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Kitami M, Kaku M, Thant L, Maeda T. A loss of primary cilia by a reduction in mTOR signaling correlates with age-related deteriorations in condylar cartilage. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01143-x. [PMID: 38526843 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related deterioration of condylar cartilage is an etiological factor in temporomandibular joint-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). However, its underlying mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we examined age-related changes and the relationship between mTOR signaling and primary cilia in condylar cartilage to determine the intrinsic mechanisms of age-related TMJ-OA. Age-related morphological changes were analyzed using micro-computed tomography and safranin O-stained histological samples of the mandibular condyle of C57BL/6J mice (up to 78 weeks old). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the activity of mTOR signaling, primary cilia frequency, and Golgi size of condylar chondrocytes. Four-week-old mice receiving an 11-week series of intraperitoneal injections of rapamycin, a potent mTOR signaling inhibitor, were used for the histological evaluation of the condylar cartilage. The condylar cartilage demonstrated an age-related reduction in cartilage area, including chondrocyte size, cell density, and cell size distribution. The Golgi size, primary cilia frequency, and mTOR signaling also decreased with age. Rapamycin injections resulted in both diminished cartilage area and cell size, resembling the phenotypes observed in aged mice. Rapamycin-injected mice also exhibited a smaller Golgi size and lower primary cilia frequency in condylar cartilage. We demonstrated that a loss of primary cilia due to a decline in mTOR signaling was correlated with age-related deteriorations in condylar cartilage. Our findings provide new insights into the tissue homeostasis of condylar cartilage, contributing to understanding the etiology of age-related TMJ-OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kitami
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Lay Thant
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Guleria VS, Quadri N, Prasad K, Das R, Upadhyai P. Early insights into the role of Exoc6B associated with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 3 in primary ciliogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:274. [PMID: 38305850 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 3 (SEMDJL3) is a rare skeletal dysplasia associated with EXOC6B, a component of the exocyst complex, involved in vesicle tethering and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. So far, EXOC6B and the pathomechanisms underlying SEMDJL3 remain obscure. METHODS AND RESULTS Exoc6b was detected largely at the perinuclear regions and the primary cilia base in ATDC5 prechondrocytes. Its shRNA lentiviral knockdown impeded primary ciliogenesis. In Exoc6b silenced prechondrocytes, Hedgehog signaling was attenuated, including when stimulated with Smoothened agonist. Exoc6b knockdown deregulated the mRNA and protein levels of Col2a1, a marker of chondrocyte proliferation at 7- and 14-days following differentiation. It led to the upregulation of Ihh another marker of proliferative chondrocytes. The levels of Col10a1, a marker of chondrocyte hypertrophy was enhanced at 14 days of differentiation. Congruently, Axin2, a canonical Wnt pathway modulator that inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy was repressed. The expression of Mmp13 and Adamts4 that are terminal chondrocyte hypertrophy markers involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling were downregulated at 7 and 14 days of chondrogenesis. Bglap that encodes for the most abundant non-collagenous bone matrix constituent and promotes ECM calcification was suppressed at 14 days of chondrocyte differentiation. ECM mineralization was assessed by Alizarin Red staining. Gene expression and ciliogenesis were investigated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial insights into the potential role of Exoc6b in primary ciliogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation, contributing towards a preliminary understanding of the molecular pathomechanisms underlying SEMDJL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh Guleria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keshava Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ranajit Das
- Division of Data Analytics, Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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3
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Guo H, Lan M, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Chen W. [Piezo1 Mediates the Regulation of Substrate Stiffness on Primary Cilia in Chondrocytes]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:67-73. [PMID: 38322536 PMCID: PMC10839480 DOI: 10.12182/20240160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate how substrate stiffness regulates the morphology of primary cilia in chondrocytes and to illustrate how Piezo1 mediates the morphology regulation of primary cilia by substrate stiffness. Methods Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) curing agent and the main agent (Dow Corning, Beijing, China) were mixed at the ratio of 1∶10 (stiff), 1∶50 (medium stiffness), and 1∶70 (soft), respectively, to prepare substrate films with the thickness of 1 mm at different levels of stiffness, including stiff substrate of (2.21±0.12) MPa, medium-stiffness substrate of (54.47±6.06) kPa, and soft substrate of (2.13±0.10) kPa. Chondrocytes were cultured with the substrates of three different levels of stiffness. Then, the cells were treated with Tubastatin A (Tub A) to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), Piezo1 activator Yoda1, and inhibitor GsMTx4, respectively. The effects of HDAC6, Yoda1, and GsMTx4 on chondrocyte morphology and the length of primary cilia were analyzed through immunofluorescence staining. Results The stiff substrate increased the spread area of the chondrocytes. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the cytoskeleton and the nuclear area of the cells on the stiff substrate were significantly increased (P<0.05) and the primary cilia were significantly extended (P<0.05) compared with those on the medium-stiffness and soft substrates. However, the presence rate of primary cilia was not affected. The HDAC6 activity of chondrocytes increased with the decrease in substrate stiffness. When the activity of HDAC6 was inhibited, the cytoskeletal area, the nuclei area, and the primary cilium length were increased more significantly on the stiff substrate (P<0.05). Further testing showed that Piezo1 activator and inhibitor could regulate the activity of HDAC6 in chondrocytes, and that the length of primary cilia was significantly increased after treatment with the activator Yoda1 (P<0.05). On the other hand, the length of primary cilia was significantly shortened on the stiff substrate after treatment with the inhibitor GsMTx4 (P<0.05). Conclusion Both substrate stiffness and Piezo1 may affect the morphology of chondrocyte primary cilia by regulating HDAC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Guo
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Minhua Lan
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- ( 030009) Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- ( 030009) Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Chen W, Qiao X, Zhang Q. HDAC6 inhibition regulates substrate stiffness-mediated inflammation signaling in chondrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1987-1998. [PMID: 37644773 PMCID: PMC10753363 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease and is difficult to cure. Chondrocytes are highly mechanosensitive. Therefore, mechanical therapies have received attention as a therapeutic direction for OA. The stiffness, as a critical cue of the extracellular matrix (ECM), affects cell growth, development, and death. In this study, we use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to create substrates with varying stiffness for chondrocyte growth, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment to mimic the inflammatory environment, and Tubastatin A (Tub A) to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Our results show that stiff substrates can be anti-inflammatory and provide a better matrix environment than soft substrates. Inhibition of HDAC6 improves the inflammatory environment caused by IL-1β and coordinates with inflammation to spread the chondrocyte area and primary cilia elongation. Without IL-1β and Tub A treatments, the length of the primary cilia rather than frequency is stiffness-dependent, and their length on stiff substrates are greater than that on soft substrates. In conclusion, we demonstrate that stiff substrates, inflammation, and inhibition of HDAC6 enhance the mechanosensitivity of primary cilia and mediate substrate stiffness to suppress inflammation and protect the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShanxi Medical UniversityJinzhong030604China
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShanxi Medical UniversityJinzhong030604China
- Department of OrthopaedicsLvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical UniversityLvliang033099China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Qiao X, Zhang Q. Primary cilium-mediated mechanotransduction in cartilage chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1279-1287. [PMID: 37897221 PMCID: PMC10625344 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint disorders associated with the degradation of articular cartilage and an abnormal mechanical microenvironment. Mechanical stimuli, including compression, shear stress, stretching strain, osmotic challenge, and the physical properties of the matrix microenvironment, play pivotal roles in the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage. The primary cilium, as a mechanosensory and chemosensory organelle, is important for detecting and transmitting both mechanical and biochemical signals in chondrocytes within the matrix microenvironment. Growing evidence indicates that primary cilia are critical for chondrocytes signaling transduction and the matrix homeostasis of articular cartilage. Furthermore, the ability of primary cilium to regulate cellular signaling is dynamic and dependent on the cellular matrix microenvironment. In the current review, we aim to elucidate the key mechanisms by which primary cilia mediate chondrocytes sensing and responding to the matrix mechanical microenvironment. This might have potential therapeutic applications in injuries and OA-associated degeneration of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Lvliang 033099, Shanxi, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
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7
