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Zaugg J, Albrecht C. Assessment of Placental Sodium-Independent Leucine Uptake and Transfer in Trophoblast Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2728:105-121. [PMID: 38019395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3495-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The placenta maintains the balance between nutrition and growth control of the fetus through selective and regulated supply of macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and critical micronutrients. Perturbations in the balanced supply of nutrients as found in gestational diseases and altered fetal development have been associated with changes in amino acid transport proteins, such as the System L amino acid heterodimeric exchangers LAT1/SLC7A5 and LAT2/SLC7A8. Syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) form the crucial cell layer at the placental barrier coordinating the transfer of essential amino acids such as leucine from the maternal to the fetal circulation. The System L-mediated leucine transport across the placental barrier is a Na+-independent process against a counter-directed gradient, maintained by a tightly regulated interplay between accumulative transporters, exchangers, and facilitators.The two methods described here allow to standardize and characterize the uptake kinetics of leucine in conventionally cultured BeWo cells and the transfer of leucine across the placental cell barrier using a BeWo monolayer in the Transwell® system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zaugg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Zhang Y, Weh KM, Tripp BA, Clarke JL, Howard CL, Sunilkumar S, Howell AB, Kresty LA. Cranberry Proanthocyanidins Mitigate Reflux-Induced Transporter Dysregulation in an Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1697. [PMID: 38139823 PMCID: PMC10747310 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that cranberry proanthocyanidins (C-PACs) inhibit esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) by 83% through reversing reflux-induced bacterial, inflammatory and immune-implicated proteins and genes as well as reducing esophageal bile acids, which drive EAC progression. This study investigated whether C-PACs' mitigation of bile reflux-induced transporter dysregulation mechanistically contributes to EAC prevention. RNA was isolated from water-, C-PAC- and reflux-exposed rat esophagi with and without C-PAC treatment. Differential gene expression was determined by means of RNA sequencing and RT-PCR, followed by protein assessments. The literature, coupled with the publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus dataset GSE26886, was used to assess transporter expression levels in normal and EAC patient biopsies for translational relevance. Significant changes in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters implicated in therapeutic resistance in humans (i.e., Abcb1, Abcb4, Abcc1, Abcc3, Abcc4, Abcc6 and Abcc10) and the transport of drugs, xenobiotics, lipids, and bile were altered in the reflux model with C-PACs' mitigating changes. Additionally, C-PACs restored reflux-induced changes in solute carrier (SLC), aquaporin, proton and cation transporters (i.e., Slc2a1, Slc7a11, Slc9a1, Slco2a1 and Atp6v0c). This research supports the suggestion that transporters merit investigation not only for their roles in metabolism and therapeutic resistance, but as targets for cancer prevention and targeting preventive agents in combination with chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.L.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Katherine M. Weh
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.L.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Bridget A. Tripp
- Bioinformatics Core Research Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, N300 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Clarke
- Department of Statistics and Department of Food Science Technology, Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 253 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Connor L. Howard
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.L.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shruthi Sunilkumar
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.L.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Amy B. Howell
- Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, Rutgers University, 125A Lake Oswego Road, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA;
| | - Laura A. Kresty
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.L.H.); (S.S.)
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3
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The role of branched chain amino acids metabolic disorders in tumorigenesis and progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Impact of Inhibition of Glutamine and Alanine Transport on Cerebellar Glial and Neuronal Metabolism. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091189. [PMID: 36139028 PMCID: PMC9496060 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, or “little brain”, is often overlooked in studies of brain metabolism in favour of the cortex. Despite this, anomalies in cerebellar amino acid homeostasis in a range of disorders have been reported. Amino acid homeostasis is central to metabolism, providing recycling of carbon backbones and ammonia between cell types. Here, we examined the role of cerebellar amino acid transporters in the cycling of glutamine and alanine in guinea pig cerebellar slices by inhibiting amino acid transporters and examining the resultant metabolism of [1-13C]d-glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate by NMR spectroscopy and LCMS. While the lack of specific inhibitors of each transporter makes interpretation difficult, by viewing results from experiments with multiple inhibitors we can draw inferences about the major cell types and transporters involved. In cerebellum, glutamine and alanine transfer is dominated by system A, blockade of which has maximum effect on metabolism, with contributions from System N. Inhibition of neural system A isoform SNAT1 by MeAIB resulted in greatly decreased metabolite pools and reduced net fluxes but showed little effect on fluxes from [1,2-13C]acetate unlike inhibition of SNAT3 and other glutamine transporters by histidine where net fluxes from [1,2-13C]acetate are reduced by ~50%. We interpret the data as further evidence of not one but several glutamate/glutamine exchange pools. The impact of amino acid transport inhibition demonstrates that the cerebellum has tightly coupled cells and that glutamate/glutamine, as well as alanine cycling, play a major role in that part of the brain.
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5
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Xie Y, Cui Z, Wang N, Li P. Research on Potential Network Markers and Signaling Pathways in Type 2 Diabetes Based on Conditional Cell-Specific Network. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071155. [PMID: 35885938 PMCID: PMC9320152 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods concerning type 2 diabetes (T2D) are limited to grouped cells instead of each single cell, and thus the heterogeneity of single cells is erased. Therefore, it is still challenging to study T2D based on a single-cell and network perspective. In this study, we construct a conditional cell-specific network (CCSN) for each single cell for the GSE86469 dataset which is a single-cell transcriptional set from nondiabetic (ND) and T2D human islet samples, and obtain a conditional network degree matrix (CNDM). Since beta cells are the key cells leading to T2D, we search for hub genes in CCSN of beta cells and find that ATP6AP2 is essential for regulation and storage of insulin, and the renin-angiotensin system involving ATP6AP2 is related to most pathological processes leading to diabetic nephropathy. The communication between beta cells and other endocrine cells is performed and three gene pairs with obvious interaction are found. In addition, different expression genes (DEGs) are found based on CNDM and the gene expression matrix (GEM), respectively. Finally, ‘dark’ genes are identified, and enrichment analysis shows that NFATC2 is involved in the VEGF signaling pathway and indirectly affects the production of Prostacyclin (PGI2), which may be a potential biomarker for diabetic nephropathy.
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Molecular mechanism of nutrient uptake in developing embryos of oviparous cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265428. [PMID: 35290397 PMCID: PMC8923501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forms of embryonic nutrition are highly diverse in cartilaginous fishes, which contain oviparity, yolk-sac viviparity and several types of matrotrophic viviparity (histotrophy, oophagy, and placentotrophy). The molecular mechanisms of embryonic nutrition are poorly understood in these animals as few species are capable of reproducing in captivity. Oviparous cartilaginous fishes solely depend on yolk nutrients for their growth and development. In the present study, we compared the contribution to embryonic nutrition of the embryonic intestine with the yolk sac membrane (YSM). RNA-seq analysis was performed on the embryonic intestine and YSM of the oviparous cloudy catshark Scyliorhinus torazame to identify candidate genes involved in nutrient metabolism to further the understanding of nutrient utilization of developing embryos. RNA-seq discovery was subsequently confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis and we identified increases in several amino acid transporter genes (slc3a1, slc6a19, slc3a2, slc7a7) as well as genes involved in lipid absorption (apob and mtp) in the intestine after ‘pre-hatching’, which is a developmental event marked by an early opening of the egg case about 4 months before hatching. Although a reciprocal decrease in the nutritional role of YSM was expected after the intestine became functional, we observed similar increases in gene expression among amino acid transporters, lipid absorption molecules, and lysosomal cathepsins in the extraembryonic YSM in late developmental stages. Ultrastructure of the endodermal cells of YSM showed that yolk granules were incorporated by endocytosis, and the number of granules increased during development. Furthermore, the digestion of yolk granules in the YSM and nutrient transport through the basolateral membrane of the endodermal cells appeared to be enhanced after pre-hatching. These findings suggest that nutrient digestion and absorption is highly activated in both intestine and YSM after pre-hatching in catshark embryos, which supports the rapid growth at late developmental stages.
