisation of assays for HPV capsid antibody will assist with epidemiology studies and future vaccine development. A World Health Organization international collaborative study was undertaken to assess the suitability of a freeze-dried serum, obtained from women naturally infected with HPV 16 and reactive against HPV 16 only, to serve as the International Standard for antibodies to HPV 16 in immunoassays and pseudovirion neutralisation assays. Eleven laboratories from nine countries participated in the collaborative study in which the candidate (NIBSC code 05/134) was assayed alongside samples from both vaccinees and naturally infected individuals. 05/134 had titres which were comparable to those obtained with serum from a naturally infected individual. Overall the variation between laboratories is similar to that observed in the previous study for samples from naturally infected individuals although slightly wider for sera from vaccinees. 05/134 has been established by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization as the 1st International Standard for antibodies to HPV 16, human serum, with an assigned potency of 5IUper ampoule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag Ferguson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
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30
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Jones RGA, Liu Y, Halls C, Thorpe SJ, Longstaff C, Matejtschuk P, Sesardic D. Release of proteolytic activity following reduction in therapeutic human serum albumin containing products: detection with a new neoepitope endopeptidase immunoassay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:74-80. [PMID: 20832960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum type A toxin (BoNT/A) is defined by its specific endopeptidase cleavage of SNAP25 between Gln(197) and Arg(198) under reducing conditions. The neurotoxin is widely used for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes, but should not contain other toxin serotypes or unwanted protease activities. Using a neoepitope endopeptidase immunoassay, additional cleavage between Arg(198) and Ala(199) was detected with a range of therapeutic BoNT/A products confirming an earlier report of an unidentified proteolytic component. By developing the assay and making it insensitive to BoNT/C1, any activity due to the type C1 toxin was excluded. Therapeutic preparations consist of ng quantities of toxin protein which are typically stabilised by 0.125-30 mg of HSA. An excellent correlation (R(2)=0.993) between HSA content per vial and measured activity was obtained within the therapeutic BoNT/A products tested. No activity was detected in any of the non-albumin formulated preparations, thereby identifying HSA as the source of the unknown protease for the first time. To investigate the cause of this activity, either as an intrinsic molecular activity of albumin or due to an albumin-associated purification contaminant, further studies on a variety of commercial plasma-derived HSA products or recombinant HSA materials free from potential plasma contaminants were carried out. The measured proteolytic levels were highly consistent amongst preparations, and could all be partially inhibited by the presence of zinc and blocked by PKSI-527 and aprotinin. By contrast, the data did not support the role of plasmin, kallikrein, trypsin, α(2)-antiplasmin-plasmin complexes or HSA purification contaminants, PKA (prekallikrein activator) or kallikrein-like activity. Taken together, these findings indicate a new intrinsic proteolytic activity of the albumin molecule revealed under reducing conditions as the source of the unexpected Arg-Ala cleaving activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G A Jones
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Division of Bacteriology, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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31
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Gearing J, Malik KP, Matejtschuk P. Use of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to determine critical transition temperatures in frozen biomaterials intended for lyophilization. Cryobiology 2010; 61:27-32. [PMID: 20430020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical analysis is widely used to determine glass transitions in solid state materials. However, here we demonstrate the application of DMA for the determination of glass transitions (Tg') in the frozen liquid state by means of a steel sample pocket. The use of the pocket allows frozen material to be analysed and glass transition events demonstrated. In addition, it allows weak glass transitions to be detected clearly in some complex formulations where they can be obscured by eutectic and other strong thermal events when other methods such as DSC or DTA are used. Classical excipients (trehalose, lactose, dextran) were analysed and shown to give reproducible Tg' values, though with values slightly higher than those obtained by DSC. Finally, several complex real biological materials, typical of those encountered when freeze drying biological and biopharmaceutical materials, were analysed and the potential value of DMA demonstrated to determine the relevant glass transition temperatures for use in cryobiology and freeze drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gearing
- Gearing Scientific Ltd., 4 Springhead, Ashwell, Hertfordshire, SG7 5LL, United Kingdom.
