1
|
Díaz-Sierra R, Rietkerk M, Verwijmeren M, Baudena M. Facilitation and competition deconstructed: a mechanistic modelling approach to the stress gradient hypothesis applied to drylands. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2205. [PMID: 38272965 PMCID: PMC10810957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Facilitative interactions among species are key in plant communities. While experimental tests support the Stress Gradient Hypothesis (SGH) as an association between facilitation and stress, whether the shape of net effects along stress gradients can be predicted is controversial, with no available mathematical modelling approaches. We proposed a novel test, using a modification of the R* model to study how negative and positive partial effects of plant interactions in drylands combine along two common stress gradients. We modelled different interactions: competition for water and light, amelioration of soil infiltration and/or grazing protection, obtaining that intensity and importance of facilitation did not generally increase along stress gradients, being dependent on the interaction type. While along the water stress gradient net interactions became more positive, reaching a maximum and then waning again, various outcomes were observed along the grazing gradient. Shape variety was mainly driven by the various shapes of the partial positive effects. Under resource stress, additive interaction effects can be expected, whereas when including grazing, the effects were non-additive. In the context of the SGH, deconstructing the effect of positive and negative interaction in a pairwise mechanistic models of drylands does not show a unique shape along stress gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz-Sierra
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Complex Systems Studies, 4th Floor Minnaert Building, Leuvenlaan 4, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mart Verwijmeren
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Baudena
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Complex Systems Studies, 4th Floor Minnaert Building, Leuvenlaan 4, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), National Research Council of Italy, Corso Fiume 4, 10133, Torino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ezoe H. A general mathematical model for coevolutionary dynamics of mutualisms with partner discrimination. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-022-00537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Plant Adaptability and Vegetation Differentiation in the Coastal Beaches of Yellow-Bohai Sea in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042225. [PMID: 35206417 PMCID: PMC8872478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To identify the key soil factors influencing the vegetation differentiation in the coastal tidal flats of the Yellow−Bohai Sea in China, this study investigated the corresponding relationship between the Spartina alterniflora (SA), Suaeda salsa (SS), and Phragmites australis (PA) communities and their respective soil factors with published data, and combined the ecological strategy for analysis. The results showed a corresponding relationship between community and soil factors. The SA community had a lower bulk density (BD) and higher soil total nitrogen (TN), and the SS community was the opposite, while the PA community had the lowest salinity and higher TN. BD, salinity and TN acted as the main soil factors driving vegetation differentiation, but the explained proportion of the three factors to vegetation differentiation changed by season and region. Considering that higher TN facilitates the competitors, salinity represents the environmental stresses, and BD is positively related to the frequency of perturbation in the specific habitat in the study area, SA, SS and PA could be recognized as C–S, S–R and C strategic species to some extent. It is likely that some coexistent mechanisms for invasive and local species will be developed, especially the SS community which seriously shrunk recently but served as an important habitat for waterfowls in tidal flat habitats.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu SC, Zheng HX, Liu WS, Liu C, Guo MN, Huot H, Morel JL, Qiu RL, Chao Y, Tang YT. Plant-Soil Feedbacks for the Restoration of Degraded Mine Lands: A Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:751794. [PMID: 35087482 PMCID: PMC8787142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been made to remediate the degraded mine lands that bring severe impacts to the natural environments. However, it remains unclear what drives the recovery of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, making the restoration of these fragile ecosystems a big challenge. The interactions among plant species, soil communities, and abiotic conditions, i.e., plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs), significantly influence vegetation development, plant community structure, and ultimately regulate the recovery of ecosystem multi-functionality. Here, we present a conceptual framework concerning PSFs patterns and potential mechanisms in degraded mine lands. Different from healthy ecosystems, mine lands are generally featured with harsh physical and chemical properties, which may have different PSFs and should be considered during the restoration. Usually, pioneer plants colonized in the mine lands can adapt to the stressful environment by forming tolerant functional traits and gathering specific soil microbial communities. Understanding the mechanisms of PSFs would enhance our ability to predict and alter both the composition of above- and below-ground communities, and improve the recovery of ecosystem functions in degraded mine lands. Finally, we put forward some challenges of the current PSFs study and discuss avenues for further research in the ecological restoration of degraded mine lands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Shen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, INRAE-Universiteì de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-leÌs-Nancy, France
| | - Mei-Na Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, INRAE-Universiteì de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-leÌs-Nancy, France
| | - Hermine Huot
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jean Louis Morel
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, INRAE-Universiteì de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-leÌs-Nancy, France
| | - Rong-Liang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Chao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye-Tao Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dallas T, Holian LA, Foster G. What determines parasite species richness across host species? J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1750-1753. [PMID: 32609890 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IN FOCUS Dáttilo, W., Barrozo-Chávez, N., Lira-Noriega, A., Guevara, R., Villalobos, F., Santiago-Alarcon, D., Neves, F. S., Izzo, T., & Ribeiro, S. P. (2020). Species-level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13216. The question of what drives the number of parasite species able to infect a given host species is still a largely open question, despite decades of research. Dáttilo and colleagues examine the potential drivers of ectoparasite species across a large set of host species to explore the taxonomic and trait drivers of host-parasite interactions. Here, we contextualize their findings, explore what is known about parasite species richness, and identify some potential next steps towards answers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lauren A Holian
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Grant Foster
