1
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Wang J, Wu Z, Huang Y, Jin L, Xu J, Yao Z, Ouyang X, Zhou Z, Mao S, Cao J, Lai B, Shen W. IRF4 induces M1 macrophage polarization and aggravates ulcerative colitis progression by the Bcl6-dependent STAT3 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2390-2404. [PMID: 38164749 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic chronic intestinal inflammation. An increasing body of evidence shows that macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is crucial for the development of autoimmune diseases via regulating immune cells. This research was designed to explore the function of IRF4 in UC and its association with macrophage polarization. The in vitro model of UC was established by stimulating colonic epithelial cells with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). A mouse model of UC was constructed by injecting C57BL/6 mice with dextran sulfate sodium salt. Flow cytometry was used to assess percentage of CD11b+ CD86+ and CD11b+ CD206+ cells in bone marrow macrophages. Occult blood tests were used to detect hematochezia. Hematoxylin and eosin staining assay was used to assess colon pathological changes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. The interaction of IRF4 and B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) was confirmed using GST pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Our findings revealed that IRF4 promoted cell apoptosis and stimulated M1 macrophage polarization in vitro. Furthermore, IRF4 aggravated symptoms of the mouse model of UC and aggravated M1 macrophage polarization in vivo. IRF4 negatively regulated Bcl6 expression. Downregulation of Bcl6 promoted apoptosis and M1 macrophage polarization in the presence of IRF4 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Bcl6 positively mediated the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. In conclusion, IRF4 aggravated UC progression through promoting M1 macrophage polarization via Bcl6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. These findings suggested that IRF4 might be a good target to competitively inhibit or to treat with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xi Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengxun Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Li Y, Hirano S, Sato K, Osawa M, Nagaoka H. Assessing Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Complex Formation: Differential Behavior of Homocomplexes Versus Heterocomplexes Induced by Mutations. Biochemistry 2024; 63:767-776. [PMID: 38439718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a crucial transcription factor that plays a vital role in lymphocyte development, including in the fate-determining steps in terminal differentiation. It is also implicated in the development of lymphoid tumors such as multiple myeloma and adult T-cell leukemia. IRF4 can form a homodimer and multiple heterocomplexes with other transcription factors such as purine-rich box1 and activator protein 1. Each protein complex binds to specific DNA sequences to regulate a distinct set of genes. However, the precise relationship among these complex formations remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the abilities of IRF4 proteins with functional mutations in the IRF-association domain and autoinhibitory region to form complexes using luciferase reporter assays. The assays allowed us to selectively assess the activity of each complex. Our results revealed that certain IRF-association domain mutants, previously known to have impaired heterocomplex formation, maintained or even enhanced homodimer activity. This discrepancy suggests that the mutated amino acid residues selectively influence homodimer activity. Conversely, a phosphomimetic serine mutation in the autoinhibitory region displayed strong activating effects in all complexes. Furthermore, we observed that partner proteins involved in heterocomplex formation could disrupt the activity of the homodimer, suggesting a potential competition between homocomplexes and heterocomplexes. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanistic function of IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Setoka Hirano
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masatake Osawa
- Department of Regeneration and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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3
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Poos AM, Prokoph N, Przybilla MJ, Mallm JP, Steiger S, Seufert I, John L, Tirier SM, Bauer K, Baumann A, Rohleder J, Munawar U, Rasche L, Kortüm KM, Giesen N, Reichert P, Huhn S, Müller-Tidow C, Goldschmidt H, Stegle O, Raab MS, Rippe K, Weinhold N. Resolving therapy resistance mechanisms in multiple myeloma by multiomics subclone analysis. Blood 2023; 142:1633-1646. [PMID: 37390336 PMCID: PMC10733835 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity as a clinical challenge becomes most evident after several treatment lines, when multidrug-resistant subclones accumulate. To address this challenge, the characterization of resistance mechanisms at the subclonal level is key to identify common vulnerabilities. In this study, we integrate whole-genome sequencing, single-cell (sc) transcriptomics (scRNA sequencing), and chromatin accessibility (scATAC sequencing) together with mitochondrial DNA mutations to define subclonal architecture and evolution for longitudinal samples from 15 patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. We assess transcriptomic and epigenomic changes to resolve the multifactorial nature of therapy resistance and relate it to the parallel occurrence of different mechanisms: (1) preexisting epigenetic profiles of subclones associated with survival advantages, (2) converging phenotypic adaptation of genetically distinct subclones, and (3) subclone-specific interactions of myeloma and bone marrow microenvironment cells. Our study showcases how an integrative multiomics analysis can be applied to track and characterize distinct multidrug-resistant subclones over time for the identification of molecular targets against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Poos
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Prokoph
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Przybilla
- Division Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Philipp Mallm
- Single Cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Steiger
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Seufert
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas John
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Tirier
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bauer
- Single Cell Open Lab, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Rohleder
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Umair Munawar
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leo Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K. Martin Kortüm
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Giesen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Reichert
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Huhn
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, GMMG-Study Group at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stegle
- Division Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc S. Raab
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Wang G, Feng X, Ding J. Molecular basis for the functional roles of the multimorphic T95R mutation of IRF4 causing human autosomal dominant combined immunodeficiency. Structure 2023; 31:1441-1451.e3. [PMID: 37683642 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that regulates the development and function of immune cells. Recently, a new multimorphic mutation T95R was identified in the IRF4 DNA-binding domain (DBD) in patients with autosomal dominant combined immune deficiency. Here, we characterized the interactions of the wild-type IRF4-DBD (IRF4-DBDWT) and T95R mutant (IRF4-DBDT95R) with a canonical DNA sequence and several noncanonical DNA sequences. We found that compared to IRF4-DBDWT, IRF4-DBDT95R exhibits higher binding affinities for both canonical and noncanonical DNAs, with the highest preference for the noncanonical GATA sequence. The crystal structures of IRF4-DBDWT in complex with the GATA sequence and IRF4-DBDT95R in complexes with both canonical and noncanonical DNAs were determined, showing that the T95R mutation enhances the interactions of IRF4-DBDT95R with the canonical and noncanonical DNAs to achieve higher affinity and specificity. Collectively, our data provide the molecular basis for the gain-of-function and new function of IRF4T95R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueqian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
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5
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Wang C, Yang S, Huang X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhao J, Li S, Savelkoul H, Jansen C, Liu G. TGF-β1 reduces the differentiation of porcine IgA-producing plasma cells by inducing IgM + B cells apoptosis via Bax/Bcl2-Caspase3 pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23180. [PMID: 37738038 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300824rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) performs a critical role in maintaining homeostasis of intestinal mucosa regulation and controls the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of many immune cells. In this study, we discovered that the infection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus, upregulated TGF-β1 expression via activating Tregs. Besides, recombinant porcine TGF-β1 decreased the percentage of CD21+ B cells within the lymphocyte population in vitro. We further found that TGF-β1 reduced the IgA-secreting B cell numbers and also inhibited plasma cell differentiation. Additional investigations revealed that TGF-β1 induced the apoptosis of IgM+ B cells in both peyer's patches (PPs) and peripheral blood (PB) through the activation of the Bax/Bcl2-Caspase3 pathway. Conversely, the application of the TGF-β1 signaling inhibitor SB431542 significantly antagonized the TGF-β1-induced reduction of IgA secretion and B cell apoptosis and restored plasma cell differentiation. Collectively, TGF-β1 plays an important role in regulating the survival and differentiation of porcine IgA-secreting B cells through the classical mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These findings will facilitate future mucosal vaccine designs that target the regulation of TGF-β1 for the control of enteric pathogens in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maolin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huub Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Abdelmonem ME, Nooh HA, El Ashry MS. Clinical Relevance of Interferon Regulatory Family-4 (IRF4) Expression in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2023; 39:525-536. [PMID: 37786826 PMCID: PMC10542031 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-023-01628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell neoplasm with complex biology and heterogenous course. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) transcription factor, important key developmental stages of hematopoiesis, represents an excellent potential therapeutic target. The present work aimed to investigate the expression status of IRF4 in the diagnostic bone marrow biopsy (BMB) cores of MM patients. This prospective study included 62 newly diagnosed MM patients. The expression of IRF4 was assessed in the BMB by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data were correlated to the patients' clinico-pathological features, response to treatment and survival rates. IRF4 expression was observed in 50% of MM patients (31/62). IRF-4 positive patients were more frequently male patients (P = 0.018), have immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) translocations (P = 0.05) and tended to present with a higher platelets count (P = 0.07). Multiple myeloma patients presenting with urine M-protein had worse overall survival (OS) than negative cases (P = 0.012). Normocellular BM aspirate (BMA) was associated with better OS than hypercellular and hypocellular BMA (P = 0.006). Patchy distribution of plasma cells in BMB was associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) while diffuse infiltration had the worst (P = 0.019). Of note, after treatment, MM patients had significantly lower percentage of BMA plasma cells, platelet count, β2 microglobulin and creatinine levels (P = 0.037, < 0.001, 0.022 and 0.026, respectively). Had higher albumin level (P = 0.007), compared to initial investigations. No significant association was found between IRF4 expression and the patients'clinical outcomes. Patterns of plasma cells distribution in BMB, BMA cellularity and urine M-protein are prognostically relevant in MM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12288-023-01628-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hend A. Nooh
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr Al Eini Street, Fom El Khalig, P.O Box 11796, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona S. El Ashry
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr Al Eini Street, Fom El Khalig, P.O Box 11796, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Findlay S, Nair R, Merrill RA, Kaiser Z, Cajelot A, Aryanpour Z, Heath J, St-Louis C, Papadopoli D, Topisirovic I, St-Pierre J, Sebag M, Kesarwala AH, Hulea L, Taylor EB, Shanmugam M, Orthwein A. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier complex potentiates the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:3485-3500. [PMID: 36920785 PMCID: PMC10362273 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy that emerges from antibody-producing plasma B cells. Proteasome inhibitors, including the US Food and Drug Administration-approved bortezomib (BTZ) and carfilzomib (CFZ), are frequently used for the treatment of patients with MM. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients with MM are refractory or develop resistance to this class of inhibitors, which represents a significant challenge in the clinic. Thus, identifying factors that determine the potency of proteasome inhibitors in MM is of paramount importance to bolster their efficacy in the clinic. Using genome-wide CRISPR-based screening, we identified a subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex, MPC1, as a common modulator of BTZ response in 2 distinct human MM cell lines in vitro. We noticed that CRISPR-mediated deletion or pharmacological inhibition of the MPC complex enhanced BTZ/CFZ-induced MM cell death with minimal impact on cell cycle progression. In fact, targeting the MPC complex compromised the bioenergetic capacity of MM cells, which is accompanied by reduced proteasomal activity, thereby exacerbating BTZ-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Importantly, we observed that the RNA expression levels of several regulators of pyruvate metabolism were altered in advanced stages of MM for which they correlated with poor patient prognosis. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of the MPC complex for the survival of MM cells and their responses to proteasome inhibitors. These findings establish mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism as a potential target for the treatment of MM and an unappreciated strategy to increase the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Findlay
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Remya Nair
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ronald A. Merrill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Zafir Kaiser
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cajelot
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Polytech Nice-Sophia, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Zahra Aryanpour
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Heath
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine St-Louis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David Papadopoli
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Sebag
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laura Hulea
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Mala Shanmugam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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8
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A multimorphic mutation in IRF4 causes human autosomal dominant combined immunodeficiency. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade7953. [PMID: 36662884 PMCID: PMC10825898 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade7953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor (TF) and key regulator of immune cell development and function. We report a recurrent heterozygous mutation in IRF4, p.T95R, causing an autosomal dominant combined immunodeficiency (CID) in seven patients from six unrelated families. The patients exhibited profound susceptibility to opportunistic infections, notably Pneumocystis jirovecii, and presented with agammaglobulinemia. Patients' B cells showed impaired maturation, decreased immunoglobulin isotype switching, and defective plasma cell differentiation, whereas their T cells contained reduced TH17 and TFH populations and exhibited decreased cytokine production. A knock-in mouse model of heterozygous T95R showed a severe defect in antibody production both at the steady state and after immunization with different types of antigens, consistent with the CID observed in these patients. The IRF4T95R variant maps to the TF's DNA binding domain, alters its canonical DNA binding specificities, and results in a simultaneous multimorphic combination of loss, gain, and new functions for IRF4. IRF4T95R behaved as a gain-of-function hypermorph by binding to DNA with higher affinity than IRF4WT. Despite this increased affinity for DNA, the transcriptional activity on IRF4 canonical genes was reduced, showcasing a hypomorphic activity of IRF4T95R. Simultaneously, IRF4T95R functions as a neomorph by binding to noncanonical DNA sites to alter the gene expression profile, including the transcription of genes exclusively induced by IRF4T95R but not by IRF4WT. This previously undescribed multimorphic IRF4 pathophysiology disrupts normal lymphocyte biology, causing human disease.
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9
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Fuchs O. Targeting cereblon in hematologic malignancies. Blood Rev 2023; 57:100994. [PMID: 35933246 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The protein cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate receptor of the cullin 4-really interesting new gene (RING) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4CRBN. Targeting CRBN mediates selective protein ubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the proteasome. This review describes novel thalidomide analogs, immunomodulatory drugs, also known as CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase modulators or molecular glues (avadomide, iberdomide, CC-885, CC-90009, BTX-1188, CC-92480, CC-99282, CFT7455, and CC-91633), and CRBN-based proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) with increased efficacy and potent activity for application in hematologic malignancies. Both types of CRBN-binding drugs, molecular glues, and PROTACs stimulate the interaction between CRBN and its neosubstrates, recruiting target disease-promoting proteins and the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4CRBN. Proteins that are traditionally difficult to target (transcription factors and oncoproteins) can be polyubiquitinated and degraded in this way. The competition of CRBN neosubstrates with endogenous CRBN-interacting proteins and the pharmacology and rational combination therapies of and mechanisms of resistance to CRL4CRBN modulators or CRBN-based PROTACs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ota Fuchs
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 12800 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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10
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Barilla S, Lindblom A, Helgadottir HT. Unravelling genetic variants of a swedish family with high risk of prostate cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2022; 20:28. [PMID: 35870994 PMCID: PMC9308349 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-022-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. It is a polygenic disease with a substantial proportion of heritability. Identification of novel candidate biomarkers is crucial for clinical cancer prevention and the development of therapeutic strategies. Here, we describe the analysis of rare and common genetic variants that can predispose to the development of prostate cancer.
Methods
Whole-genome sequencing was performed on germline DNA of five Swedish siblings which were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The high-risk variants were identified setting the minor allele frequency < 0.01, CADD > 10 and if tested in PRACTICAL, OR > 1.5, while the low-risk variants were identified minor allele frequency > 0.01, CADD > 10 and if tested in PRACTICAL, OR > 1.1.