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32
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Hawkins JR, Hawkins M, Boyle J, Gray E, Matejtschuk P, Metcalfe P. Genetic reference materials and their application to haematology. Biologicals 2010; 38:467-73. [PMID: 20346697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic investigations are becoming increasingly useful and widespread in many areas of human health. However, there is a worldwide lack of certified reference materials for use in genetic testing, meaning that tests are being run without well validated controls and new assays are more difficult to develop and validate. We have responded to this challenge by starting a programme of developing genetic reference materials (GRMs) for international accreditation and worldwide distribution. Our approach has been to make materials for disorders where testing is commonplace and genotyping errors have been demonstrated. To ensure a continuing supply of DNA, cell lines are established from consenting, phenotypically well-characterised patients and are then grown up in bulk for genomic DNA extraction to yield up to 100 milligrams of DNA. In most cases the DNA is then formulated, freeze-dried and sealed in glass ampoules to ensure greater stability over time and obviate the need for chilled transportation. In this paper we explore the options and routes available to the production of DNA reference materials and describe the establishment of the first internationally recognised reference materials for human genomic DNA, with particular reference to some genetic tests carried out frequently within haematological and cardiovascular laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hawkins
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN63QG, United Kingdom.
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Grant Y, Matejtschuk P, Dalby PA. Rapid optimization of protein freeze-drying formulations using ultra scale-down and factorial design of experiment in microplates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:957-64. [PMID: 19530082 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retaining biopharmaceutical proteins in a stable form is critical to their safety and efficacy, and is a major factor for optimizing the final product. Freeze-dried formulations offer one route for improved stability. Currently the optimization of formulations for freeze-drying is an empirical process that requires many time-consuming experiments and also uses large quantities of product material. Here we describe a generic framework for the rapid identification and optimization of formulation excipients to prevent loss of protein activity during a lyophilization process. Using factorial design of experiment (DOE) methods combined with lyophilization in microplates a range of optimum formulations were rapidly identified that stabilized lactose dehydrogenase (derived from Lactobacillus leichmanii) during freeze-drying. The procedure outlined herein involves two rounds of factorially designed experiments-an initial screen to identify key excipients and potential interactions followed by a central composite face designed optimization experiment. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactose were shown to have significant effects on maintaining protein stability at the screening stage and optimization resulted in an accurate model that was used to plot a window of operation. The variation of freezing temperatures and rates of sublimation that occur across a microplate during freeze-drying have been characterized also. The optimum formulation was then freeze-dried in stoppered vials to verify that the microscale data was relevant to the effects observed at larger pilot scales. This work provides a generic approach to biopharmaceutical formulation screening where possible excipients can be screened for single and interactive effects thereby increasing throughput while reducing costs in terms of time and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzchak Grant
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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34
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Saldanha J, Silvy M, Beaufils N, Arlinghaus R, Barbany G, Branford S, Cayuela JM, Cazzaniga G, Gonzalez M, Grimwade D, Kairisto V, Miyamura K, Lawler M, Lion T, Macintyre E, Mahon FX, Muller MC, Ostergaard M, Pfeifer H, Saglio G, Sawyers C, Spinelli O, van der Velden VHJ, Wang JQ, Zoi K, Patel V, Phillips P, Matejtschuk P, Gabert J. Characterization of a reference material for BCR-ABL (M-BCR) mRNA quantitation by real-time amplification assays: towards new standards for gene expression measurements. Leukemia 2007; 21:1481-7. [PMID: 17476280 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of BCR-ABL transcripts has become established practice in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, nucleic acid amplification techniques are prone to variations which limit the reliability of real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) for clinical decision making, highlighting the need for standardization of assays and reporting of minimal residual disease (MRD) data. We evaluated a lyophilized preparation of a leukemic cell line (K562) as a potential quality control reagent. This was found to be relatively stable, yielding comparable respective levels of ABL, GUS and BCR-ABL transcripts as determined by RQ-PCR before and after accelerated degradation experiments as well as following 5 years storage at -20 degrees C. Vials of freeze-dried cells were sent at ambient temperature to 22 laboratories on four continents, with RQ-PCR analyses detecting BCR-ABL transcripts at levels comparable to those observed in primary patient samples. Our results suggest that freeze-dried cells can be used as quality control reagents with a range of analytical instrumentations and could enable the development of urgently needed international standards simulating clinically relevant levels of MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saldanha