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Melfo A, Callaway RM, Llambí LD. Interactions between nurse plants and parasitic beneficiaries: A theoretical approach to indirect facilitation. J Theor Biol 2020; 494:110238. [PMID: 32151620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When a nurse species facilitates the density of more than one species, strong indirect interactions can occur between the facilitated, or beneficiary, species, and these could lead to cascading interactive effects on community dynamics. In this context, negative effects of beneficiaries on the growth or reproduction of nurses are much more common than positive effects. This suggests beneficiaries frequently act as parasites of their nurses, and the consequences of this are largely unexplored. Our general aim is to analyze whether competition between parasitic beneficiaries can lead to indirect facilitation to nurse species and how this influences nurse-beneficiary systems. We explored potential outcomes of such reciprocal interactions in the general case of one facilitator and two facultative parasitic beneficiary species with different strategies for competing for space, one having a high carrying capacity but low maximum intrinsic growth rate (K-species), and the other having low carrying capacity but a higher intrinsic growth rate (r-species). These are defined in terms of the logistic equation, and reflect the abundances they can reach when growing alone. By considering a set of ordinary differential equations for the abundances of the nurse and the two parasitic beneficiaries in the mean-field approximation (where spatial correlations do not play a role), we first show analytically that coexistence of the three species is only possible when the r-species beneficiary is, at the same time, more harmful than the K-species and receives more benefit from the nurse. We then show that only the K-species can indirectly facilitate the nurse in such system. These are general, analytic results, independent of particular values of the parameters. We then explore these results using a 2-D lattice model informed by cushion plants in alpine ecosystems, and their interactions with beneficiaries with r and K strategies. Interesting spatial effects emerge in this case, such as a seeding effect: facilitation by the nurse increases beneficiary abundances also outside nurse patches. These in turn generate a negative feedback to the nurse, due to local competition for space near its edge. Spatial distribution effects are also crucial for relaxing the conditions for the survival of the r-species, allowing an r-strategist with weaker parasitic effects to indirectly facilitate the nurse through suppression of a more harmful K-species. Unexpectedly, this also has an indirect positive effect on the K species because of increased abundance of nurses. In the case of the r-species representing a ruderal invader, our lattice results would suggest that invaders have the potential to benefit both nurse and native beneficiary species via indirect facilitation. More generally, our results indicate that facilitation of more than one other species varying in competitive ability and which act as parasites on a nurse, can in turn promote indirect facilitation effects. This form of indirect facilitation has not been explicitly studied before, although it may create substantial conditionality in the outcomes of interactions among multiple species and the dynamics of nurse-beneficiary systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Melfo
- Centro de Física Fundamental, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
| | | | - Luis D Llambí
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Ecológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Brien AM, Yu ZH, Luo DY, Laurich J, Passeport E, Frederickson ME. Resilience to multiple stressors in an aquatic plant and its microbiome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:273-285. [PMID: 31879950 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Outcomes of species interactions, especially mutualisms, are notoriously dependent on environmental context, and environments are changing rapidly. Studies have investigated how mutualisms respond to or ameliorate anthropogenic environmental changes, but most have focused on nutrient pollution or climate change and tested stressors one at a time. Relatively little is known about how mutualisms may be altered by or buffer the effects of multiple chemical contaminants, which differ fundamentally from nutrient or climate stressors and are especially widespread in aquatic habitats. METHODS We investigated the impacts of two contaminants on interactions between the duckweed Lemna minor and its microbiome. Sodium chloride (salt) and benzotriazole (a corrosion inhibitor) often co-occur in runoff to water bodies where duckweeds reside. We tested three L. minor genotypes with and without the culturable portion of their microbiome across field-realistic gradients of salt (3 levels) and benzotriazole (4 levels) in a fully factorial experiment (24 treatments, tested on each genotype) and measured plant and microbial growth. RESULTS Stressors had conditional effects. Salt decreased both plant and microbial growth and decreased plant survival more as benzotriazole concentrations increased. In contrast, benzotriazole did not affect microbial abundance and even benefited plants when salt and microbes were absent, perhaps due to biotransformation into growth-promoting compounds. Microbes did not ameliorate duckweed stressors; microbial inoculation increased plant growth, but not at high salt concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that multiple stressors matter when predicting responses of mutualisms to global change and that beneficial microbes may not always buffer hosts against stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M O'Brien
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto
| | - Zhu Hao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Dian-Ya Luo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto
| | - Jason Laurich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miller HM, Fill JM, Crandall RM. Patterns of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Establishment in Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) Understories. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-182.2.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope M. Miller
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Jennifer M. Fill
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Raelene M. Crandall
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao S, Atwater DZ, Callaway RM. Integrating spatial structure and interspecific and intraspecific plant–soil feedback effects and responses into community structure. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro‐Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou Univ CN‐730000 Lanzhou PR China
| | - Daniel Z. Atwater
- Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, Univ. of Montana Missoula MT USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dangles
- Inst. de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ. de Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell Univ., Corson Hall Ithaca NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
O’Brien AM, Sawers RJH, Ross-Ibarra J, Strauss SY. Evolutionary Responses to Conditionality in Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2018; 192:715-730. [DOI: 10.1086/700118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Qi M, Sun T, Xue S, Yang W, Shao D, Martínez-López J. Competitive ability, stress tolerance and plant interactions along stress gradients. Ecology 2018; 99:848-857. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation; School of Environment; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation; School of Environment; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - SuFeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation; School of Environment; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation; School of Environment; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - DongDong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation; School of Environment; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Javier Martínez-López
- BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change; Sede Building 1, 1st floor, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country Leioa 48940 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liancourt P, Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Rixen C, Dolezal J. SGH: stress or strain gradient hypothesis? Insights from an elevation gradient on the roof of the world. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:29-38. [PMID: 28444363 PMCID: PMC5737727 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), the view that competition prevails in undisturbed and productive environments, and shifts to facilitation in disturbed or stressful environments, has become a central paradigm in ecology. However, an alternative view proposes that the relationship between biotic interactions and environmental severity should be unimodal instead of monotonic. Possible causes of discrepancies between these two views were examined in the high elevation desert of the arid Trans-Himalayas. METHODS A putative nurse species and its associated plant community was surveyed over its entire elevation range, spanning from alpine to desert vegetation belts. The results were analysed at the community level (vegetation cover and species richness), considering the distinction between the intensity and the importance of biotic interactions. Interactions at the species level (pairwise interactions) were also considered, i.e. the variation of biotic interactions within the niche of a species, for which the abundance (species cover) and probability of occurrence (presence/absence) for the most widespread species along the gradient were distinguished. KEY RESULTS Overall, facilitation was infrequent in our study system; however, it was observed for the two most widespread species. At the community level, the intensity and importance of biotic interactions showed a unimodal pattern. The departure from the prediction of the SGH happened abruptly where the nurse species entered the desert vegetation belt at the lowest elevation. This abrupt shift was attributed to the turnover of species with contrasting tolerances. At the species level, however, facilitation increased consistently as the level of stress increases and individuals deviate from their optimum (increasing strain). CONCLUSION While the stress gradient hypothesis was not supported along our elevation gradient at the community level, the strain gradient hypothesis, considering how species perceive the ambient level of stress and deviate from their optimum, provided a parsimonious explanation for the outcome of plant-plant interactions at both scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Liancourt
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Trebon, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlate stoce 1, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caddy-Retalic S, Andersen AN, Aspinwall MJ, Breed MF, Byrne M, Christmas MJ, Dong N, Evans BJ, Fordham DA, Guerin GR, Hoffmann AA, Hughes AC, van Leeuwen SJ, McInerney FA, Prober SM, Rossetto M, Rymer PD, Steane DA, Wardle GM, Lowe AJ. Bioclimatic transect networks: Powerful observatories of ecological change. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4607-4619. [PMID: 28690791 PMCID: PMC5496522 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transects that traverse substantial climate gradients are important tools for climate change research and allow questions on the extent to which phenotypic variation associates with climate, the link between climate and species distributions, and variation in sensitivity to climate change among biomes to be addressed. However, the potential limitations of individual transect studies have recently been highlighted. Here, we argue that replicating and networking transects, along with the introduction of experimental treatments, addresses these concerns. Transect networks provide cost‐effective and robust insights into ecological and evolutionary adaptation and improve forecasting of ecosystem change. We draw on the experience and research facilitated by the Australian Transect Network to demonstrate our case, with examples, to clarify how population‐ and community‐level studies can be integrated with observations from multiple transects, manipulative experiments, genomics, and ecological modeling to gain novel insights into how species and systems respond to climate change. This integration can provide a spatiotemporal understanding of past and future climate‐induced changes, which will inform effective management actions for promoting biodiversity resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences and Environment InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Alan N Andersen
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Parramatta NSW Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences and Environment InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,Science and Conservation Division Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife Kensington WA Australia
| | - Matthew J Christmas
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences and Environment InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW Australia.,Ecosystem Modelling and Scaling Infrastructure Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Bradley J Evans
- Ecosystem Modelling and Scaling Infrastructure Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Damien A Fordham
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences and Environment InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Greg R Guerin
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences and Environment InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of BioSciences, Bio 21 InstituteThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun, Mengla County Yunnan China
| | - Stephen J van Leeuwen
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,Science and Conservation Division Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife Kensington WA Australia
| | - Francesca A McInerney
- Sprigg Geobiology Centre and School of Physical Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,CSIRO Land and Water Wembley WA Australia
| | - Maurizio Rossetto
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,National Herbarium of NSW Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Parramatta NSW Australia
| | - Dorothy A Steane
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,CSIRO Land and Water Wembley WA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast Maroochydore QLD Australia
| | - Glenda M Wardle
- School Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Long Term Ecological Research Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Andrew J Lowe
- Australian Transect Network Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Adelaide SA Australia.,School of Biological Sciences and Environment InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Modeling the relative importance of ecological factors in exotic invasion: The origin of competitors matters, but disturbance in the non-native range tips the balance. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Community dynamics under environmental change: How can next generation mechanistic models improve projections of species distributions? Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Lawrence D, Barraclough TG. Evolution of resource use along a gradient of stress leads to increased facilitation. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lawrence
- Dept of Life Sciences; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Ascot Berkshire UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin Y, Berger U, Yue M, Grimm V. Asymmetric facilitation can reduce size inequality in plant populations resulting in delayed density-dependent mortality. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ; Dept of Ecological Modelling; Permoserstraße 15 DE-04318 Leipzig Germany
- School of Life Science, Northwest University; CN-710069 Xi'an China
| | - Uta Berger
- Inst. of Forest Growth and Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden; PO 1117, DE-01735 Tharandt Germany
| | - Ming Yue
- School of Life Science, Northwest University; CN-710069 Xi'an China
| | - Volker Grimm
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ; Dept of Ecological Modelling; Permoserstraße 15 DE-04318 Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nougué O, Gallet R, Chevin LM, Lenormand T. Niche Limits of Symbiotic Gut Microbiota Constrain the Salinity Tolerance of Brine Shrimp. Am Nat 2015; 186:390-403. [PMID: 26655356 DOI: 10.1086/682370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Symbiosis generally causes an expansion of the niche of each partner along the axis for which a service is mutually provided. However, for other axes, the niche can be restricted to the intersection of each partner's niche and can thus be constrained rather than expanded by mutualism. We explore this phenomenon using Artemia as a model system. This crustacean is able to survive at very high salinities but not at low salinities, although its hemolymph's salinity is close to freshwater. We hypothesized that this low-salinity paradox results from poor performance of its associated microbiota at low salinity. We showed that, in sterile conditions, Artemia had low survival at all salinities when algae were the only source of carbon. In contrast, survival was high at all salinities when fed with yeast. We also demonstrated that bacteria isolated from Artemia's gut reached higher densities at high salinities than at low salinities, including when grown on algae. Taken together, our results show that Artemia can survive at low salinities, but their gut microbiota, which are required for algae digestion, have reduced fitness. Widespread facultative symbiosis may thus be an important determinant of niche limits along axes not specific to the mutualistic interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odrade Nougué