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Karahoda R, Zaugg J, Fuenzalida B, Kallol S, Moser-Haessig R, Staud F, Albrecht C. Trophoblast Differentiation Affects Crucial Nutritive Functions of Placental Membrane Transporters. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:820286. [PMID: 35273963 PMCID: PMC8901483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.820286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotrophoblasts are progenitor cells that proliferate and fuse to form the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast layer, implicated in placental endocrine and transport functions. While membrane transporters play a critical role in the distribution of nutrients, hormones, and xenobiotics at the maternal-fetal interface, their selectivity to the syncytiotrophoblast layer is poorly characterized. We aimed to evaluate the regulation of placental transporters in response to trophoblast differentiation in vitro. Experiments were carried out in isolated primary human trophoblast cells before and after syncytialization. Gene expression of six molecular markers and thirty membrane transporters was investigated by qPCR analysis. Subsequently, functional expression was evaluated for proteins involved in the transplacental transfer of essential nutrients i.e., cholesterol (ABCA1, ABCG1), glucose (SLC2A1), leucine (SLC3A2, SLC7A5), and iron (transferrin receptor, TfR1). We identified that human chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, endoglin, and cadherin-11 serve as optimal gene markers for the syncytialization process. We showed that trophoblast differentiation was associated with differential gene expression (mostly up-regulation) of several nutrient and drug transporters. Further, we revealed enhanced protein expression and activity of ABCG1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, and TfR1 in syncytialized cells, with ABCA1 and GLUT1 displaying no change. Taken together, these results indicate that the syncytiotrophoblast has a dominant role in transporting essential nutrients cholesterol, leucine, and iron. Nonetheless, we present evidence that the cytotrophoblast cells may also be linked to transport functions that could be critical for the cell fusion processes. Our findings collectively yield new insights into the cellular functions associated with or altered by the trophoblast fusion. Importantly, defective syncytialization could lead to nutrient transfer imbalance, ultimately compromising fetal development and programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas Zaugg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Fuenzalida
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sampada Kallol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Tin A, Schlosser P, Matias-Garcia PR, Thio CHL, Joehanes R, Liu H, Yu Z, Weihs A, Hoppmann A, Grundner-Culemann F, Min JL, Kuhns VLH, Adeyemo AA, Agyemang C, Ärnlöv J, Aziz NA, Baccarelli A, Bochud M, Brenner H, Bressler J, Breteler MMB, Carmeli C, Chaker L, Coresh J, Corre T, Correa A, Cox SR, Delgado GE, Eckardt KU, Ekici AB, Endlich K, Floyd JS, Fraszczyk E, Gao X, Gào X, Gelber AC, Ghanbari M, Ghasemi S, Gieger C, Greenland P, Grove ML, Harris SE, Hemani G, Henneman P, Herder C, Horvath S, Hou L, Hurme MA, Hwang SJ, Kardia SLR, Kasela S, Kleber ME, Koenig W, Kooner JS, Kronenberg F, Kühnel B, Ladd-Acosta C, Lehtimäki T, Lind L, Liu D, Lloyd-Jones DM, Lorkowski S, Lu AT, Marioni RE, März W, McCartney DL, Meeks KAC, Milani L, Mishra PP, Nauck M, Nowak C, Peters A, Prokisch H, Psaty BM, Raitakari OT, Ratliff SM, Reiner AP, Schöttker B, Schwartz J, Sedaghat S, Smith JA, Sotoodehnia N, Stocker HR, Stringhini S, Sundström J, Swenson BR, van Meurs JBJ, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Venema A, Völker U, Winkelmann J, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Zhao W, Zheng Y, Loh M, Snieder H, Waldenberger M, Levy D, Akilesh S, Woodward OM, Susztak K, Teumer A, Köttgen A. Epigenome-wide association study of serum urate reveals insights into urate co-regulation and the SLC2A9 locus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7173. [PMID: 34887389 PMCID: PMC8660809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum urate levels, a complex trait and major risk factor for incident gout, are correlated with cardiometabolic traits via incompletely understood mechanisms. DNA methylation in whole blood captures genetic and environmental influences and is assessed in transethnic meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of serum urate (discovery, n = 12,474, replication, n = 5522). The 100 replicated, epigenome-wide significant (p < 1.1E-7) CpGs explain 11.6% of the serum urate variance. At SLC2A9, the serum urate locus with the largest effect in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), five CpGs are associated with SLC2A9 gene expression. Four CpGs at SLC2A9 have significant causal effects on serum urate levels and/or gout, and two of these partly mediate the effects of urate-associated GWAS variants. In other genes, including SLC7A11 and PHGDH, 17 urate-associated CpGs are associated with conditions defining metabolic syndrome, suggesting that these CpGs may represent a blood DNA methylation signature of cardiometabolic risk factors. This study demonstrates that EWAS can provide new insights into GWAS loci and the correlation of serum urate with other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Tin
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pamela R Matias-Garcia
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Zhi Yu
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antoine Weihs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anselm Hoppmann
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Grundner-Culemann
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Adebowale A Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Family Medicine and Primary Care Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Nasir A Aziz
- Population Health Sciences, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Precision Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian Carmeli
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Population Health Laboratory, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitätErlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Eliza Fraszczyk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xu Gao
- Laboratory of Environmental Precision Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xīn Gào
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Allan C Gelber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sahar Ghasemi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
- Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mikko A Hurme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Christine Ladd-Acosta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Liu
- Population Health Sciences, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Ake T Lu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
- Synlab Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim and Augsburg, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel L McCartney
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Karlijn A C Meeks
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Nowak
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Family Medicine and Primary Care Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Computational Health, Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Scott M Ratliff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Ben Schöttker
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Hannah R Stocker
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenton R Swenson
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Venema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Chair Neurogenetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Loh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Bavaria, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Rossmeislová L, Gojda J, Smolková K. Pancreatic cancer: branched-chain amino acids as putative key metabolic regulators? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1115-1139. [PMID: 34962613 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids utilized in anabolic and catabolic metabolism. While extensively studied in obesity and diabetes, recent evidence suggests an important role for BCAA metabolism in cancer. Elevated plasma levels of BCAA are associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer, namely pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a tumor with one of the highest 1-year mortality rates. The dreadful prognosis for PDAC patients could be attributable also to the early and frequent development of cancer cachexia, a fatal host metabolic reprogramming leading to muscle and adipose wasting. We propose that BCAA dysmetabolism is a unifying component of several pathological conditions, i.e., obesity, insulin resistance, and PDAC. These conditions are mutually dependent since PDAC ranks among cancers tightly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. It is also well-established that PDAC itself can trigger insulin resistance and new-onset diabetes. However, the exact link between BCAA metabolism, development of PDAC, and tissue wasting is still unclear. Although tissue-specific intracellular and systemic metabolism of BCAA is being intensively studied, unresolved questions related to PDAC and cancer cachexia remain, namely, whether elevated circulating BCAA contribute to PDAC etiology, what is the biological background of BCAA elevation, and what is the role of adipose tissue relative to BCAA metabolism during cancer cachexia. To cover those issues, we provide our view on BCAA metabolism at the intracellular, tissue, and whole-body level, with special emphasis on different metabolic links to BCAA intermediates and the role of insulin in substrate handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Rossmeislová
- Department of Pathophysiology, Center for Research On Nutrition, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research On Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gojda
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research On Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Královské Vinohrady University Hospital and Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Smolková
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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10
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The Association between Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Caucasian Women Stratified According to Glycemic Status. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103307. [PMID: 34684308 PMCID: PMC8538048 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the glycemic status-stratified relationships between total serum branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged Caucasian women. The study included 349 women divided into 2 subgroups: a normoglycemic group (NG, n = 184) and a dysglycemic group (DG, n = 165). Blood samples, anthropometric parameters, and blood pressure were measured. HOMA-IR, albumin-corrected calcium (CCa), and fatty liver index (FLI) were calculated. BCAA concentrations were higher in the women with dysglycemia. BCAAs moderately correlated with BMI and FLI in the NG group and with BMI, FLI, total calcium (TCa), CCa, HbA1c, TG/HDL-C, and HDL-C in the DG group. After adjusting for age and BMI, correlations for TCa, CCa, HbA1c, HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C remained significant. The coexistence of increased BCAAs with dysglycemic status was associated with markedly higher concentrations of TCa, CCa, HbA1c, and TG, which were not observed in the DG women with low level of BCAAs. Multiple regression showed that TCa or CCa, age and BCAAs were significantly associated with HbA1c independently of BMI only in the DG group. We conclude that dysglycemia in particular predisposes women to a significant relationship between total BCAAs and circulating calcium and HbA1c, and that these relationships are independent of BMI and may reflect the pathophysiological calcium-dependent mechanisms connecting BCAAs with metabolic disturbances.