Results
We identified 38 candidate high-risk gene variants and 332 candidate low-risk gene variants, where 2 and 14 variants were in coding regions, respectively, that were shared by the brothers with prostate cancer.
Conclusions
This study expanded the knowledge of potential risk factor candidates involved in hereditary and familial prostate cancer. Our findings can be beneficial when applying targeted screening in families with a high risk of developing the disease.
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11
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Circ_0005615 contributes to the progression and Bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma by sponging miR-185-5p and upregulating IRF4. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:893-902. [PMID: 36136989 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in multiple myeloma progression. Here, we aimed to explore the biologic role of circ_0005615 in multiple myeloma progression and its associated mechanism. Cell counting kit-8 assay was conducted to analyze the bortezomib resistance and proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. Cell proliferation was also analyzed by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and flow cytometry assays. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The interaction between microRNA-185-5p (miR-185-5p) and circ_0005615 or interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. A xenograft tumor model was established in non-obese diabetic/server combined immune-deficiency mice to analyze the roles of circ_0005615 in tumor growth and bortezomib resistance. Circ_0005615 was upregulated in multiple myeloma tissues and cell lines. Circ_0005615 knockdown restrained the bortezomib resistance and proliferation and induced the apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells. Circ_0005615 acted as a molecular sponge for miR-185-5p, and the antitumor effects mediated by circ_0005615 knockdown were reversed by silencing miR-185-5p. IRF4 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-185-5p, and miR-185-5p overexpression-induced antitumor influences could be counteracted by IRF4 overexpression. Circ_0005615 could positively regulate IRF4 expression by sponging miR-185-5p in multiple myeloma cells. Circ_0005615 knockdown suppressed the growth and bortezomib resistance of xenograft tumors in vivo. Circ_0005615 contributed to the malignant progression and bortezomib resistance of multiple myeloma through mediating miR-185-5p/IRF4 signaling.
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12
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Barreto IV, Machado CB, Almeida DB, Pessoa FMCDP, Gadelha RB, Pantoja LDC, Oliveira DDS, Ribeiro RM, Lopes GS, de Moraes Filho MO, de Moraes MEA, Khayat AS, de Oliveira EHC, Moreira-Nunes CA. Kinase Inhibition in Multiple Myeloma: Current Scenario and Clinical Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091784. [PMID: 36145532 PMCID: PMC9506264 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cell neoplasm characterized by excessive production of malignant monoclonal plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) by the bone marrow, which end up synthesizing antibodies or antibody fragments, called M proteins, in excess. The accumulation of this production, both cells themselves and of the immunoglobulins, causes a series of problems for the patient, of a systemic and local nature, such as blood hyperviscosity, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions, and infections due to compromised immunity. MM is the third most common hematological neoplasm, constituting 1% of all cancer cases, and is a disease that is difficult to treat, still being considered an incurable disease. The treatments currently available cannot cure the patient, but only extend their lifespan, and the main and most effective alternative is autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but not every patient is eligible, often due to age and pre-existing comorbidities. In this context, the search for new therapies that can bring better results to patients is of utmost importance. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are involved in several biological processes, such as cell growth regulation and proliferation, thus, mutations that affect their functionality can have a great impact on crucial molecular pathways in the cells, leading to tumorigenesis. In the past couple of decades, the use of small-molecule inhibitors, which include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), has been a hallmark in the treatment of hematological malignancies, and MM patients may also benefit from TKI-based treatment strategies. In this review, we seek to understand the applicability of TKIs used in MM clinical trials in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Valentim Barreto
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Renan Brito Gadelha
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Laudreísa da Costa Pantoja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Germison Silva Lopes
- Department of Hematology, César Cals General Hospital, Fortaleza 60015-152, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-990, PA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Itaperi Campus, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60740-903, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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13
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Agnarelli A, Mitchell S, Caalim G, Wood CD, Milton‐Harris L, Chevassut T, West MJ, Mancini EJ. Dissecting the impact of bromodomain inhibitors on the Interferon Regulatory Factor 4-MYC oncogenic axis in multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:417-429. [PMID: 35544413 PMCID: PMC9543246 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
B-cell progenitor fate determinant interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) exerts key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple myeloma (MM), a currently incurable plasma cell malignancy. Aberrant expression of IRF4 and the establishment of a positive auto-regulatory loop with oncogene MYC, drives a MM specific gene-expression program leading to the abnormal expansion of malignant immature plasma cells. Targeting the IRF4-MYC oncogenic loop has the potential to provide a selective and effective therapy for MM. Here we evaluate the use of bromodomain inhibitors to target the IRF4-MYC axis through combined inhibition of their known epigenetic regulators, BRD4 and CBP/EP300. Although all inhibitors induced cell death, we found no synergistic effect of targeting both of these regulators on the viability of MM cell-lines. Importantly, for all inhibitors over a time period up to 72 h, we detected reduced IRF4 mRNA, but a limited decrease in IRF4 protein expression or mRNA levels of downstream target genes. This indicates that inhibitor-induced loss of cell viability is not mediated through reduced IRF4 protein expression, as previously proposed. Further analysis revealed a long half-life of IRF4 protein in MM cells. In support of our experimental observations, gene network modeling of MM suggests that bromodomain inhibition is exerted primarily through MYC and not IRF4. These findings suggest that despite the autofeedback positive regulatory loop between IRF4 and MYC, bromodomain inhibitors are not effective at targeting IRF4 in MM and that novel therapeutic strategies should focus on the direct inhibition or degradation of IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Agnarelli
- Biochemistry and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Brighton and Sussex Medical SchoolUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Gillian Caalim
- Biochemistry and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - C. David Wood
- Biochemistry and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Leanne Milton‐Harris
- Biochemistry and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | - Michelle J. West
- Biochemistry and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Erika J. Mancini
- Biochemistry and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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14
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Holstein SA, Asimakopoulos F, Azab AK, Bianchi G, Bhutani M, Crews LA, Cupedo T, Giles H, Gooding S, Hillengass J, John L, Kaiser S, Lee L, Maclachlan K, Pasquini MC, Pichiorri F, Shah N, Shokeen M, Shy BR, Smith EL, Verona R, Usmani SZ, McCarthy PL. Proceedings from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network Myeloma Intergroup Workshop on Immune and Cellular Therapy in Multiple Myeloma. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:446-454. [PMID: 35605882 PMCID: PMC9357156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) Myeloma Intergroup conducted a workshop on Immune and Cellular Therapy in Multiple Myeloma on January 7, 2022. This workshop included presentations by basic, translational, and clinical researchers with expertise in plasma cell dyscrasias. Four main topics were discussed: platforms for myeloma disease evaluation, insights into pathophysiology, therapeutic target and resistance mechanisms, and cellular therapy for multiple myeloma. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of these workshop presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Giada Bianchi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Leslie A Crews
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tom Cupedo
- ErasmusMC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Giles
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gooding
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lukas John
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lydia Lee
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California; Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Nina Shah
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian R Shy
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric L Smith
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raluca Verona
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Saad Z Usmani
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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15
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Association between Cholesterol Level and the Risk of Hematologic Malignancy According to Menopausal Status: A Korean Nationwide Cohort Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071617. [PMID: 35884921 PMCID: PMC9313203 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the possible association between serum cholesterol levels and hematologic malignancy (HM). However, limited information is available about how reproductive factors interact with this association. Therefore, we investigated the roles of serum cholesterol in the risk of HM according to the menopausal status. We finally identified 1,189,806 premenopausal and 1,621,604 postmenopausal women who underwent a national health screening program in 2009 using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Overall, 5449 (0.19%) developed HM. Among postmenopausal women, the inverse associations were observed between total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and the risk of overall HM. In premenopausal women, the highest quartile of HDL-C was associated with a reduced risk of HM compared with the lowest quartile of HDL-C consistent with results in postmenopausal women (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.68–0.95]), whereas the highest quartile of triglyceride (TG) showed an increased risk of HM compared to the lowest quartile of TG, (aHR 1.22, 95% CI [1.02,1.44]) only in premenopausal women. Our finding suggests that lipid profiles are differently associated with HM risk by menopausal status.