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Lim J, Liu YC, Chu YC, Lin YX, Hwang WH, Wang JL. Piezoelectric effect stimulates the rearrangement of chondrogenic cells and alters ciliary orientation via atypical PKCζ. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101265. [PMID: 35540436 PMCID: PMC9079777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic ultrasound was administered to patients suffering from bone fracture with FDA approval. Bone and cartilage are piezoelectric materials. To investigate the effects of piezoelectricity on the cells of chondrogenic lineage, we applied ultrasound stimulation on an AT-cut quartz coverslip to generate electric field fluctuations. The bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) and primary chondrocytes were cultured on either glass or quartz coverslips for ultrasound stimulation. The cells were immunofluorescent-labeled for the assessment of cell arrangement and ciliary orientation. Ultrasound and piezoelectricity both stimulate cell migration and disrupt ciliary orientation induced by directional migration. In particular, piezoelectric effects on cell rearrangement can be abolished by the inhibitor specifically targeting atypical Protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ). Our findings shed light on the possibility of cellular modulation by using piezoelectric manipulation. Separating the effect of piezoelectric stimulation from ultrasound stimulation. Cell migration accelerates upon ultrasound and piezoelectric stimulation. Piezoelectric stimulation influences cell polarity of chondrogenic lineage. Piezoelectric stimulation induces cell rearrangement via PKCζ. Novel strategy for modulating cell growth, cell differentiation or tissue engineering via piezoelectric stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaw-Lin Wang
- Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 602 Jen-Su Hall, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
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8
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Willantarra I, Leung S, Choi YS, Chhana A, McGlashan SR. Chondrocyte-specific response to stiffness-mediated primary cilia formation and centriole positioning. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C236-C247. [PMID: 35649254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress and the stiffness of the extracellular matrix are key drivers of tissue development and homeostasis. Aberrant mechanosensation is associated with a wide range of pathologies, including osteoarthritis. Matrix (or substrate) stiffness plays a major role in cell spreading, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. However, how specific cells sense substrate stiffness still remains unclude. The primary cilium is an essential cellular organelle that senses and integrates mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment. We hypothesised that the primary cilium dynamically alters its length and position to fine-tune cell mechanosignalling based on substrate stiffness alone. We used a hydrogel system of varying substrate stiffness to examine the role of stiffness on cilia frequency, length and centriole position as well as cell and nuclei area over time. Contrary to other cell types, we show that chondrocyte primary cilia shorten on softer substrates demonstrating tissue-specific mechanosensing which is aligned with the tissue stiffness the cells originate from. We further show that stiffness determines centriole positioning to either the basal or apical membrane during attachment and spreading, with centriole positioned towards the basal membrane on stiffer substrates. These phenomena are mediated by force generation actin-myosin stress fibres in a time-dependent manner. Finally we show on stiff substrates, that primary cilia are involved in tension-mediated cell spreading. We propose that substrate stiffness plays a role in cilia positioning, regulating cellular responses to external forces, and may be a key driver of mechanosignalling-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Willantarra
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ashika Chhana
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sue R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Coveney CR, Samvelyan HJ, Miotla-Zarebska J, Carnegie J, Chang E, Corrin CJ, Coveney T, Stott B, Parisi I, Duarte C, Vincent TL, Staines KA, Wann AK. Ciliary IFT88 Protects Coordinated Adolescent Growth Plate Ossification From Disruptive Physiological Mechanical Forces. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1081-1096. [PMID: 35038201 PMCID: PMC9304194 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared with our understanding of endochondral ossification, much less is known about the coordinated arrest of growth defined by the narrowing and fusion of the cartilaginous growth plate. Throughout the musculoskeletal system, appropriate cell and tissue responses to mechanical force delineate morphogenesis and ensure lifelong health. It remains unclear how mechanical cues are integrated into many biological programs, including those coordinating the ossification of the adolescent growth plate at the cessation of growth. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles tuning a range of cell activities, including signaling cascades activated or modulated by extracellular biophysical cues. Cilia have been proposed to directly facilitate cell mechanotransduction. To explore the influence of primary cilia in the mouse adolescent limb, we conditionally targeted the ciliary gene Intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88fl/fl ) in the juvenile and adolescent skeleton using a cartilage-specific, inducible Cre (AggrecanCreERT2 Ift88fl/fl ). Deletion of IFT88 in cartilage, which reduced ciliation in the growth plate, disrupted chondrocyte differentiation, cartilage resorption, and mineralization. These effects were largely restricted to peripheral tibial regions beneath the load-bearing compartments of the knee. These regions were typified by an enlarged population of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Although normal patterns of hedgehog signaling were maintained, targeting IFT88 inhibited hypertrophic chondrocyte VEGF expression and downstream vascular recruitment, osteoclastic activity, and the replacement of cartilage with bone. In control mice, increases to physiological loading also impair ossification in the peripheral growth plate, mimicking the effects of IFT88 deletion. Limb immobilization inhibited changes to VEGF expression and epiphyseal morphology in Ift88cKO mice, indicating the effects of depletion of IFT88 in the adolescent growth plate are mechano-dependent. We propose that during this pivotal phase in adolescent skeletal maturation, ciliary IFT88 protects uniform, coordinated ossification of the growth plate from an otherwise disruptive heterogeneity of physiological mechanical forces. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R Coveney
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hasmik J Samvelyan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Jadwiga Miotla-Zarebska
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josephine Carnegie
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emer Chang
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Jonty Corrin
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trystan Coveney
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bryony Stott
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ida Parisi
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Duarte
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine A Staines
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Angus Kt Wann
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Shea CA, Murphy P. The Primary Cilium on Cells of Developing Skeletal Rudiments; Distribution, Characteristics and Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725018. [PMID: 34490272 PMCID: PMC8418538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is important for tissue differentiation and the formation of functional skeletal elements during embryonic development: reduced mechanical stimulation results in fused joints and misshapen skeletal rudiments with concomitant changes in the signaling environment and gene expression profiles in both mouse and chick immobile embryos. Despite the clear relationship between movement and skeletogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli influence gene regulatory processes are not clear. The primary cilium enables cells to sense mechanical stimuli in the cellular environment, playing a crucial mechanosensory role during kidney development and in articular cartilage and bone but little is known about cilia on developing skeletal tissues. Here, we examine the occurrence, length, position, and orientation of primary cilia across developing skeletal rudiments in mouse embryos during a period of pronounced mechanosensitivity and we report differences and similarities between wildtype and muscle-less mutant (Pax3Spd/Spd) rudiments. Strikingly, joint regions tend to have cilia positioned and oriented away from the joint, while there was a less obvious, but still significant, preferred position on the posterior aspect of cells within the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Regions of the developing rudiments have characteristic proportions of ciliated cells, with more cilia in the resting and joint zones. Comparing wildtype to muscle-less mutant embryos, cilia are shorter in the mutant with no significant difference in the proportion of ciliated cells. Cilia at the mutant joint were also oriented away from the joint line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ng DCH, Ho UY, Grounds MD. Cilia, Centrosomes and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9605. [PMID: 34502512 PMCID: PMC8431768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, cell cycle-associated organelles that can be found on most vertebrate cell types. Comprised of microtubule bundles organised into an axoneme and anchored by a mature centriole or basal body, primary cilia are dynamic signalling platforms that are intimately involved in cellular responses to their extracellular milieu. Defects in ciliogenesis or dysfunction in cilia signalling underlie a host of developmental disorders collectively referred to as ciliopathies, reinforcing important roles for cilia in human health. Whilst primary cilia have long been recognised to be present in striated muscle, their role in muscle is not well understood. However, recent studies indicate important contributions, particularly in skeletal muscle, that have to date remained underappreciated. Here, we explore recent revelations that the sensory and signalling functions of cilia on muscle progenitors regulate cell cycle progression, trigger differentiation and maintain a commitment to myogenesis. Cilia disassembly is initiated during myoblast fusion. However, the remnants of primary cilia persist in multi-nucleated myotubes, and we discuss their potential role in late-stage differentiation and myofiber formation. Reciprocal interactions between cilia and the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment described for other tissues may also inform on parallel interactions in skeletal muscle. We also discuss emerging evidence that cilia on fibroblasts/fibro-adipogenic progenitors and myofibroblasts may influence cell fate in both a cell autonomous and non-autonomous manner with critical consequences for skeletal muscle ageing and repair in response to injury and disease. This review addresses the enigmatic but emerging role of primary cilia in satellite cells in myoblasts and myofibers during myogenesis, as well as the wider tissue microenvironment required for skeletal muscle formation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C. H. Ng
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Uda Y. Ho
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Miranda D. Grounds