- 1National Institute of Biological Standards and Controls, South Mimms, UK
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Abstract
This chapter describes the methods that can be applied to successfully freeze-dry proteins. Laboratory applications are given at small scale, typified by the purification of a protein intermediate as part of the analytical characterization of a protein, and at intermediate scale, as illustrated by the pilot development of a lyophilized protein reference material such as for use in bioassay or immunoassay. Advice on common problems with freeze-drying of proteins is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matejtschuk
- Standardization Science, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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Hubbard A, Bevan S, Matejtschuk P. Impact of residual moisture and formulation on Factor VIII and Factor V recovery in lyophilized plasma reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:2503-7. [PMID: 17072599 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Residual moisture content and formulation are important parameters when preparing lyophilized reference materials containing labile proteins. The protection of Factor VIII and Factor V activities were monitored in a lyophilized plasma preparation following formulation with either no additional excipient, 40 mM Hepes (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid), 10 mg/mL glycine or a combination of 40 mM Hepes and 10 mg/mL glycine. The preservation of Factor VIII activity during freeze-drying was improved by the addition of either stabiliser and improved most, amongst the options studied, by the addition of both glycine and Hepes. The predicted stability at -20 degrees C and 20 degrees C was estimated using accelerated degradation studies. Although for plasma lyophilized alone there was some benefit from further desiccation over phosphorus pentoxide, resulting in very low moistures, for suitably formulated samples the predicted stability was as good for freeze-dried only samples as for those with further desiccation. This study emphasises the importance of optimum formulation on the stability of lyophilized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Hubbard
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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Matejtschuk P, Rafiq S, Johnes S, Gaines Das R. A comparison of vials with ampoules for the storage of biological reference materials. Biologicals 2005; 33:63-70. [PMID: 15939283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyophilization is a key strategy in the stabilization of biological materials. Protection of the lyophilized material from an oxidizing atmosphere is essential if stability is to be maintained under long term storage. Vials of lyophilized albumin closed by two methods and ampoules of albumin have been examined for moisture and oxygen ingress after storage both under conditions of stress for two months and under thermally accelerated conditions for one year. The results show that the gas and moisture contents of ampoules do not detectably change even under conditions of stress, in contrast to vials for which this study shows clearly detectable moisture ingress and suggests some oxygen ingress. This is consistent with the results of other studies. Thus, although vials may be satisfactory under constrained conditions of temperature and storage for limited periods of time, and are presently used satisfactorily for some working standards, it would be prudent to continue to use ampoules for storage of international reference materials which are intended for indefinite storage and for which stability is an essential requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Matejtschuk P. Lyophilization of biological standards. Cryo Letters 2005; 26:223-230. [PMID: 19827251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Freeze drying plays a vital part in the preparation of many biological reference materials. The general approaches that may be adopted in the application of lyophilization to these biomolecules are discussed and the importance of analytical methodology and formulation optimization emphasised. Examples are given from a number of recently processed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matejtschuk
- Centre for Biological Reference Materials, National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Matejtschuk P. Thiophilic affinity chromatography and related methods. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 244:195-204. [PMID: 14970558 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-655-x:195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matejtschuk
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
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Matejtschuk P, Chidwick K, Prince A, More JE, Goldblatt D. A direct comparison of the antigen-specific antibody profiles of intravenous immunoglobulins derived from US and UK donor plasma. Vox Sang 2002; 83:17-22. [PMID: 12100384 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2002.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used in a range of immunodeficiency states that require a broad spectrum of protective antibodies to a range of common pathogens. A comparison of the antigen-specific antibody profile of preparations of an IVIG (Vigam) derived from US and UK sourced plasma was performed, and these preparations were also compared with three other IVIG products from different manufacturers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies against a range of bacterial and viral pathogens were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Similar profiles were found for Vigam made from UK and US source plasma and also for the other three IVIGs tested, but some specific differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS IVIG preparations have a similar therapeutic spectrum of antibodies when prepared from plasma sourced either from the UK or the US.