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université P. Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Malanson GP, Resler LM. Neighborhood functions alter unbalanced facilitation on a stress gradient. J Theor Biol 2014; 365:76-83. [PMID: 25445188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The stress-gradient hypothesis states that individual and species competitive and facilitative effects change in relative importance or intensity along environmental gradients of stress. The importance of the number of facilitators in the neighborhood of a potential beneficiary has not been explored. Evenly distributed and stress-correlated facilitation and the increase in the intensity of facilitation with neighbors as linear, logarithmic, and unimodal functions is simulated for two hypothetical species, both of which improve the local environment. The mutualism is unbalanced in that the establishment of one species is enhanced by neighbors more than the other. Compared to no facilitation or evenly distributed facilitation, the stress gradient produces more edges in the spatially advancing population, more overall intensity of facilitation, and more individuals further advanced into the area of higher stress; the more enhanced species has increased population relative to the other - to the point where they are equal. Among three neighborhood functions, little difference exists in outcomes between the linear and logarithmic functions, but the unimodal function, which shifts peak facilitation intensity to fewer neighbors, increases the above state variables more than the differences between the even and stress gradient facilitation scenarios; the population of the beneficiary species exceeds that of the other. Different neighborhood functions change the effects of spatial pattern on the biological outcome. The unbalanced mutualism may be important where additional species alter the basic interaction in the high stress area of the environmental gradient, such as ecotones where the spatial pattern becomes central to facilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George P Malanson
- Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA and Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230, USA.
| | - Lynn M Resler
- Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shah MA, Callaway RM, Shah T, Houseman GR, Pal RW, Xiao S, Luo W, Rosche C, Reshi ZA, Khasa DP, Chen S. Conyza canadensis suppresses plant diversity in its nonnative ranges but not at home: a transcontinental comparison. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1286-1296. [PMID: 24548283 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The impact of invasive species across their native and nonnative ranges is poorly quantified and this impedes a complete understanding of biological invasions. We compared the impact of the native North American plant, Conyza canadensis, which is invasive to Eurasia, on species richness at home and in a number of introduced regions through well replicated transcontinental field studies, glasshouse experiments and individual-based models. Our results demonstrated mostly negative relationships between C. canadensis abundance and native species richness in nonnative ranges, but either positive or no relationships in its native North American range. In glasshouse experiments, the total biomass of Conyza was suppressed more by species from its native range than by species from regions where it is nonnative, but the effects of Conyza on other species did not show a consistent biogeographical pattern. Finally, individual-based models led to the exclusion of Conyza from North American scenarios but to high abundances in scenarios with species from the nonnative ranges of Conyza. We illustrate biogeographical differences in the impact of an invader across regional scales and suggest that inherent differences in one specific aspect of competitive ability, tolerance to the effects of other species, may play some role in these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Tabasum Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Gregory R Houseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Robert W Pal
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, Ifjusagu, 6, H-7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Sa Xiao
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Christoph Rosche
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, D-06108, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Zafar A Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190 006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Damase P Khasa
- Centre for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, GIV0A6, Canada
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fukui S. Evolution of symbiosis with resource allocation from fecundity to survival. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:437-46. [PMID: 24744057 PMCID: PMC4012156 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Symbiosis is one of the most fundamental relationships between or among organisms and includes parasitism (which has negative effects on the fitness of the interacting partner), commensalism (no effect), and mutualism (positive effects). The effects of these interactions are usually assumed to influence a single component of a species’ fitness, either survival or fecundity, even though in reality the interaction can simultaneously affect both of these components. I used a dual lattice model to investigate the process of evolution of mutualistic symbiosis in the presence of interactive effects on both survival and fecundity. I demonstrate that a positive effect on survival and a negative effect on fecundity are key to the establishment of mutualism. Furthermore, both the parasitic and the mutualistic behaviour must carry large costs for mutualism to evolve. This helps develop a new understanding of symbiosis as a function of resource allocation, in which resources are shifted from fecundity to survival. The simultaneous establishment of mutualism from parasitism never occurs in two species, but can do so in one of the species as long as the partner still behaves parasitically. This suggests that one of the altruistic behaviours in a mutualistic unit consisting of two species must originate as a parasitic behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Fukui
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2-509-3 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xiao S, Ni G, Callaway RM. Models of experimentally derived competitive effects predict biogeographical differences in the abundance of invasive and native plant species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78625. [PMID: 24265701 PMCID: PMC3827048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-dominance by invasive species provides opportunities to explore determinants of plant distributions and abundance; however, linking mechanistic results from small scale experiments to patterns in nature is difficult. We used experimentally derived competitive effects of an invader in North America, Acroptilon repens, on species with which it co-occurs in its native range of Uzbekistan and on species with which it occurs in its non-native ranges in North America, in individual-based models. We found that competitive effects yielded relative abundances of Acroptilon and other species in models that were qualitatively similar to those observed in the field in the two ranges. In its non-native range, Acroptilon can occur in nearly pure monocultures at local scales, whereas such nearly pure stands of Acroptilon appear to be much less common in its native range. Experimentally derived competitive effects of Acroptilon on other species predicted Acroptilon to be 4-9 times