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Langhans MT, Gao J, Tang Y, Wang B, Alexander P, Tuan RS. Wdpcp regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation in the developing limb via hedgehog signaling. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:10. [PMID: 34225660 PMCID: PMC8258940 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-021-00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Mice with a loss of function mutation in Wdpcp were described previously to display severe birth defects in the developing heart, neural tube, and limb buds. Further characterization of the skeletal phenotype of Wdpcp null mice was limited by perinatal lethality. Results We utilized Prx1-Cre mice to generate limb bud mesenchyme specific deletion of Wdpcp. These mice recapitulated the appendicular skeletal phenotype of the Wdpcp null mice including polydactyl and limb bud signaling defects. Examination of late stages of limb development demonstrated decreased size of cartilage anlagen, delayed calcification, and abnormal growth plates. Utilizing in vitro assays, we demonstrated that loss of Wdpcp in skeletal progenitors lead to loss of hedgehog signaling responsiveness and associated proliferative response. In vitro chondrogenesis assays showed this loss of hedgehog and proliferative response was associated with decreased expression of early chondrogenic marker N-Cadherin. E14.5 forelimbs demonstrated delayed ossification and expression of osteoblast markers Runx2 and Sp7. P0 growth plates demonstrated loss of hedgehog signaling markers and expansion of the hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. In vitro osteogenesis assays demonstrated decreased osteogenic differentiation of Wdpcp null mesenchymal progenitors in response to hedgehog stimulation. Conclusions These findings demonstrate how Wdpcp and associated regulation of the hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role at multiple stages of skeletal development. Wdpcp is necessary for positive regulation of hedgehog signaling and associated proliferation is key to the initiation of chondrogenesis. At later stages, Wdpcp facilitates the robust hedgehog response necessary for chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteogenic differentiation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12861-021-00241-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Langhans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Jingtao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Peter Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA. .,Present Address: Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Coveney CR, Zhu L, Miotla-Zarebska J, Stott B, Parisi I, Batchelor V, Duarte C, Chang E, McSorley E, Vincent TL, Wann AK. The ciliary protein IFT88 controls post-natal cartilage thickness and influences development of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 74:49-59. [PMID: 34105311 DOI: 10.1002/art.41894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical and biological cues drive cellular signalling in cartilage development, health, and disease. Proteins of the primary cilium, implicated in transduction of biophysiochemical signals, control cartilage formation during skeletal development, but their influence in post-natal cartilage remains unknown. METHODS Ift88fl/fl and AggrecanCreERT2 mice were crossed to create a cartilage-specific, inducible knockout mouse AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl . Tibial articular cartilage (AC) thickness was assessed, through adolescence and adulthood, by histomorphometry and integrity by OARSI score. In situ mechanisms were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA scope and qPCR of micro-dissected cartilage. OA was induced by surgical destabilisation (DMM). Mice voluntarily exercised using wheels. RESULTS Deletion of IFT88 resulted in progressive reductions in medial AC thickness during adolescence, and marked atrophy in adulthood. At 34 weeks of age, medial thickness was reduced from 104.00μm, [100.30-110.50, 95% CI] in Ift88fl/fl to 89.42μm [84.00-93.49, 95% CI] in AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl (p<0.0001), associated with reductions in calcified cartilage. Occasionally, atrophy was associated with complete, spontaneous, medial cartilage degradation. Following DMM, AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl mice had increased OA scores. Atrophy in mature AC was not associated with obvious increases in aggrecanase-mediated destruction or chondrocyte hypertrophy. Of 44 candidate genes analysed, only Tcf7l2 correlated with Ift88 expression in micro-dissected cartilage. However, RNA scope revealed increased hedgehog (Hh) signalling (Gli1), associated with reductions in Ift88, in AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl cartilage. Wheel exercise restored both AC thickness and levels of Hh signalling in AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl . CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that IFT88 is chondroprotective, regulating AC thickness, potentially by thresholding a Hh response to physiological loading that controls cartilage calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R Coveney
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Linyi Zhu
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jadwiga Miotla-Zarebska
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bryony Stott
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ida Parisi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Vicky Batchelor
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Claudia Duarte
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emer Chang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eleanor McSorley
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Angus Kt Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Fu S, Meng H, Inamdar S, Das B, Gupta H, Wang W, Thompson CL, Knight MM. Activation of TRPV4 by mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical stimulation is anti-inflammatory blocking IL-1β mediated articular cartilage matrix destruction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:89-99. [PMID: 33395574 PMCID: PMC7799379 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage health is maintained in response to a range of mechanical stimuli including compressive, shear and tensile strains and associated alterations in osmolality. The osmotic-sensitive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is required for mechanotransduction. Mechanical stimuli inhibit interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated inflammatory signalling, however the mechanism is unclear. This study aims to clarify the role of TRPV4 in this response. DESIGN TRPV4 activity was modulated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK205 antagonist or GSK1016790 A (GSK101) agonist) in articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants in the presence or absence of IL-1β, mechanical (10% cyclic tensile strain (CTS), 0.33 Hz, 24hrs) or osmotic loading (200mOsm, 24hrs). Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release and cartilage biomechanics were analysed. Alterations in post-translational tubulin modifications and primary cilia length regulation were examined. RESULTS In isolated chondrocytes, mechanical loading inhibited IL-1β mediated NO and PGE2 release. This response was inhibited by GSK205. Similarly, osmotic loading was anti-inflammatory in cells and explants, this response was abrogated by TRPV4 inhibition. In explants, GSK101 inhibited IL-1β mediated NO release and prevented cartilage degradation and loss of mechanical properties. Upon activation, TRPV4 cilia localisation was increased resulting in histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent modulation of soluble tubulin and altered cilia length regulation. CONCLUSION Mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical activation of TRPV4 regulates HDAC6-dependent modulation of ciliary tubulin and is anti-inflammatory. This study reveals for the first time, the potential of TRPV4 manipulation as a novel therapeutic mechanism to supress pro-inflammatory signalling and cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fu
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - H Meng
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - S Inamdar
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - B Das
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H Gupta
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - W Wang
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - C L Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - M M Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Barsch F, Niedermair T, Mamilos A, Schmitt VH, Grevenstein D, Babel M, Burgoyne T, Shoemark A, Brochhausen C. Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects of Primary Cilia-A Literature Review with View on Functional and Structural Relationships in Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144959. [PMID: 32674266 PMCID: PMC7404129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular organelles that project from the cell. They occur in nearly all non-hematopoietic tissues and have different functions in different tissues. In mesenchymal tissues primary cilia play a crucial role in the adequate morphogenesis during embryological development. In mature articular cartilage, primary cilia fulfil chemo- and mechanosensitive functions to adapt the cellular mechanisms on extracellular changes and thus, maintain tissue homeostasis and morphometry. Ciliary abnormalities in osteoarthritic cartilage could represent pathophysiological relationships between ciliary dysfunction and tissue deformation. Nevertheless, the molecular and pathophysiological relationships of ‘Primary Cilia’ (PC) in the context of osteoarthritis is not yet fully understood. The present review focuses on the current knowledge about PC and provide a short but not exhaustive overview of their role in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Barsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Volker H. Schmitt
- Cardiology I, Centre for Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - David Grevenstein
- Department for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Babel
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Trust, SW3 6NP London and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Trust, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-6636
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Disorganization of chondrocyte columns in the growth plate does not aggravate experimental osteoarthritis in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10745. [PMID: 32612184 PMCID: PMC7329885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial joint disease mainly affecting articular cartilage (AC) with a relevant biomechanical component. During endochondral ossification growth plate (GP) chondrocytes arrange in columns. GPs do not ossify in skeletally mature rodents. In neonatal mice, an altered joint loading induces GP chondrocyte disorganization. We aimed to study whether experimental OA involves GP disorganization in adult mice and to assess if it may have additional detrimental effects on AC damage. Knee OA was induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in wild-type (WT) adult mice, and in Tamoxifen-inducible Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome protein (Evc) knockouts (EvccKO), used as a model of GP disorganization due to Hedgehog signalling disruption. Chondrocyte column arrangement was assessed in the tibial GP and expressed as Column Index (CI). Both DMM-operated WT mice and non-operated-EvccKO showed a decreased CI, indicating GP chondrocyte column disarrangement, although in the latter, it was not associated to AC damage. The most severe GP chondrocyte disorganization occurred in DMM-EvccKO mice, in comparison to the other groups. However, this altered GP structure in DMM-EvccKO mice did not exacerbate AC damage. Further studies are needed to confirm the lack of interference of GP alterations on the analysis of AC employing OA mice.