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Mould GP, Sutton JA, Matejtschuk P, Gascoigne EW, Dash CH. Solvent/detergent treatment does not alter the tolerance or uptake of human normal immunoglobulin for intramuscular injection. Vox Sang 2001; 80:151-8. [PMID: 11449954 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a solvent/detergent-treated intramuscular immunoglobulin were compared with those of the standard product. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single, 750-mg intramuscular (i.m.) injections were administered to a total of 36 healthy individuals: 23 in a double-blind trial and 13 in an open trial. Changes in specific serum hepatitis A and hepatitis B antibodies were monitored for a period of up to 3 months postinjection. RESULTS No serious adverse reactions were reported, and the bioavailability of the solvent/detergent-treated preparation was equivalent to that of the standard i.m. immunoglobulin. CONCLUSION There is no evidence that solvent/detergent treatment alters the pharmacokinetics or tolerance of human normal immunoglobulin, but it offers additional assurance against potential virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Mould
- Guildford Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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43
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Chidwick K, Matejtschuk P, Gascoigne E, Briggs N, More JE, Dash CH. Clinical experience with a new solvent detergent-treated intravenous immunoglobulin free of hypotensive effects. Vox Sang 2000; 77:204-9. [PMID: 10717599 DOI: 10.1159/000031128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To see if modifications to the processing of intravenous immunoglobulin to include a virus inactivation stage alter immunoglobulin G (IgG) resulting in hypotension in patients. METHODS Clinical trials were done involving extensive patient monitoring during infusion: in vitro - testing for markers of hypotension, and in vivo - an animal model which closely simulates clinical use. RESULTS No hypotensive response was seen in the animal model or clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS The production process used does not damage IgG or create vaso-active kinins as the preparation was free of hypotensive effects.
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Chidwick K, Matejtschuk P, Gascoigne E, Briggs N, More J, Dash C. Clinical Experience with a New Solvent Detergent-Treated Intravenous Immunoglobulin Free of Hypotensive Effects. Vox Sang 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.1999.7740204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Harland GB, Okafo G, Matejtschuk P, Sellick IC, Chapman GE, Camilleri P. Fingerprinting of glycans as their 2-aminoacridone derivatives by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:406-11. [PMID: 8900951 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection have been used to fingerprint the 2-aminoacridone derivatives of complex glycans released from bovine fetuin and human IgG monoclonal antibodies. The utility of this method in distinguishing between N- and O-linked oligosaccharides and in determining the presence of sialic acid residues in glycan mixtures at an early stage of analysis has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Harland
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Welwyn, Herts, UK
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Coombs RR, Easter G, Matejtschuk P, Wreghitt TG. Red-cell IgM-antibody capture assay for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgM. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 100:101-9. [PMID: 3123259 PMCID: PMC2249213 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800065602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A red-cell IgM-antibody capture assay has been developed for detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgM, which is based on the adsorption or 'capture' of IgM from patients' sera onto so-called 'inagglutinable' bovine red cells, chemically linked with anti-human mu. When M. pneumoniae antigen is added to the system, the red cells agglutinate in the presence of M. pneumoniae-specific IgM. The test was compared with the mu-capture ELISA described by Wreghitt & Sillis (1985), and was found to give comparable results. The two tests had similar sensitivity and specificity and could detect M. pneumoniae-specific IgM for a similar time (up to 6 months) after proven M. pneumoniae infection. However, the red-cell antibody capture assay is a much more simple and rapid test, taking only 1 h to perform (compared to 24 h for mu-capture ELISA). The red-cell IgM-antibody capture assay is therefore amenable to rapid diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection and the institution of early appropriate antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Coombs
- Division of Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge
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Coombs R, Easter G, Matejtschuk P. Capture reverse passive haemagglutination for detecting microbial antigens: absorption of monoclonal antibodies on antiglobulin-linked “inagglutinable” bovine red cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(88)90035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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