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11
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Kanai Y. Amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) as a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107964. [PMID: 34390745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require a massive supply of nutrients, including sugars and amino acids-the upregulation of transporters for each nutrient contributes to meet the demand. Distinct from glucose transporters, amino acid transporters include ones whose expression is specific to cancer cells. For example, LAT1 (SLC7A5) displays protein expression mostly limited to the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The exceptions are the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier, where immunohistochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown LAT1 expression, although their levels are supposed to be lower than those in cancers. The expression of LAT1 has been reported in cancers from various tissue origins, where high LAT1 expression is related to the poor prognosis of patients. LAT1 is essential for cancer cell growth because the pharmacologic inhibition and knockdown/knockout of LAT1 suppress the proliferation of cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. The inhibition of LAT1 suppresses protein synthesis by downregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway and mobilizing the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway in cancer cells. LAT1 is, thus, a candidate molecular target for the diagnosis and therapeutics of cancers. 18F-labeled 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine (FAMT) is used as a LAT1-specific PET probe for cancer detection due to the LAT1 specificity of α-methyl aromatic amino acids. FAMT accumulation is cancer-specific and avoids non-cancer lesions, including inflammation, confirming the cancer-specific expression of LAT1 in humans. Due to the cancer-specific nature, LAT1 can also be used for cancer-specific delivery of anti-tumor agents such as l-para-boronophenylalanine used for boron neutron capture therapy and α-emitting nuclide-labeled LAT1 substrates developed for nuclear medicine treatment. Based on the importance of LAT1 in cancer progression, high-affinity LAT1-specific inhibitors have been developed for anti-tumor drugs. JPH203 (KYT0353) is such a compound designed based on the structure-activity relationship of LAT1 ligands. It is one of the highest-affinity inhibitors with less affecting other transporters. It suppresses tumor growth in vivo without significant toxicity in preclinical studies at doses enough to suppress tumor growth. In the phase-I clinical trial, JPH203 appeared to provide promising activity. Because the mechanisms of action of LAT1 inhibitors are novel, with or without combination with other anti-tumor drugs, they could contribute to the treatment of cancers that do not respond to current therapy. The LAT1-specific PET probe could also be used as companion diagnostics of the LAT1-targeting therapies to select patients to whom therapeutic benefits could be expected. Recently, the cryo-EM structure of LAT1 has been solved, which would facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic interaction of ligands and the binding site, and further designing new compounds with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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12
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Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Superti‐Furga G. A guide to plasma membrane solute carrier proteins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2784-2835. [PMID: 32810346 PMCID: PMC8246967 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to serve as an introduction to the solute carrier proteins (SLC) superfamily of transporter proteins and their roles in human cells. The SLC superfamily currently includes 458 transport proteins in 65 families that carry a wide variety of substances across cellular membranes. While members of this superfamily are found throughout cellular organelles, this review focuses on transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, SLC proteins may be viewed as gatekeepers of the cellular milieu, dynamically responding to different metabolic states. With altered metabolism being one of the hallmarks of cancer, we also briefly review the roles that surface SLC proteins play in the development and progression of cancer through their influence on regulating metabolism and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D. Pizzagalli
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulio Superti‐Furga
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Center for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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13
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Wu H, Su W, Xu H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li X, Fan L. Applications of carbon dots on tumour theranostics. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Wen Su
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yunchao Li
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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14
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Zhang B, Chen Y, Shi X, Zhou M, Bao L, Hatanpaa KJ, Patel T, DeBerardinis RJ, Wang Y, Luo W. Regulation of branched-chain amino acid metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor in glioblastoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:195-206. [PMID: 32088728 PMCID: PMC8112551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate metabolic reprogramming in response to hypoxia. However, the role of HIFs in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism remains unknown. Here we show that hypoxia upregulates mRNA and protein levels of the BCAA transporter LAT1 and the BCAA metabolic enzyme BCAT1, but not their paralogs LAT2-4 and BCAT2, in human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines as well as primary GBM cells. Hypoxia-induced LAT1 protein upregulation is mediated by both HIF-1 and HIF-2 in GBM cells. Although both HIF-1α and HIF-2α directly bind to the hypoxia response element at the first intron of the human BCAT1 gene, HIF-1α is exclusively responsible for hypoxia-induced BCAT1 expression in GBM cells. Knockout of HIF-1α and HIF-2α significantly reduces glutamate labeling from BCAAs in GBM cells under hypoxia, which provides functional evidence for HIF-mediated reprogramming of BCAA metabolism. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of BCAT1 inhibits GBM cell growth under hypoxia. Together, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized HIF-dependent metabolic pathway that increases GBM cell growth under conditions of hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Toral Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Weibo Luo
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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15
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Owaydhah WH, Ashton N, Verrey F, Glazier JD. Differential expression of system L amino acid transporter subtypes in rat placenta and yolk sac. Placenta 2020; 103:188-198. [PMID: 33160252 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amino acid transport across the placenta is crucial for fetal growth. In rodent models, the visceral yolk sac (referred to as yolk sac hereafter) is also likely to contribute to fetal amino acid provision. System L amino acid transporters mediate the transport of essential amino acids. System L activity is mediated by light chains LAT1 (Slc7a5) and LAT2 (Slc7a8) which form functional complexes by heterodimeric linkage to CD98 (Slc3a2). LAT4 (Slc43a2) is monomeric, possessing overlapping amino acid substrate specificity with LAT1 and LAT2. METHODS This study investigates the expression of these LAT subtypes in fetus-matched rat placenta and yolk sac. RESULTS Slc7a5, Slc7a8 and Slc43a2 transcripts were expressed in placenta and yolk sac with similar expression patterns between sexes. LAT1 expression was significantly higher in placenta than yolk sac. Conversely, LAT2 and LAT4 expression was significantly higher in yolk sac than placenta; CD98 expression was comparable. LAT1, LAT2, LAT4 and CD98 were distributed to rat placental labyrinth zone (LZ) and junctional zone (JZ). LAT1 and LAT4 demonstrated higher expression in LZ, whilst LAT2 was more intensely distributed to JZ. LAT1, LAT2, LAT4 and CD98 were expressed in yolk sac, with punctate LAT1 staining to endodermal cell cytoplasm, contrasting with the intense LAT2, LAT4 and CD98 endodermal cell basolateral distribution, accounting for greater LAT2 and LAT4 expression in yolk sac compared to placenta. CONCLUSION LAT1, LAT2 and LAT4 are expressed in rat placenta and yolk sac implicating a combined role for these LAT subtypes in supporting fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wejdan H Owaydhah
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Nick Ashton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn D Glazier
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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16
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Zaugg J, Huang X, Ziegler F, Rubin M, Graff J, Müller J, Moser-Hässig R, Powell T, Gertsch J, Altmann KH, Albrecht C. Small molecule inhibitors provide insights into the relevance of LAT1 and LAT2 in materno-foetal amino acid transport. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12681-12693. [PMID: 33001560 PMCID: PMC7687008 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta supplies the foetus with critical nutrients such as essential amino acids (AA, eg leucine) for development and growth. It also represents a cellular barrier which is formed by a polarized, differentiated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) monolayer. Active Na+‐independent leucine transport across the placenta is mainly attributed to the System L transporters LAT1/SLC7A5 and LAT2/SLC7A8. This study explored the influence of trophoblast differentiation on the activity of LAT1/LAT2 and the relevance of LAT1/LAT2 in leucine uptake and transfer in trophoblasts by applying specific small molecule inhibitors (JPH203/JG336/JX009). L‐leucine uptake (total dose = 167 μmol/L) was sensitive to LAT1‐specific inhibition by JPH203 (EC50 = 2.55 µmol/L). The inhibition efficiency of JPH203 was increased by an additional methoxy group in the JPH203‐derivate JG336 (EC50 = 1.99 µmol/L). Interestingly, JX009 showed efficient System L inhibition (EC50 = 2.35 µmol/L) and was the most potent inhibitor of leucine uptake in trophoblasts. The application of JPH203 and JX009 in Transwell®‐based leucine transfer revealed LAT1 as the major accumulative transporter at the apical membrane, but other System L transporters such as LAT2 as rate‐limiting for leucine efflux across the basal membrane. Therefore, differential specificity of the applied inhibitors allowed for estimation of the contribution of LAT1 and LAT2 in materno‐foetal AA transfer and their potential impact in pregnancy diseases associated with impaired foetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zaugg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Ziegler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rubin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Graff
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Moser-Hässig
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lindenhofgruppe, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Powell
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Section, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Wang Y, Zheng F, Wang Z, Lu J, Zhang H. Circular RNA circ-SLC7A6 acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer through abundantly sponging miR-21. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2235-2246. [PMID: 32794418 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1806449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is currently considered to be a key regulatory molecule in cancer biology. In the present study, we aimed to explore the functional and clinical roles of circ-SLC7A6 (a circRNA derived from SLC7A6 gene) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Circ-SLC7A6 was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues in comparison to para-carcinoma tissues. Low circ-SLC7A6 was closely associated with larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, advanced clinical stage and adverse outcome. Exogenous expression of circ-SLC7A6 evidently inhibited the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells. Further investigations revealed that miR-21 was the direct functional target of circ-SLC7A6, in which circ-SLC7A6 abundantly sponged miR-21 and elevated a cohort of tumor suppressors, thus inhibiting NSCLC progression. Interestingly, QKI, elevated by circ-SLC7A6, could directly bind to the introns flanking circ-SLC7A6 to facilitate circ-SLC7A6 production. Importantly, in vivo xenograft tumor experiments showed that reintroduction of circ-SLC7A6 retarded tumor growth as well as decreased lung metastatic nodules. Overall, our study demonstrates that circ-SLC7A6 is a novel tumor suppressor in NSCLC, targeting circ-SLC7A6/miR-21 axis may be a promising treatment for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fushuang Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zibo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jibin Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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18
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Amino Acids and Developmental Origins of Hypertension. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061763. [PMID: 32545526 PMCID: PMC7353289 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, amino acids are important biomolecules that play essential roles in fetal growth and development. Imbalanced amino acid intake during gestation may produce long-term morphological or functional changes in offspring, for example, developmental programming that increases the risk of developing hypertension in later life. Conversely, supplementation with specific amino acids could reverse the programming processes in early life, which may counteract the rising epidemic of hypertension. This review provides an overview of the evidence supporting the importance of amino acids during pregnancy and fetal development, the impact of amino acids on blood pressure regulation, insight from animal models in which amino acids were used to prevent hypertension of developmental origin, and interactions between amino acids and the common mechanisms underlying development programming of hypertension. A better understanding of the pathophysiological roles of specific amino acids and their interactions in developmental programming of hypertension is essential so that pregnant mothers are able to benefit from accurate amino acid supplementation during pregnancy in order to prevent hypertension development in their children.