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17
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Gilloteaux J. Primary cilia in the Syrian hamster biliary tract: Bile flow antennae and outlooks about signaling on the hepato-biliary-pancreatic stem cells. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Smith JF, Starr EG, Goodman MA, Hanson RB, Palmer TA, Woolstenhulme JB, Weyand JA, Marchant AD, Bueckers SL, Nelson TK, Sterling MT, Rose BJ, Porter JP, Eggett DL, Kooyman DL. Topical Application of Wogonin Provides a Novel Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32132930 PMCID: PMC7040489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by inflammatory degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Wogonin, a compound extracted from the plant Scutellaria baicalensis (colloquially known as skullcap), has previously been shown to have direct anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. We examined the pain-reducing, anti-inflammatory, and chondroprotective effects of wogonin when applied as a topical cream. We validated the efficacy of delivering wogonin transdermally in a cream using pig ear skin in a Franz diffusion system. Using a surgical mouse model, we examined the severity and progression of OA with and without the topical application of wogonin. Using a running wheel to track activity, we found that mice with wogonin treatment were statistically more active than mice receiving vehicle treatment. OA progression was analyzed using modified Mankin and OARSI scoring and direct quantification of cyst-like lesions at the chondro-osseus junction; in each instance we observed a statistically significant attenuation of OA severity among mice treated with wogonin compared to the vehicle treatment. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant decrease in protein expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), high temperature receptor A1 (HTRA1), matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP-13) and NF-κB in wogonin-treated mice, further bolstering the cartilage morphology assessments in the form of a decrease in inflammatory and OA biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F. Smith
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Evan G. Starr
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Michael A. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Romney B. Hanson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Trent A. Palmer
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Woolstenhulme
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jeffery A. Weyand
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Andrew D. Marchant
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Shawen L. Bueckers
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Tanner K. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Matthew T. Sterling
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Brandon J. Rose
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - James P. Porter
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | | | - David L. Kooyman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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Tao F, Jiang T, Tao H, Cao H, Xiang W. Primary cilia: Versatile regulator in cartilage development. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12765. [PMID: 32034931 PMCID: PMC7106963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage‐related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia‐mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix by Ciliary Machinery. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020278. [PMID: 31979260 PMCID: PMC7072529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle involved in cellular signalling. Mutations affecting proteins involved in cilia assembly or function result in diseases known as ciliopathies, which cause a wide variety of phenotypes across multiple tissues. These mutations disrupt various cellular processes, including regulation of the extracellular matrix. The matrix is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis through influencing cell behaviour and providing structural support; therefore, the matrix changes observed in ciliopathies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Whilst many studies have associated the cilium with processes that regulate the matrix, exactly how these matrix changes arise is not well characterised. This review aims to bring together the direct and indirect evidence for ciliary regulation of matrix, in order to summarise the possible mechanisms by which the ciliary machinery could regulate the composition, secretion, remodelling and organisation of the matrix.
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Intraflagellar transport 20: New target for the treatment of ciliopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118641. [PMID: 31893523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are ubiquitous in mammalian cells. The formation and assembly of cilia depend on the normal functioning of the ciliary transport system. In recent years, various proteins involved in the intracellular transport of the cilium have attracted attention, as many diseases are caused by disorders in cilia formation. Intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) is a subunit of IFT complex B, which contains approximately 20 protein particles. Studies have shown that defects in IFT20 are associated with numerous system -related diseases, such as those of the urinary system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, nervous system, immune system, reproductive system, and respiratory system. This review summarizes current research on IFT20.We describe studies related to the role of IFT20 in cilia formation and discuss new targets for treating diseases associated with ciliary dysplasia.
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Yang Q, Zhou Y, Cai P, Fu W, Wang J, Wei Q, Li X. Up-regulated HIF-2α contributes to the Osteoarthritis development through mediating the primary cilia loss. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105762. [PMID: 31357086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Up-regulated HIF-2α (hypoxia induced factor 2) had been demonstrated to contribute to Osteoarthritis (OA) development via inducing the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. However, the HIF-2α also could promote primary cilia loss through HIF-2α/AURKA (Aurora kinase A)/NEDD9 pathway. And the primary cilia dysfunction is another characteristic of the OA. Thus, we investigated here whether the HIF-2α also contributes the OA development through mediating the primary cilia loss. METHODS The primary chondrocytes were isolated from the experimental OA mice induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Chondrocytes were cultured under normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (2% O2) conditions. The HIF-1α and HIF-2α expressions were assessed by western blot. The cilia formation was counted by immuno-staining the acetylated tubulin. The contribution of HIF-1α or HIF-2α to the primary cilia loss was assessed by knocking-down the HIF-1α or HIF-2α individually. The HIF-2α/AURKA/NEDD9 pathway was validated through over-expressing or knocking-down specific components of the pathway and then counting the primary cilia number. Finally, the pathway was further confirmed in the OA mice. RESULTS Hypoxia could induce the expression of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α, and also reduce the number of primary cilia on the chondrocytes isolated from the experimental OA mice. Knocking-down or over-expressing HIF-1α or HIF-2α individually showed that the HIF-2α could induce the primary cilia reduction rather than the HIF-1α. Manipulating the HIF-2α expression could positively affect the AURKA and NEDD9 expression. Manipulating the AURKA and NEDD9 expressions could reverse the function of HIF-2α on primary cilia. In the mice, knocking-down both AURKA and NEDD9 could alleviate the OA development significantly. CONCLUSION Up-regulated HIF-2α contributes to the Osteoarthritis development through mediating the primary cilia loss, which might be developed as therapeutic targets for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yongwei Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Weicong Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua City 321000, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Hu Z, Hong S, Zhang Y, Dai H, Lin S, Yi T, Zhuang H. Down-regulated WDR35 contributes to fetal anomaly via regulation of osteogenic differentiation. Gene 2019; 697:48-56. [PMID: 30790652 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive disorder is closely correlated with congenital fetal malformation. The mutation of WDR35 may lead to short rib-polydactyly syndrome (SRP), asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD, Jeune syndrome) and Ellis van Creveld syndrome. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of WDR35 in fetal anomaly. RESULTS The fetuses presented malformation with abnormal head shape, cardiac dilatation, pericardial effusion, and non-displayed left pulmonary artery and left lung. After the detection of genomic DNA (gDNA) in amniotic fluid cells (AFC), chromosomal rearrangement was found in arr[hg19] 2p25.3p23.3. It was revealed through multiple PCR-DHPLC that MYCN, WDR35, LPIN1, ODC1, KLF11 and NBAS contained duplicated copy numbers in 2p25.3p23.3. AF-MSCs were mostly positive for CD44, CD105, negative for CD34 and CD14. Western Blot test showed that WDR35-encoded protein was decreased in the patients' AFC compared to that in normal pregnant women. In the patients' amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs), WDR35 overexpression could repair cilia formation, and the overexpression of WDR35 or Gli2 could significantly enhance ALP activity and expressions of osteogenic differentiation marker genes, including RUNXE2, OCN, BSP and ALP. However, WDR35 silencing in C3H10T1/2 cells could remarkably inhibit cilia formation and osteogenic differentiation. This inhibitory effect could be attenuated by Gli2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that copy number variation (CNV) of WDR35 may lead to skeletal dysplasia and fetal anomaly, and that down-regulated WDR35 may damage the cilia formation and sequentially indirectly regulate Gli signal, which would eventually result in negative regulation of osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongren Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shurong Hong
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huijing Dai
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuzhen Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tingyu Yi
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hongmei Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, China.