more proportionally abundant than natives in the North American models, but proportionally equal to or less than the abundance of natives in the Eurasian models. Our results suggest a novel way to integrate complex combinations of interactions simultaneously, and that biogeographical differences in the competitive effects of an invader correspond well with biogeographical differences in abundance and impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Droz M, Pękalski A. Model of annual plants dynamics with facilitation and competition. J Theor Biol 2013; 335:1-12. [PMID: 23791851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An individual-based model describing the dynamics of one type of annual plants is presented. We use Monte Carlo simulations where each plant has its own history and the interactions among plants are between nearest neighbours. The character of the interaction (positive or negative) depends on local conditions. The plants compete for two external resources-water and light. The amount of water and/or light a plant receives depends on the external factor but also on local arrangement. Survival, growth and seed production of plants are determined by how well their demands for the resources are met. The survival and seeds production tests have a probabilistic character, which makes the dynamics more realistic than by using a deterministic approach. There is a non-linear coupling between the external supplies. Water evaporates from the soil at a rate depending on constant evaporation rate, local conditions and the amount of light. We examine the dynamics of the plant population along two environmental gradients, allowing also for surplus of water and/or light. We show that the largest number of plants is when the demands for both resources are equal to the supplies. We estimate also the role of evaporation and we find that it depends on the situation. It could be negative, but sometimes it has a positive character. We show that the link between the type of interaction (positive or negative) and external conditions has a complex character. In general in favourable environment plants have a stronger tendency for competitive interactions, leading to mostly isolated plants. When the conditions are getting more difficult, cooperation becomes the dominant type of interactions and the plants grow in clusters. The type of plants-sun-loving or shade tolerating, plays also an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Droz
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bulleri F, Xiao S, Maggi E, Benedetti-Cecchi L. Intensity and temporal variability as components of stress gradients: implications for the balance between competition and facilitation. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Ezoe H, Ikegawa Y. Coexistence of mutualists and non-mutualists in a dual-lattice model. J Theor Biol 2013; 332:1-8. [PMID: 23614874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evolution and maintenance of mutualism have been one of the major questions in evolutionary ecology, because it is often susceptible of invasion of non-mutualistic strategy. Some previous studies using dual-lattice model suggest that spatial structures of habitat can prevent non-mutualism from prevailing over mutualism, while the detail of the dynamics is not fully revealed. Here we explore population dynamics of the two strategies (mutualism and non-mutualism) in two species engaged in Prisoner's Dilemma game on a dual-lattice space, especially focusing on whether mutualists and non-mutualists can coexist in long-term dynamics. The habitat consists of two layers, each of which a population of species inhabits, and interspecific interaction is restricted between two corresponding sites of the layers. Each individual of the both species is either a mutualist or a non-mutualist and only the former pay cost c for benefit of the partner b. The payoff of the game affects the individuals' fecundity, while the mortality is constant. Reproduction is restricted to neighboring vacant sites of the focal individuals. Our computer simulations of the model show that even if b/c ratio remains constant, mutualists become dominant in both species over wider ranges of basic reproduction rate (reproduction rate without interspecific interaction) as b and c increase. If basic reproduction rates are asymmetric between the species or basic reproduction rates were sufficiently large, mutualists and non-mutualists can coexist in one or both species, while their population sizes often fluctuate. Transition of the final state between mutualism and non-mutualism happens rather discontinuously, then total population sizes change drastically at the transition. Moreover, we also find paradoxical cases of unilateral exploitation, i.e. one species consists of mutualists and other species non-mutualists. Additional simulations reveal that accidental extinction of the non-mutualists of one species can result in extinction of mutualist of the other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ezoe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiao S, Callaway RM, Newcombe G, Aschehoug ET. Models of experimental competitive intensities predict home and away differences in invasive impact and the effects of an endophytic mutualist. Am Nat 2012; 180:707-18. [PMID: 23149396 DOI: 10.1086/668008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of competition in the organization of communities is limited in part by the difficulty of extrapolating the outcomes of small-scale experiments to how such outcomes might affect the distribution and abundance of species. We modeled the community-level outcomes of competition, using experimentally derived competitive effects and responses between an exotic invasive plant, Centaurea stoebe, and species from both its native and nonnative ranges and using changes in these effects and responses elicited by experimentally establishing symbioses between C. stoebe and fungal endophytes. Using relative interaction intensities (RIIs) and holding other life-history factors constant, individual-based and spatially explicit models predicted competitive exclusion of all but one North American species but none of the European species, regardless of the endophyte status of C. stoebe. Concomitantly, C. stoebe was eliminated from the models with European natives but was codominant in models with North American natives. Endophyte symbiosis predicted increased dominance of C. stoebe in North American communities but not in European communities. However, when experimental variation was included, some of the model outcomes changed slightly. Our results are consistent with the idea that the effects of competitive intensity and mutualisms measured at small scales have the potential to play important roles in determining the larger-scale outcomes of invasion and that the stabilizing indirect effects of competition may promote species coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Agroecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singer A, Travis JMJ, Johst K. Interspecific interactions affect species and community responses to climate shifts. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
30
|
Ezoe H. Evolutionary stability of one-to-many mutualisms. J Theor Biol 2012; 314:138-44. [PMID: 22974562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One-to-many mutualisms - interspecific cooperations in which each host individual can potentially interact with multiple symbiont individuals while each symbiont individual can only one host individual - are widely found in nature, while their evolutionary stability has not been explored. It has been often thought that partner choice can stabilize multi-player mutualisms. However, in one-to-many mutualisms partner choice is inevitably asymmetric between hosts and symbionts, which might destabilize the system. Here I develop a simple mathematical model for an obligate one-to-many mutualism, with explicitly considering imperfect ability of symbiont choice by hosts. I fix the trait of hosts and concentrate on the evolutionary dynamics of cooperativeness in symbiont population. Each host chooses a constant number of symbionts from a potential symbiont population, a fraction of which are chosen through preferential choice depending on cooperativeness of the symbionts, while the rest are through random choice. After the association between the host and the symbionts is established, the host offers a constant amount of resource to each associating symbiont. It spends a part of the resource to increase the fitness of the host in proportion to its cooperativeness, and the rest for its own reproduction. I show that pure mutualist population is evolutionarily stable when the fraction of preferential choice c is large and the strength of preferential choice k is small, otherwise mutualists and cheaters coexist. In addition, in the coexistence state the frequency of mutualists increases with c. In contrast, it decreases with k, while the cooperativeness of mutualists increases. The two factors offset against each other, so that the fitness gain of host remains constant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ezoe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Maalouf JP, Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Marchand L, Touzard B, Michalet R. The interplay of stress and mowing disturbance for the intensity and importance of plant interactions in dry calcareous grasslands. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:821-8. [PMID: 22782241 PMCID: PMC3423810 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is still debate regarding the direction and strength of plant interactions under intermediate to high levels of stress. Furthermore, little is known on how disturbance may interact with physical stress in unproductive environments, although recent theory and models have shown that this interplay may induce a collapse of plant interactions and diversity. The few studies assessing such questions have considered the intensity of biotic interactions but not their importance, although this latter concept has been shown to be very useful for understanding the role of interactions in plant communities. The objective of this study was to assess the interplay between stress and disturbance for plant interactions in dry calcareous grasslands. METHODS A field experiment was set up in the Dordogne, southern France, where the importance and intensity of biotic interactions undergone by four species were measured along a water stress gradient, and with and without mowing disturbance. KEY RESULTS The importance and intensity of interactions varied in a very similar way along treatments. Under undisturbed conditions, plant interactions switched from competition to neutral with increasing water stress for three of the four species, whereas the fourth species was not subject to any significant biotic interaction along the gradient. Responses to disturbance were more species-specific; for two species, competition disappeared with mowing in the wettest conditions, whereas for the two other species, competition switched to facilitation with mowing. Finally, there were no significant interactions for any species in the disturbed and driest conditions. CONCLUSIONS At very high levels of stress, plant performances become too weak to allow either competition or facilitation and disturbance may accelerate the collapse of interactions in dry conditions. The results suggest that the importance and direction of interactions are more likely to be positively related in stressful environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Maalouf
- UMR BIOGECO INRA, Ecologie des Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Bât. B2 RDC Est, Talence, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Trinder C, Brooker R, Davidson H, Robinson D. Dynamic trajectories of growth and nitrogen capture by competing plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:948-958. [PMID: 22236094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although dynamic, plant competition is usually estimated as biomass differences at a single, arbitrary time; resource capture is rarely measured. This restricted approach perpetuates uncertainty. To address this problem, we characterized the competitive dynamics of Dactylis glomerata and Plantago lanceolata as continuous trajectories of biomass production and nitrogen (N) capture. Plants were grown together or in isolation. Biomass and N content were measured at 17 harvests up to 76 d after sowing. Data were fitted to logistic models to derive instantaneous growth and N capture rates. Plantago lanceolata was initially more competitive in terms of cumulative growth and N capture, but D. glomerata was eventually superior. Neighbours reduced maximum biomass, but influenced both maximum N capture and its rate constant. Timings of maximal instantaneous growth and N capture rates were similar between species when they were isolated, but separated by 16 d when they were competing, corresponding to a temporal convergence in maximum growth and N capture rates in each species. Plants processed N and produced biomass differently when they competed. Biomass and N capture trajectories demonstrated that competitive outcomes depend crucially on when and how 'competition' is measured. This potentially compromises the interpretation of conventional competition experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Trinder
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Rob Brooker
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Hazel Davidson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - David Robinson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang Z, Sykes MT, Hanna E, Callaghan TV. Linking fine-scale sub-arctic vegetation distribution in complex topography with surface-air-temperature modelled at 50-m resolution. AMBIO 2012; 41 Suppl 3:292-302. [PMID: 22864702 PMCID: PMC3535063 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the complexities of the surface features in mountainous terrain require a re-assessment of climate impacts at the local level. We explored the importance of surface-air-temperature based on a recently published 50-m-gridded dataset, versus soil variables for explaining vegetation distribution in Swedish Lapland using generalised linear models (GLMs). The results demonstrated that the current distribution of the birch forest and snowbed community strongly relied on the surface-air-temperature. However, temperature alone is a poor predictor of many plant communities (wetland, meadow). Because of diminishing sample representation with increasing altitude, the snowbed community was under-sampled at higher altitudes. This results in underestimation of the current distribution of the snowbed community around the mountain summits. The analysis suggests that caution is warranted when applying GLMs at the local level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Yang
- />Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science (ENES), Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin T. Sykes
- />Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science (ENES), Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, Lund, Sweden
| | - Edward Hanna
- />Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Terry V. Callaghan
- />Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Lilla Frescativägen 4 A, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
How Facilitation May Interfere with Ecological Speciation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/725487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the vast literature linking competitive interactions and speciation, attempts to understand the role of facilitation for evolutionary diversification remain scarce. Yet, community ecologists now recognize the importance of positive interactions within plant communities. Here, we examine how facilitation may interfere with the mechanisms of ecological speciation. We argue that facilitation is likely to (1) maintain gene flow among incipient species by enabling cooccurrence of adapted and maladapted forms in marginal habitats and (2) increase fitness of introgressed forms and limit reinforcement in secondary contact zones. Alternatively, we present how facilitation may favour colonization of marginal habitats and thus enhance local adaptation and ecological speciation. Therefore, facilitation may impede or pave the way for ecological speciation. Using a simple spatially and genetically explicit modelling framework, we illustrate and propose some first testable ideas about how, when, and where facilitation may act as a cohesive force for ecological speciation. These hypotheses and the modelling framework proposed should stimulate further empirical and theoretical research examining the role of both competitive and positive interactions in the formation of incipient species.
