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Feng S, Wang S, Liu C, Wu S, Zhang B, Lu C, Huang C, Chen T, Zhou C, Zhu J, Chen J, Xue J, Wei W, Zhan X. Prediction model for spinal cord injury in spinal tuberculosis patients using multiple machine learning algorithms: a multicentric study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7691. [PMID: 38565845 PMCID: PMC10987632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a prevalent and serious complication among patients with spinal tuberculosis (STB) that can lead to motor and sensory impairment and potentially paraplegia. This research aims to identify factors associated with SCI in STB patients and to develop a clinically significant predictive model. Clinical data from STB patients at a single hospital were collected and divided into training and validation sets. Univariate analysis was employed to screen clinical indicators in the training set. Multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms were utilized to establish predictive models. Model performance was evaluated and compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve analysis, decision curve analysis (DCA), and precision-recall (PR) curves. The optimal model was determined, and a prospective cohort from two other hospitals served as a testing set to assess its accuracy. Model interpretation and variable importance ranking were conducted using the DALEX R package. The model was deployed on the web by using the Shiny app. Ten clinical characteristics were utilized for the model. The random forest (RF) model emerged as the optimal choice based on the AUC, PRs, calibration curve analysis, and DCA, achieving a test set AUC of 0.816. Additionally, MONO was identified as the primary predictor of SCI in STB patients through variable importance ranking. The RF predictive model provides an efficient and swift approach for predicting SCI in STB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitan Feng
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujiang Wang
- Department of Outpatient, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Ward, Bei Jing Ji Shui Tan Hospital Gui Zhou Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxian Lu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, Bai Se People's Hospital, Baise, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqian Huang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxing Zhou
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichong Zhu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Xue
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendi Wei
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Vajdi M, Karimi A, Hassanizadeh S, Farhangi MA, Bagherniya M, Askari G, Roufogalis BD, Davies NM, Sahebkar A. Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:307-327. [PMID: 38498260 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2019 and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality continues to be a significant global health challenge, characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunction.. Developing therapies for preventing or treating COVID-19 remains an important goal for pharmacology and drug development research. Polyphenols are effective against various viral infections and can be extracted and isolated from plants without losing their therapeutic potential. Researchers have developed methods for separating and isolating polyphenols from complex matrices. Polyphenols are effective in treating common viral infections, including COVID-19, and can also boost immunity. Polyphenolic-based antiviral medications can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 enzymes vital to virus replication and infection. Individual polyphenolic triterpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinonoids, and tannins may also inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 protease. Polyphenol pharmacophore structures identified to date can explain their action and lead to the design of novel anti-COVID-19 compounds. Polyphenol-containing mixtures offer the advantages of a well-recognized safety profile with few known severe side effects. However, studies to date are limited, and further animal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed in future studies. The purpose of this study was to review and present the latest findings on the therapeutic impact of plant-derived polyphenols on COVID-19 infection and its complications. Exploring alternative approaches to traditional therapies could aid in developing novel drugs and remedies against coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shirin Hassanizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Basil D Roufogalis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Yang Q, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Fairchild LM, Rowland TJ, Dowell RD, Allen MA, Warren CJ, Sawyer SL. Macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as a high-fidelity cellular model for investigating HIV-1, dengue, and influenza viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156323. [PMID: 38323811 PMCID: PMC10949493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01563-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important target cells for diverse viruses and thus represent a valuable system for studying virus biology. Isolation of primary human macrophages is done by culture of dissociated tissues or from differentiated blood monocytes, but these methods are both time consuming and result in low numbers of recovered macrophages. Here, we explore whether macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-which proliferate indefinitely and potentially provide unlimited starting material-could serve as a faithful model system for studying virus biology. Human iPSC-derived monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and then infected with HIV-1, dengue virus, or influenza virus as model human viruses. We show that iPSC-derived macrophages support the replication of these viruses with kinetics and phenotypes similar to human blood monocyte-derived macrophages. These iPSC-derived macrophages were virtually indistinguishable from human blood monocyte-derived macrophages based on surface marker expression (flow cytometry), transcriptomics (RNA sequencing), and chromatin accessibility profiling. iPSC lines were additionally generated from non-human primate (chimpanzee) fibroblasts. When challenged with dengue virus, human and chimpanzee iPSC-derived macrophages show differential susceptibility to infection, thus providing a valuable resource for studying the species-tropism of viruses. We also show that blood- and iPSC-derived macrophages both restrict influenza virus at a late stage of the virus lifecycle. Collectively, our results substantiate iPSC-derived macrophages as an alternative to blood monocyte-derived macrophages for the study of virus biology. IMPORTANCE Macrophages have complex relationships with viruses: while macrophages aid in the removal of pathogenic viruses from the body, macrophages are also manipulated by some viruses to serve as vessels for viral replication, dissemination, and long-term persistence. Here, we show that iPSC-derived macrophages are an excellent model that can be exploited in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Laurence M. Fairchild
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Teisha J. Rowland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin D. Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary A. Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Mahmoodi M, Mohammadi Henjeroei F, Hassanshahi G, Nosratabadi R. Do chemokine/chemokine receptor axes play paramount parts in trafficking and oriented locomotion of monocytes/macrophages toward the lungs of COVID-19 infected patients? A systematic review. Cytokine 2024; 175:156497. [PMID: 38190792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a well-defined viral infection, resulting from SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2). The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense to limit viral spreading and subsequently stimulate adaptive immune responses by the prominent aids of its cellular and molecular arms. Monocytes are defined as the most prominent innate immune cells (IICs) that are reactive against invading pathogens. These cells support host protection against the virus that is mediated by several non-specific mechanisms such as phagocytosis, producing antiviral enzymes, and recruitment of immune cells toward and into the infected tissues. They have the ability to egress from blood and migrate to the SARS-CoV-2 infected regions by the aid of some defense-related functions like chemotaxis, which is mediated by chemical compounds, e.g., chemokines. Chemokines, in addition to their related ligands are categorized within the most important and deserved agents involved in oriented trafficking of monocytes/macrophages towards and within the lung parenchyma in both steady state and pathological circumstances, including COVID-19-raised infection. However, the overexpression of chemokines could have deleterious effects on various organs through the induction of cytokine storm and may be the most important leading mechanisms in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Authors have aimed the current review article to describe present knowledge about the interplay between monocytes/macrophages and SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the ability of IICs to migrate and home into the lung of COVID-19 patients through various chemokine-chemokine receptor axes to promote our understanding regarding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi Henjeroei
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, RafsanjanUniversity of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Healey AM, Fenner KN, O'Dell CT, Lawrence BP. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation alters immune cell populations in the lung and bone marrow during coronavirus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L313-L329. [PMID: 38290163 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00236.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are one of the major causes of illness and death worldwide. Symptoms associated with respiratory infections can range from mild to severe, and there is limited understanding of why there is large variation in severity. Environmental exposures are a potential causative factor. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing molecule expressed in all immune cells. Although there is considerable evidence that AHR signaling influences immune responses to other immune challenges, including respiratory pathogens, less is known about the impact of AHR signaling on immune responses during coronavirus (CoV) infection. In this study, we report that AHR activation significantly altered immune cells in the lungs and bone marrow of mice infected with a mouse CoV. AHR activation transiently reduced the frequency of multiple cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system, including monocytes, interstitial macrophages, and dendritic cells in the lung. In the bone marrow, AHR activation altered myelopoiesis, as evidenced by a reduction in granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells and an increased frequency of myeloid-biased progenitor cells. Moreover, AHR activation significantly affected multiple stages of the megakaryocyte lineage. Overall, these findings indicate that AHR activation modulates multiple aspects of the immune response to a CoV infection. Given the significant burden of respiratory viruses on human health, understanding how environmental exposures shape immune responses to infection advances our knowledge of factors that contribute to variability in disease severity and provides insight into novel approaches to prevent or treat disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study reveals a multifaceted role for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in the immune response to coronavirus (CoV) infection. Sustained AHR activation during in vivo mouse CoV infection altered the frequency of mature immune cells in the lung and modulated emergency hematopoiesis, specifically myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, in bone marrow. This provides new insight into immunoregulation by the AHR and extends our understanding of how environmental exposures can impact host responses to respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Healey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Kristina N Fenner
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Colleen T O'Dell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
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Tuo T, Chen D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Yang H. Infection of PRRSV inhibits CSFV C-strain replication by inducing macrophages polarization to M1. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109957. [PMID: 38160508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
It is a common sense that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection could cause immune failure of classical swine fever (CSF) vaccine, and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the target cells of both. To elucidate the role of macrophage polarization in PRRSV infection induced CSF vaccine failure, an immortal porcine alveolar macrophage line PAM39 cell line was used to investigate the effect of PRRSV or/and CSFV C-strain (CSFV-C) infection on macrophage polarization in vitro. Interestingly, PRRSV single infection or PRRSV co-infection with CSFV-C promoted PAM39 cells to M1, while CSFV-C single infection induced PAM39 cells to M2. After the construction of M1 and M2 PAM39 cells polarization models, M1 polarized PAM39 cells were found to inhibit the replication of CSFV-C, and Chinese medicine such as matrine, ginsenosides and astragalus polysaccharides could alleviate the polarization of PAM39 cells and the replication of CSFV-C. Furthermore, interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) co-stimulation induced NF-κB activation while matrine treatment blocked M1 polarization-induced NF-κB pathway activation. These findings provided a theoretical basis for designing a new strategy to improve the immune effect of CSFV-C based on porcine alveolar macrophage polarization subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbei Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Henao-Agudelo JS, Ayala S, Badiel M, Zea-Vera AF, Matta Cortes L. Classical monocytes-low expressing HLA-DR is associated with higher mortality rate in SARS-CoV-2+ young patients with severe pneumonia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24099. [PMID: 38268832 PMCID: PMC10803910 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to investigate whether monocyte dysregulation and hyperinflammation serve as predictive markers for mortality in young patients with SARS-CoV-2 severe pneumonia. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary-level public University Hospital in Colombia. Forty young adults (18-50 years of age) with severe pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by qPCR, were enrroled. Serum cytokines and the monocyte phenotype profile, including PDL1/HLA-DR expression, were determined during the first 24 h of hospitalization. Routine laboratory parameters were measured throughout patient follow-up until either death or hospital discharge. We also included a cohort of twenty-five healthy control subjects. Key findings Elevated levels of IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 cytokines emerged as robust predictors of mortality in young adults with severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 infected. A descriptive analysis revealed a cumulative mortality rate of 30 % in unvaccinated and ICU-admitted patients. Patients who died had significantly lower expression of HLA-DR on their classical monocytes subsets (CD14+CD16-) than survivors and healthy controls. Lower expression of HLA-DR was associated with greater clinical severity (APACHE≥12) and bacterial coinfection (relative risk 2.5 95%CI [1.18-5.74]). Notably, the expression of HLA-DR in 27.5 % of CD14+/CD16- monocytes was associated with a significantly lower probability of survival. Significance The early reduction in HLA-DR expression within classical monocytes emerged as an independent predictor of mortality, irrespective of comorbidities. Together with PD-L1 expression and cytokine alterations, these findings support the notion that monocyte immunosuppression plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis and mortality of young patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. These findings hold significant implications for risk assessment and therapeutic strategies in managing critically ill young adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Ayala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario del Valle Evaristo García, Cali, Colombia
