1
|
Flies AS, Flies EJ, Fountain-Jones NM, Musgrove RE, Hamede RK, Philips A, Perrott MRF, Dunowska M. Wildlife nidoviruses: biology, epidemiology, and disease associations of selected nidoviruses of mammals and reptiles. mBio 2023; 14:e0071523. [PMID: 37439571 PMCID: PMC10470586 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00715-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife is the source of many emerging infectious diseases. Several viruses from the order Nidovirales have recently emerged in wildlife, sometimes with severe consequences for endangered species. The order Nidovirales is currently classified into eight suborders, three of which contain viruses of vertebrates. Vertebrate coronaviruses (suborder Cornidovirineae) have been extensively studied, yet the other major suborders have received less attention. The aim of this minireview was to summarize the key findings from the published literature on nidoviruses of vertebrate wildlife from two suborders: Arnidovirineae and Tornidovirineae. These viruses were identified either during investigations of disease outbreaks or through molecular surveys of wildlife viromes, and include pathogens of reptiles and mammals. The available data on key biological features, disease associations, and pathology are presented, in addition to data on the frequency of infections among various host populations, and putative routes of transmission. While nidoviruses discussed here appear to have a restricted in vivo host range, little is known about their natural life cycle. Observational field-based studies outside of the mortality events are needed to facilitate an understanding of the virus-host-environment interactions that lead to the outbreaks. Laboratory-based studies are needed to understand the pathogenesis of diseases caused by novel nidoviruses and their evolutionary histories. Barriers preventing research progress include limited funding and the unavailability of virus- and host-specific reagents. To reduce mortalities in wildlife and further population declines, proactive development of expertise, technologies, and networks should be developed. These steps would enable effective management of future outbreaks and support wildlife conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Emily J. Flies
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Healthy Landscapes Research Group, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Ruth E. Musgrove
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rodrigo K. Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Annie Philips
- Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang WS, Eden JS, Hartley WJ, Shi M, Rose K, Holmes EC. Metagenomic discovery and co-infection of diverse wobbly possum disease viruses and a novel hepacivirus in Australian brushtail possums. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2019; 1:5. [PMID: 33829126 PMCID: PMC7990097 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-019-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are an introduced pest species in New Zealand, but native to Australia where they are protected for biodiversity conservation. Wobbly possum disease (WPD) is a fatal neurological disease of Australian brushtail possums described in New Zealand populations that has been associated with infection by the arterivirus (Arteriviridae) wobbly possum disease virus (WPDV-NZ). Clinically, WPD-infected possums present with chronic meningoencephalitis, choroiditis and multifocal neurological symptoms including ataxia, incoordination, and abnormal gait. METHODS We conducted a retrospective investigation to characterise WPD in native Australian brushtail possums, and used a bulk meta-transcriptomic approach (i.e. total RNA-sequencing) to investigate its potential viral aetiology. PCR assays were developed for case diagnosis and full genome recovery in the face of extensive genetic variation. RESULTS We identified genetically distinct lineages of arteriviruses from archival tissues of WPD-infected possums in Australia, termed wobbly possum disease virus AU1 and AU2. Phylogenetically, WPDV-AU1 and WPDV-AU2 shared only ~ 70% nucleotide similarity to each other and the WPDV-NZ strain, suggestive of a relatively ancient divergence. Notably, we also identified a novel and divergent hepacivirus (Flaviviridae) - the first in a marsupial - in both WPD-infected and uninfected possums, indicative of virus co-infection. CONCLUSIONS We have identified marsupial-specific lineages of arteriviruses in mainland Australia that are genetically distinct from that in New Zealand, in some cases co-infecting animals with a novel hepacivirus. Our study provides new insight into the hidden genetic diversity of arteriviruses, the capacity for virus co-infection, and highlights the utility of meta-transcriptomics for disease investigation in a One Health context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Chang
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - William J. Hartley
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW Australia
| | - Mang Shi
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giles J, Perrott M, Roe W, Shrestha K, Aberdein D, Morel P, Dunowska M. Viral RNA load and histological changes in tissues following experimental infection with an arterivirus of possums (wobbly possum disease virus). Virology 2018; 522:73-80. [PMID: 30014860 PMCID: PMC7126967 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissues from Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) that had been experimentally infected with wobbly possum disease (WPD) virus (WPDV) were examined to elucidate pathogenesis of WPDV infection. Mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates were present in livers, kidneys, salivary glands and brains of WPD-affected possums. Specific staining was detected by immunohistochemistry within macrophages in the livers and kidneys, and undefined cell types in the brains. The highest viral RNA load was found in macrophage-rich tissues. The detection of viral RNA in the salivary gland, serum, kidney, bladder and urine is compatible with transmission via close physical contact during encounters such as fighting or grooming, or by contact with an environment that has been contaminated with saliva or urine. Levels of viral RNA remained high in all tissues tested throughout the study, suggesting that on-going virus replication and evasion of the immune responses may be important in the pathogenesis of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Giles
