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Hatam-Nahavandi K, Ahmadpour E, Badri M, Eslahi AV, Anvari D, Carmena D, Xiao L. Global prevalence of Giardia infection in nonhuman mammalian hosts: A systematic review and meta-analysis of five million animals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2025; 19:e0013021. [PMID: 40273200 PMCID: PMC12052165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Giardia genus are zoonotic protozoan parasites that cause giardiasis, a diarrheal disease of public and veterinary health concern, in a wide range of mammal hosts, including humans. METHODOLOGY We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide evidence-based data on the worldwide prevalence of Giardia infection in nonhuman mammals that can be used as scientific foundation for further studies. We searched public databases using specific keywords to identify relevant publications from 1980 to 2023. We computed the pooled prevalence estimates utilizing a random-effects meta-analysis model. Animals were stratified according to their taxonomic hierarchy, as well as ecological and biological factors. We investigated the influence of predetermined variables on prevalence estimates and heterogeneity through subgroup and meta-regression analyses. We conducted phylogenetic analysis to examine the evolutionary relationships among different assemblages of G. duodenalis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study included 861 studies (1,632 datasets) involving 4,917,663 animals from 327 species, 203 genera, 67 families, and 14 orders from 89 countries. The global pooled prevalence of Giardia infection in nonhuman mammals was estimated at 13.6% (95% CI: 13.4-13.8), with the highest rates observed in Rodentia (28.0%) and Artiodactyla (17.0%). Herbivorous (17.0%), semiaquatic (29.0%), and wild (19.0%) animals showed higher prevalence rates. A decreasing prevalence trend was observed over time (β = -0.1036477, 95% CI -0.1557359 to -0.0515595, p < 0.000). Among 16,479 G. duodenalis isolates, 15,999 mono-infections belonging to eight (A-H) assemblages were identified. Assemblage E was the predominant genotype (53.7%), followed by assemblages A (18.1%), B (14.1%), D (6.4%), C (5.6%), F (1.4%), G (0.6%), and H (0.1%). The highest G. duodenalis genetic diversity was found in cattle (n = 7,651, where six assemblages including A (13.6%), B (3.1%), C (0.2%), D (0.1%), E (81.7%), and mixed infections (1.2%) were identified. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Domestic mammals are significant contributors to the environmental contamination with Giardia cysts, emphasizing the importance of implementing good management practices and appropriate control measures. The widespread presence of Giardia in wildlife suggests that free-living animals can potentially act as sources of the infection to livestock and even humans through overlapping of sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Davood Anvari
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII – CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Qin Y, Gao ZQ, Wang HT, Hou QY, Qin SY, Zhao Q, Ma H, Yang LH, Liu S. Prevalence of Giardia in Nine Species of Wild Rodents in Guangxi, Hunan, and Yunan Provinces, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2025. [PMID: 39982775 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2024.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Giardia, a flagellated protozoan, is widely distributed in wild rodents. To characterize the presence of Giardia in wild rodents in southern China, this study collected 344 fecal samples from wild rodents in Guangxi, Hunan, and Yunnan provinces. The β-giardin gene (bg) was amplified to identify the presence of Giardia sp. The results showed that 48 samples (13.95%, 48/344) tested positive for Giardia, including three positives for G. duodenalis (assemblage G n = 1, assemblage F n = 2) and 45 positives for G. microti. Among these, Microtus fortis had the highest prevalence at 30.22% (42/139), followed by Apodemus agrarius (7.14%, 3/42). Rattus flavipectus showed a prevalence of 2.56% (1/39), while Bandicota indica had a rate of 5.13% (2/39). The prevalence of Giardia in males (18.27%, 36/197) was slightly higher than in females (8.16%, 12/147). To the best of our knowledge, the present study reported the detection of assemblage F and assemblage G in B. indica for the first time. In addition, G. microti was found exclusively in M. fortis and a few A. agrarius. This study enriches the epidemiological data on Giardia in wild rodents and provides new insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhen-Qiu Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qing-Yu Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Si-Yuan Qin
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - He Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, PR China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