| | - Marisol Badiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario del Valle Evaristo García, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés F. Zea-Vera
- School of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- LCIM//Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorena Matta Cortes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario del Valle Evaristo García, Cali, Colombia
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Degenfeld-Schonburg L, Sadovnik I, Smiljkovic D, Peter B, Stefanzl G, Gstoettner C, Jaksch P, Hoetzenecker K, Aigner C, Radtke C, Arock M, Sperr WR, Valent P. Coronavirus Receptor Expression Profiles in Human Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils. Cells 2024; 13:173. [PMID: 38247864 PMCID: PMC10814915 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A major problem in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is the massive tissue inflammation in certain target organs, including the lungs. Mast cells (MC), basophils (BA), and eosinophils (EO) are key effector cells in inflammatory processes. These cells have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. We explored coronavirus receptor (CoV-R) expression profiles in primary human MC, BA, and EO, and in related cell lines (HMC-1, ROSA, MCPV-1, KU812, and EOL-1). As determined using flow cytometry, primary MC, BA, and EO, and their corresponding cell lines, displayed the CoV-R CD13 and CD147. Primary skin MC and BA, as well as EOL-1 cells, also displayed CD26, whereas primary EO and the MC and BA cell lines failed to express CD26. As assessed using qPCR, most cell lines expressed transcripts for CD13, CD147, and ABL2, whereas ACE2 mRNA was not detectable, and CD26 mRNA was only identified in EOL-1 cells. We also screened for drug effects on CoV-R expression. However, dexamethasone, vitamin D, and hydroxychloroquine did not exert substantial effects on the expression of CD13, CD26, or CD147 in the cells. Together, MC, BA, and EO express distinct CoV-R profiles. Whether these receptors mediate virus-cell interactions and thereby virus-induced inflammation remains unknown at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Degenfeld-Schonburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dubravka Smiljkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Stefanzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Gstoettner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (C.A.)
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (C.A.)
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (C.A.)
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75651 Paris, France;
| | - Wolfgang R. Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.D.-S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zaidi AK, Singh RB, A A Rizvi S, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Palladino N. COVID-19 pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 202:67-112. [PMID: 38237991 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves a complex interplay between host factors and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, leading to a multitude of clinical manifestations beyond the respiratory system. This chapter provides an overview of the risk factors, genetic predisposition, and multisystem manifestations of COVID-19, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that contribute to extrapulmonary manifestations. The chapter discusses the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into various organs as well as the indirect mechanisms such as dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), immune response dysfunctions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, endothelial damage, and immunothrombosis. Furthermore, the multisystem manifestations of COVID-19 across different organ systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, nervous, endocrine and metabolic, ophthalmic, ear-nose-throat, reproductive, hematopoietic, and immune systems are discussed in detail. Each system exhibits unique manifestations that contribute to the complexity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Greater Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Syed A A Rizvi
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, Florida, United States.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Founder and President, Associazione Naso Sano, Ringgold Institution ID 567754, San Mariano, Italy.
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10
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Spadera L, Lugarà M, Spadera M, Conticelli M, Oliva G, Bassi V, Apuzzi V, Calderaro F, Fattoruso O, Guzzi P, D'Amora M, Catapano O, Marra R, Galdo M, Zappalà M, Inui T, Mette M, Vitiello G, Corvino M, Tortoriello G. Adjunctive use of oral MAF is associated with no disease progression or mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: The single-arm COral-MAF1 prospective trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115894. [PMID: 37988850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a growing body of evidence that a dysregulated innate immune response mediated by monocytes/macrophages plays a key role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, a clinical trial was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential and safety of oral macrophage activating factor (MAF) plus standard of care (SoC) in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Ninety-seven hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia were treated with oral MAF and a vitamin D3 supplement, in combination with SoC, in a single-arm, open label, multicentre, phase II clinical trial. The primary outcome measure was a reduction in an intensive care unit transfer rate below 13% after MAF administration. At the end of the study, an additional propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to compare the MAF group with a control group treated with SoC alone. Out of 97 patients treated with MAF, none needed care in the ICU and/or intubation with mechanical ventilation or died during hospitalization. Oxygen therapy was discontinued after a median of nine days of MAF treatment. The median length of viral shedding and hospital stay was 14 days and 18 days, respectively. After PSM, statistically significant differences were found in all of the in-hospital outcomes between the two groups. No mild to serious adverse events were recorded during the study. Notwithstanding the limitations of a single-arm study, which prevented definitive conclusions, a 21-day course of MAF treatment plus SoC was found to be safe and promising in the treatment of hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Further research will be needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Spadera
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ospedale del Mare hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marina Lugarà
- Department of General Medicine, Ospedale del Mare hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Spadera
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Giovanni Bosco hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Conticelli
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ospedale del Mare Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Oliva
- Department of General Medicine, Ospedale del Mare hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bassi
- Department of General Medicine, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Apuzzi
- Department of General Medicine, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Calderaro
- Department of General Medicine, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Olimpia Fattoruso
- Department of Clinical Pathology, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Guzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Amora
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Pathology, San Paolo Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Oriana Catapano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Pathology, San Paolo Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Ospedale del Mare Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Galdo
- Department of Pharmacy, AORN Ospedali dei Colli Monaldi - Cotugno - C.T.O. Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Zappalà
- Department of Medicine, Vesuvio Clinic, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Toshio Inui
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan; Saisei Mirai Cell Processing Center, Osaka, Japan; Saisei Mirai Keihan Clinic, Osaka, Japan; Saisei Mirai Kobe Clinic, Kobe, Japan
| | - Martin Mette
- Saisei Mirai Keihan Clinic, Osaka, Japan; Saisei Mirai Kobe Clinic, Kobe, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Health Management, Ospedale del Mare hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Corvino
- Department of Health Management, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tortoriello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, AORN Ospedali dei Colli Monaldi - Cotugno - C.T.O. Hospital, Naples, Italy
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11
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Zhang J, Askenase P, Jaenisch R, Crumpacker CS. Approaches to pandemic prevention - the chromatin vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1324084. [PMID: 38143744 PMCID: PMC10739501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1324084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing effective vaccines against viral infections have significant impacts on development, prosperity and well-being of human populations. Thus, successful vaccines such as smallpox and polio vaccines, have promoted global societal well-being. In contrast, ineffective vaccines may fuel arguments that retard scientific progress. We aim to stimulate a multilevel discussion on how to develop effective vaccines against recent and future pandemics by focusing on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), coronavirus disease (COVID) and other viral infections. We appeal to harnessing recent achievements in this field specifically towards a cure for current pandemics and prevention of the next pandemics. Among these, we propose to apply the HIV DNA in chromatin format - an end product of aborted HIV integration in episomal forms, i.e., the chromatin vaccines (cVacc), to elicit the epigenetic silencing and memory that prevent viral replication and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Philip Askenase
- Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Clyde S. Crumpacker
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Zelaya H, Arellano-Arriagada L, Fukuyama K, Matsumoto K, Marranzino G, Namai F, Salva S, Alvarez S, Agüero G, Kitazawa H, Villena J. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 Peptidoglycan Modulates the Inflammation-Coagulation Response Triggered by Poly(I:C) in the Respiratory Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16907. [PMID: 38069229 PMCID: PMC10707514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 beneficially modulates the inflammation-coagulation response during respiratory viral infections. This study evaluated the capacity of the peptidoglycan obtained from the CRL1505 strain (PG-Lr1505) to modulate the immuno-coagulative response triggered by the viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern poly(I:C) in the respiratory tract. Adult BALB/c mice were nasally treated with PG-Lr1505 for two days. Treated and untreated control mice were then nasally challenged with poly(I:C). Mice received three doses of poly(I:C) with a 24 h rest period between each administration. The immuno-coagulative response was studied after the last administration of poly(I:C). The challenge with poly(I:C) significantly increased blood and respiratory pro-inflammatory mediators, decreased prothrombin activity (PT), and increased von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in plasma. Furthermore, tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and thrombomodulin (TM) expressions were increased in the lungs. PG-Lr1505-treated mice showed significant modulation of hemostatic parameters in plasma (PT in %, Control = 71.3 ± 3.8, PG-Lr1505 = 94.0 ± 4.0, p < 0.01) and lungs. Moreover, PG-Lr1505-treated mice demonstrated reduced TF in F4/80 cells from lungs, higher pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased IL-10 compared to poly(I:C) control mice (IL-10 in pg/mL, Control = 379.1 ± 12.1, PG-Lr1505 = 483.9 ± 11.3, p < 0.0001). These changes induced by PG-Lr1505 correlated with a significant reduction in lung tissue damage. Complementary in vitro studies using Raw 264.7 cells confirmed the beneficial effect of PG-Lr1505 on poly(I:C)-induced inflammation, since increased IL-10 expression, as well as reduced damage, production of inflammatory mediators, and hemostatic parameter expressions were observed. In addition, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation in lungs and Raw 264.7 cells was observed after TLR3 stimulation, which was differentially modulated by PG-Lr1505. The peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus CRL1505 is able to regulate inflammation, the procoagulant state, and PAR1 activation in mice and macrophages in the context of the activation of TLR3 signaling pathways, contributing to a beneficial modulation of inflammation-hemostasis crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Zelaya
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (H.Z.); (S.A.); (G.A.)