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19
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Li S, Su W, Wu H, Yuan T, Yuan C, Liu J, Deng G, Gao X, Chen Z, Bao Y, Yuan F, Zhou S, Tan H, Li Y, Li X, Fan L, Zhu J, Chen AT, Liu F, Zhou Y, Li M, Zhai X, Zhou J. Targeted tumour theranostics in mice via carbon quantum dots structurally mimicking large amino acids. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:704-716. [PMID: 32231314 PMCID: PMC7197249 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for selectively imaging and delivering drugs to tumours typically leverage differentially upregulated surface molecules on cancer cells. Here, we show that intravenously injected carbon quantum dots, functionalized with multiple paired α-carboxyl and amino groups that bind to the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (which is expressed in most tumours), selectively accumulate in human tumour xenografts in mice and in an orthotopic mouse model of human glioma. The functionalized quantum dots, which structurally mimic large amino acids and can be loaded with aromatic drugs through π–π stacking interactions, enabled—in the absence of detectable toxicity—near-infrared fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of the tumours and a reduction in tumour burden after the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to the tumours. The versatility of functionalization and high tumour selectivity of the quantum dots make them broadly suitable for tumour-specific imaging and drug delivery. Intravenously injected functionalized carbon quantum dots that bind to the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 and that structurally mimic large amino acids selectively accumulate in human tumours in mice, facilitating targeted theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Su
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zeming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youmei Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fanglong Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixin Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchao Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratories of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ann T Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fuyao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xingchen Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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21
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Hasbargen KB, Shen WJ, Zhang Y, Hou X, Wang W, Shuo Q, Bernlohr DA, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. Slc43a3 is a regulator of free fatty acid flux. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:734-745. [PMID: 32217606 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes take up long chain FAs through diffusion and protein-mediated transport, whereas FA efflux is considered to occur by diffusion. To identify potential membrane proteins that are involved in regulating FA flux in adipocytes, the expression levels of 55 membrane transporters without known function were screened in subcutaneous adipose samples from obese patients before and after bariatric surgery using branched DNA methodology. Among the 33 solute carrier (SLC) transporter family members screened, the expression of 14 members showed significant changes before and after bariatric surgery. One of them, Slc43a3, increased about 2.5-fold after bariatric surgery. Further investigation demonstrated that Slc43a3 is highly expressed in murine adipose tissue and induced during adipocyte differentiation in primary preadipocytes and in OP9 cells. Knockdown of Slc43a3 with siRNA in differentiated OP9 adipocytes reduced both basal and forskolin-stimulated FA efflux, while also increasing FA uptake and lipid droplet accumulation. In contrast, overexpression of Slc43a3 decreased FA uptake in differentiated OP9 cells and resulted in decreased lipid droplet accumulation. Therefore, Slc43a3 seems to regulate FA flux in adipocytes, functioning as a positive regulator of FA efflux and as a negative regulator of FA uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin B Hasbargen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Biochemistry,Changzhi Medical College, ShanXi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Biochemistry,Changzhi Medical College, ShanXi, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Endocrinology,Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qui Shuo
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism,Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA. mailto:
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22
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Mender I, Batten K, Peyton M, Vemula A, Cornelius C, Girard L, Gao B, Minna JD, Shay JW. SLC43A3 Is a Biomarker of Sensitivity to the Telomeric DNA Damage Mediator 6-Thio-2'-Deoxyguanosine. Cancer Res 2020; 80:929-936. [PMID: 31948943 PMCID: PMC7056593 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane transporters facilitate the passage of nucleobases and nucleosides for nucleotide synthesis and metabolism, and are important for the delivery of nucleoside analogues used in anticancer drug therapy. Here, we investigated if cell membrane transporters are involved in the cellular uptake of the nucleoside analogue DNA damage mediator 6-thio-2'-deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG). A large panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (73 of 77) were sensitive to 6-thio-dG; only four NSCLC lines were resistant to 6-thio-dG. When analyzed by microarray and RNA sequencing, the resistant NSCLC cell lines clustered together, providing a molecular signature for patients that may not respond to 6-thio-dG. Significant downregulation of solute carrier family 43 A3 (SLC43A3), an equilibrative nucleobase transporter, was identified as a candidate in this molecular resistance signature. High levels of SLC43A3 mRNA predicted sensitivity to 6-thio-dG and therefore SLC43A3 could serve as a promising biomarker for 6-thio-dG sensitivity in patients with NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify a biomarker of resistance to the telomeric DNA damage mediator 6-thio-2'-deoxyguanosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgen Mender
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimberly Batten
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aishwarya Vemula
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Crystal Cornelius
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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23
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Amino acid transporters as tetraspanin TM4SF5 binding partners. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:7-14. [PMID: 31956272 PMCID: PMC7000776 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L6 family member 5 (TM4SF5) is a tetraspanin that has four transmembrane domains and can be N-glycosylated and palmitoylated. These posttranslational modifications of TM4SF5 enable homophilic or heterophilic binding to diverse membrane proteins and receptors, including growth factor receptors, integrins, and tetraspanins. As a member of the tetraspanin family, TM4SF5 promotes protein-protein complexes for the spatiotemporal regulation of the expression, stability, binding, and signaling activity of its binding partners. Chronic diseases such as liver diseases involve bidirectional communication between extracellular and intracellular spaces, resulting in immune-related metabolic effects during the development of pathological phenotypes. It has recently been shown that, during the development of fibrosis and cancer, TM4SF5 forms protein-protein complexes with amino acid transporters, which can lead to the regulation of cystine uptake from the extracellular space to the cytosol and arginine export from the lysosomal lumen to the cytosol. Furthermore, using proteomic analyses, we found that diverse amino acid transporters were precipitated with TM4SF5, although these binding partners need to be confirmed by other approaches and in functionally relevant studies. This review discusses the scope of the pathological relevance of TM4SF5 and its binding to certain amino acid transporters.