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Johansson O, Olofsson J, Giesler R, Palmqvist K. Lichen responses to nitrogen and phosphorus additions can be explained by the different symbiont responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:795-805. [PMID: 21534972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
• Responses to simulated nitrogen (N) deposition with or without added phosphorus (P) were investigated for three contrasting lichen species - the N-sensitive Alectoria sarmentosa, the more N-tolerant Platismatia glauca and the N(2) -fixing Lobaria pulmonaria- in a field experiment. • To examine whether nutrient limitation differed between the photobiont and the mycobiont within the lichen, the biomass responses of the respective bionts were estimated. • The lichenized algal cells were generally N-limited, because N-stimulated algal growth in all three species. The mycobiont was P-limited in one species (A. sarmentosa), but the growth response of the mycobionts was complex, as fungal growth is also dependent on a reliable carbon export from the photobiont, which may have been the reason for the decrease of the mycobiont with N addition in P. glauca. • Our findings showed that P availability was an important factor when studying effects of N deposition, as P supply can both mitigate and intensify the negative effects of N on epiphytic lichens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Reiner Giesler
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-981 07 Abisko, Sweden
| | - Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Michalet R, Xiao S, Touzard B, Smith DS, Cavieres LA, Callaway RM, Whitham TG. Phenotypic variation in nurse traits and community feedbacks define an alpine community. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:433-43. [PMID: 21366815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about facilitation, but virtually nothing about the underlying genetic and evolutionary consequences of this important interaction. We assessed the potential of phenotypic differences in facilitative effects of a foundation species to determine the composition of an Alpine community in Arizona. Two phenotypes of Geum rossii occur along a gradient of disturbance, with 'tight' competitive cushions in stable conditions and 'loose' facilitative cushions in disturbed conditions. A common-garden study suggested that field-based traits may have a genetic basis. Field experiments showed that the reproductive fitness of G. rossii cushions decreased with increasing facilitation. Finally, using a dual-lattice model we showed that including the cost and benefit of facilitation may contribute to the co-occurrence of genotypes with contrasting facilitative effects. Our results indicate that changes in community composition due to phenotypic differences in facilitative effects of a foundation species may in turn affect selective pressures on the foundation species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Michalet
- University Bordeaux 1, UMR INRA 1202 BIOGECO, 33405 Talence, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
de Mazancourt C, Schwartz MW. Starve a competitor: evolution of luxury consumption as a competitive strategy. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-010-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
The role of reproductive plant traits and biotic interactions in the dynamics of semi-arid plant communities. Theor Popul Biol 2010; 78:289-97. [PMID: 20875441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of semi-arid plant communities are determined by the interplay between competition and facilitation among plants. The sign and strength of these biotic interactions depend on plant traits. However, the relationships between plant traits and biotic interactions, and the consequences for plant communities are still poorly understood. Our objective here was to investigate, with a modelling approach, the role of plant reproductive traits on biotic interactions, and the consequences for processes such as plant succession and invasion. The dynamics of two plant types were modelled with a spatially-explicit integrodifferential model: (1) a plant with seed dispersal (colonizer of bare soil) and (2) a plant with local vegetative propagation (local competitor). Both plant types were involved in facilitation due to a local positive feedback between vegetation biomass and soil water availability, which promoted establishment and growth. Plants in the system also competed for limited water. The efficiency in water acquisition (dependent on reproductive and growth plant traits) determined which plant type dominated the community at the steady state. Facilitative interactions between plant types also played an important role in the community dynamics, promoting establishment in the driest conditions and recovery from low biomass. Plants with vegetative propagation took advantage of the ability of seed dispersers to establish on bare soil from a low initial biomass. Seed dispersers were good invaders, maintained high biomass at intermediate and high rainfall and showed a high ability in taking profit from the positive feedback originated by plants with vegetative propagation under the driest conditions. However, seed dispersers lost competitiveness with an increasing investment in fecundity. All together, our results showed that reproductive plant traits can affect the balance between facilitative and competitive interactions. Understanding this effect of plant traits on biotic interactions provides insights in processes such as plant succession and shrub encroachment.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Münkemüller T, Travis MJ, Burton OJ, Schiffers K, Johst K. Density-regulated population dynamics and conditional dispersal alter the fate of mutations occurring at the front of an expanding population. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:678-89. [PMID: 20717158 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing recognition that the interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes shapes the genetic footprint of populations during and after range expansions. However, more complex ecological processes regularly considered within spatial ecology remain unexplored in models describing the population genetics of range expansion. In this study we integrate flexible descriptions of population growth and competition as well as conditional dispersal into a model that simulates the fate of mutations occurring at the wave front of an expanding population. Our results show that the survival and distribution of a mutation is not only affected by its bias (that is, whether it is deleterious, neutral or beneficial) but also by the mode of local density regulation and conditional dispersal of the simulated populations. It is in particular the chance of a mutation to establish at the front of advance and 'surf' to high frequencies that critically depends on the investigated ecological processes. This is because of the influence of these processes on demographic stochasticity in the system and the differential responses of deleterious, neutral and beneficial mutations to this stochasticity. Generally, deleterious mutations rely more on chance and thus profit the most from ecological processes that enhance demographic stochasticity during the period of establishment. Our study emphasizes the importance of incorporating more ecological realism into evolutionary models to better understand the consequences of shifting geographic ranges for the genetic structure of populations and to find efficient adaptation strategies to mitigate these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Münkemüller