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Liu M, Liu N, Wang J, Fu S, Wang X, Chen D. Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 as a Therapeutic Target in Tumor Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122896. [PMID: 35740562 PMCID: PMC9221533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 (ACSS2) is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, which is very important for tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in the nutritional stress microenvironment. Studies have proven that ACSS2 inhibitors can be effective in halting cancer growth and can be combined with other antineoplastic drugs to reduce drug resistance. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of ACSS2-promoting tumor growth from many aspects and the prospect of clinical application of targeted inhibitors. Abstract Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 (ACSS2) belongs to a member of the acyl-CoA short-chain synthase family, which can convert acetate in the cytoplasm and nucleus into acetyl-CoA. It has been proven that ACSS2 is highly expressed in glioblastoma, breast cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, and other tumors, and is closely related to tumor stage and the overall survival rate of patients. Accumulating studies show that hypoxia and a low serum level induce ACSS2 expression to help tumor cells cope with this nutrient-poor environment. The potential mechanisms are associated with the ability of ACSS2 to promote the synthesis of lipids in the cytoplasm, induce the acetylation of histones in the nucleus, and facilitate the expression of autophagy genes. Novel-specific inhibitors of ACSS2 are developed and confirmed to the effectiveness in pre-clinical tumor models. Targeting ACSS2 may provide novel approaches for tumor treatment. This review summarizes the biological function of ACSS2, its relation to survival and prognosis in different tumors, and how ACSS2 mediates different pathways to promote tumor metastasis, invasion, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (D.C.)
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17
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Restrepo P, Bhalla S, Ghodke-Puranik Y, Aleman A, Leshchenko V, Melnekoff DT, Agte S, Jiang J, Madduri D, Richter J, Richard S, Chari A, Cho HJ, Jagannath S, Walker CJ, Landesman Y, Laganà A, Parekh S. A Three-Gene Signature Predicts Response to Selinexor in Multiple Myeloma. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200147. [PMID: 35704796 PMCID: PMC10530420 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Selinexor is the first selective inhibitor of nuclear export to be approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Currently, there are no known genomic biomarkers or assays to help select MM patients at higher likelihood of response to selinexor. Here, we aimed to characterize the transcriptomic correlates of response to selinexor-based therapy. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing on CD138+ cells from the bone marrow of 100 patients with MM who participated in the BOSTON study, followed by differential gene expression and pathway analysis. Using the differentially expressed genes, we used cox proportional hazard models to identify a gene signature predictive of response to selinexor, followed by validation in external cohorts. RESULTS The three-gene signature predicts response to selinexor-based therapy in patients with MM in the BOSTON cohort. Then, we validated this gene signature in 64 patients from the STORM cohort of triple-class refractory MM and additionally in an external cohort of 35 patients treated in a real-world setting outside of clinical trials. We found that the signature tracks with both depth and duration of response, and it also validates in a different tumor type using a cohort of pretreatment tumors from patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Furthermore, the genes involved in the signature, WNT10A, DUSP1, and ETV7, reveal a potential mechanism through upregulated interferon-mediated apoptotic signaling that may prime tumors to respond to selinexor-based therapy. CONCLUSION In this study, we present a present a novel, three-gene expression signature that predicts selinexor response in MM. This signature has important clinical relevance as it could identify patients with cancer who are most likely to benefit from treatment with selinexor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Restrepo
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sherry Bhalla
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Adolfo Aleman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Violetta Leshchenko
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - David T. Melnekoff
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sarita Agte
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Joy Jiang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Raritan, NJ
| | - Joshua Richter
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shambavi Richard
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hearn Jay Cho
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Norwalk, CT
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Alessandro Laganà
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samir Parekh
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Tan H, Tong X, Gao Z, Xu Y, Tan L, Zhang W, Xiang R, Xu Y. The hMeDIP-Seq identified INPP4A as a novel biomarker for eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Epigenomics 2022; 14:757-775. [PMID: 35765979 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRSwNP) is an endotype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps characterized by more severe symptoms, a stronger association with asthma and a greater recurrence risk. It is unknown whether DNA hydroxymethylation could influence ECRSwNP. Methods: Hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing was carried out in three distinct groups (control, ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP). Additional qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve were performed. Results: Between ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP, 26 genes exhibited differential DNA hydroxymethylation. Consistent with their hydroxymethylation level, GNAL, INPP4A and IRF4 expression levels were significantly different between ECRSwNP and the other two groups. The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that INPP4A mRNA has a high predictive accuracy for ECRSwNP. Conclusion: DNA hydroxymethylation regulates the expression of multiple genes in ECRSwNP. INPP4A mRNA was markedly decreased in ECRSwNP polyps and can predict ECRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoting Tong
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ziang Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
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19
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Racial and ethnic differences in clonal hematopoiesis, tumor markers, and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3767-3778. [PMID: 35500227 PMCID: PMC9631567 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age of onset and survival disparities exist for racial and ethnic minority patients diagnosed with MM. Differences in somatic mutations in tumor and blood (ie, clonal hematopoiesis) may contribute to disparities in outcomes observed.
Multiple myeloma (MM) incidence, mortality, and survival vary by race and ethnicity, but the causes of differences remain unclear. We investigated demographic, clinical, and molecular features of diverse MM patients to elucidate mechanisms driving clinical disparities. This study included 495 MM patients (self-reported Hispanic, n = 45; non-Hispanic Black, n = 52; non-Hispanic White, n = 398). Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black individuals had an earlier age of onset than non-Hispanic White individuals (53 and 57 vs 63 years, respectively, P < .001). There were no differences in treatment by race and ethnicity groups, but non-Hispanic Black patients had a longer time to hematopoietic cell transplant than non-Hispanic White patients (376 days vs 248 days; P = .01). Overall survival (OS) was improved for non-Hispanic Black compared with non-Hispanic White patients (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31-0.81; P = .005), although this association was attenuated after adjusting for clinical features (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.37-1.03; P = .06). Tumor mutations in IRF4 were most common in Hispanic patients, and mutations in SP140, AUTS2, and SETD2 were most common in non-Hispanic Black patients. Differences in tumor expression of BCL7A, SPEF2, and ANKRD26 by race and ethnicity were observed. Clonal hematopoiesis was detected in 12% of patients and associated with inferior OS in non-Hispanic Black patients compared with patients without clonal hematopoiesis (HR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.36-14.00). This study provides insight into differences in molecular features that may drive clinical disparities in MM patients receiving comparable treatment, with the novel inclusion of Hispanic individuals.