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Luciano Arellano-Arriagada
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Kohtaro Fukuyama
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Kaho Matsumoto
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Gabriela Marranzino
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino (UNSTA), Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Fu Namai
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Susana Salva
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (H.Z.); (S.A.); (G.A.)
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Graciela Agüero
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Tucuman University, Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (H.Z.); (S.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (L.A.-A.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; (K.F.); (K.M.); (F.N.)
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13
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Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Czaja J, Zyzdorf A, Sobocińska W, Jarczyński M, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Overreactive macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection: The effects of ACEI. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110858. [PMID: 37708705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among various factors influencing the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, macrophage overactivation is considered the main cause of the cytokine storm that leads to severe complications of COVID-19. Moreover, the increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an obligatory entry receptor of the coronavirus, caused by treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEI) lowered overall confidence in the safety of these drugs. However, analysis of the course of coronavirus infection in patients treated with ACEI does not support these concerns. Instead, the beneficial effect of ACEI on macrophages has increasingly been emphasized. This includes their anti-inflammatory activation and the consequent reduction in the risk of severe disease and life-threatening complications. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the dual role of macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a special focus on the postulated mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of macrophage targeting by ACEI. These seem to involve the stimulation of macrophage angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors by angiotensin 1-7, intensively produced due to the up-regulation of ACE2 expression on macrophages, as well as the direct inhibition of macrophage hyper-responsiveness by ACEI. The impact of ACEI on macrophages may also lead to the activation of an effective antiviral response due to the increased expression of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Felkle
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Czaja
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Amanda Zyzdorf
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sobocińska
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland.
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14
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Asghari F, Asghary A, Majidi Zolbanin N, Faraji F, Jafari R. Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in COVID-19. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:579-592. [PMID: 37797216 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite knowledge gaps in understanding the full spectrum of the hyperinflammatory phase caused by SARS-CoV-2, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 is still the leading cause of death worldwide. Susceptible people to severe COVID-19 are those with underlying medical conditions or those with dysregulated and senescence-associated immune responses. As the immune system undergoes aging in the elderly, such drastic changes predispose them to various diseases and affect their responsiveness to infections, as seen in COVID-19. At-risk groups experience poor prognosis in terms of disease recovery. Changes in the quantity and quality of immune cell function have been described in numerous literature sites. Impaired immune cell function along with age-related metabolic changes can lead to features such as hyperinflammatory response, immunosenescence, and inflammaging in COVID-19. Inflammaging is related to the increased activity of the most inflammatory factors and is the main cause of age-related diseases and tissue failure in the elderly. Since hyperinflammation is a common feature of most severe cases of COVID-19, this pathway, which is not fully understood, leads to immunosenescence and inflammaging in some individuals, especially in the elderly and those with comorbidities. In this review, we shed some light on the age-related abnormalities of innate and adaptive immune cells and how hyperinflammatory immune responses contribute to the inflammaging process, leading to clinical deterioration. Further, we provide insights into immunomodulation-based therapeutic approaches, which are potentially important considerations in vaccine design for elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Asghari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Asghary
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Li S, Wang H, Ren B, Li J, Bao Z, Liu J, Guo M, Yang G, Chen L. Circadian control of ConA-induced acute liver injury and inflammatory response via Bmal1 regulation of Junb. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100856. [PMID: 37791375 PMCID: PMC10542646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Circadian rhythms play significant roles in immune responses, and many inflammatory processes in liver diseases are associated with malfunctioning molecular clocks. However, the significance of the circadian clock in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), which is characterised by immune-mediated hepatocyte destruction and extensive inflammatory cytokine production, remains unclear. Methods We tested the difference in susceptibility to the immune-mediated liver injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA) at various time points throughout a day in mice and analysed the effects of global, hepatocyte, or myeloid cell deletion of the core clock gene, Bmal1 (basic helix-loop-helix ARNT-like 1), on liver injury and inflammatory responses. Multiple molecular biology techniques and mice with macrophage-specific knockdown of Junb, a Bmal1 target gene, were used to investigate the involvement of Junb in the circadian control of ConA-induced hepatitis. Results The susceptibility to ConA-induced liver injury is highly dependent on the timing of ConA injection. The treatment at Zeitgeber time 0 (lights on) triggers the highest mortality as well as the severest liver injury and inflammatory responses. Further study revealed that this timing effect was driven by macrophage, but not hepatocyte, Bmal1. Mechanistically, Bmal1 controls the diurnal variation of ConA-induced hepatitis by directly regulating the circadian transcription of Junb and promoting M1 macrophage activation. Inhibition of Junb in macrophages blunts the administration time-dependent effect of ConA and attenuates liver injury. Moreover, we demonstrated that Junb promotes macrophage inflammation by regulating AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathways. Conclusions Our findings uncover a critical role of the Bmal1-Junb-AKT/ERK axis in the circadian control of ConA-induced hepatitis and provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of AIH. Impact and Implications This study unveils a critical role of the Bmal1-Junb-AKT/ERK axis in the circadian control of ConA-induced liver injury, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of immune-mediated hepatitis, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The findings have scientific implications as they enhance our understanding of the circadian regulation of immune responses in liver diseases. Furthermore, clinically, this research offers opportunities for optimising treatment strategies in immune-mediated hepatitis by considering the timing of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaiyi Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiayang Zhang
- Wuhu Hospital and Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoyin Ren
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiyue Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meina Guo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guangrui Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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16
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Pereira VIC, de Brito Junior LC, Falcão LFM, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Quaresma JAS, Berg AVVD, Paixão APS, Ferreira RIS, Diks IBC. Monocytes subpopulations pattern in the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus infection and after long COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110994. [PMID: 37804653 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUTION AND OBJECTIVE The present study sought to characterize the pattern of monocyte subpopulations in patients during the course of the infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus or who presented long COVID-19 syndrome compared to monocytes from patients with zika virus (Zika) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CASUISTRY Study with 89 peripheral blood samples from patients, who underwent hemogram and serology (IgG and IgM) for detection of Zika (Control Group 1, n = 18) or CHIKV (Control Group 2, n = 9), and from patients who underwent hemogram and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of SARS-CoV-2 at the acute phase of the disease (Group 3, n = 19); and of patients who presented long COVID-19 syndrome (Group 4, n = 43). The monocyte and subpopulations counts were performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the total number of monocytes between the groups. The classical (CD14++CD16-) and intermediate (CD14+CD16+) monocytes counts were increased in patients with acute infection or with long COVID-19 syndrome. The monocytes subpopulations counts were lower in patients with infection Zika or CHIKV. CONCLUSION Increase in the monocyte subpopulations in patients with acute infection or with long COVID-19 syndrome may be an important finding of differentiated from the infection Zika or CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lacy Cardoso de Brito Junior
- Institute of Biological Sciences at UFPA. Laboratory of General Pathology - Immunopathology and Cytology at FederalUniversity of Pará. Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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17
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Negi V, Gavlock D, Miedel MT, Lee JK, Shun T, Gough A, Vernetti L, Stern AM, Taylor DL, Yechoor VK. Modeling mechanisms underlying differential inflammatory responses to COVID-19 in type 2 diabetes using a patient-derived microphysiological organ-on-a-chip system. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4514-4527. [PMID: 37766577 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 6 million deaths worldwide. Co-morbid conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have increased mortality in COVID-19. With limited translatability of in vitro and small animal models to human disease, human organ-on-a-chip models are an attractive platform to model in vivo disease conditions and test potential therapeutics. Methods: T2D or non-diabetic patient-derived macrophages and human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were seeded, along with normal hepatocytes and stellate cells in the liver-on-a-chip (LAMPS - liver acinus micro physiological system), perfused with media mimicking non-diabetic fasting or T2D (high levels of glucose, fatty acids, insulin, glucagon) states. The macrophages and endothelial cells were transduced to overexpress the SARS-CoV2-S (spike) protein with appropriate controls before their incorporation into LAMPS. Cytokine concentrations in the efflux served as a read-out of the effects of S-protein expression in the different experimental conditions (non-diabetic-LAMPS, T2D-LAMPS), including incubation with tocilizumab, an FDA-approved drug for severe COVID-19. Findings: S-protein expression in the non-diabetic LAMPS led to increased cytokines, but in the T2D-LAMPS, this was significantly amplified both in the number and magnitude of key pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, CCL3, IL1β, IL2, TNFα, etc.) involved in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), mimicking severe COVID-19 infection in T2D patients. Compared to vehicle control, tocilizumab (IL6-receptor antagonist) decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in T2D-COVID-19-LAMPS but not in non-diabetic-COVID-19-LAMPS. Interpretation: macrophages and endothelial cells play a synergistic role in the pathophysiology of the hyper-inflammatory response seen with COVID-19 and T2D. The effect of Tocilizumab was consistent with large clinical trials that demonstrated Tocilizumab's efficacy only in critically ill patients with severe disease, providing confirmatory evidence that the T2D-COVID-19-LAMPS is a robust platform to model human in vivo pathophysiology of COVID-19 in T2D and for screening potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinny Negi