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24
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The Roles of Primary Cilia in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120233. [PMID: 30486394 PMCID: PMC6315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found in most mammalian cell types. Cilia act as sensory organelles that transmit extracellular clues into intracellular signals for molecular and cellular responses. Biochemical and molecular defects in primary cilia are associated with a wide range of diseases, termed ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from polycystic kidney disease, liver disorders, mental retardation, and obesity to cardiovascular diseases. Primary cilia in vascular endothelia protrude into the lumen of blood vessels and function as molecular switches for calcium (Ca2+) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. As mechanosensory organelles, endothelial cilia are involved in blood flow sensing. Dysfunction in endothelial cilia contributes to aberrant fluid-sensing and thus results in vascular disorders, including hypertension, aneurysm, and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the roles of endothelial primary cilia within vascular biology and alludes to the possibility of primary cilium as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
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25
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Mechanical loading induces primary cilia disassembly in tendon cells via TGFβ and HDAC6. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11107. [PMID: 30038235 PMCID: PMC6056413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used isolated human tenocytes to test the hypothesis that cyclic mechanical strain directly stimulates primary cilia disassembly, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Cells were seeded onto flexible membranes and strained at 0–3%; 1 Hz, for up to 24 hours. Cilia length and prevalence progressively reduced with increasing strain duration but showed full recovery within 2 hours of strain removal. The response to loading was not influenced by actin organisation as seen in other cell types. However, the loading response could be recreated by treatment with TGFβ. Furthermore, treatment with the HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin, or a TGFβ receptor inhibitor both prevented strain induced cilia disassembly. These data are the first to describe primary cilia expression in isolated tenocytes, showing that mechanical strain regulates cilia expression independent of changes in tendon extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we show that cilia disassembly is mediated by the activation of TGFβ receptors leading to activation of HDAC6. Previous studies have shown that cilia are required for TGFβ signalling and that tendon mechanosignalling is mediated by TGFβ. The present study therefore suggests a novel feedback mechanism whereby cilia disassembly inhibits prolonged TGFβ activation in response to continuous cyclic loading.
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26
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Fertala J, Arita M, Steplewski A, Arnold WV, Fertala A. Epiphyseal growth plate architecture is unaffected by early postnatal activation of the expression of R992C collagen II mutant. Bone 2018; 112:42-50. [PMID: 29660427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) exemplifies a group of heritable diseases caused by mutations in collagenous proteins of the skeletal system. Its main feature is altered skeletal growth. Pathomechanisms of SED include: changes in the stability of collagen II molecules, inability to form proper collagen fibrils, excessive intracellular retention of mutant molecules, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The complexity of this pathomechanism presents a challenge for designing therapies for SED. Our earlier research tested whether such therapies only succeed when applied during a limited window of development. Here, employing an inducible mouse model of SED caused by the R992C mutation in collagen II, we corroborate our earlier observations that a therapy must be applied at the prenatal or early postnatal stages of skeletal growth in order to be successful. Moreover, we demonstrate that blocking the expression of the R992C collagen II mutant at the early prenatal stages leads to long-term positive effects. Although, we could not precisely mark the start of the expression of the mutant, these effects are not significantly changed by switching on the mutant production at the early postnatal stages. By demonstrating the need for early therapeutic interventions, our study provides, for the first time, empirically-based directions for designing effective therapies for SED and, quite likely, for other skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in key macromolecules of the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Machiko Arita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William V Arnold
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Coveney CR, Collins I, Mc Fie M, Chanalaris A, Yamamoto K, Wann AKT. Cilia protein IFT88 regulates extracellular protease activity by optimizing LRP-1-mediated endocytosis. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800334. [PMID: 29920219 PMCID: PMC6219823 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Matrix protease activity is fundamental to developmental tissue patterning and remains influential in adult homeostasis. In cartilage, the principal matrix proteoglycan is aggrecan, the protease-mediated catabolism of which defines arthritis; however, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that drive aberrant aggrecanolytic activity remain unclear. Human ciliopathies exhibit altered matrix, which has been proposed to be the result of dysregulated hedgehog signaling that is tuned within the primary cilium. Here, we report that disruption of intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88), a core ciliary trafficking protein, increases chondrocyte aggrecanase activity in vitro. We find that the receptor for protease endocytosis in chondrocytes, LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), is unevenly distributed over the cell membrane, often concentrated at the site of cilia assembly. Hypomorphic mutation of IFT88 disturbs this apparent hot spot for protease uptake, increases receptor shedding, and results in a reduced rate of protease clearance from the extracellular space. We propose that IFT88 and/or the cilium regulates the extracellular remodeling of matrix-independently of Hedgehog regulation-by enabling rapid LRP-1-mediated endocytosis of proteases, potentially by supporting the creation of a ciliary pocket. This result highlights new roles for the cilium's machinery in matrix turnover and LRP-1 function, with potential relevance in a range of diseases.-Coveney, C. R., Collins, I., Mc Fie, M., Chanalaris, A., Yamamoto, K., Wann, A. K. T. Cilia protein IFT88 regulates extracellular protease activity by optimizing LRP-1-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R. Coveney
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Collins
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Mc Fie
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Chanalaris
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angus K. T. Wann
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Moore ER, Jacobs CR. The primary cilium as a signaling nexus for growth plate function and subsequent skeletal development. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:533-545. [PMID: 28901584 PMCID: PMC5839937 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, antenna-like sensory organelle with many important roles in cartilage and bone development, maintenance, and function. The primary cilium's potential role as a signaling nexus in the growth plate makes it an attractive therapeutic target for diseases and disorders associated with bone development and maintenance. Many signaling pathways that are mediated by the cilium-such as Hh, Wnt, Ihh/PTHrP, TGFβ, BMP, FGF, and Notch-are also known to influence endochondral ossification, primarily by directing growth plate formation and chondrocyte behavior. Although a few studies have demonstrated that these signaling pathways can be directly tied to the primary cilium, many pathways have yet to be evaluated in context of the cilium. This review serves to bridge this knowledge gap in the literature, as well as discuss the cilium's importance in the growth plate's ability to sense and respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using the appropriate mechanism to study the cilium in vivo and suggest IFT88 deletion is the best available technique. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:533-545, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
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29
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Kamal T, Green TN, Hearn JI, Josefsson EC, Morel-Kopp MC, Ward CM, During MJ, Kalev-Zylinska ML. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor mediated calcium influx supports in vitro differentiation of normal mouse megakaryocytes but proliferation of leukemic cell lines. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2017; 2:125-138. [PMID: 30046713 PMCID: PMC5974914 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute calcium influx in megakaryocytic cells but their roles remain unclear; both pro- and anti-differentiating effects have been shown in different contexts. Objectives The aim of this study was to clarify NMDAR contribution to megakaryocytic differentiation in both normal and leukemic cells. Methods Meg-01, Set-2, and K-562 leukemic cell lines were differentiated using phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 10 nmol L-1) or valproic acid (VPA, 500 μmol L-1). Normal megakaryocytes were grown from mouse marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitors (lineage-negative and CD41a-enriched) in the presence of thrombopoietin (30-40 nmol L-1). Marrow explants were used to monitor proplatelet formation in the native bone marrow milieu. In all culture systems, NMDARs were inhibited using memantine and MK-801 (100 μmol L-1); their effects compared against appropriate controls. Results The most striking observation from our studies was that NMDAR antagonists markedly inhibited proplatelet formation in all primary cultures employed. Proplatelets were either absent (in the presence of memantine) or short, broad and intertwined (with MK-801). Earlier steps of megakaryocytic differentiation (acquisition of CD41a and nuclear ploidy) were maintained, albeit reduced. In contrast, in leukemic Meg-01 cells, NMDAR antagonists inhibited differentiation in the presence of PMA and VPA but induced differentiation when applied by themselves. Conclusions NMDAR-mediated calcium influx is required for normal megakaryocytic differentiation, in particular proplatelet formation. However, in leukemic cells, the main NMDAR role is to inhibit differentiation, suggesting diversion of NMDAR activity to support leukemia growth. Further elucidation of the NMDAR and calcium pathways in megakaryocytic cells may suggest novel ways to modulate abnormal megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kamal
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - James I Hearn
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Christopher M Ward
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Matthew J During
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,Departments of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,LabPlus Haematology Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand
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30