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Prognostic role of TNF alpha, LT alpha, MDR1 and codon 72 Tp53 Gene polymorphisms on Multiple Myeloma Egyptian patients. Leuk Res 2022; 117:106854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2022.106854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ergünay T, Ayhan Ö, Celen AB, Georgiadou P, Pekbilir E, Abaci YT, Yesildag D, Rettel M, Sobhiafshar U, Ogmen A, Emre NT, Sahin U. Sumoylation of Cas9 at lysine 848 regulates protein stability and DNA binding. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/4/e202101078. [PMID: 35022246 PMCID: PMC8761495 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas9 is sumoylated and ubiquitylated in human cells. K848 is the major SUMO2/3 modification site, but multiple lysines are ubiquitylated, precipitating proteasomal degradation. Preventing Cas9 sumoylation by K848 ablation or by pharmacologic means reduces Cas9 half-life and DNA binding ability. CRISPR/Cas9 is a popular genome editing technology. Although widely used, little is known about how this prokaryotic system behaves in humans. An unwanted consequence of eukaryotic Cas9 expression is off-target DNA binding leading to mutagenesis. Safer clinical implementation of CRISPR/Cas9 necessitates a finer understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing Cas9 behavior in humans. Here, we report our discovery of Cas9 sumoylation and ubiquitylation, the first post-translational modifications to be described on this enzyme. We found that the major SUMO2/3 conjugation site on Cas9 is K848, a key positively charged residue in the HNH nuclease domain that is known to interact with target DNA and contribute to off-target DNA binding. Our results suggest that Cas9 ubiquitylation leads to decreased stability via proteasomal degradation. Preventing Cas9 sumoylation through conversion of K848 into arginine or pharmacologic inhibition of cellular sumoylation enhances the enzyme’s turnover and diminishes guide RNA-directed DNA binding efficacy, suggesting that sumoylation at this site regulates Cas9 stability and DNA binding. More research is needed to fully understand the implications of these modifications for Cas9 specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunahan Ergünay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgecan Ayhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arda B Celen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Panagiota Georgiadou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Pekbilir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf T Abaci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yesildag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mandy Rettel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulduz Sobhiafshar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anna Ogmen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nc Tolga Emre
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
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Domingo S, Solé C, Moliné T, Ferrer B, Cortés-Hernández J. Thalidomide Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Cutaneous Lupus by Inhibiting the IRF4/NF-ҡB and AMPK1/mTOR Pathways. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121857. [PMID: 34944673 PMCID: PMC8698478 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide is effective in patients with refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). However, the mechanism of action is not completely understood, and its use is limited by its potential, severe side-effects. Immune cell subset analysis in thalidomide’s CLE responder patients showed a reduction of circulating and tissue cytotoxic T-cells with an increase of iNKT cells and a shift towards a Th2 response. We conducted an RNA-sequencing study using CLE skin biopsies performing a Therapeutic Performance Mapping System (TMPS) analysis in order to generate a predictive model of its mechanism of action and to identify new potential therapeutic targets. Integrating RNA-seq data, public databases, and literature, TMPS analysis generated mathematical models which predicted that thalidomide acts via two CRBN-CRL4A- (CRL4CRBN) dependent pathways: IRF4/NF-ҡB and AMPK1/mTOR. Skin biopsies showed a significant reduction of IRF4 and mTOR in post-treatment samples by immunofluorescence. In vitro experiments confirmed the effect of thalidomide downregulating IRF4 in PBMCs and mTOR in keratinocytes, which converged in an NF-ҡB reduction that led to a resolution of the inflammatory lesion. These results emphasize the anti-inflammatory role of thalidomide in CLE treatment, providing novel molecular targets for the development of new therapies that could avoid thalidomide’s side effects while maintaining its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Domingo
- Lupus Unit, Rheumatology Departament, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (J.C.-H.)
| | - Cristina Solé
- Lupus Unit, Rheumatology Departament, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (J.C.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-489-4045
| | - Teresa Moliné
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Berta Ferrer
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Josefina Cortés-Hernández
- Lupus Unit, Rheumatology Departament, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (J.C.-H.)
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23
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Molecular interactions of IRF4 in B cell development and malignancies. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1219-1227. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Aksenova AY, Zhuk AS, Lada AG, Zotova IV, Stepchenkova EI, Kostroma II, Gritsaev SV, Pavlov YI. Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma: Facts and Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5949. [PMID: 34885058 PMCID: PMC8656811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of terminally differentiated immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes called plasma cells. MM is the second most common hematologic malignancy, and it poses a heavy economic and social burden because it remains incurable and confers a profound disability to patients. Despite current progress in MM treatment, the disease invariably recurs, even after the transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (ASCT). Biological processes leading to a pathological myeloma clone and the mechanisms of further evolution of the disease are far from complete understanding. Genetically, MM is a complex disease that demonstrates a high level of heterogeneity. Myeloma genomes carry numerous genetic changes, including structural genome variations and chromosomal gains and losses, and these changes occur in combinations with point mutations affecting various cellular pathways, including genome maintenance. MM genome instability in its extreme is manifested in mutation kataegis and complex genomic rearrangements: chromothripsis, templated insertions, and chromoplexy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat MM add another level of complexity because many of them exacerbate genome instability. Genome abnormalities are driver events and deciphering their mechanisms will help understand the causes of MM and play a pivotal role in developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Aksenova
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna S. Zhuk
- International Laboratory “Computer Technologies”, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Artem G. Lada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Irina V. Zotova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (E.I.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I. Stepchenkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (E.I.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Kostroma
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.I.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey V. Gritsaev
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.I.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Youri I. Pavlov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Pathology, Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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25
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Ikeda S, Tagawa H. Impact of hypoxia on the pathogenesis and therapy resistance in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3995-4004. [PMID: 34310776 PMCID: PMC8486179 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a refractory plasma cell tumor. In myeloma cells, the transcription factor IRF4, the master regulator of plasma cells, is aberrantly upregulated and plays an essential role in oncogenesis. IRF4 forms a positive feedback loop with MYC, leading to additional tumorigenic properties. In recent years, molecular targeted therapies have contributed to a significant improvement in the prognosis of MM. Nevertheless, almost all patients experience disease progression, which is thought to be a result of treatment resistance induced by various elements of the bone marrow microenvironment. Among these, the hypoxic response, one of the key processes for cellular homeostasis, induces hypoxia‐adapted traits such as undifferentiation, altered metabolism, and dissemination, leading to drug resistance. These inductions are caused by ectopic gene expression changes mediated by the activation of hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). By contrast, the expression levels of IRF4 and MYC are markedly reduced by hypoxic stress. Notably, an anti‐apoptotic capability is usually acquired under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, but the mechanism is distinct. This fact strongly suggests that myeloma cells may survive by switching their dependent regulatory factors from IRF4 and MYC (normoxic bone marrow region) to HIF (hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment). Therefore, to achieve deep remission, combination therapeutic agents, which are complementarily effective against both IRF4‐MYC‐dominant and HIF‐dominated fractions, may become an important therapeutic strategy for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Wang J, Wu Y, Uddin MN, Chen R, Hao JP. Identification of Potential Key Genes and Regulatory Markers in Essential Thrombocythemia Through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis and Clinical Validation. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:767-784. [PMID: 34267539 PMCID: PMC8275175 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s309166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Essential thrombocytosis (ET) is a group of myeloproliferative neoplasms characterized by abnormal proliferation of platelet and megakaryocytes. Research on potential key genes and novel regulatory markers in essential thrombocythemia (ET) is still limited. Methods Downloading array profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. GO, and REACTOME pathway enrichment analysis was used to predict the potential functions of DEGs. Besides, constructing a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network through the STRING database, we validated the expression level of hub genes in an independent cohort of ET, and the transcription factors (TFs) were detected in the regulatory networks of TFs and DEGs. And the candidate drugs that are targeting hub genes were identified using the DGIdb database. Results We identified 63 overlap DEGs that included 21 common up-regulated and 42 common down-regulated genes from two datasets. Functional enrichment analysis shows that the DEGs are mainly enriched in the immune system and inflammatory processes. Through PPI network analysis, ACTB, PTPRC, ACTR2, FYB, STAT1, ETS1, IL7R, IKZF1, FGL2, and CTSS were selected as hub genes. Interestingly, we found that the dysregulated hub genes are also aberrantly expressed in a bone marrow cohort of ET. Moreover, we found that the expression of CTSS, FGL2, IKZF1, STAT1, FYB, ACTR2, PTPRC, and ACTB genes were significantly under-expressed in ET (P<0.05), which is consistent with our bioinformatics analysis. The ROC curve analysis also shows that these hub genes have good diagnostic value. Besides, we identified 4 TFs (SPI1, IRF4, SRF, and AR) as master transcriptional regulators that were associated with regulating the DEGs in ET. Cyclophosphamide, prednisone, fluorouracil, ruxolitinib, and lenalidomide were predicted as potential candidate drugs for the treatment of ET. Discussion These dysregulated genes and predicted key regulators had a significant relationship with the occurrence of ET with affecting the immune system and inflammation of the processes. Some of the immunomodulatory drugs have potential value by targeting ACTB, PTPRC, IL7R, and IKZF1 genes in the treatment of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of General Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Nazim Uddin
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.,Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Hao
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
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27
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Vora AA, Mondala PK, Costello C, MacLeod AR, Crews LA. Sensitive intranuclear flow cytometric quantification of IRF4 protein in multiple myeloma and normal human hematopoietic cells. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100565. [PMID: 34136833 PMCID: PMC8176358 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that regulates normal and malignant immune cell development and is implicated in multiple myeloma pathogenesis. This protocol describes the use of combined cell surface and intranuclear staining with fluorescent antibodies to measure IRF4 protein expression within myeloma and normal immune cells. IRF4 protein quantification may provide a valuable prognostic tool to predict disease severity and sensitivity to IRF4-targeted therapies. This flow-cytometry-based procedure could also be rapidly translated into a clinically compatible assay. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mondala et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashni A. Vora
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phoebe K. Mondala
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caitlin Costello
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Leslie A. Crews
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Li X, Zhai S, Zhang J, Zhang D, Wang S, Wang L, Yu J. Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Correlated With Immune Cells Infiltration Could Predict Prognosis for Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698465. [PMID: 34195096 PMCID: PMC8236722 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune related interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a member of the IRF family, whereas the clinical significance and possible role of IRF4 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of IRF4 in predicting the prognosis of LUAD patients. Methods Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and our immunohistochemical (IHC) cohort, we analyzed the correlation between IRF4 expression and clinical characteristics, and the prognostic value of IRF4 was also evaluated in LUAD. The potential biological functions of IRF4 in LUAD were analyzed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The relationship between IRF4 and immune cell infiltration were evaluated by TISIDB database and our own IHC cohort. In addition, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treated cohort from Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to determine the role of IRF4 in LUAD patients with immunotherapy. Results We found that either mRNA or protein expression level of IRF4 was significantly higher in LUAD than in normal tissues (P < 0.001). The elevate in IRF4 expression in LUAD was significantly associated with the earlier clinical stage (P = 0.002). Patients with LUAD and IRF4 high expression correlated with significant longer overall survival in both TCGA database (P < 0.05) and our IHC-cohort (P = 0.001). Our results also demonstrated that IRF4 could serve as an independent favorable prognostic factor in patients with LUAD. GSEA analysis indicated that high IRF4 expression group enriched with several immune-related pathways, such as B cell receptor signaling pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway. In LUAD, IRF4 positively correlated with several different immune infiltrations including various B cells, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells both in mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, we found that the expression of IRF4 was positively associated with PD-1 and PD-L1 mRNA expression levels, and IRF4 high expression predicted moderate better survival in LUAD with immunotherapy (P = 0.071). Conclusions Our results suggested that IRF4 was associated with higher B cells and T cells infiltration levels and might be a favorable prognostic biomarker in LUAD patients, whereas the potential prognostic role of IRF4 in ICI-treated patients needed further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shujun Zhai
- Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shijiang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Perini T, Materozzi M, Milan E. The Immunity-malignancy equilibrium in multiple myeloma: lessons from oncogenic events in plasma cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:4383-4397. [PMID: 34117720 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells (PC) that grow within the bone marrow and maintain massive immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Disease evolution is driven by genetic lesions, whose effects on cell biology and fitness underlie addictions and vulnerabilities of myeloma cells. Several genes mutated in myeloma are strictly involved in dictating PC identity and antibody factory function. Here, we evaluate the impact of mutations in IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1, essential transcription factors driving the B to PC differentiation, on MM cell biology and homeostasis. These factors are highly specialized, with limited overlap in their downstream transcriptional programs. Indeed, IRF4 sustains metabolism, survival, and proliferation, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are mainly responsible for endoplasmic reticulum expansion and sustained Ig secretion. Interestingly, IRF4 undergoes activating mutations and translocations, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are hit by loss-of-function events, raising the hypothesis that containment of the secretory program, but not its complete extinction, may be beneficial to malignant PCs. Finally, recent studies unveiled that also the PRDM1 target, FAM46C/TENT5C, an onco-suppressor uniquely and frequently mutated or deleted in myeloma, is directly and potently involved in orchestrating ER homeostasis and secretory activity. Inactivating mutations found in this gene and its interactors strengthen the notion that reduced secretory capacity confers advantage to myeloma cells. We believe that dissection of the evolutionary pressure on genes driving PC-specific functions in myeloma will disclose the cellular strategies by which myeloma cells maintain an equilibrium between antibody production and survival, thus unveiling novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Perini
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Materozzi
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Milan
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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Che-1/AATF-induced transcriptionally active chromatin promotes cell proliferation in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5616-5630. [PMID: 33186461 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy produced by a clonal expansion of plasma cells and characterized by abnormal production and secretion of monoclonal antibodies. This pathology exhibits an enormous heterogeneity resulting not only from genetic alterations but also from several epigenetic dysregulations. Here we provide evidence that Che-1/AATF (Che-1), an interactor of RNA polymerase II, promotes MM proliferation by affecting chromatin structure and sustaining global gene expression. We found that Che-1 depletion leads to a reduction of "active chromatin" by inducing a global decrease of histone acetylation. In this context, Che-1 directly interacts with histones and displaces histone deacetylase class I members from them. Strikingly, transgenic mice expressing human Che-1 in plasma cells develop MM with clinical features resembling those observed in the human disease. Finally, Che-1 downregulation decreases BRD4 chromatin accumulation to further sensitize MM cells to bromodomain and external domain inhibitors. These findings identify Che-1 as a promising target for MM therapy, alone or in combination with bromodomain and external domain inhibitors.