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Dillon Gavlock
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark T Miedel
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeong Kyung Lee
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tongying Shun
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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Tascini C, Cotrufo M, Sozio E, Fanin M, Dellai F, Zanus Forte A, Cesselli D, DE Stefanis P, Ripoli A, Sbrana F, Giuliano S, Fabris M, Girardis M, Curcio F, Bassi F. Potential role of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin as adjuvant treatment in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Minerva Anestesiol 2023; 89:884-894. [PMID: 37822148 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.23.17244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COVID-19 patients are characterized by a dysregulated host response to an infection, with uncontrolled pro- and anti- inflammatory pathway activation. Consistent proportion of patients require admission in intensive care units and are at risk of progression to severe forms of disease. These patients are generally admitted during later stages of the disease, when effective antiviral and monoclonal antibody are not indicated. We aimed to assess the potential role of IgM-enriched intra venous immunoglobulins (IGAM) preparations in this setting. METHODS This retrospective, observational case-controlled study was conducted at a single-center University Hospital of Udine in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region of Italy. Patients referring to the center between March 2020 and April 2021 was included. During the study period, patient who received Pentaglobin® IGAM treatment (N.=56), administered as compassionate use, was compared with a control group (N.=169) to assess, by propensity score analysis, clinical outcome. RESULTS Untreated controls required, respect to patient treated with IGAM therapy, longer time to hospitalization with no significant differences in death and orotracheal intubation requirement. Significant differences in the two cohort were in: SOFA was higher in treated, while D-dimer and P/F ratio was better in the treatment cohort. Multivariate logistic regression analysis performed on the "matched sample," obtained by a weighting propensity score approach, identify, as significant protective factor for death outcome, the Pentaglobin® treatment (0.820 [0.698-0.963], P=0.016) and low C-reactive protein (1.001 [1.000-1.002], P=0.031) value while the delay of onset hospitalization is associate with a worst outcome (0.983 [0.967-0.999], P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS The present study offers a significant insight concerning the use of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin preparations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 severe infection and also could identifying the specific immunological and biochemical profile of the patient who can more benefit from this therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Tascini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy -
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy -
| | - Marco Cotrufo
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sozio
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo Fanin
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Fabiana Dellai
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Agnese Zanus Forte
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Paola DE Stefanis
- Section of Anesthesia and Resuscitation2, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Ripoli
- Department of Bioengineering, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sbrana
- Lipoapheresis Unit, Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Giuliano
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Martina Fabris
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Flavio Bassi
- Section of Anesthesia and Resuscitation2, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
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19
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Luan Y, Luan Y, He H, Jue B, Yang Y, Qin B, Ren K. Glucose metabolism disorder: a potential accomplice of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:893-902. [PMID: 37542197 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, 265,713,467 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2), including 5,260,888 deaths, have been reported by the WHO. It is important to study the mechanism of this infectious disease. A variety of evidences show the potential association between CoV-2 and glucose metabolism. Notably, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other metabolic complications were prone to have a higher risk of developing a more severe infection course than people who were metabolically normal. The correlations between glucose metabolism and CoV-2 progression have been widely revealed. This review will discuss the association between glucose metabolism disorders and CoV-2 progression, showing the promoting effect of diabetes and other diseases related to glucose metabolism disorders on the progression of CoV-2. We will further conclude the effects of key proteins and pathways in glucose metabolism regulation on CoV-2 progression and potential interventions by targeting glucose metabolism disorders for CoV-2 treatment. Therefore, this review will provide systematic insight into the treatment of CoV-2 from the perspective of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ying Luan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bolin Jue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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20
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Mazzocco YL, Bergero G, Del Rosso S, Eberhardt N, Sola C, Saka HA, Villada SM, Bocco JL, Aoki MP. Differential expression patterns of purinergic ectoenzymes and the antioxidative role of IL-6 in hospitalized COVID-19 patient recovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227873. [PMID: 37818368 PMCID: PMC10560791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have acquired significant knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for disease recovery still need to be fully understood. Methods To gain insights into critical immune markers involved in COVID-19 etiopathogenesis, we studied the evolution of the immune profile of peripheral blood samples from patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and compared them to subjects with severe acute respiratory illness but negative for SARS-CoV-2 detection (controls). In addition, linear and clustered correlations between different parameters were determined. Results The data obtained revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of inflammatory monocytes (CD14+CD16+) at hospital discharge vs. admission. Remarkably, nitric oxide (NO) production by the monocyte compartment was significantly reduced at discharge. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-6 plasma levels were negatively correlated with the frequency of NO+CD14+CD16+ monocytes at hospital admission. However, at the time of hospital release, circulating IL-6 directly correlated with the NO production rate by monocytes. In line with these observations, we found that concomitant with NO diminution, the level of nitrotyrosine (NT) on CD8 T-cells significantly diminished at the time of hospital release. Considering that purinergic signaling constitutes another regulatory system, we analyzed the kinetics of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzyme expression in CD8 T-cells. We found that the frequency of CD39+CD8+ T-cells significantly diminished while the percentage of CD73+ cells increased at hospital discharge. In vitro, IL-6 stimulation of PBMCs from COVID-19 patients diminished the NT levels on CD8 T-cells. A clear differential expression pattern of CD39 and CD73 was observed in the NT+ vs. NT-CD8+ T-cell populations. Discussion The results suggest that early after infection, IL-6 controls the production of NO, which regulates the levels of NT on CD8 T-cells modifying their effector functions. Intriguingly, in this cytotoxic cell population, the expression of purinergic ectoenzymes is tightly associated with the presence of nitrated surface molecules. Overall, the data obtained contribute to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms associated with COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Luciana Mazzocco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Bergero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Del Rosso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sola
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Héctor Alex Saka
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía María Villada
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Pilar Aoki
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Bergersen KV, Pham K, Li J, Ulrich MT, Merrill P, He Y, Alaama S, Qiu X, Harahap-Carrillo IS, Ichii K, Frost S, Kaul M, Godzik A, Heinrich EC, Nair MG. Health disparities in COVID-19: immune and vascular changes are linked to disease severity and persist in a high-risk population in Riverside County, California. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1584. [PMID: 37598150 PMCID: PMC10439554 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health disparities in underserved communities, such as inadequate healthcare access, impact COVID-19 disease outcomes. These disparities are evident in Hispanic populations nationwide, with disproportionately high infection and mortality rates. Furthermore, infected individuals can develop long COVID with sustained impacts on quality of life. The goal of this study was to identify immune and endothelial factors that are associated with COVID-19 outcomes in Riverside County, a high-risk and predominantly Hispanic community, and investigate the long-term impacts of COVID-19 infection. METHODS 112 participants in Riverside County, California, were recruited according to the following criteria: healthy control (n = 23), outpatients with moderate infection (outpatient, n = 33), ICU patients with severe infection (hospitalized, n = 33), and individuals recovered from moderate infection (n = 23). Differences in outcomes between Hispanic and non-Hispanic individuals and presence/absence of co-morbidities were evaluated. Circulating immune and vascular biomarkers were measured by ELISA, multiplex analyte assays, and flow cytometry. Follow-up assessments for long COVID, lung health, and immune and vascular changes were conducted after recovery (n = 23) including paired analyses of the same participants. RESULTS Compared to uninfected controls, the severe infection group had a higher proportion of Hispanic individuals (n = 23, p = 0.012) than moderate infection (n = 8, p = 0.550). Disease severity was associated with changes in innate monocytes and neutrophils, lymphopenia, disrupted cytokine production (increased IL-8 and IP-10/CXCL10 but reduced IFNλ2/3 and IFNγ), and increased endothelial injury (myoglobin, VCAM-1). In the severe infection group, a machine learning model identified LCN2/NGAL, IL-6, and monocyte activation as parameters associated with fatality while anti-coagulant therapy was associated with survival. Recovery from moderate COVID infection resulted in long-term immune changes including increased monocytes/lymphocytes and decreased neutrophils and endothelial markers. This group had a lower proportion of co-morbidities (n = 8, p = 1.0) but still reported symptoms associated with long COVID despite recovered pulmonary function. CONCLUSION This study indicates increased severity of COVID-19 infection in Hispanic individuals of Riverside County, California. Infection resulted in immunological and vascular changes and long COVID symptoms that were sustained for up to 11 months, however, lung volume and airflow resistance was recovered. Given the immune and behavioral impacts of long COVID, the potential for increased susceptibility to infections and decreased quality of life in high-risk populations warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Bergersen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Kathy Pham
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Jiang Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Michael T Ulrich
- Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Patrick Merrill
- Kaiser Permanente Riverside Medical Center, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Yuxin He
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Sumaya Alaama
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Xinru Qiu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Indira S Harahap-Carrillo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Keita Ichii
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Shyleen Frost
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Adam Godzik
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S
| | - Erica C Heinrich
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S..
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, U.S..