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Ma M, Gallagher AR, Somlo S. Ciliary Mechanisms of Cyst Formation in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028209. [PMID: 28320755 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a disease of defective tissue homeostasis resulting in active remodeling of nephrons and bile ducts to form fluid-filled sacs called cysts. The causal genes PKD1 and PKD2 encode transmembrane proteins polycystin 1 (PC1) and polycystin 2 (PC2), respectively. Together, the polycystins localize to the solitary primary cilium that protrudes from the apical surface of most kidney tubule cells and is thought to function as a privileged compartment that the cell uses for signal integration of sensory inputs. It has been proposed that PC1 and PC2 form a receptor-channel complex that detects external stimuli and transmit a local calcium-mediated signal, which may control a multitude of cellular processes by an as-yet unknown mechanism. Genetic studies using mouse models of cilia and polycystin dysfunction have shown that polycystins regulate an unknown cilia-dependent signal that is normally part of the homeostatic maintenance of nephron structure. ADPKD ensues when this pathway is dysregulated by absence of polycystins from intact cilia, but disruption of cilia also disrupts this signaling mechanism and ameliorates ADPKD even in the absence of polycystins. Understanding the role of cilia and ciliary signaling in ADPKD is challenging, but success will provide saltatory advances in our understanding of how tubule structure is maintained in healthy kidneys and how disruption of polycystin or cilia function leads to the pathological tissue remodeling process underlying ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Anna-Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
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31
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Subramanian A, Budhiraja G, Sahu N. Chondrocyte primary cilium is mechanosensitive and responds to low-intensity-ultrasound by altering its length and orientation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Xu Q, Liu W, Liu X, Otkur W, Hayashi T, Yamato M, Fujisaki H, Hattori S, Tashiro SI, Ikejima T. Type I collagen promotes primary cilia growth through down-regulating HDAC6-mediated autophagy in confluent mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3-L1 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:8-14. [PMID: 28811097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from nearly all vertebrate cells. Abnormal ciliogenesis and cilia length are suggested to be associated with hypertension and obesity as well as diseases such as Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Extracellular matrix (ECM), comprising cellular microenvironment, influences cell shape and proliferation. However, influence of ECM on cilia biogenesis has not been well studied. In this study we examined the effects of type I collagen (col I), the major component of ECM, on primary cilia growth. When cultured on collagen-coated dishes, confluent 3T3-L1 cells were found to exhibit fibroblast-like morphology, which was different from the cobblestone-like shape on non-coated dishes. The level of autophagy in the cells cultured on col I-coated dishes was attenuated compared with the cells cultured on non-coated dishes. The cilia of the cells cultured on col I-coated dishes became longer, accompanying increased expression of essential proteins for cilia assembly. Transfection of the siRNA targeting microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) further enhanced the length of primary cilia, suggesting that col I positively regulated cilia growth through inhibition of autophagy. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which was suggested as a mediator of autophagy in our previous study on primary cilia, was down-regulated with col I. 3T3-L1 cells treated with the siRNA against HDAC6 reduced the autophagy level and enhanced collagen-induced cilia elongation, implying that HDAC6 was involved in mediating autophagy. In conclusion, col I promotes cilia growth through repressing the HDAC-autophagy pathway that can be involved in the interaction between primary cilia and col I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wuxiyar Otkur
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Waseda University Joint Institution for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuju-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajiicho 465, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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33
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Yuan X, Yang S. Primary Cilia and Intraflagellar Transport Proteins in Bone and Cartilage. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1341-1349. [PMID: 27250654 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516652383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, present on most mammalian cells, function as a sensor to sense the environment change and transduce signaling. Loss of primary cilia causes a group of human pleiotropic syndromes called Ciliopathies. Some of the ciliopathies display skeletal dysplasias, implying the important role of primary cilia in skeletal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has shown that loss or malfunction of primary cilia or ciliary proteins in bone and cartilage is associated with developmental and function defects. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation and/or function. In this review, we discuss the role of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the development of bone and cartilage, as well as the differentiation and mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. We also include the role of primary cilia in tooth development and highlight the current advance of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Yang
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,2 Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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34
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Wei X, Hu M, Mishina Y, Liu F. Developmental Regulation of the Growth Plate and Cranial Synchondrosis. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1221-9. [PMID: 27250655 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516651823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long bones and the cranial base are both formed through endochondral ossification. Elongation of long bones is primarily through the growth plate, which is a cartilaginous structure at the end of long bones made up of chondrocytes. Growth plate chondrocytes are organized in columns along the longitudinal axis of bone growth. The cranial base is the growth center of the neurocranium. Synchondroses, consisting of mirror-image growth plates, are critical for cranial base elongation and development. Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in determining the roles of the parathyroid hormone-related protein, Indian hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt signaling pathways in various aspects of skeletal development. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates the important role of the primary cilia signaling pathway in bone elongation. Here, we review the development of the growth plate and cranial synchondrosis and the regulation by the above-mentioned signaling pathways, highlighting the similarities and differences between these 2 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - M Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Y Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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35
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Bodle JC, Loboa EG. Concise Review: Primary Cilia: Control Centers for Stem Cell Lineage Specification and Potential Targets for Cell-Based Therapies. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1445-54. [PMID: 26866419 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing stem cell lineage commitment prevails as the holy grail of translational stem cell research, particularly to those interested in the application of mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering. However, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their phenotypic specification persists as an active area of research. In recent studies, the primary cilium structure has been intimately associated with defining cell phenotype, maintaining stemness, as well as functioning in a chemo, electro, and mechanosensory capacity in progenitor and committed cell types. Many hypothesize that the primary cilium may indeed be another important player in defining and controlling cell phenotype, concomitant with lineage-dictated cytoskeletal dynamics. Many of the studies on the primary cilium have emerged from disparate areas of biological research, and crosstalk amongst these areas of research is just beginning. To date, there has not been a thorough review of how primary cilia fit into the current paradigm of stem cell differentiation and this review aims to summarize the current cilia work in this context. The goal of this review is to highlight the cilium's function and integrate this knowledge into the working knowledge of stem cell biologists and tissue engineers developing regenerative medicine technologies. Stem Cells 2016;34:1445-1454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,College of Engineering University of Missouri, Columbia Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Wang Z, Wann A, Thompson C, Hassen A, Wang W, Knight M. IFT88 influences chondrocyte actin organization and biomechanics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:544-54. [PMID: 26493329 PMCID: PMC4769095 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary cilia are microtubule based organelles which control a variety of signalling pathways important in cartilage development, health and disease. This study examines the role of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein, IFT88, in regulating fundamental actin organisation and mechanics in articular chondrocytes. METHODS The study used an established chondrocyte cell line with and without hypomorphic mutation of IFT88 (IFT88(orpk)). Confocal microscopy was used to quantify F-actin and myosin IIB organisation. Viscoelastic cell and actin cortex mechanics were determined using micropipette aspiration with actin dynamics visualised in live cells transfected with LifeACT-GFP. RESULTS IFT88(orpk) cells exhibited a significant increase in acto-myosin stress fibre organisation relative to wild-type (WT) cells in monolayer and an altered response to cytochalasin D. Rounded IFT88(orpk) cells cultured in suspension exhibited reduced cortical actin expression with reduced cellular equilibrium modulus. Micropipette aspiration resulted in reduced membrane bleb formation in IFT88(orpk) cells. Following membrane blebbing, IFT88(orpk) cells exhibited slower reformation of the actin cortex. IFT88(orpk) cells showed increased actin deformability and reduced cortical tension confirming that IFT regulates actin cortex mechanics. The reduced cortical tension is also consistent with the reduced bleb formation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that the ciliary protein IFT88 regulates fundamental actin organisation and the stiffness of the actin cortex leading to alterations in cell deformation, mechanical properties and blebbing in an IFT88 chondrocyte cell line. This adds to the growing understanding of the role of primary cilia and IFT in regulating cartilage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A.K.T. Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C.L. Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C.L. Thompson, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile end Rd, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom. Tel: 44-(0)20-7882-8868.