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24
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Fagundes NS, Milfort MC, Williams SM, Da Costa MJ, Fuller AL, Menten JF, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Dietary methionine level alters growth, digestibility, and gene expression of amino acid transporters in meat-type chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:67-75. [PMID: 32416854 PMCID: PMC7587823 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in nutrients can affect digestibility of amino acids by altering gene expression of amino acid transporters. We investigated digestibility and molecular transporters of essential amino acids in chickens fed a methionine-deficient diet. A total of 40 chicks (23 D old) were randomly assigned to either a control (0.49% methionine) or a deficient (0.28%) diet until 41 D when they were sampled for Pectoralis (P.) major, kidney, ileum, and hypothalamus for mRNA expression analysis. The ileal content was collected for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) analysis. Birds fed the deficient diet had reduced growth and worse feed efficiency compared to control. The AID of methionine was similar between both groups. The AID of other essential amino acids was higher in the deficient group than control. mRNA expression of b0,+ AT and LAT4 were upregulated in the ileum and kidney but LAT1 was downregulated only in kidney of the deficient group compared to control. In the P. major, SNAT1, SNAT2, and CAT1 were upregulated in the deficient group compared to control. A diet deficiency in methionine affects digestibility of essential amino acids and cysteine, but not the digestibility of methionine. The change in digestibility is reflected in the mRNA expression of amino acid transporters across different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara S Fagundes
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie C Milfort
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Susan M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Manuel J Da Costa
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alberta L Fuller
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - José F Menten
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romdhane Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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25
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Ravenhill BJ, Kanjee U, Ahouidi A, Nobre L, Williamson J, Goldberg JM, Antrobus R, Dieye T, Duraisingh MT, Weekes MP. Quantitative comparative analysis of human erythrocyte surface proteins between individuals from two genetically distinct populations. Commun Biol 2019; 2:350. [PMID: 31552303 PMCID: PMC6754445 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) play a critical role in oxygen transport, and are the focus of important diseases including malaria and the haemoglobinopathies. Proteins at the RBC surface can determine susceptibility to disease, however previous studies classifying the RBC proteome have not used specific strategies directed at enriching cell surface proteins. Furthermore, there has been no systematic analysis of variation in abundance of RBC surface proteins between genetically disparate human populations. These questions are important to inform not only basic RBC biology but additionally to identify novel candidate receptors for malarial parasites. Here, we use 'plasma membrane profiling' and tandem mass tag-based mass spectrometry to enrich and quantify primary RBC cell surface proteins from two sets of nine donors from the UK or Senegal. We define a RBC surface proteome and identify potential Plasmodium receptors based on either diminished protein abundance, or increased variation in RBCs from West African individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ambroise Ahouidi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - James Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Jonathan M. Goldberg
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Tandakha Dieye
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
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26
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Sergeeva O, Zhang Y, Kenyon JD, Miller-Atkins GA, Wu C, Iyer R, Sexton S, Wojtylak P, Awadallah A, Xin W, Chan ER, O’Donnel JK, Lee Z. PET imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma with anti-1-amino-3-[ 18F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in comparison with L-[S-methyl- 11C]methionine. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:47. [PMID: 31119488 PMCID: PMC6531569 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE [11C]methionine ([11C]Met) was used for cancer imaging based on upregulated amino acid transport and protein synthesis in different tumor types. However, the short half-life of 11C decay limited further clinical development of [11C]Met. Synthetic amino acid analog anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluoro-cyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid ([18F]FCABC) was developed and FDA-approved for PET imaging of recurrent prostate cancer. This study investigated "repurposed" [18F]FACBC for PET imaging of primary liver cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in comparison with [11C]Met. METHODS [11C]Met was synthesized in the lab, and [18F]FACBC was purchased from a commercial outlet. A clinically relevant animal model of spontaneously developed HCC in the woodchucks was used for PET imaging. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for the expression of amino acid transporters responsible for radiotracer uptake and validated by PCR. Dynamic PET scans of [11C]Met and [18F]FACBC were acquired within 1 week. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated for regions of interest (ROIs) defined over HCC and a liver background region. H&E staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed with harvested tissues post-imaging. RESULTS Higher expression of ACST2 and LAT1 was found in HCC than in the surrounding liver tissues. PCR validated this differential expression. [11C]Met and [18F]FACBC displayed some differences in their uptake and retention in HCC. Both peaked in HCC with an SUV of 3.5 after 10 min post-injection. Met maintained a plateaued contrast uptake in HCC to that in the liver while [18F]FCABC declined in HCC and liver after peak uptake. The pathological assessment revealed the liver tumor as moderately differentiated similar to the human HCC and proliferative. CONCLUSION Both [18F]FACBC and [11C]Met showed uptake in HCC through the use of a clinically relevant animal model of woodchuck HCC. The uptake and retention of [18F]FACBC and [11C]Met depend on their metabolism and also rely on the distribution of their principal amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | | | - Chunying Wu
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Patrick Wojtylak
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - James K. O’Donnel
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
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27
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Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030705. [PMID: 30917546 PMCID: PMC6471562 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is likely to be associated with elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and may precede the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that BCAAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of T2D attributable to NAFLD and determined the extent to which plasma BCAAs influence T2D development in NAFLD. We evaluated cross-sectional associations of NAFLD with fasting plasma BCAAs (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and prospectively determined the extent to which the influence of NAFLD on incident T2D is attributable to BCAA elevations. In the current study, 5791 Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease (PREVEND) cohort participants without T2D at baseline were included. Elevated fatty liver index (FLI) ≥60, an algorithm based on triglycerides, gamma-glutamyltransferase, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, was used as proxy of NAFLD. Elevated FLI ≥ 60 was present in 1671 (28.9%) participants. Cross-sectionally, BCAAs were positively associated with FLI ≥ 60 (β = 0.208, p < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 276 participants developed T2D, of which 194 (70.2%) had an FLI ≥ 60 (log-rank test, p < 0.001). Cox regression analyses revealed that both FLI ≥60 (hazard ratio (HR) 3.46, 95% CI 2.45⁻4.87, p < 0.001) and higher BCAA levels (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03⁻1.37, p = 0.01) were positively associated with incident T2D. Mediation analysis showed that the association of FLI with incident T2D was in part attributable to elevated BCAAs (proportion mediated 19.6%). In conclusion, both elevated FLI and elevated plasma BCAA levels are associated with risk of incident T2D. The association of NAFLD with T2D development seems partly mediated by elevated BCAAs.
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Ruel NM, Nguyen KH, Vilas G, Hammond JR. Characterization of 6-Mercaptopurine Transport by the SLC43A3-Encoded Nucleobase Transporter. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:584-596. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Yue M, Jiang J, Gao P, Liu H, Qing G. Oncogenic MYC Activates a Feedforward Regulatory Loop Promoting Essential Amino Acid Metabolism and Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3819-3832. [PMID: 29281830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumor cells exhibit obligatory demands for essential amino acids (EAAs), but the regulatory mechanisms whereby tumor cells take up EAAs and EAAs promote malignant transformation remain to be determined. Here, we show that oncogenic MYC, solute carrier family (SLC) 7 member 5 (SLC7A5), and SLC43A1 constitute a feedforward activation loop to promote EAA transport and tumorigenesis. MYC selectively activates Slc7a5 and Slc43a1 transcription through direct binding to specific E box elements within both genes, enabling effective EAA import. Elevated EAAs, in turn, stimulate Myc mRNA translation, in part through attenuation of the GCN2-eIF2α-ATF4 amino acid stress response pathway, leading to MYC-dependent transcriptional amplification. SLC7A5/SLC43A1 depletion inhibits MYC expression, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These findings thus reveal a MYC-SLC7A5/SLC43A1 signaling circuit that underlies EAA metabolism, MYC deregulation, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Jue Jiang
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Affiliated Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116031, China
| | - Hudan Liu
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guoliang Qing
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Parker KER, Fairweather SJ, Rajendran E, Blume M, McConville MJ, Bröer S, Kirk K, van Dooren GG. The tyrosine transporter of Toxoplasma gondii is a member of the newly defined apicomplexan amino acid transporter (ApiAT) family. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007577. [PMID: 30742695 PMCID: PMC6386423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are auxotrophic for a range of amino acids which must be salvaged from their host cells, either through direct uptake or degradation of host proteins. Here, we describe a family of plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters, termed the Apicomplexan Amino acid Transporters (ApiATs), that are ubiquitous in apicomplexan parasites. Functional characterization of the ApiATs of Toxoplasma gondii indicate that several of these transporters are important for intracellular growth of the tachyzoite stage of the parasite, which is responsible for acute infections. We demonstrate that the ApiAT protein TgApiAT5-3 is an exchanger for aromatic and large neutral amino acids, with particular importance for L-tyrosine scavenging and amino acid homeostasis, and that TgApiAT5-3 is critical for parasite virulence. Our data indicate that T. gondii expresses additional proteins involved in the uptake of aromatic amino acids, and we present a model for the uptake and homeostasis of these amino acids. Our findings identify a family of amino acid transporters in apicomplexans, and highlight the importance of amino acid scavenging for the biology of this important phylum of intracellular parasites. The Apicomplexa comprise a large number of parasitic protozoa that have obligate intracellular lifestyles and cause significant human and animal diseases, including malaria, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, coccidiosis in poultry, and various cattle fevers. Apicomplexans must scavenge essential nutrients from their hosts in order to proliferate and cause disease, including a range of amino acids. The direct uptake of these nutrients is presumed to be mediated by transporter proteins located in the plasma membrane of intracellular stages, although the identities of these proteins are poorly defined. Using a combination of bioinformatic, genetic, cell biological, and physiological approaches, we have characterized an apicomplexan-specific family of plasma membrane-localized transporter proteins that we have called the Apicomplexan Amino acid Transporters (ApiATs). We show that TgApiAT5-3, a member of the family in the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii, is an exchanger for aromatic and large neutral amino acids. In particular, it is critical for uptake of tyrosine, and for parasite virulence in a mouse infection model. We conclude that ApiATs are a family of plasma membrane transporters that play crucial roles in amino acid scavenging by apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. R. Parker