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22
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Aghamohamadi N, Shahba F, Zarezadeh Mehrabadi A, Khorramdelazad H, Karimi M, Falak R, Emameh RZ. Age-dependent immune responses in COVID-19-mediated liver injury: focus on cytokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139692. [PMID: 37654571 PMCID: PMC10465349 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is potentially pathogenic and causes severe symptoms; in addition to respiratory syndromes, patients might experience other severe conditions such as digestive complications and liver complications injury. The abnormality in the liver is manifested by hepatobiliary dysfunction and enzymatic elevation, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. The direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, cytokine storm, and adverse effects of therapeutic regimens have a crucial role in the severity of liver injury. According to aging and immune system alterations, cytokine patterns may also change in the elderly. Moreover, hyperproduction of cytokines in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. The mortality rate in elderly patients, particularly those with other comorbidities, is also higher than in adults. Although the pathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver has been widely studied, the impact of age and immune-mediated responses at different ages remain unclear. This review discusses the association between immune system responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients of different ages and liver injury, focusing on cytokine alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Aghamohamadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shahba
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarezadeh Mehrabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Milad Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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23
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Krishna VD, Chang A, Korthas H, Var SR, Low WC, Li L, Cheeran MCJ. Impact of age and sex on neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a murine model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.11.552998. [PMID: 37645925 PMCID: PMC10462071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.11.552998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent for the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, is known to infect people of all ages and both sexes. Senior populations have the greatest risk of severe disease, and sexual dimorphism in clinical outcomes has been reported in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans can cause damage to multiple organ systems, including the brain. Neurological symptoms are widely observed in patients with COVID-19, with many survivors suffering from persistent neurological and cognitive impairment, potentially accelerating Alzheimer's disease. The present study aims to investigate the impact of age and sex on the neuroinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection using a mouse model. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were inoculated, by intranasal route, with SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.351 variant known to infect mice. Older animals and in particular males exhibited a significantly greater weight loss starting at 4 dpi. In addition, male animals exhibited higher viral RNA loads and higher titers of infectious virus in the lung, which was particularly evident in males at 16 months of age. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in the brains of infected mice, regardless of age or sex. Nevertheless, expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in the lung and brain was increased with viral infection. An unbiased brain RNA-seq/transcriptomic analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused significant changes in gene expression profiles in the brain, with innate immunity, defense response to virus, cerebravascular and neuronal functions, as the major molecular networks affected. The data presented in this study show that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a neuroinflammatory response despite the lack of detectable virus in the brain. Age and sex have a modifying effect on this pathogenic process. Aberrant activation of innate immune response, disruption of blood-brain barrier and endothelial cell integrity, and supression of neuronal activity and axonogenesis underlie the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the brain. Understanding the role of these affected pathways in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis helps identify appropriate points of therapeutic interventions to alleviate neurological dysfunction observed during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Holly Korthas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology
| | - Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Chen S, Wang S. The immune mechanism of the nasal epithelium in COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1045009. [PMID: 37529051 PMCID: PMC10387544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, olfactory dysfunction (OD) was reported as a frequent clinical sign. The nasal epithelium is one of the front-line protections against viral infections, and the immune responses of the nasal mucosa may be associated with OD. Two mechanisms underlying OD occurrence in COVID-19 have been proposed: the infection of sustentacular cells and the inflammatory reaction of the nasal epithelium. The former triggers OD and the latter likely prolongs OD. These two alternative mechanisms may act in parallel; the infection of sustentacular cells is more important for OD occurrence because sustentacular cells are more likely to be the entry point of SARS-CoV-2 than olfactory neurons and more susceptible to early injury. Furthermore, sustentacular cells abundantly express transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and play a major role in the olfactory epithelium. OD occurrence in COVID-19 has revealed crucial roles of sustentacular cells. This review aims to elucidate how immune responses of the nasal epithelium contribute to COVID-19-related OD. Understanding the underlying immune mechanisms of the nasal epithelium in OD may aid in the development of improved medical treatments for COVID-19-related OD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shufen Wang
- *Correspondence: Shunmei Chen, ; Shufen Wang,
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25
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Abbasi Habashi S, Koyuncu M, Alizadehsani R. A Survey of COVID-19 Diagnosis Using Routine Blood Tests with the Aid of Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1749. [PMID: 37238232 PMCID: PMC10217633 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing a disease called COVID-19, is a class of acute respiratory syndrome that has considerably affected the global economy and healthcare system. This virus is diagnosed using a traditional technique known as the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test. However, RT-PCR customarily outputs a lot of false-negative and incorrect results. Current works indicate that COVID-19 can also be diagnosed using imaging resolutions, including CT scans, X-rays, and blood tests. Nevertheless, X-rays and CT scans cannot always be used for patient screening because of high costs, radiation doses, and an insufficient number of devices. Therefore, there is a requirement for a less expensive and faster diagnostic model to recognize the positive and negative cases of COVID-19. Blood tests are easily performed and cost less than RT-PCR and imaging tests. Since biochemical parameters in routine blood tests vary during the COVID-19 infection, they may supply physicians with exact information about the diagnosis of COVID-19. This study reviewed some newly emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods to diagnose COVID-19 using routine blood tests. We gathered information about research resources and inspected 92 articles that were carefully chosen from a variety of publishers, such as IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, and MDPI. Then, these 92 studies are classified into two tables which contain articles that use machine Learning and deep Learning models to diagnose COVID-19 while using routine blood test datasets. In these studies, for diagnosing COVID-19, Random Forest and logistic regression are the most widely used machine learning methods and the most widely used performance metrics are accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC. Finally, we conclude by discussing and analyzing these studies which use machine learning and deep learning models and routine blood test datasets for COVID-19 detection. This survey can be the starting point for a novice-/beginner-level researcher to perform on COVID-19 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Koyuncu
- Department of Information Systems Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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26
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Zafar H, Saier MH. Understanding the Relationship of the Human Bacteriome with COVID-19 Severity and Recovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091213. [PMID: 37174613 PMCID: PMC10177376 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in 2019 in China and has resulted in millions of human morbidities and mortalities across the globe. Evidence has been provided that this novel virus originated in animals, mutated, and made the cross-species jump to humans. At the time of this communication, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may be on its way to an endemic form; however, the threat of the virus is more for susceptible (older and immunocompromised) people. The human body has millions of bacterial cells that influence health and disease. As a consequence, the bacteriomes in the human body substantially influence human health and disease. The bacteriomes in the body and the immune system seem to be in constant association during bacterial and viral infections. In this review, we identify various bacterial spp. In major bacteriomes (oral, nasal, lung, and gut) of the body in healthy humans and compare them with dysbiotic bacteriomes of COVID-19 patients. We try to identify key bacterial spp. That have a positive effect on the functionality of the immune system and human health. These select bacterial spp. Could be used as potential probiotics to counter or prevent COVID-19 infections. In addition, we try to identify key metabolites produced by probiotic bacterial spp. That could have potential anti-viral effects against SARS-CoV-2. These metabolites could be subject to future therapeutic trials to determine their anti-viral efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, USA
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Santinelli L, Lazzaro A, Sciarra F, Maddaloni L, Frasca F, Fracella M, Moretti S, Borsetti A, Bugani G, Alessandri F, Zullino V, Ruberto F, Pugliese F, Sorrentino L, Gianfrilli D, Isidori A, Venneri MA, Mastroianni CM, Ceccarelli G, d’Ettorre G. Cellular Immune Profiling of Lung and Blood Compartments in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030442. [PMID: 36986364 PMCID: PMC10057444 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 related immunopathology may be the driving cause underlying severe COVID-19. Through an immunophenotyping analysis on paired bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood samples collected from mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS), this study aimed to evaluate the cellular immune responses in survivors and non-survivors of COVID-19. Methods: A total of 36 paired clinical samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) mononuclear cells (BALF-MC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 18 SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University Hospital in Rome (Italy) for severe interstitial pneumonia. The frequencies of monocytes (total, classical, intermediate and non-classical) and Natural Killer (NK) cell subsets (total, CD56bright and CD56dim), as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets [naïve, central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM)], and those expressing CD38 and/or HLADR were evaluated by multiparametric flow cytometry. Results: Survivors with CARDS exhibited higher frequencies of classical monocytes in blood compared to non-survivors (p < 0.05), while no differences in the frequencies of the other monocytes, NK cell and T cell subsets were recorded between these two groups of patients (p > 0.05). The only exception was for peripheral naïve CD4+ T cells levels that were reduced in non-survivors (p = 0.04). An increase in the levels of CD56bright (p = 0.012) and a decrease in CD56dim (p = 0.002) NK cell frequencies was also observed in BALF-MC samples compared to PBMC in deceased COVID-19 patients. Total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell levels in the lung compartment were lower compared to blood (p = 0.002 and p < 0.01, respectively) among non-survivors. Moreover, CD38 and HLA-DR were differentially expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in BALF-MC and in PBMC among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who died from COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results show that the immune cellular profile in blood and pulmonary compartments was similar in survivors and non-survivors of COVID-19. T lymphocyte levels were reduced, but resulted highly immune-activated in the lung compartment of patients who faced a fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lazzaro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciarra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Fracella
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Italian Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (G.C.); Tel.: +39-0649903591 (S.M.); +39-0649970311 (G.C.)
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Italian Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Bugani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandri
- Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Zullino
- Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Ruberto
- Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pugliese
- Department of General and Specialistic Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio M. Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (G.C.); Tel.: +39-0649903591 (S.M.); +39-0649970311 (G.C.)