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31
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Fan F, Podar K. The Role of AP-1 Transcription Factors in Plasma Cell Biology and Multiple Myeloma Pathophysiology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2326. [PMID: 34066181 PMCID: PMC8151277 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors (TFs), comprised of the JUN, FOS, ATF and MAF multigene families, are implicated in a plethora of physiologic processes and tumorigenesis including plasma cell differentiation and MM pathogenesis. Depending on the genetic background, the tumor stage, and cues of the tumor microenvironment, specific dimeric AP-1 complexes are formed. For example, AP-1 complexes containing Fra-1, Fra-2 and B-ATF play central roles in the transcriptional control of B cell development and plasma cell differentiation, while dysregulation of AP-1 family members c-Maf, c-Jun, and JunB is associated with MM cell proliferation, survival, drug resistance, bone marrow angiogenesis, and bone disease. The present review article summarizes our up-to-date knowledge on the role of AP-1 family members in plasma cell differentiation and MM pathophysiology. Moreover, it discusses novel, rationally derived approaches to therapeutically target AP-1 TFs, including protein-protein and protein-DNA binding inhibitors, epigenetic modifiers and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Fan
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, Wuhan 430022, China;
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Molecular Oncology and Hematology Unit, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Crowley VM, Thielert M, Cravatt BF. Functionalized Scout Fragments for Site-Specific Covalent Ligand Discovery and Optimization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:613-623. [PMID: 34056091 PMCID: PMC8155467 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent ligands are a versatile class of chemical probes and drugs that can target noncanonical sites on proteins and display differentiated pharmacodynamic properties. Chemical proteomic methods have been introduced that leverage electrophilic fragments to globally profile the covalent ligandability of nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine and lysine, in native biological systems. Further optimization of these initial ligandability events without resorting to the time-consuming process of individualized protein purification and functional assay development, however, presents a persistent technical challenge. Here, we show that broadly reactive electrophilic fragments, or "scouts", can be converted into site-specific target engagement probes for screening small molecules against a wide array of proteins in convenient gel- and ELISA-based assay formats. We use these assays to expediently optimize a weak potency fragment hit into a sub-μM inhibitor that selectively engages an active-site cysteine in the retinaldehyde reductase AKR1B10. Our findings provide a road map to optimize covalent fragments into more advanced chemical probes without requiring protein purification or structural analysis.
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33
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Liu Y, Shao G, Yang Z, Lin X, Liu X, Qian B, Liu Z. Interferon regulatory factor 6 correlates with the progression of non-small cell lung cancer and can be regulated by miR-320. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:682-691. [PMID: 33772297 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The expression of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) has been reported in several cancer types, but its roles underlying the progression of lung cancer have not been detailedly investigated. METHODS The pairs of lung cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues and The Cancer Genome Atlas database were collected to detect IRF6 expression. Cell counting kit-8, transwell and terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labelling assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. KEY FINDINGS A significant up-regulation of IRF6 in both lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues compared with normal non-tumor tissues. Subsequently, Immunostaining also revealed that canceration of lung tissues predisposed to evoke IRF6 expression. In vitro experiments revealed the antitumour effects, including growth and migration inhibition, of IRF6 siRNA transfection. Considering miR-320 as an endogenous inhibitor to IRF6, miR-320 mimics transfection led to the inhibition of proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. However, overexpressed IRF6 neutralized the antineoplastic activities of miR-320 in lung cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The miR-320/IRF6 signalling axis was implicated in pulmonary canceration. miR-320 as an endogenous inhibitor of IRF6 provided a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Guoguang Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Benxin Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
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Wang J, Li S, Li H, Zhou X, Wen H, Lai B. IRF4 overexpression promotes the transdifferentiation of tregs into macrophage-like cells to inhibit the development of colon cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:58. [PMID: 33468159 PMCID: PMC7816309 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor from the IRF factor family that exerts regulatory functions in the immune system and oncogenesis. However, the biological role of IRF4 in colon cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether IRF4 participates in the immune response in colon cancer. Methods We compared the expression of IRF4, the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and macrophages in the colon cancer tissues and paracancerous colon tissues from colon cancer patients. Colon cancer mouse model was established by inoculation with colon cancer cells (SW480) as a xenograft tumor, and we observed tumor growth of colon cancer. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of IRF4 in transdifferentiation of Tregs into macrophage-like cells and the effect of IRF4 on colon cancer cells were investigated in vitro. Results IRF4 was severely down-regulated in the colon cancer tissues. Colon cancer tissues exhibited an increase in the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and macrophages. Furthermore, IRF4 overexpression repressed proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells (SW480 and HT116 cells). Moreover, IRF4 up-regulation ameliorated tumor growth of colon cancer by promoting the transdifferentiation of Tregs into macrophage-like cells through inhibition of BCL6 expression. Exosomes derived from colon cancer cells repressed IRF4 expression in Tregs by transmitting miR-27a-3p, miR-30a-5p and miR-320c. Conclusions IRF4 overexpression promoted the transdifferentiation of Tregs into macrophage-like cells to inhibit the occurrence and development of colon cancer. Thus, IRF4 may be a potential target for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Song Li
- Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honglang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 1. Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 1. Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Huabin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 1. Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 1. Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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35
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Fiskus W, Mill CP, Perera D, Birdwell C, Deng Q, Yang H, Lara BH, Jain N, Burger J, Ferrajoli A, Davis JA, Saenz DT, Jin W, Coarfa C, Crews CM, Green MR, Khoury JD, Bhalla KN. BET proteolysis targeted chimera-based therapy of novel models of Richter Transformation-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2021; 35:2621-2634. [PMID: 33654205 PMCID: PMC8410602 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Richter Transformation (RT) develops in CLL as an aggressive, therapy-resistant, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (RT-DLBCL), commonly clonally-related (CLR) to the concomitant CLL. Lack of available pre-clinical human models has hampered the development of novel therapies for RT-DLBCL. Here, we report the profiles of genetic alterations, chromatin accessibility and active enhancers, gene-expressions and anti-lymphoma drug-sensitivity of three newly established, patient-derived, xenograft (PDX) models of RT-DLBCLs, including CLR and clonally-unrelated (CLUR) to concomitant CLL. The CLR and CLUR RT-DLBCL cells display active enhancers, higher single-cell RNA-Seq-determined mRNA, and protein expressions of IRF4, TCF4, and BCL2, as well as increased sensitivity to BET protein inhibitors. CRISPR knockout of IRF4 attenuated c-Myc levels and increased sensitivity to a BET protein inhibitor. Co-treatment with BET inhibitor or BET-PROTAC and ibrutinib or venetoclax exerted synergistic in vitro lethality in the RT-DLBCL cells. Finally, as compared to each agent alone, combination therapy with BET-PROTAC and venetoclax significantly reduced lymphoma burden and improved survival of immune-depleted mice engrafted with CLR-RT-DLBCL. These findings highlight a novel, potentially effective therapy for RT-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fiskus
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christopher P. Mill
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christine Birdwell
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Qing Deng
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Haopeng Yang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Bernardo H. Lara
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Nitin Jain
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jan Burger
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - John A. Davis
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dyana T. Saenz
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Wendy Jin
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Craig M. Crews
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Michael R. Green
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Joseph D. Khoury
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kapil N. Bhalla
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
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36