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Esther Rajendran
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martin Blume
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail: (GGVD); (KK); (SB)
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail: (GGVD); (KK); (SB)
| | - Giel G. van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail: (GGVD); (KK); (SB)
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Cleal JK, Lofthouse EM, Sengers BG, Lewis RM. A systems perspective on placental amino acid transport. J Physiol 2018; 596:5511-5522. [PMID: 29984402 PMCID: PMC6265537 DOI: 10.1113/jp274883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental amino acid transfer is a complex process that is essential for fetal development. Impaired amino acid transfer causes fetal growth restriction, which may have lifelong health consequences. Transepithelial transfer of amino acids across the placental syncytiotrophoblast requires accumulative, exchange and facilitated transporters on the apical and basal membranes to work in concert. However, transporters alone do not determine amino acid transfer and factors that affect substrate availability, such as blood flow and metabolism, may also become rate-limiting for transfer. In order to determine the rate-limiting processes, it is necessary to take a systems approach which recognises the interdependence of these processes. New technologies have the potential to deliver targeted interventions to the placenta and help poorly growing fetuses. While many factors are necessary for amino acid transfer, novel therapies need to target the rate-limiting factors if they are going to be effective. This review will outline the factors which determine amino acid transfer and describe how they become interdependent. It will also highlight the role of computational modelling as a tool to understand this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K. Cleal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Emma M. Lofthouse
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Bram G. Sengers
- Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Faculty of Engineering and the EnvironmentUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Rohan M. Lewis
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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32
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Pastor-Anglada M, Urtasun N, Pérez-Torras S. Intestinal Nucleoside Transporters: Function, Expression, and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1003-1017. [PMID: 29978890 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the absorptive organ for nutrients found in foods after digestion. Nucleosides and, to a lesser extent nucleobases, are the late products of nucleoprotein digestion. These metabolites are absorbed by nucleoside (and nucleobase) transporter (NT) proteins. NTs are differentially distributed along the gastrointestinal tract showing also polarized expression in epithelial cells. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are mainly located at the apical side of enterocytes, whereas equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the basolateral efflux of nucleosides and nucleobases to the bloodstream. Moreover, selected nucleotides and the bioactive nucleoside adenosine act directly on intestinal cells modulating purinergic signaling. NT-polarized insertion is tightly regulated. However, not much is known about the modulation of intestinal NT function in humans, probably due to the lack of appropriate cell models retaining CNT functional expression. Thus, the possibility of nutritional regulation of intestinal NTs has been addressed using animal models. Besides the nutrition-related role of NT proteins, orally administered drugs also need to cross the intestinal barrier, this event being a major determinant of drug bioavailability. In this regard, NT proteins might also play a role in pharmacology, thereby allowing the absorption of nucleoside- and nucleobase-derived drugs. The relative broad selectivity of these membrane transporters also suggests clinically relevant drug-drug interactions when using combined therapies. This review focuses on all these physiological and pharmacological aspects of NT protein biology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1003-1017, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Urtasun
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Bai X, Moraes TF, Reithmeier RAF. Structural biology of solute carrier (SLC) membrane transport proteins. Mol Membr Biol 2018; 34:1-32. [PMID: 29651895 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2018.1448123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The human solute carriers (SLCs) comprise over 400 different transporters, organized into 65 families ( http://slc.bioparadigms.org/ ) based on their sequence homology and transport function. SLCs are responsible for transporting extraordinarily diverse solutes across biological membranes, including inorganic ions, amino acids, lipids, sugars, neurotransmitters and drugs. Most of these membrane proteins function as coupled symporters (co-transporters) utilizing downhill ion (H+ or Na+) gradients as the driving force for the transport of substrate against its concentration gradient into cells. Other members work as antiporters (exchangers) that typically contain a single substrate-binding site with an alternating access mode of transport, while a few members exhibit channel-like properties. Dysfunction of SLCs is correlated with numerous human diseases and therefore they are potential therapeutic drug targets. In this review, we identified all of the SLC crystal structures that have been determined, most of which are from prokaryotic species. We further sorted all the SLC structures into four main groups with different protein folds and further discuss the well-characterized MFS (major facilitator superfamily) and LeuT (leucine transporter) folds. This review provides a systematic analysis of the structure, molecular basis of substrate recognition and mechanism of action in different SLC family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bai
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Trevor F Moraes
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Blazejewski SM, Bennison SA, Smith TH, Toyo-Oka K. Neurodevelopmental Genetic Diseases Associated With Microdeletions and Microduplications of Chromosome 17p13.3. Front Genet 2018; 9:80. [PMID: 29628935 PMCID: PMC5876250 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 17p13.3 is a region of genomic instability that is linked to different rare neurodevelopmental genetic diseases, depending on whether a deletion or duplication of the region has occurred. Chromosome microdeletions within 17p13.3 can result in either isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS) or Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). Both conditions are associated with a smooth cerebral cortex, or lissencephaly, which leads to developmental delay, intellectual disability, and seizures. However, patients with MDS have larger deletions than patients with ILS, resulting in additional symptoms such as poor muscle tone, congenital anomalies, abnormal spasticity, and craniofacial dysmorphisms. In contrast to microdeletions in 17p13.3, recent studies have attracted considerable attention to a condition known as a 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome. Depending on the genes involved in their microduplication, patients with 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome may be categorized into either class I or class II. Individuals in class I have microduplications of the YWHAE gene encoding 14-3-3ε, as well as other genes in the region. However, the PAFAH1B1 gene encoding LIS1 is never duplicated in these patients. Class I microduplications generally result in learning disabilities, autism, and developmental delays, among other disorders. Individuals in class II always have microduplications of the PAFAH1B1 gene, which may include YWHAE and other genetic microduplications. Class II microduplications generally result in smaller body size, developmental delays, microcephaly, and other brain malformations. Here, we review the phenotypes associated with copy number variations (CNVs) of chromosome 17p13.3 and detail their developmental connection to particular microdeletions or microduplications. We also focus on existing single and double knockout mouse models that have been used to study human phenotypes, since the highly limited number of patients makes a study of these conditions difficult in humans. These models are also crucial for the study of brain development at a mechanistic level since this cannot be accomplished in humans. Finally, we emphasize the usefulness of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and next generation sequencing in the study of neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Blazejewski
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah A Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Trevor H Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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35
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Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and organisms. Biochem J 2017; 474:1935-1963. [PMID: 28546457 PMCID: PMC5444488 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells have a constant turnover of proteins that recycle most amino acids over time. Net loss is mainly due to amino acid oxidation. Homeostasis is achieved through exchange of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids and the transfer of amino groups from oxidised amino acids to amino acid biosynthesis. This homeostatic condition is maintained through an active mTORC1 complex. Under amino acid depletion, mTORC1 is inactivated. This increases the breakdown of cellular proteins through autophagy and reduces protein biosynthesis. The general control non-derepressable 2/ATF4 pathway may be activated in addition, resulting in transcription of genes involved in amino acid transport and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolism is autoregulated to minimise oxidation of amino acids. Systemic amino acid levels are also tightly regulated. Food intake briefly increases plasma amino acid levels, which stimulates insulin release and mTOR-dependent protein synthesis in muscle. Excess amino acids are oxidised, resulting in increased urea production. Short-term fasting does not result in depletion of plasma amino acids due to reduced protein synthesis and the onset of autophagy. Owing to the fact that half of all amino acids are essential, reduction in protein synthesis and amino acid oxidation are the only two measures to reduce amino acid demand. Long-term malnutrition causes depletion of plasma amino acids. The CNS appears to generate a protein-specific response upon amino acid depletion, resulting in avoidance of an inadequate diet. High protein levels, in contrast, contribute together with other nutrients to a reduction in food intake.