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Santos LD, Antunes KH, Cassão G, Gonçalves JI, Abbadi BL, Bizarro CV, Basso LA, Machado P, de Souza APD, Porto BN. SARS-CoV-2 immune complex triggers human monocyte necroptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109954. [PMID: 36870284 PMCID: PMC9968621 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the ability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself and SARS-CoV-2-IgG immune complexes to trigger human monocyte necroptosis. SARS-CoV-2 was able to induce monocyte necroptosis dependently of MLKL activation. Necroptosis-associated proteins (RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL) were involved in SARS-CoV-2N1 gene expression in monocytes. SARS-CoV-2 immune complexes promoted monocyte necroptosis in a RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent manner, and Syk tyrosine kinase was necessary for SARS-CoV-2 immune complex-induced monocyte necroptosis, indicating the involvement of Fcγ receptors on necroptosis. Finally, we provide evidence that elevated LDH levels as a marker of lytic cell death are associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Duarte Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Cassão
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Abbadi
- Research Center of Functional and Molecular Biology (CPBMF), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Valim Bizarro
- Research Center of Functional and Molecular Biology (CPBMF), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Basso
- Research Center of Functional and Molecular Biology (CPBMF), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Machado
- Research Center of Functional and Molecular Biology (CPBMF), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Nery Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Korkmaz FT, Traber KE. Innate immune responses in pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36829255 PMCID: PMC9957695 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs are an immunologically unique environment; they are exposed to innumerable pathogens and particulate matter daily. Appropriate clearance of pathogens and response to pollutants is required to prevent overwhelming infection, while preventing tissue damage and maintaining efficient gas exchange. Broadly, the innate immune system is the collection of immediate, intrinsic immune responses to pathogen or tissue injury. In this review, we will examine the innate immune responses of the lung, with a particular focus on their role in pneumonia. We will discuss the anatomic barriers and antimicrobial proteins of the lung, pathogen and injury recognition, and the role of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphocytes) and lung stromal cells in innate immunity. Throughout the review, we will focus on new findings in innate immunity as well as features that are unique to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Significantly Decreased during the Pandemic in Slovakia from 2020 to 2022 Which Was Associated with Decreasing Mortality. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051132. [PMID: 36904131 PMCID: PMC10005285 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to changes in lifestyle, which could influence vitamin D status on a population level. The purpose of our study was to compare 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized because of severe COVID-19 during two waves of the pandemic (2020/21 vs. 2021/22). A total of 101 patients from the 2021/22 wave were compared with 101 sex- and age-matched subjects from the 2020/21 wave. Patients from both groups were hospitalized during the winter season from 1 December to 28 February. Men and women were analyzed together and separately. The mean 25(OH)D concentration increased from 17.8 ± 9.7 ng/mL to 25.2 ± 12.6 ng/mL between waves. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) decreased from 82% to 54%. The prevalence of adequate serum 25(OH)D concentration (>30 ng/mL) increased from 10% to 34% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with a history of vitamin D supplementation increased from 18% to 44% (p < 0.0001). Low serum 25(OH)D concentration was independently associated with mortality after adjusting for age and sex for the whole cohort of patients (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of inadequate vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Slovakia decreased significantly, probably due to a higher rate of vitamin D supplementation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nasrollahi H, Talepoor AG, Saleh Z, Eshkevar Vakili M, Heydarinezhad P, Karami N, Noroozi M, Meri S, Kalantar K. Immune responses in mildly versus critically ill COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077236. [PMID: 36793739 PMCID: PMC9923185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had devastating effects on the global health and economic system. The cellular and molecular mediators of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are critical in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, dysregulated inflammatory responses and imbalanced adaptive immunity may contribute to tissue destruction and pathogenesis of the disease. Important mechanisms in severe forms of COVID-19 include overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, impairment of type I IFN response, overactivation of neutrophils and macrophages, decreased frequencies of DC cells, NK cells and ILCs, complement activation, lymphopenia, Th1 and Treg hypoactivation, Th2 and Th17 hyperactivation, as well as decreased clonal diversity and dysregulated B lymphocyte function. Given the relationship between disease severity and an imbalanced immune system, scientists have been led to manipulate the immune system as a therapeutic approach. For example, anti-cytokine, cell, and IVIG therapies have received attention in the treatment of severe COVID-19. In this review, the role of immunity in the development and progression of COVID-19 is discussed, focusing on molecular and cellular aspects of the immune system in mild vs. severe forms of the disease. Moreover, some immune- based therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 are being investigated. Understanding key processes involved in the disease progression is critical in developing therapeutic agents and optimizing related strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasrollahi
- Radio-Oncology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Saleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eshkevar Vakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paria Heydarinezhad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Noroozi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Diagnostic Center of the Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mohammad MG, Ashmawy NS, Al-Rawi AM, Abu-Qiyas A, Hamoda AM, Hamdy R, Dakalbab S, Arikat S, Salahat D, Madkour M, Soliman SSM. SARS-CoV-2-free residual proteins mediated phenotypic and metabolic changes in peripheral blood monocytic-derived macrophages in support of viral pathogenesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280592. [PMID: 36656874 PMCID: PMC9851515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The large-scale dissemination of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and its serious complications have pledged the scientific research communities to uncover the pathogenesis mechanisms of its etiologic agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods of unveiling such mechanisms are rooted in understanding the viral agent's interactions with the immune system, including its ability to activate macrophages, due to their suggested role in prolonged inflammatory phases and adverse immune responses. The objective of this study is to test the effect of SARS-CoV-2-free proteins on the metabolic and immune responses of macrophages. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 proteins shed during the infection cycle may dynamically induce metabolic and immunologic alterations with an inflammatory impact on the infected host cells. It is imperative to delineate such alterations in the context of macrophages to gain insight into the pathogenesis of these highly infectious viruses and their associated complications and thus, expedite the vaccine and drug therapy advent in combat of viral infections. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with SARS-CoV-2-free proteins at different concentrations. The phenotypic and metabolic alterations in macrophages were investigated and the subsequent metabolic pathways were analyzed. The obtained results indicated that SARS-CoV-2-free proteins induced concentration-dependent alterations in the metabolic and phenotypic profiles of macrophages. Several metabolic pathways were enriched following treatment, including vitamin K, propanoate, and the Warburg effect. These results indicate significant adverse effects driven by residual viral proteins that may hence be considered determinants of viral pathogenesis. These findings provide important insight as to the impact of SARS-CoV-2-free residual proteins on the host cells and suggest a potential new method of management during the infection and prior to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G. Mohammad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Naglaa S. Ashmawy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Rawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ameera Abu-Qiyas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Alshaimaa M. Hamoda
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Salam Dakalbab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Shahad Arikat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Dana Salahat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Ligi D, Lo Sasso B, Henry BM, Ciaccio M, Lippi G, Plebani M, Mannello F. Deciphering the role of monocyte and monocyte distribution width (MDW) in COVID-19: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:960-973. [PMID: 36626568 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by both systemic and organ hyper-thromboinflammation, with a clinical course ranging from mild up-to critical systemic dysfunction and death. In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) the monocyte/macrophage population is deeply involved as both trigger and target, assuming the value of useful diagnostic/prognostic marker of innate cellular immunity. Several studies correlated morphological and immunophenotypic alterations of circulating monocytes with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, concluding that monocyte distribution width (MDW) may retain clinical value in stratifying the risk of disease worsening. Through an electronic search in Medline and Scopus we performed an updated literature review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between increased MDW levels and illness severity in COVID-19 patients, deciphering role(s) and function(s) of monocytes in the harmful network underlining SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that significantly elevated MDW values were frequently present in COVID-19 patients who developed unfavorable clinical outcomes, compounded by a significant association between monocyte anisocytosis and SARS-CoV-2 outcomes. These findings suggest that blood MDW index and its scatter plot could represent useful routine laboratory tools for early identification of patients at higher risk of unfavorable COVID-19 and for monitoring the progression of viral infection, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic efficacy throughout hospitalization. According to this evidence, therapeutic decisions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection could benefit from monitoring MDW value, with administration of drugs limiting thrombo-inflammation due to monocyte hyper-activation in patients with severe/critical COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ligi
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences-DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, BiND, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, BiND, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences-DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Bourgon C, Albin AS, Ando-Grard O, Da Costa B, Domain R, Korkmaz B, Klonjkowski B, Le Poder S, Meunier N. Neutrophils play a major role in the destruction of the olfactory epithelium during SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:616. [PMID: 36460750 PMCID: PMC9734468 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The loss of smell (anosmia) related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19. Olfaction starts in the olfactory epithelium mainly composed of olfactory sensory neurons surrounded by supporting cells called sustentacular cells. It is now clear that the loss of smell is related to the massive infection by SARS-CoV-2 of the sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium leading to its desquamation. However, the molecular mechanism behind the destabilization of the olfactory epithelium is less clear. Using golden Syrian hamsters infected with an early circulating SARS-CoV-2 strain harboring the D614G mutation in the spike protein; we show here that rather than being related to a first wave of apoptosis as proposed in previous studies, the innate immune cells play a major role in the destruction of the olfactory epithelium. We observed that while apoptosis remains at a low level in the damaged area of the infected epithelium, the latter is invaded by Iba1+ cells, neutrophils and macrophages. By depleting the neutrophil population or blocking the activity of neutrophil elastase-like proteinases, we could reduce the damage induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Surprisingly, the impairment of neutrophil activity led to a decrease in SARS-CoV-2 infection levels in the olfactory epithelium. Our results indicate a counterproductive role of neutrophils leading to the release of infected cells in the lumen of the nasal cavity and thereby enhanced spreading of the virus in the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bourgon
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Audrey St Albin
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ophélie Ando-Grard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRAE-ENVA-ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94704, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRAE-ENVA-ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94704, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Rahmel T, Kraft F, Haberl H, Achtzehn U, Brandenburger T, Neb H, Jarczak D, Dietrich M, Magunia H, Zimmer F, Basten J, Landgraf C, Koch T, Zacharowski K, Weigand MA, Rosenberger P, Ullrich R, Meybohm P, Nierhaus A, Kindgen-Milles D, Timmesfeld N, Adamzik M. Intravenous IgM-enriched immunoglobulins in critical COVID-19: a multicentre propensity-weighted cohort study. Crit Care 2022; 26:204. [PMID: 35799196 PMCID: PMC9260992 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A profound inflammation-mediated lung injury with long-term acute respiratory distress and high mortality is one of the major complications of critical COVID-19. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-enriched immunoglobulins seem especially capable of mitigating the inflicted inflammatory harm. However, the efficacy of intravenous IgM-enriched preparations in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is largely unclear. Methods In this retrospective multicentric cohort study, 316 patients with laboratory-confirmed critical COVID-19 were treated in ten German and Austrian ICUs between May 2020 and April 2021. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Analysis was performed by Cox regression models. Covariate adjustment was performed by propensity score weighting using machine learning-based SuperLearner to overcome the selection bias due to missing randomization. In addition, a subgroup analysis focusing on different treatment regimens and patient characteristics was performed. Results Of the 316 ICU patients, 146 received IgM-enriched immunoglobulins and 170 cases did not, which served as controls. There was no survival difference between the two groups in terms of mortality at 30 days in the overall cohort (HRadj: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.25; p = 0.374). An improved 30-day survival in patients without mechanical ventilation at the time of the immunoglobulin treatment did not reach statistical significance (HRadj: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.05 to 1.08; p = 0.063). Also, no statistically significant difference was observed in the subgroup when a daily dose of ≥ 15 g and a duration of ≥ 3 days of IgM-enriched immunoglobulins were applied (HRadj: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.03; p = 0.068). Conclusions Although we cannot prove a statistically reliable effect of intravenous IgM-enriched immunoglobulins, the confidence intervals may suggest a clinically relevant effect in certain subgroups. Here, an early administration (i.e. in critically ill but not yet mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients) and a dose of ≥ 15 g for at least 3 days may confer beneficial effects without concerning safety issues. However, these findings need to be validated in upcoming randomized clinical trials. Trial registrationDRKS00025794, German Clinical Trials Register, https://www.drks.de. Registered 6 July 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04059-0.