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Zataria multiflora methanolic extract has antitumor properties on U266 multiple myeloma cell line. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Ordoñez R, Kulis M, Russiñol N, Chapaprieta V, Carrasco-Leon A, García-Torre B, Charalampopoulou S, Clot G, Beekman R, Meydan C, Duran-Ferrer M, Verdaguer-Dot N, Vilarrasa-Blasi R, Soler-Vila P, Garate L, Miranda E, San José-Enériz E, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Ezponda T, Martínez-Turrilas R, Vilas-Zornoza A, Lara-Astiaso D, Dupéré-Richer D, Martens JHA, El-Omri H, Taha RY, Calasanz MJ, Paiva B, San Miguel J, Flicek P, Gut I, Melnick A, Mitsiades CS, Licht JD, Campo E, Stunnenberg HG, Agirre X, Prosper F, Martin-Subero JI. Chromatin activation as a unifying principle underlying pathogenic mechanisms in multiple myeloma. Genome Res 2020; 30:1217-1227. [PMID: 32820006 PMCID: PMC7545147 DOI: 10.1101/gr.265520.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm associated with a broad variety of genetic lesions. In spite of this genetic heterogeneity, MMs share a characteristic malignant phenotype whose underlying molecular basis remains poorly characterized. In the present study, we examined plasma cells from MM using a multi-epigenomics approach and demonstrated that, when compared to normal B cells, malignant plasma cells showed an extensive activation of regulatory elements, in part affecting coregulated adjacent genes. Among target genes up-regulated by this process, we found members of the NOTCH, NF-kB, MTOR signaling, and TP53 signaling pathways. Other activated genes included sets involved in osteoblast differentiation and response to oxidative stress, all of which have been shown to be associated with the MM phenotype and clinical behavior. We functionally characterized MM-specific active distant enhancers controlling the expression of thioredoxin (TXN), a major regulator of cellular redox status and, in addition, identified PRDM5 as a novel essential gene for MM. Collectively, our data indicate that aberrant chromatin activation is a unifying feature underlying the malignant plasma cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Kulis
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Russiñol
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Chapaprieta
- Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz García-Torre
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Guillem Clot
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renée Beekman
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cem Meydan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Martí Duran-Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Verdaguer-Dot
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Vilarrasa-Blasi
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Soler-Vila
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Garate
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Miranda
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne San José-Enériz
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Ezponda
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Amaia Vilas-Zornoza
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Lara-Astiaso
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daphné Dupéré-Richer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Joost H A Martens
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Halima El-Omri
- Department of Hematology & BMT, Hamad Medical Corporation, NCCCR, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ruba Y Taha
- Department of Hematology & BMT, Hamad Medical Corporation, NCCCR, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria J Calasanz
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus San Miguel
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Constantine S Mitsiades
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Elias Campo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xabier Agirre
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose I Martin-Subero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Bruins WSC, Zweegman S, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ. Targeted Therapy With Immunoconjugates for Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32636838 PMCID: PMC7316960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) has markedly increased the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Also, the unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) daratumumab (anti-CD38) and elotuzumab (anti-SLAMF7) have revolutionized MM treatment given their clinical efficacy and safety, illustrating the potential of targeted immunotherapy as a powerful treatment strategy for MM. Nonetheless, most patients eventually develop PI-, IMiD-, and mAb-refractory disease because of the selection of resistant MM clones, which associates with a poor prognosis. Accordingly, these patients remain in urgent need of new therapies with novel mechanisms of action. In this respect, mAbs or mAb fragments can also be utilized as carriers of potent effector moieties to specifically target surface antigens on cells of interest. Such immunoconjugates have the potential to exert anti-MM activity in heavily pretreated patients due to their distinct and pleiotropic mechanisms of action. In addition, the fusion of highly cytotoxic compounds to mAbs decreases the off-target toxicity, thereby improving the therapeutic window. According to the effector moiety, immunoconjugates are classified into antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, immunocytokines, or radioimmunoconjugates. This review will focus on the mechanisms of action, safety and efficacy of several promising immunoconjugates that are under investigation in preclinical and/or clinical MM studies. We will also include a discussion on combination therapy with immunoconjugates, resistance mechanisms, and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilis S C Bruins
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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39
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Dafflon C, Gaulis S, Barys L, Kapur K, Cornacchione V, Schukur L, Bergling S, Traggiai E, Jansky S, Hellmann L, Engstler BS, Kerr G, de Weck A, Ruddy DA, Naumann U, Stauffer F, Gaul C, Lin Y, Billy E, Weiss A, Hofmann F, Ito M, Tiedt R. DOT1L inhibition is lethal for multiple myeloma due to perturbation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Oncotarget 2020; 11:956-968. [PMID: 32215184 PMCID: PMC7082114 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone 3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase (HMT) DOT1L is known to play a critical role for growth and survival of MLL-rearranged leukemia. Serendipitous observations during high-throughput drug screens indicated that the use of DOT1L inhibitors might be expandable to multiple myeloma (MM). Through pharmacologic and genetic experiments, we could validate that DOT1L is essential for growth and viability of a subset of MM cell lines, in line with a recent report from another team. In vivo activity against established MM xenografts was observed with a novel DOT1L inhibitor. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of the dependency in MM, we examined gene expression changes upon DOT1L inhibition in sensitive and insensitive cell lines and discovered that genes belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and protein synthesis machinery were specifically suppressed in sensitive cells. Whole-genome CRISPR screens in the presence or absence of a DOT1L inhibitor revealed that concomitant targeting of the H3K4me3 methyltransferase SETD1B increases the effect of DOT1L inhibition. Our results provide a strong basis for further investigating DOT1L and SETD1B as targets in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dafflon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Swann Gaulis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louise Barys
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lina Schukur
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Selina Jansky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leon Hellmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Grainne Kerr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine de Weck
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrike Naumann
- NIBR Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ying Lin
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moriko Ito
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Le Y. Screening and identification of key candidate genes and pathways in myelodysplastic syndrome by bioinformatic analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8162. [PMID: 31803541 PMCID: PMC6886488 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy derived from hematopoietic stem cells and the molecular mechanism of MDS remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate potential markers of diagnosis and prognosis of MDS. The gene expression profiles GSE19429 and GSE58831 were obtained and downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MDS were screened using GEO2R and overlapped DEGs were obtained with Venn Diagrams. Then, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway functional enrichment analyses, protein–protein interaction network establishment and survival analyses were performed. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly enriched in the interferon signaling pathway, immune response, hematopoietic cell lineage and the FOXO signaling pathway. Four hub genes and four significant modules including 25 module genes were obtained via Cytoscape MCODE. Survival analysis showed that the overall survival of MDS patients having BLNK, IRF4, IFITM1, IFIT1, ISG20, IFI44L alterations were worse than that without alterations. In conclusion, the identification of these genes and pathways helps understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of MDS and provides candidate targets for the diagnosis and prognosis of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Le
- Department of Hematology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
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41
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Thompson CD, Matta B, Barnes BJ. Therapeutic Targeting of IRFs: Pathway-Dependence or Structure-Based? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2622. [PMID: 30515152 PMCID: PMC6255967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of master transcription factors that regulate pathogen-induced innate and acquired immune responses. Aberration(s) in IRF signaling pathways due to infection, genetic predisposition and/or mutation, which can lead to increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) genes, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, has been linked to the development of numerous diseases, including (but not limited to) autoimmune and cancer. What is currently lacking in the field is an understanding of how best to therapeutically target these transcription factors. Many IRFs are regulated by post-translational modifications downstream of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and some of these modifications lead to activation or inhibition. We and others have been able to utilize structural features of the IRFs in order to generate dominant negative mutants that inhibit function. Here, we will review potential therapeutic strategies for targeting all IRFs by using IRF5 as a candidate targeting molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie D Thompson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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