| | - A. Hassen
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M.M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Moazedi-Fuerst FC, Gruber G, Stradner MH, Guidolin D, Jones JC, Bodo K, Wagner K, Peischler D, Krischan V, Weber J, Sadoghi P, Glehr M, Leithner A, Graninger WB. Effect of Laminin-A4 inhibition on cluster formation of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:419-26. [PMID: 26295200 PMCID: PMC5727909 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation of chondrocyte clusters is not only a morphological sign of osteoarthritis but it is also observed in cell culture. Active locomotion of chondrocytes is controlled by integrins in vitro. Integrins bind to Laminin-A4 (LAMA4), a protein that is highly expressed in vivo in clusters of hypertrophic chondrocytes. We tested if LAMA4 is relevant for cluster formation. Human chondrocytes were cultured in a 2D matrigel model and treated with different concentrations of a monoclonal inhibitory anti-LAMA4-antibody. Migration and cluster formation was analysed using live cell imaging technique. Full genome gene expression analysis was performed to assess the effect of LAMA4 inhibition. The data set were screened for genes relevant to cell motility. F-actin staining was performed to document cytoskeletal changes. Anti-LAMA4 treatment significantly reduced the rate of cluster formation in human chondrocytes. Cells changed their surface morphology and exhibited fewer protrusions. Expression of genes associated with cellular motility and migration was affected by anti-LAMA4 treatment. LAMA4-integrin signalling affects chondrocyte morphology and gene expression in vitro, thereby contributing to cluster formation in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University Graz
| | | | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy, University of Padua
| | - Jonathan C. Jones
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Koppany Bodo
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Graz
| | - Karin Wagner
- Center of Medical Research, Corefacility Molecular biology, Medical University Graz
| | | | - Verena Krischan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz
| | - Jennifer Weber
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz
| | | | - Mathias Glehr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University Graz
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Thompson CL, Wiles A, Poole CA, Knight MM. Lithium chloride modulates chondrocyte primary cilia and inhibits Hedgehog signaling. FASEB J 2015; 30:716-26. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Thompson
- Institute of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Wiles
- Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - Martin M. Knight
- Institute of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Yuan X, Yang S. Deletion of IFT80 Impairs Epiphyseal and Articular Cartilage Formation Due to Disruption of Chondrocyte Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130618. [PMID: 26098911 PMCID: PMC4476593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport proteins (IFT) play important roles in cilia formation and organ development. Partial loss of IFT80 function leads Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) or short-rib polydactyly (SRP) syndrome type III, displaying narrow thoracic cavity and multiple cartilage anomalies. However, it is unknown how IFT80 regulates cartilage formation. To define the role and mechanism of IFT80 in chondrocyte function and cartilage formation, we generated a Col2α1; IFT80f/f mouse model by crossing IFT80f/f mice with inducible Col2α1-CreER mice, and deleted IFT80 in chondrocyte lineage by injection of tamoxifen into the mice in embryonic or postnatal stage. Loss of IFT80 in the embryonic stage resulted in short limbs at birth. Histological studies showed that IFT80-deficient mice have shortened cartilage with marked changes in cellular morphology and organization in the resting, proliferative, pre-hypertrophic, and hypertrophic zones. Moreover, deletion of IFT80 in the postnatal stage led to mouse stunted growth with shortened growth plate but thickened articular cartilage. Defects of ciliogenesis were found in the cartilage of IFT80-deficient mice and primary IFT80-deficient chondrocytes. Further study showed that chondrogenic differentiation was significantly inhibited in IFT80-deficient mice due to reduced hedgehog (Hh) signaling and increased Wnt signaling activities. These findings demonstrate that loss of IFT80 blocks chondrocyte differentiation by disruption of ciliogenesis and alteration of Hh and Wnt signaling transduction, which in turn alters epiphyseal and articular cartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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Mohieldin AM, Haymour HS, Lo ST, AbouAlaiwi WA, Atkinson KF, Ward CJ, Gao M, Wessely O, Nauli SM. Protein composition and movements of membrane swellings associated with primary cilia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2415-29. [PMID: 25650235 PMCID: PMC4503369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of many ciliary proteins has been linked to a list of diseases, from cystic kidney to obesity and from hypertension to mental retardation. We previously proposed that primary cilia are unique communication organelles that function as microsensory compartments that house mechanosensory molecules. Here we report that primary cilia exhibit membrane swellings or ciliary bulbs, which based on their unique ultrastructure and motility, could be mechanically regulated by fluid-shear stress. Together with the ultrastructure analysis of the swelling, which contains monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), our results show that ciliary bulb has a distinctive set of functional proteins, including GM3 synthase (GM3S), bicaudal-c1 (Bicc1), and polycystin-2 (PC2). In fact, results from our cilia isolation demonstrated for the first time that GM3S and Bicc1 are members of the primary cilia proteins. Although these proteins are not required for ciliary membrane swelling formation under static condition, fluid-shear stress induced swelling formation is partially modulated by GM3S. We therefore propose that the ciliary bulb exhibits a sensory function within the mechano-ciliary structure. Overall, our studies provided an important step towards understanding the ciliary bulb function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Mohieldin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hanan S. Haymour
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shao T. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Wissam A. AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kimberly F. Atkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 1425 University Esplanade, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
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Abstract
Skeletal loading is an important physiological regulator of bone mass. Theoretically, mechanical forces or administration of drugs that activate bone mechanosensors would be a novel treatment for osteoporotic disorders, particularly age-related osteoporosis and other bone loss caused by skeletal unloading. Uncertainty regarding the identity of the molecular targets that sense and transduce mechanical forces in bone, however, has limited the therapeutic exploitation of mechanosesning pathways to control bone mass. Recently, two evolutionally conserved mechanosensing pathways have been shown to function as "physical environment" sensors in cells of the osteoblasts lineage. Indeed, polycystin-1 (Pkd1, or PC1) and polycystin-2 (Pkd2, or PC2' or TRPP2), which form a flow sensing receptor channel complex, and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, or WWTR1), which responds to the extracellular matrix microenvironment act in concert to reciprocally regulate osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis through co-activating Runx2 and a co-repressing PPARγ activities. Interactions of polycystins and TAZ with other putative mechanosensing mechanism, such as primary cilia, integrins and hemichannels, may create multifaceted mechanosensing networks in bone. Moreover, modulation of polycystins and TAZ interactions identify novel molecular targets to develop small molecules that mimic the effects of mechanical loading on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38165, USA
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38165, USA
- Coleman College of Medicine Building, Suite B216, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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42
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Rais Y, Reich A, Simsa-Maziel S, Moshe M, Idelevich A, Kfir T, Miosge N, Monsonego-Ornan E. The growth plate's response to load is partially mediated by mechano-sensing via the chondrocytic primary cilium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:597-615. [PMID: 25084815 PMCID: PMC11114052 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical load plays a significant role in bone and growth-plate development. Chondrocytes sense and respond to mechanical stimulation; however, the mechanisms by which those signals exert their effects are not fully understood. The primary cilium has been identified as a mechano-sensor in several cell types, including renal epithelial cells and endothelium, and accumulating evidence connects it to mechano-transduction in chondrocytes. In the growth plate, the primary cilium is involved in several regulatory pathways, such as the non-canonical Wnt and Indian Hedgehog. Moreover, it mediates cell shape, orientation, growth, and differentiation in the growth plate. In this work, we show that mechanical load enhances ciliogenesis in the growth plate. This leads to alterations in the expression and localization of key members of the Ihh-PTHrP loop resulting in decreased proliferation and an abnormal switch from proliferation to differentiation, together with abnormal chondrocyte morphology and organization. Moreover, we use the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5, a model for growth-plate chondrocytes, to understand the mechanisms mediating the participation of the primary cilium, and in particular KIF3A, in the cell's response to mechanical stimulation. We show that this key component of the cilium mediates gene expression in response to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoach Rais
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Reich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, 20892-1830, MD, USA
| | - Stav Simsa-Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Moshe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Idelevich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Kfir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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43
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Abstract
Over the past decade, primary cilia have emerged as the premier means by which cells sense and transduce mechanical stimuli. Primary cilia are sensory organelles that have been shown to be vitally involved in the mechanosensation of urine in the renal nephron, bile in the hepatic biliary system, digestive fluid in the pancreatic duct, dentin in dental pulp, lacunocanalicular fluid in bone and cartilage, and blood in vasculature. The prevalence of primary cilia among mammalian cell types is matched by the tremendously varied disease states caused by both structural and functional defects in cilia. In the process of delineating the mechanisms behind these disease states, calcium fluorimetry has been widely utilized as a means of quantifying ciliary function to both fluid flow and pharmacological agents. In this review, we will discuss the approaches used in associating calcium levels to cilia function.