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Atkins KE, Travis JMJ. Local adaptation and the evolution of species' ranges under climate change. J Theor Biol 2010; 266:449-57. [PMID: 20654630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of climate change on biodiversity is well documented. A well developed range of statistical methods currently exists that projects the possible future habitat of a species directly from the current climate and a species distribution. However, studies incorporating ecological and evolutionary processes remain limited. Here, we focus on the potential role that local adaptation to climate may play in driving the range dynamics of sessile organisms. Incorporating environmental adaptation into a stochastic simulation yields several new insights. Counter-intuitively, our simulation results suggest that species with broader ranges are not necessarily more robust to climate change. Instead, species with broader ranges can be more susceptible to extinction as locally adapted genotypes are often blocked from range shifting by the presence of cooler adapted genotypes that persist even when their optimum climate has left them behind. Interestingly, our results also suggest that it will not always be the cold-adapted phenotypes that drive polewards range expansion. Instead, range shifts may be driven by phenotypes conferring adaptation to conditions prevalent towards the centre of a species' equilibrium distribution. This may have important consequences for the conservation method termed predictive provenancing. These initial results highlight the potential importance of local adaptation in determining how species will respond to climate change and we argue that this is an area requiring urgent theoretical and empirical attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Atkins
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH93JT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Filotas E, Grant M, Parrott L, Rikvold PA. The effect of positive interactions on community structure in a multi-species metacommunity model along an environmental gradient. Ecol Modell 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Yamauchi A, Nishida T, Ohgushi T. Stochastic tunneling in the colonization of mutualistic organisms: primary succession by mycorrhizal plants. J Theor Biol 2009; 261:74-82. [PMID: 19643110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In mutualism under spatial structure, asynchrony between the dispersions of the interacting species can be a key determinant of their dynamics. We focused on the plant-mycorrhizal fungi system to theoretically analyze the colonization process by calculating the probability of colony establishment under environmental fluctuation. This can be considered a joint process of two sub-processes before and after the association between the host plant and the mycorrhizal fungi in a novel habitat. When colony growth undergoes environmental fluctuation, the dynamics of colony size can be considered a combination of the two stochastic sub-processes that mediated the association event between the plant and the fungi. Therefore, properties of whole system are influenced by five parameters, means and variances of colony growth rates of two sub-systems, and a rate of association of plant and fungi. For the successful establishment of a colony, the second sub-process must start before the first sub-process finishes (i.e., extinction), which we refer to as "stochastic tunneling." Our analysis of the establishment probability of a plant colony based on this concept revealed that (1) the mean colony growth rates of the host alone and the symbiotic association affect establishment probability in different ways, (2) the variance of colony growth rate of the symbiotic association reduces the establishment probability, although the variance of growth rate of the host alone facilitates the establishment probability when the mean growth rate of the host alone is negative, and (3) a trade-off between the mean colony growth rates of the host alone and the symbiotic association could result in the evolution of either a symbiotic or parasitic relationship, based on a host decision. The model we present is widely applicable to the colonization processes of both positive and negative species relationships, where the interacting species disperse independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamauchi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xiao S, Michalet R, Wang G, Chen SY. The interplay between species’ positive and negative interactions shapes the community biomass-species richness relationship. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Ezoe H. Dual lattice model of the evolution of facultative symbiosis with continuous Prisoner's Dilemma game. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:744-50. [PMID: 19409909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
47
|
Vandenberghe C, Smit C, Pohl M, Buttler A, Freléchoux F. Does the strength of facilitation by nurse shrubs depend on grazing resistance of tree saplings? Basic Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
48
|
Springer YP. Edaphic quality and plant–pathogen interactions: effects of soil calcium on fungal infection of a serpentine flax. Ecology 2009; 90:1852-62. [DOI: 10.1890/08-0740.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Spitale D. Switch between competition and facilitation within a seasonal scale at colony level in bryophytes. Oecologia 2009; 160:471-82. [PMID: 19352717 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relative importance of positive and negative interaction in species assemblages is thought to be dependent on the harshness of the physical environment. I studied the consistency of this prediction in a field experiment using growth of the target species Warnstorfia exannulata as influenced by the presence or absence of two adjacent species, Sphagnum warnstorfii and Scapania undulata. In particular, I focused on the mechanism by which colony-colony interactions occur, elucidating how the balance of positive and negative interactions changes along a water gradient. Because the natural fluctuations of the environment modify the water gradient, it was expected that the competitive hierarchies of the species would not remain consistent over time. Results indicated that the different hydrological properties of the colonies, thought to be the necessary condition for the appearance of species interactions, were not sufficient to explain the outcome of the species interactions. The switch from competition to facilitation under more stressful conditions was not confirmed along a water stress gradient. In addition, natural climatic fluctuations, by affecting the length of the water gradient, changed the competitive hierarchies of the species on a seasonal scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitale
- Limnology and Phycology Section, Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|