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36
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Zhang X, Zhang N, Wan X, Li L, Zou X. Gene expression of amino acid transporter in pigeon (Columbia livia) intestine during post-hatch development and its correlation with amino acid in pigeon milk. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1120-1131. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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37
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Zhao L, Fu HY, Raju R, Vishwanathan N, Hu WS. Unveiling gene trait relationship by cross-platform meta-analysis on Chinese hamster ovary cell transcriptome. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1583-1592. [PMID: 28218403 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, transcriptome analysis has been increasingly employed to better understand the physiology of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at a global level. As more transcriptome data accumulated, meta-analysis on data sets collected from various sources can potentially provide better insights on common properties of those cells. Here, we performed meta-analysis on transcriptome data of different CHO cell lines obtained using NimbleGen or Affymetrix microarray platforms. Hierarchical clustering, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) accordantly showed the samples were clustered into two groups: one consists of adherent cells in serum-containing medium, and the other suspension cells in serum-free medium. Genes that were differentially expressed between the two clusters were enriched in a few functional classes by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) of which many were common with the enriched gene sets identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), including extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and lipid related metabolism pathways. Despite the heterogeneous sources of the cell samples, the adherent and suspension growth characteristics and serum-supplementation appear to be a dominant feature in the transcriptome. The results demonstrated that meta-analysis of transcriptome could uncover features in combined data sets that individual data set might not reveal. As transcriptome data sets accumulate over time, meta-analysis will become even more revealing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1583-1592. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hsu-Yuan Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ravali Raju
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nandita Vishwanathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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38
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Parks SK, Cormerais Y, Pouysségur J. Hypoxia and cellular metabolism in tumour pathophysiology. J Physiol 2017; 595:2439-2450. [PMID: 28074546 DOI: 10.1113/jp273309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are optimised for growth and survival via an ability to outcompete normal cells in their microenvironment. Many of these advantageous cellular adaptations are promoted by the pathophysiological hypoxia that arises in solid tumours due to incomplete vascularisation. Tumour cells are thus faced with the challenge of an increased need for nutrients to support the drive for proliferation in the face of a diminished extracellular supply. Among the many modifications occurring in tumour cells, hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) act as essential drivers of key pro-survival pathways via the promotion of numerous membrane and cytosolic proteins. Here we focus our attention on two areas: the role of amino acid uptake and the handling of metabolic acid (CO2 /H+ ) production. We provide evidence for a number of hypoxia-induced proteins that promote cellular anabolism and regulation of metabolic acid-base levels in tumour cells including amino-acid transporters (LAT1), monocarboxylate transporters, and acid-base regulating carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and bicarbonate transporters (NBCs). Emphasis is placed on current work manipulating multiple CA isoforms and NBCs, which is at an interesting crossroads of gas physiology as they are regulated by hypoxia to contribute to the cellular handling of CO2 and pHi regulation. Our research combined with others indicates that targeting of HIF-regulated membrane proteins in tumour cells will provide promising future anti-cancer therapeutic approaches and we suggest strategies that could be potentially used to enhance these tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Parks
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Yann Cormerais
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.,Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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Watanabe Y, Kurihara H, Itami J, Sasaki R, Arai Y, Sugimura K. Relationship between the uptake of 18F-borono-L-phenylalanine and L-[methyl- 11C] methionine in head and neck tumors and normal organs. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:17. [PMID: 28088230 PMCID: PMC5237505 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of 4-borono-2-18F-fluoro-phenylalanine (18F-BPA) and L-[methyl-11C] methionine (11C-Met) in normal organs and tumors and to evaluate the usefulness of 11C-Met/PET in screening potential candidates for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). MATERIAL METHODS Seven patients who had at least one histologically confirmed head and neck tumor were included in this study. They underwent both whole-body 18F-BPA-PET/CT and 11C-Met-PET/CT within a span of 6 months. Uptake was evaluated using the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed within the tumors and target organs of brain, thyroid, submandibular gland, lung, liver, esophagus, stomach pancreas, spleen, muscle, and bone marrow. RESULTS The tumor SUVmax of FBPA and 11C-Met showed strong correlation (r 2 = 0.72, P = 0.015). Although 18F-BPA and 11C-Met showed markedly different uptake in some organs (submandibular gland, liver, heart, stomach pancreas, spleen, and bone marrow), the uptake of 11C-Met was consistently higher than that of 18F-BPA in these cases. CONCLUSION 11C-Met PET/CT might be used instead of 18F-BPA PET/CT to predict the accumulation of 10B in tumors and to select candidates for BNCT. However, it would not be suitable for evaluating accumulation in some normal organs. Therefore, the 18F-BPA-PET study remains a prerequisite for BNCT. This is the first report of the correlation between 18F-BPA and 11C-Met accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Jun Itami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Arai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuro Sugimura
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Visser TJ. Thyroid hormone transport across the placenta. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:680-683. [PMID: 27659266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhao X, Gang X, Liu Y, Sun C, Han Q, Wang G. Using Metabolomic Profiles as Biomarkers for Insulin Resistance in Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8160545. [PMID: 27517054 PMCID: PMC4969529 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8160545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown the intimate relationship between metabolomic profiles and insulin resistance (IR) in obese adults, while little is known about childhood obesity. In this review, we searched available papers addressing metabolomic profiles and IR in obese children from inception to February 2016 on MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EMASE. HOMA-IR was applied as surrogate markers of IR and related metabolic disorders at both baseline and follow-up. To minimize selection bias, two investigators independently completed this work. After critical selection, 10 studies (including 2,673 participants) were eligible and evaluated by using QUADOMICS for quality assessment. Six of the 10 studies were classified as "high quality." Then we generated all the metabolites identified in each study and found amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism were the main affected metabolic pathways in obese children. Among identified metabolites, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), aromatic amino acids (AAAs), and acylcarnitines were reported to be associated with IR as biomarkers most frequently. Additionally, BCAAs and tyrosine seemed to be relevant to future metabolic risk in the long-term follow-up cohorts, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and prevention strategy. Because of limited scale and design heterogeneity of existing studies, future studies might focus on validating above findings in more large-scale and longitudinal studies with elaborate design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qing Han
- Hospital of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Chidley C, Trauger SA, Birsoy K, O'Shea EK. The anticancer natural product ophiobolin A induces cytotoxicity by covalent modification of phosphatidylethanolamine. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27403889 PMCID: PMC4942256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic screens allow the identification of small molecules with promising anticancer activity, but the difficulty in characterizing the mechanism of action of these compounds in human cells often undermines their value as drug leads. Here, we used a loss-of-function genetic screen in human haploid KBM7 cells to discover the mechanism of action of the anticancer natural product ophiobolin A (OPA). We found that genetic inactivation of de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) mitigates OPA cytotoxicity by reducing cellular PE levels. OPA reacts with the ethanolamine head group of PE in human cells to form pyrrole-containing covalent cytotoxic adducts and these adducts lead to lipid bilayer destabilization. Our characterization of this unusual cytotoxicity mechanism, made possible by unbiased genetic screening in human cells, suggests that the selective antitumor activity displayed by OPA may be due to altered membrane PE levels in cancer cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14601.001 Many of the medications that are available to treat cancer are either collected from natural sources or inspired by molecules existing in nature. While it is often challenging to understand how these natural compounds selectively kill cancer cells, characterizing these mechanisms is essential if researchers are to develop new anticancer drugs and treatments based on these compounds. Ophiobolin A is a compound naturally made by a fungus in order to attack plant cells. It is also able to potently kill cancer cells from humans. In particular, ophiobolin A is a promising candidate for treatment of a type of brain tumor called glioblastomas, which are notoriously difficult to treat with existing medications. Using a newly developed method, Chidley et al. have now tested which components of human cancer cells are important for ophiobolin A to exert its killing effect. The method revealed that ophiobolin A was less able to kill cancer cells if the cells had lower levels of a molecule called phosphatidylethanolamine in their surface membranes. This observation led Chidley et al. to show that ophiobolin A enters the membrane of human cancer cells and combines chemically with phosphatidylethanolamine to form a new composite molecule. Further experiments showed that the formation of this composite molecule disrupted a model membrane, which suggests that ophiobolin A kills cancer cells by breaking their membranes. The next challenge is to understand exactly how the composite molecule kills cancer cells via membrane disruption. It also remains unclear if the anticancer activity of ophiobolin A results from cancer cells having a membrane composition that is different from normal cells, and why this difference arises in the first place. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14601.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chidley
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Erin K O'Shea
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Heteromeric amino acid transporters. In search of the molecular bases of transport cycle mechanisms1. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:745-52. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs) are relevant targets for structural studies. On the one hand, HATs are involved in inherited and acquired human pathologies. On the other hand, these molecules are the only known examples of solute transporters composed of two subunits (heavy and light) linked by a disulfide bridge. Unfortunately, structural knowledge of HATs is scarce and limited to the atomic structure of the ectodomain of a heavy subunit (human 4F2hc-ED) and distant prokaryotic homologues of the light subunits that share a LeuT-fold. Recent data on human 4F2hc/LAT2 at nanometer resolution revealed 4F2hc-ED positioned on top of the external loops of the light subunit LAT2. Improved resolution of the structure of HATs, combined with conformational studies, is essential to establish the structural bases for light subunit recognition and to evaluate the functional relevance of heavy and light subunit interactions for the amino acid transport cycle.
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de la Ballina LR, Cano-Crespo S, González-Muñoz E, Bial S, Estrach S, Cailleteau L, Tissot F, Daniel H, Zorzano A, Ginsberg MH, Palacín M, Féral CC. Amino Acid Transport Associated to Cluster of Differentiation 98 Heavy Chain (CD98hc) Is at the Cross-road of Oxidative Stress and Amino Acid Availability. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9700-11. [PMID: 26945935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.704254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD98hc functions as an amino acid (AA) transporter (together with another subunit) and integrin signaling enhancer. It is overexpressed in highly proliferative cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. CD98hc deletion induces strong impairment of cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro Here, we investigate CD98hc-associated AA transport in cell survival and proliferation. By using chimeric versions of CD98hc, the two functions of the protein can be uncoupled. Although recovering the CD98hc AA transport capacity restores the in vivo and in vitro proliferation of CD98hc-null cells, reconstitution of the integrin signaling function of CD98hc is unable to restore in vitro proliferation of those cells. CD98hc-associated transporters (i.e. xCT, LAT1, and y(+)LAT2 in wild-type cells) are crucial to control reactive oxygen species and intracellular AA levels, thus sustaining cell survival and proliferation. Moreover, in CD98hc-null cells the deficiency of CD98hc/xCT cannot be compensated, leading to cell death by ferroptosis. Supplementation of culture media with β-mercaptoethanol rescues CD98hc-deficient cell survival. Under such conditions null cells show oxidative stress and intracellular AA imbalance and, consequently, limited proliferation. CD98hc-null cells also present reduced intracellular levels of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs and ARO AAs, respectively) and induced expression of peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1). Interestingly, external supply of dipeptides containing BCAAs and ARO AAs rescues cell proliferation and compensates for impaired uptake of CD98hc/LAT1 and CD98hc/y(+)LAT2. Our data establish CD98hc as a master protective gene at the cross-road of redox control and AA availability, making it a relevant therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R de la Ballina
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, INSERM, U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7284, 06107 Nice, France,
| | - Sara Cano-Crespo
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Muñoz
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, The Andalusian Cellular Reprogramming Laboratory (LARCEL), Fundación Progreso y Salud, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Susanna Bial
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soline Estrach
- INSERM, U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7284, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Laurence Cailleteau
- INSERM, U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7284, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Floriane Tissot
- INSERM, U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7284, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Manuel Palacín
- From the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), 08028 Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Chloé C Féral
- INSERM, U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7284, 06107 Nice, France,
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45
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Understanding transport by the major facilitator superfamily (MFS): structures pave the way. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:123-32. [PMID: 26758938 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transport proteins are essential for the movement of a wide range of substrates across biomembranes. As this transport requires a series of conformational changes, structures of MFS transporters captured in different conformational states are needed to decipher the transport mechanism. Recently, a large number of MFS transporter structures have been determined, which has provided us with an unprecedented opportunity to understand general aspects of the transport mechanism. We propose an updated model for the conformational cycle of MFS transporters, the 'clamp-and-switch model', and discuss the role of so-called 'gating residues' and the substrate in modulating these conformational changes.