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44
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Yuan X, Serra RA, Yang S. Function and regulation of primary cilia and intraflagellar transport proteins in the skeleton. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1335:78-99. [PMID: 24961486 PMCID: PMC4334369 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the cell surface to enable transduction of various developmental signaling pathways. The process of intraflagellar transport (IFT) is crucial for the building and maintenance of primary cilia. Ciliary dysfunction has been found in a range of disorders called ciliopathies, some of which display severe skeletal dysplasias. In recent years, interest has grown in uncovering the function of primary cilia/IFT proteins in bone development, mechanotransduction, and cellular regulation. We summarize recent advances in understanding the function of cilia and IFT proteins in the regulation of cell differentiation in osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We also discuss the mechanosensory function of cilia and IFT proteins in bone cells, cilia orientation, and other functions of cilia in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rosa A. Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Abstract
Cilia are force-generating and -sensing organelles that serve as mechanical interfaces between the cell and the extracellular environment. Cilia are present in tissues that adaptively respond to mechanical loading and fluid flow, and defects in ciliary function can lead to diseases affecting these tissues. As might be expected for a mechanical interface, the formation of cilia is, itself, regulated by mechanical forces, and these links between mechanics and ciliary formation are providing new entry points for dissecting the regulatory pathways of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Hiroaki Ishikawa and Wallace F. Marshall are affiliated with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California San Francisco
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Hiroaki Ishikawa and Wallace F. Marshall are affiliated with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California San Francisco
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Arita M, Fertala J, Hou C, Steplewski A, Fertala A. Mechanisms of aberrant organization of growth plates in conditional transgenic mouse model of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia associated with the R992C substitution in collagen II. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:214-29. [PMID: 25451152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in collagen II, a main structural protein of cartilage, are associated with various forms of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED), whose main features include aberrations of linear growth. Here, we analyzed the pathomechanisms responsible for growth alterations in transgenic mice with conditional expression of the R992C collagen II mutation. Specifically, we studied the alterations of the growth plates of mutant mice in which chondrocytes lacked their typical columnar arrangement. Our studies demonstrated that chondrocytes expressing the thermolabile R992C mutant collagen II molecules endured endoplasmic reticulum stress, had atypical polarization, and had reduced proliferation. Moreover, we demonstrated aberrant organization and morphology of primary cilia. Analyses of the extracellular collagenous deposits in mice expressing the R992C mutant collagen II molecules indicated their poor formation and distribution. By contrast, transgenic mice expressing wild-type collagen II and mice in which the expression of the transgene encoding the R992C collagen II was switched off were characterized by normal growth, and the morphology of their growth plates was correct. Our study with the use of a conditional mouse SED model not only indicates a direct relation between the observed aberration of skeletal tissues and the presence of mutant collagen II, but also identifies cellular and matrix elements of the pathomechanism of SED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Arita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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The chondrocyte primary cilium. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1071-6. [PMID: 24879961 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The presence and role of primary, or non-motile, cilia on chondrocytes has confused cartilage researchers for decades. Initial explanations attributed a vestigial nature to chondrocyte cilia. Evidence is now emerging that supports the role of the chondrocyte primary cilium as a sensory organelle, in particular, in mechanotransduction and as a compartment for signaling pathways. Early electron microscopy images depicted bent cilia aligned with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a manner that suggested a response to mechanical forces. Molecules known to be mechanotransducers in other cell types, including integrins and proteoglycans, are present on chondrocyte cilia. Further, chondrocytes which lack cilia fail to respond to mechanical forces in the same manner that chondrocytes with intact cilia respond. From a clinical perspective, chondrocytes from osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage have cilia with different characteristics than cilia found on chondrocytes from healthy cartilage. OBJECTIVE This review examines the evidence supporting the function of chondrocyte cilia and briefly speculates on the involvement of intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the signaling pathway of mechanotransduction through the cilium. CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests cilia may be a promising target for preventing and treating OA.
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Hedgehog pathway inhibitor-4 suppresses malignant properties of chondrosarcoma cells by disturbing tumor ciliogenesis. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1622-30. [PMID: 25110171 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a type of malignant bone tumor secreting cartilage-like matrix. In clinical treatment, there is no frequently used drug treatment option except for surgical resection. Hedgehog (HH) pathway is a classical signaling pathway that regulates normal cartilage cell development. In order to detect the role that HH pathway plays in chondrosarcoma, we used immunohistochemistry and found this tumor clearly expressed HH pathway-related proteins. Treatment with HH pathway inhibitor-4 (HPI-4) could significantly decrease human chondrosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration ability. Furthermore, HPI-4 could distinctly disturb HH pathway-mediated ciliogenesis and suppress primary cilia-related protein intraflagellar transport protein IFT88 expression. HH downstream effect molecular GLI2 was restrained to block parathyroid hormone-related protein and affect MAPK/ERK-regulated matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9). These results indicated that activated HH pathway existed in chondrosarcoma and HPI-4 could be a new therapeutic option specific to chondrosarcoma expressing elevated levels of HH pathway.
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Drexler S, Wann A, Vincent TL. Are cellular mechanosensors potential therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.14.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Homeostatic mechanisms in articular cartilage and role of inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2014; 15:375. [PMID: 24072604 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease, in which thinning and disappearance of cartilage is a critical determinant in OA progression. The rupture of cartilage homeostasis whatever its cause (aging, genetic predisposition, trauma or metabolic disorder) induces profound phenotypic modifications of chondrocytes, which then promote the synthesis of a subset of factors that induce cartilage damage and target other joint tissues. Interestingly, among these factors are numerous components of the inflammatory pathways. Chondrocytes produce cytokines, chemokines, alarmins, prostanoids, and adipokines and express numerous cell surface receptors for cytokines and chemokines, as well as Toll-like receptors. These receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammatory and stress responses of chondrocytes in OA joints. This review focuses on mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis and highlights the role of inflammatory processes in OA progression.
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