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Furci F, Murdaca G, Allegra A, Gammeri L, Senna G, Gangemi S. IL-33 and the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: From a Potential Immunological Relationship towards Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314532. [PMID: 36498859 PMCID: PMC9740753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has represented, and still represents, a real challenge from a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. During acute infection, the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in the pathology of disease and the development of SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory disease syndrome, the life-threatening form of this infection, are correlated with patient survival and disease severity. IL-33, a key cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs, can increase airway inflammation, mucus secretion and Th2 cytokine synthesis in the lungs, following respiratory infections. Similar to cases of exposure to known respiratory virus infections, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces the expression of IL-33, correlating with T-cell activation and lung disease severity. In this work, we analyse current evidence regarding the immunological role of IL-33 in patients affected by COVID-19, to evaluate not only the clinical impact correlated to its production but also to identify possible future immunological therapies that can block the most expressed inflammatory molecules, preventing worsening of the disease and saving patient lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Furci
- Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, University of Verona and Verona University Hospital, 37124 Verona, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Gammeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Gianenrico Senna
- Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, University of Verona and Verona University Hospital, 37124 Verona, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Verona University Hospital, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Hamon R, Ween MP. E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14955. [PMID: 36429673 PMCID: PMC9691196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infects via the respiratory system, but it can affect multiple systems and lead to multi system failure. There is growing evidence that smoking may be associated with higher rates of COVID-19 infections and worse outcomes due to increased levels of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells, but it is unknown whether E-cigarette use may lead to increased risk of COVID-19 infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, healthy donor bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or nicotine or flavoured E-cigarette vapour extract (EVE) before the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 recognition receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes. MDMs exposed to CSE and Tobacco EVE showed increased ACE2 expression; however, no treatment altered the TMPRSS2 expression. ACE2 was found to be upregulated by >2-fold in NHBE cells exposed to CSE, as well as nicotine, banana, or chocolate EVE, while TMPRSS2 was only upregulated by CSE or nicotine EVE exposure. These findings suggesting that flavourings can increase ACE2 expression in multiple cell types, while TMPRSS2 expression increases are limited to the epithelial cells in airways and may be limited to nicotine and/or cigarette smoke exposure. Therefore, increased risk of COVID-19 infection cannot be ruled out for vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Hamon
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Miranda P. Ween
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Sun X, Gao C, Zhao K, Yang Y, Rassadkina Y, Fajnzylber J, Regan J, Li JZ, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Immune-profiling of SARS-CoV-2 viremic patients reveals dysregulated innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984553. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 plasma viremia has been associated with severe disease and death in COVID-19. However, the effects of viremia on immune responses in blood cells remain unclear. The current study comprehensively examined transcriptional signatures of PBMCs involving T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) respectively, from three different groups including individuals with moderate (nM), or severe disease with (vS) or without (nS) detectable plasma viral load. Whole transcriptome analysis demonstrated that all seven immune cell subsets were associated with disease severity regardless of cell type. Supervised clustering analysis demonstrated that mDCs and pDCs gene signatures could distinguish disease severity. Notably, transcriptional signatures of the vS group were enriched in pathways related to DNA repair, E2F targets, and G2M checkpoints; in contrast, transcriptional signatures of the nM group were enriched in interferon responses. Moreover, we observed an impaired induction of interferon responses accompanied by imbalanced cell-intrinsic immune sensing and an excessive inflammatory response in patients with severe disease (nS and vS). In sum, our study provides detailed insights into the systemic immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and reveals profound alterations in seven major immune cells in COVID-19 patients.
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Barreto-Duran E, Szczepański A, Gałuszka-Bulaga A, Surmiak M, Siedlar M, Sanak M, Rajfur Z, Milewska A, Lenart M, Pyrć K. The interplay between the airway epithelium and tissue macrophages during the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991991. [PMID: 36275746 PMCID: PMC9582145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first line of antiviral immune response in the lungs is secured by the innate immunity. Several cell types take part in this process, but airway macrophages (AMs) are among the most relevant ones. The AMs can phagocyte infected cells and activate the immune response through antigen presentation and cytokine release. However, the precise role of macrophages in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is still largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of AMs during the SARS-CoV-2 infection using a co-culture of fully differentiated primary human airway epithelium (HAE) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). Our results confirmed abortive SARS-CoV-2 infection in hMDMs, and their inability to transfer the virus to epithelial cells. However, we demonstrated a striking delay in viral replication in the HAEs when hMDMs were added apically after the epithelial infection, but not when added before the inoculation or on the basolateral side of the culture. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 inhibition by hMDMs seems to be driven by cell-to-cell contact and not by cytokine production. Together, our results show, for the first time, that the recruitment of macrophages may play an important role during the SARS-CoV-2 infection, limiting the virus replication and its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepański
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gałuszka-Bulaga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Astronomy and Applied Computer Sciences, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Milewska
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Lenart
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Krzysztof Pyrć, ; Marzena Lenart,
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Krzysztof Pyrć, ; Marzena Lenart,
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Krysko O, Bourne JH, Kondakova E, Galova EA, Whitworth K, Newby ML, Bachert C, Hill H, Crispin M, Stamataki Z, Cunningham AF, Pugh M, Khan AO, Rayes J, Vedunova M, Krysko DV, Brill A. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high numbers of alveolar mast cells and their degranulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968981. [PMID: 36225927 PMCID: PMC9548604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The systemic inflammatory response post-SARS-CoV-2 infection increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production, multi-organ damage, and mortality rates. Mast cells (MC) modulate thrombo-inflammatory disease progression (e.g., deep vein thrombosis) and the inflammatory response post-infection. Objective To enhance our understanding of the contribution of MC and their proteases in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of the disease, which might help to identify novel therapeutic targets. Methods MC proteases chymase (CMA1), carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), and tryptase beta 2 (TPSB2), as well as cytokine levels, were measured in the serum of 60 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (30 moderate and 30 severe; severity of the disease assessed by chest CT) and 17 healthy controls by ELISA. MC number and degranulation were quantified by immunofluorescent staining for tryptase in lung autopsies of patients deceased from either SARS-CoV-2 infection or unrelated reasons (control). Immortalized human FcεR1+c-Kit+ LUVA MC were infected with SARS-CoV-2, or treated with its viral proteins, to assess direct MC activation by flow cytometry. Results The levels of all three proteases were increased in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and strongly correlated with clinical severity. The density of degranulated MC in COVID-19 lung autopsies was increased compared to control lungs. The total number of released granules and the number of granules per each MC were elevated and positively correlated with von Willebrand factor levels in the lung. SARS-CoV-2 or its viral proteins spike and nucleocapsid did not induce activation or degranulation of LUVA MC in vitro. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is strongly associated with activation of MC, which likely occurs indirectly, driven by the inflammatory response. The results suggest that plasma MC protease levels could predict the disease course, and that severe COVID-19 patients might benefit from including MC-stabilizing drugs in the treatment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joshua H. Bourne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Kondakova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Basic and Medical Genetics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena A. Galova
- University Clinic of Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Katharine Whitworth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maddy L. Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Harriet Hill
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Pugh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah O. Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Basic and Medical Genetics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Basic and Medical Genetics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Wang M, Chang W, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Pyroptotic cell death in SARS-CoV-2 infection: revealing its roles during the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5827-5848. [PMID: 36263178 PMCID: PMC9576507 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.77561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), remains a global public health emergency. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 can induce aberrant and excessive immune responses, leading to cytokine storm syndrome, autoimmunity, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and dysfunction of monocytes and macrophages. Pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death, acts as a host defense mechanism against infections. Pyroptosis deprives the replicative niche of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the lysis of infected cells and exposing the virus to extracellular immune attack. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to hijack this cell death mode for its own survival, propagation and shedding. SARS-CoV-2-encoded viral products act to modulate various key components in the pyroptosis pathways, including inflammasomes, caspases and gasdermins. SARS-CoV-2-induced pyroptosis contriubtes to the development of COVID-19-associated immunopathologies through leakage of intracellular contents, disruption of immune system homeostasis or exacerbation of inflammation. Therefore, pyroptosis has emerged as an important mechanism involved in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. However, the entangled links between pyroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis lack systematic clarification. In this review, we briefly summarize the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-related immunopathologies. Moreover, we present an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pyroptosis and highlight recent research advances in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the implication of the pyroptosis pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis, which will provide informative inspirations and new directions for further investigation and clinical practice. Finally, we discuss the potential value of pyroptosis as a therapeutic target in COVID-19. An in-depth discussion of the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis will be conducive to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the exploration of effective treatment measures aimed at conquering SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Man Wang, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China. Tel.: +86-532-82991791; E-mail address:
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Méndez-García LA, Escobedo G, Minguer-Uribe AG, Viurcos-Sanabria R, Aguayo-Guerrero JA, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Solleiro-Villavicencio H. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:977039. [PMID: 36187294 PMCID: PMC9523599 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.977039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which has claimed millions of lives. This virus can infect various cells and tissues, including the brain, for which numerous neurological symptoms have been reported, ranging from mild and non-life-threatening (e.g., headaches, anosmia, dysgeusia, and disorientation) to severe and life-threatening symptoms (e.g., meningitis, ischemic stroke, and cerebral thrombosis). The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme that belongs to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS is an endocrine system that has been classically associated with regulating blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance; however, it is also involved in promoting inflammation, proliferation, fibrogenesis, and lipogenesis. Two pathways constitute the RAS with counter-balancing effects, which is the key to its regulation. The first axis (classical) is composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) as the main effector, which -when activated- increases the production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, sympathetic nervous system tone, blood pressure, vasoconstriction, fibrosis, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Both systemic and local classical RAS' within the brain are associated with cognitive impairment, cell death, and inflammation. The second axis (non-classical or alternative) includes ACE2, which converts Ang II to Ang-(1-7), a peptide molecule that activates Mas receptor (MasR) in charge of opposing Ang II/AT1R actions. Thus, the alternative RAS axis enhances cognition, synaptic remodeling, cell survival, cell signal transmission, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the brain. In a physiological state, both RAS axes remain balanced. However, some factors can dysregulate systemic and local RAS arms. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 causes the internalization and degradation of this enzyme, reducing its activity, and disrupting the balance of systemic and local RAS, which partially explain the appearance of some of the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the role of RAS in the development of the neurological effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we will discuss the RAS-molecular targets that could be used for therapeutic purposes to treat the short and long-term neurological COVID-19-related sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía A. Méndez-García
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan Gerardo Minguer-Uribe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Cellular Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Viurcos-Sanabria
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A. Aguayo-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz
- Research Directorate, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga,”Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, Mexico
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Singh B, Singh S, Bhatia JK, Kapoor R, Bhatia K. Role of Matrix Degradation, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation & Trace Elements in COVID-19 Patients: A Multivariate Study from India. Indian J Clin Biochem 2022; 38:193-203. [PMID: 36090302 PMCID: PMC9446610 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship between matrix degradation, oxidative stress, inflammation and trace elements can be speculated in COVID-19. The objective of the study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, inflammation and matrix degradation markers and trace elements in COVID-19 positive patients. A group of confirmed severe COVID-19 positive patients (n = 30) along with COVID-19 negative patients (n = 30) with similar symptoms were included. Both group of patients were assessed for oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)s and their inhibitors along with trace elements in blood. All the data were subjected to univariate as well as multivariate analysis including PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA. Diagnostic accuracy was tested by ROC curve analysis. Further relationship with Neutrophil/ lymphocyte (N/L) ratio was established if any. Increased oxidative stress, inflammation and matrix degradation is evidenced by significant rise in oxidative markers, inflammatory cytokines and MMP9/TIMP-1 ratio. Decreased Cu/Zn ratio is also observed in COVID-19 positive patients. Multivariate analysis identified SOD, Cu/Zn ratio, IL-6 and TOS, as effective discriminant among the two groups of patients. Further, accuracy was confirmed by ROC curves. Neutrophil/ lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, shows significant negative association with SOD (r= -0.75, p < 0.005) and Cu/Zn ratio (r = -0.88, p < 0.005). These data suggest the attributes of these biomarkers in disease severity. The potential use of these blood-based laboratory markers in disease prognosis seems promising and warrants further attention. Given by the symptoms and severity of the disease, it will be promising to monitor Cu/Zn ratio along with other prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Singh
- Department of Lab Sciences, Command Hospital (EC), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Smiti Singh
- School of Public health, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - J K Bhatia
- Department of Lab Sciences, Command Hospital (EC), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Rajan Kapoor
- Department of Lab Sciences, Command Hospital (EC), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Kapil Bhatia
- Department of Lab Sciences, Command Hospital (EC), Kolkata, West Bengal India
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Yi J, Miao J, Zuo Q, Owusu F, Dong Q, Lin P, Wang Q, Gao R, Kong X, Yang L. COVID-19 pandemic: A multidisciplinary perspective on the pathogenesis of a novel coronavirus from infection, immunity and pathological responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978619. [PMID: 36091053 PMCID: PMC9459044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread to more than 200 countries and regions, having a huge impact on human health, hygiene, and economic activities. The epidemiological and clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 have increased since the onset of the epidemic era, and studies into its pathogenic mechanisms have played an essential role in clinical treatment, drug development, and prognosis prevention. This paper reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), focusing on the pathogenic characteristics, loci of action, and pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune response malfunction of SARS-CoV-2, as well as summarizing the pathological damage and pathological manifestations it causes. This will update researchers on the latest SARS-CoV-2 research and provide directions for future therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiameng Miao
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwei Zuo
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Felix Owusu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiutong Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peizhe Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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45
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Excessive neutrophil recruitment promotes typical T-helper 17 responses in Coronavirus disease 2019 patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273186. [PMID: 35980979 PMCID: PMC9387804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a recently identified virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease is a pandemic. Although the hallmarks of severe COVID-19 have been established, the underlying mechanisms that promote severe pathology have not been thoroughly studied. A better understanding of the immune response in severe COVID-19 patients may help guide the development of therapeutic strategies and predict immuno-pathogenicity. This study was set to determine the lymphocyte and cytokine profiles associated with COVID-19 severity. A total of 43 hospitalised COVID-19 patients were recruited for the study and whole blood samples were drawn from each patient. Complete blood counts, lymphocyte subset profiles and C-reactive protein statuses of patients were determined. Cytometric bead array was performed to analyse the cytokine profiles of each patient. The demographic characteristics showed that the median age of the patients was 48.72 years, with an interquartile range from 40 to 60 years, and 69.77% of the patients were male. COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly low CD4+ lymphocyte expansion and leucocytosis augmented by elevated neutrophil and immature granulocytes. Stratification analysis revealed that reduced monocytes and elevated basophils and immature granulocytes are implicated in severe pathology. Additionally, cytokine results were noted to have significant incidences of interleukin 17A (IL-17A) expression associated with severe disease. Results from this study suggest that a systemic neutrophilic environment may preferentially skew CD4+ lymphocytes towards T-helper 17 and IL-17A promotion, thus, aggravating inflammation. Consequently, results from this study suggest broad activity immunomodulation and targeting neutrophils and blocking IL-17 production as therapeutic strategies against severe COVID-19.
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Targeting autophagy regulation in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation in COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2022; 244:109093. [PMID: 35944881 PMCID: PMC9356669 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging evidence indicates that the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated, which results in a cytokine storm at the late stage of COVID-19. Autophagy regulation is involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at the early stage and the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation at the late stage of COVID-19. Here, we discuss the autophagy regulation at different stages of COVID-19. Specifically, we highlight the therapeutic potential of autophagy activators in COVID-19 by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby avoiding the cytokine storm. We hope this review provides enlightenment for the use of autophagy activators targeting the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome, specifically the combinational therapy of autophagy modulators with the inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, antiviral drugs, or anti-inflammatory drugs in the fight against COVID-19.
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Li L, Xu W, Luo Y, Lao C, Tong X, Du J, Huang B, Li D, Chen J, Ye H, Cong F, Guo X, Li J. Aloe polymeric acemannan inhibits the cytokine storm in mouse pneumonia models by modulating macrophage metabolism. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Evidence for Monocyte Reprogramming in a Long-Term Postsepsis Study. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0734. [PMID: 35928539 PMCID: PMC9345639 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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49
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Yang T, Huang H, Jiang L, Li J. Overview of the immunological mechanism underlying severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:118. [PMID: 35856413 PMCID: PMC9333902 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has been acknowledged as an emerging infectious disease that is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). The main clinical features of SFTS on presentation include fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia and gastrointestinal symptoms. The mortality rate is estimated to range between 5-30% in East Asia. However, SFTSV infection is increasing on an annual basis globally and is becoming a public health problem. The transmission cycle of SFTSV remains poorly understood, which is compounded by the pathogenesis of SFTS not being fully elucidated. Since the mechanism underlying the host immune response towards SFTSV is also unclear, there are no effective vaccines or specific therapeutic agents against SFTS, with supportive care being the only realistic option. Therefore, it is now crucial to understand all aspects of the host-virus interaction following SFTSV infection, including the antiviral states and viral evasion mechanisms. In the present review, recent research progress into the possible host immune responses against SFTSV was summarized, which may be useful in designing novel therapeutics against SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Huaying Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Longfeng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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50
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Solopov PA, Colunga Biancatelli RML, Catravas JD. Alcohol Increases Lung Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Exacerbates Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein Subunit 1-Induced Acute Lung Injury in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:990-1000. [PMID: 35483427 PMCID: PMC9040477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, alcohol consumption increased markedly. Nearly one in four adults reported drinking more alcohol to cope with stress. Chronic alcohol abuse is now recognized as a factor complicating the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome and increasing mortality. To investigate the mechanisms behind this interaction, a combined acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic alcohol abuse mouse model was developed by intratracheally instilling the subunit 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1SP) in K18–human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice that express the human ACE2 receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and were kept on an ethanol diet. Seventy-two hours after S1SP instillation, mice on an ethanol diet showed a strong decrease in body weight, a dramatic increase in white blood cell content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and an augmented cytokine storm, compared with S1SP-treated mice on a control diet. Histologic examination of lung tissue showed abnormal recruitment of immune cells in the alveolar space, abnormal parenchymal architecture, and worsening Ashcroft score in S1SP- and alcohol-treated animals. Along with the activation of proinflammatory biomarkers [NF-κB, STAT3, NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome], lung tissue homogenates from mice on an alcohol diet showed overexpression of ACE2 compared with mice on a control diet. This model could be useful for the development of therapeutic approaches against alcohol-exacerbated coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Solopov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.
| | | | - John D Catravas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia; School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
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