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46
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Abstract
The ancient and ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily (MFS) represents the largest secondary transporter family and plays a crucial role in a multitude of physiological processes. MFS proteins transport a broad spectrum of ions and solutes across membranes via facilitated diffusion, symport, or antiport. In recent years, remarkable advances in understanding the structural biology of the MFS transporters have been made. This article reviews the history, classification, and general features of the MFS proteins; summarizes recent structural progress with a focus on the sugar porter family transporters exemplified by GLUT1; and discusses the molecular mechanisms of substrate binding, alternating access, and cotransport coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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47
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Lofthouse EM, Perazzolo S, Brooks S, Crocker IP, Glazier JD, Johnstone ED, Panitchob N, Sibley CP, Widdows KL, Sengers BG, Lewis RM. Phenylalanine transfer across the isolated perfused human placenta: an experimental and modeling investigation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R828-36. [PMID: 26676251 PMCID: PMC5000773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00405.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are considered essential for placental amino acid transfer, but the contribution of other factors, such as blood flow and metabolism, is poorly defined. In this study we combine experimental and modeling approaches to understand the determinants of [(14)C]phenylalanine transfer across the isolated perfused human placenta. Transfer of [(14)C]phenylalanine across the isolated perfused human placenta was determined at different maternal and fetal flow rates. Maternal flow rate was set at 10, 14, and 18 ml/min for 1 h each. At each maternal flow rate, fetal flow rates were set at 3, 6, and 9 ml/min for 20 min each. Appearance of [(14)C]phenylalanine was measured in the maternal and fetal venous exudates. Computational modeling of phenylalanine transfer was undertaken to allow comparison of the experimental data with predicted phenylalanine uptake and transfer under different initial assumptions. Placental uptake (mol/min) of [(14)C]phenylalanine increased with maternal, but not fetal, flow. Delivery (mol/min) of [(14)C]phenylalanine to the fetal circulation was not associated with fetal or maternal flow. The absence of a relationship between placental phenylalanine uptake and net flux of phenylalanine to the fetal circulation suggests that factors other than flow or transporter-mediated uptake are important determinants of phenylalanine transfer. These observations could be explained by tight regulation of free amino acid levels within the placenta or properties of the facilitated transporters mediating phenylalanine transport. We suggest that amino acid metabolism, primarily incorporation into protein, is controlling free amino acid levels and, thus, placental transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Lofthouse
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - S Perazzolo
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - S Brooks
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - I P Crocker
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - J D Glazier
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - E D Johnstone
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - N Panitchob
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C P Sibley
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - K L Widdows
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, and St. Mary's Hospital and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - B G Sengers
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - R M Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Crochiere M, Kashyap T, Kalid O, Shechter S, Klebanov B, Senapedis W, Saint-Martin JR, Landesman Y. Deciphering mechanisms of drug sensitivity and resistance to Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:910. [PMID: 26573568 PMCID: PMC4647283 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin 1 (XPO1) is a well-characterized nuclear export protein whose expression is up-regulated in many types of cancers and functions to transport key tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) from the nucleus. Karyopharm Therapeutics has developed a series of small-molecule Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds, which have been shown to block XPO1 function both in vitro and in vivo. The drug candidate, selinexor (KPT-330), is currently in Phase-II/IIb clinical trials for treatment of both hematologic and solid tumors. The present study sought to decipher the mechanisms that render cells either sensitive or resistant to treatment with SINE compounds, represented by KPT-185, an early analogue of KPT-330. METHODS Using the human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line, resistance to SINE was acquired over a period of 10 months of constant incubation with increasing concentration of KPT-185. Cell viability was assayed by MTT. Immunofluorescence was used to compare nuclear export of TSPs. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunoblots were used to measure effects on cell cycle, gene expression, and cell death. RNA from naïve and drug treated parental and resistant cells was analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays. RESULTS Treatment of HT1080 cells with gradually increasing concentrations of SINE resulted in >100 fold decrease in sensitivity to SINE cytotoxicity. Resistant cells displayed prolonged cell cycle, reduced nuclear accumulation of TSPs, and similar changes in protein expression compared to parental cells, however the magnitude of the protein expression changes were more significant in parental cells. Microarray analyses comparing parental to resistant cells indicate that a number of key signaling pathways were altered in resistant cells including expression changes in genes involved in adhesion, apoptosis, and inflammation. While the patterns of changes in transcription following drug treatment are similar in parental and resistant cells, the extent of response was more robust in the parental cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SINE resistance is conferred by alterations in signaling pathways downstream of XPO1 inhibition. Modulation of these pathways could potentially overcome the resistance to nuclear export inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Crochiere
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Trinayan Kashyap
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Ori Kalid
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Sharon Shechter
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Boris Klebanov
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - William Senapedis
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | | | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
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49
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Zevenbergen C, Meima ME, Lima de Souza EC, Peeters RP, Kinne A, Krause G, Visser WE, Visser TJ. Transport of Iodothyronines by Human L-Type Amino Acid Transporters. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4345-55. [PMID: 26305885 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) transporters facilitate cellular TH influx and efflux, which is paramount for normal physiology. The L-type amino acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2 are known to facilitate TH transport. However, the role of LAT3, LAT4, and LAT5 is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further characterize TH transport by LAT1 and LAT2 and to explore possible TH transport by LAT3, LAT4, and LAT5. FLAG-LAT1-5 constructs were transiently expressed in COS1 cells. LAT1 and LAT2 were cotransfected with the CD98 heavy chain. Cellular transport was measured using 10 nM (125)I-labeled T4, T3, rT3, 3,3'-T2, and 10 μM [(125)I]3'-iodotyrosine (MIT) as substrates. Intracellular metabolism of these substrates was determined in cells cotransfected with either of the LATs with type 1 or type 3 deiodinase. LAT1 facilitated cellular uptake of all substrates and LAT2 showed a net uptake of T3, 3,3'-T2, and MIT. Expression of LAT3 or LAT4 did not affect transport of T4 and T3 but resulted in the decreased cellular accumulation of 3,3'-T2 and MIT. LAT5 did not facilitate the transport of any substrate. Cotransfection with LAT3 or LAT4 strongly diminished the cellular accumulation of 3,3'-T2 and MIT by LAT1 and LAT2. These data were confirmed by metabolism studies. LAT1 and LAT2 show distinct preferences for the uptake of the different iodocompounds, whereas LAT3 and LAT4 specifically facilitate the 3,3'-T2 and MIT efflux. Together our findings suggest that different sets of transporters with specific influx or efflux capacities may cooperate to regulate the cellular thyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Zevenbergen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elaine C Lima de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita Kinne
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., M.E.M., E.C.L.d.S., R.P.P., W.E.V., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Supported Structural Biology (A.K., G.K.), Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Furukawa J, Inoue K, Maeda J, Yasujima T, Ohta K, Kanai Y, Takada T, Matsuo H, Yuasa H. Functional identification of SLC43A3 as an equilibrative nucleobase transporter involved in purine salvage in mammals. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15057. [PMID: 26455426 PMCID: PMC4796657 DOI: 10.1038/srep15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purine salvage pathway plays a major role in the nucleotide production, relying on the supply of nucleobases and nucleosides from extracellular sources. Although specific transporters have been suggested to be involved in facilitating their transport across the plasma membrane in mammals, those which are specifically responsible for utilization of extracellular nucleobases remain unknown. Here we present the molecular and functional characterization of SLC43A3, an orphan transporter belonging to an amino acid transporter family, as a purine-selective nucleobase transporter. SLC43A3 was highly expressed in the liver, where it was localized to the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, and the lung. In addition, SLC43A3 expressed in MDCKII cells mediated the uptake of purine nucleobases such as adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine without requiring typical driving ions such as Na(+) and H(+), but it did not mediate the uptake of nucleosides. When SLC43A3 was expressed in APRT/HPRT1-deficient A9 cells, adenine uptake was found to be low. However, it was markedly enhanced by the introduction of SLC43A3 with APRT. In HeLa cells, knock-down of SLC43A3 markedly decreased adenine uptake. These data suggest that SLC43A3 is a facilitative and purine-selective nucleobase transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of extracellular purine nucleobases in cooperation with salvage enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Furukawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinya Ohta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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