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wendi Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kshitiz Shrestha
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Danielle Aberdein
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Morel
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giles JC, Johnson W, Jones G, Heuer C, Dunowska M. Development of an indirect ELISA for detection of antibody to wobbly possum disease virus in archival sera of Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2018; 66:186-193. [PMID: 29669478 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1465483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an indirect ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid (rN) protein of wobbly possum disease (WPD) virus for investigation of the presence of WPD virus in Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. METHODS Pre- and post-infection sera (n=15 and 16, respectively) obtained from a previous experimental challenge study were used for ELISA development. Sera were characterised as positive or negative for antibody to WPD virus based on western-blot using WPD virus rN protein as antigen. An additional 215 archival serum samples, collected between 2000-2016 from five different regions of New Zealand, were also tested using the ELISA. Bayesian modelling of corrected optical density at 450 nm (OD450) results from the ELISA was used to obtain estimates of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to establish cut-off values for the ELISA, and to estimate the prevalence of antibody to WPD virus. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed 5/14 (36%) pre-infection sera and 11/11 (100%) post-infection sera from experimentally infected possums were positive for antibodies to WPD virus. Bayesian estimates of the ROC curves established cut-off values of OD450≥0.41 for samples positive, and OD450<0.28 for samples negative for antibody to WPD virus, for sera diluted 1:100 for the ELISA. Based on the model, the estimated proportion of samples with antibodies to WPD virus was 0.30 (95% probability interval=0.196-0.418). Of the 230 archival serum samples tested using the ELISA, 48 (20.9%) were positive for antibody to WPD virus, 155 (67.4%) were negative and 27 (11.7%) equivocal, using the established cut-off values. The proportion of samples positive for WPD virus antibody differed between geographical regions (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The results suggested that WPD virus or a related virus has circulated among possums in New Zealand with differences in the proportion of antibody-positive samples from different geographical regions. Antibodies to WPD virus did not seem to protect possums from disease following experimental infection, as one third of possums from the previous challenge study showed evidence of pre-existing antibody at the time of challenge. These results provide further support for existence of different pathotypes of WPD virus, but the exact determinants of protection against WPD and epidemiology of infection in various regions of New Zealand remain to be established. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Availability of the indirect ELISA for detection of WPD virus antibody will facilitate prospective epidemiological investigation of WPD virus circulation in wild possum populations in New Zealand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Giles
- a School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - W Johnson
- b Department of Statistics , University of California , Irvine , CA 92617 , USA
| | - G Jones
- c Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- a School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - M Dunowska
- a School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuhn JH, Lauck M, Bailey AL, Shchetinin AM, Vishnevskaya TV, Bào Y, Ng TFF, LeBreton M, Schneider BS, Gillis A, Tamoufe U, Diffo JLD, Takuo JM, Kondov NO, Coffey LL, Wolfe ND, Delwart E, Clawson AN, Postnikova E, Bollinger L, Lackemeyer MG, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, Wada J, Shevtsova ZV, Jahrling PB, Lapin BA, Deriabin PG, Dunowska M, Alkhovsky SV, Rogers J, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Goldberg TL. Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae. Arch Virol 2016; 161:755-68. [PMID: 26608064 PMCID: PMC5573231 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus. This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Arterivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Dipartevirus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear divergence of the European and American "types" of PRRSV, both of which now receive virus status. The current species Simian hemorrhagic fever virus is divided into nine species to accommodate the twelve known simian arteriviruses. Non-Latinized binomial species names are introduced to replace all current species names to clearly differentiate them from virus names, which remain largely unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Michael Lauck
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Alexey M Shchetinin
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Vishnevskaya
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yīmíng Bào
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lark L Coffey
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna N Clawson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Matthew G Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Zinaida V Shevtsova
- Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy, Sukhumi, Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Boris A Lapin
- Scientific-Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Petr G Deriabin
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sergey V Alkhovsky
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
| |
Collapse
|