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Wang T, Zhang Z, Qiao F, Yu F, Jing B, Li J, Qi M. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis in sheep from large-scale farms in Southern Xinjiang, China. Acta Trop 2024; 260:107428. [PMID: 39393478 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant zoonotic parasite. In this study, 767 fresh fecal samples were collected randomly from six large-scale sheep farms in Southern Xinjiang, China. Initially, G. duodenalis was screened using PCR at the SSU rRNA gene. Positive samples then underwent PCR amplification at the bg, gdh, and tpi genes. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep was 17.5% (134/767), with the highest prevalence observed in the 3-6 months age group at 26.8% (56/209) and the lowest in the over 12 months age group at 6.8% (14/205). Among the 134 positive samples, only Assemblage E was identified. A total of 106, 92, and 98 sequences of G. duodenalis were obtained at the gdh, tpi, and bg genes, respectively. Fourteen isolates of G. duodenalis were successfully amplified at all three genes, resulting in nine G. duodenalis multilocus genotypes (MLG) named MLG E1-MLG E14, indicating high genetic diversity. In conclusion, G. duodenalis infection in sheep from large-scale farms is common in Southern Xinjiang, China, showing geographical regional distributions and genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Forage Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Forage Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Fei Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Forage Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Forage Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Forage Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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Zhao Q, Ning X, Yue Z, Jian F, Li D, Lang J, Lu S, Ning C. Unveiling the presence and genotypic diversity of Giardia duodenalis on large-scale sheep farms: insights from the Henan and Ningxia Regions, China. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:312. [PMID: 39030643 PMCID: PMC11264889 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasitic protozoan Giardia duodenalis is an important cause of diarrheal disease in humans and animals that can be spread by fecal-oral transmission through water and the environment, posing a challenge to public health and animal husbandry. Little is known about its impact on large-scale sheep farms in China. In this study we investigated G. duodenalis infection of sheep and contamination of the environment in large-scale sheep farms in two regions of China, Henan and Ningxia. METHODS A total of 528 fecal samples, 402 environmental samples and 30 water samples were collected from seven large-scale sheep farms, and 88 fecal samples and 13 environmental samples were collected from 12 backyard farms. The presence of G. duodenalis was detected by targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene, and the assemblage and multilocus genotype of G. duodenalis were investigated by analyzing three genes: bg, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triphosphate isomerase (tpi). RESULTS The overall G. duodenalis detection rate was 7.8%, 1.4% and 23.3% in fecal, environmental and water samples, respectively. On the large-scale sheep farms tested, the infection rate of sheep in Henan (13.8%) was found to be significantly higher than that of sheep in Ningxia (4.2%) (P < 0.05). However, the difference between the rates of environmental pollution in Henan (1.9%) and Ningxia (1.0%) was not significant (P > 0.05). Investigations of sheep at different physiological stages revealed that late pregnancy ewes showed the lowest infection rate (1.7%) and that young lambs exhibited the highest (18.8%). Genetic analysis identified G. duodenalis belonging to two assemblages, A and E, with assemblage E being dominant. A total of 27 multilocus genotypes were identified for members of assemblage E. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that G. duodenalis is prevalent on large-scale sheep farms in Henan and Ningxia, China, and that there is a risk of environmental contamination. This study is the first comprehensive examination of the presence of G. duodenalis on large-scale sheep farms in China. Challenges posed by G. duodenalis to sheep farms need to be addressed proactively to ensure public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Ning
- Henan Vocational College of Applied Technology, Zhengzhou, 450042, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Yue
- Henan Anjin Biotechnology CO., LTD, Zhengzhou, 450011, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashu Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunli Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Wang J, Huang S, Song J, Fan Y, Zhao G. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Escherichia coli in Dairy Goat Kids with Diarrhea in Partial Regions of Shaanxi Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2922. [PMID: 37760322 PMCID: PMC10526037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Escherichia coli are important diarrheal pathogens threatening the health of humans and various animals. Goats, especially pre-weaned goat kids, that carry these pathogens are important reservoirs related to human infection. In the present study, PCR-based sequencing techniques were applied to characterize Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli in 202 fecal samples of diarrheal kids for Guanzhong dairy goats from five locations in Shaanxi Province. The positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli were 37.6% (76/202), 16.3% (33/202), 55.4% (112/202) and 78.7% (159/202) in these goat kids, respectively. Co-infection of two to four pathogens was found in 114 of 202 fecal samples. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in the positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were found among locations and age groups. Furthermore, two Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum and C. xiaoi), two G. duodenalis assemblages (E and A), nine E. bieneusi genotypes (CHG3, CHG1, BEB6, CHG5, CHG2, SX1, CHG28, COS-II and CD6) and two E. coli pathotypes (EPEC and EHEC) were identified. As for Cryptosporidium, two (IIdA19G1 and IIdA19G2) and two (XXIIIa and XXIIIg) subtypes were recognized in samples positive for C. parvum and C. xiaoi, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS locus of E. bieneusi indicated that all nine genotypes of E. bieneusi identified in this study belonged to the group 2. Four virulence factors (ehxA, eae, stx2 and stx1) of EPEC and EHEC were found in E. coli strains. Collectively, this study explored the colonization frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli in diarrheal kids of Guanzhong dairy goats in Shaanxi Province and expanded our understanding of the genetic composition and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Shuang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junke Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yingying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
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Geng HL, Yan WL, Wang JM, Meng JX, Zhang M, Zhao JX, Shang KM, Liu J, Liu WH. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in sheep and goats in China. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106097. [PMID: 37062491 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenum (G. duodenalis) can cause giardiasis and infect a variety of hosts. So far, there have been no detailed data regarding the positive rate of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats in China. Here, a systematic literature review was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats in China. To perform the meta-analysis, the databases CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, Web of science and ScienceDirect were employed for screening studies related to the prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats in China. The total prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats was estimated to be 7.00% (95% CI: 4.00-10.00). In the age subgroup, the prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats of >12 months (11.29%; 95% CI: 8.08-14.97) was higher than that in sheep and goats of ≤12 months (7.57%; 95% CI: 3.95-12.24). An analysis based on seasons showed that the prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats was higher in summer (11.90%; 95% CI: 0.50-35.05) than that in other seasons. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats after 2016 was 8.57% (95% CI: 5.34-11.79), which was higher than others. The highest prevalence of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats was 13.06% (95% CI: 6.26-19.86) recorded in Southwestern China. The prevalence of Giardia infection in sheep (7.28%; 95% CI: 2.30-14.73) was higher than that in goats (5.43%; 95% CI: 2.73-8.98). The NOAA's National Center for Environmental Information (https://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/maps/ncei/cdo/monthly) was used to extract relevant geoclimatic data (latitude, longitude, elevation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and climate). By analyzing the data of each subgroup, it was shown that region, genetype, and climate were potential risk factors for giardiasis prevalence in sheep and goats. Based on the analysis of common factors and geographical factors, it is recommended to strengthen effective management measures (e.g. ventilation and disinfection in warm and humid areas) and formulate relevant policies according to local conditions. Breeders should strengthen the detection of G. duodenalis in sheep and goats, customize corresponding control measures according to the diet and living habits of sheep and goats, and strengthen the protection of sheep and lamb calves, so as to reduce the incidence rate and reduce the economic loss of China's animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China
| | - Wei-Lan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China; College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, PR China
| | - Jian-Min Wang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Jin-Xin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China
| | - Kai-Meng Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Wen-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, PR China.
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Zhao Q, Lu C, Pei Z, Gong P, Li J, Jian F, Jing B, Qi M, Ning C. Giardia duodenalis in Hu sheep: occurrence and environmental contamination on large-scale housing farms. Parasite 2023; 30:2. [PMID: 36700707 PMCID: PMC9886085 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common zoonotic intestinal parasitic protozoan and sheep are among its hosts; however, limited information is available on sheep kept in large-scale housing. The Hu sheep is a first-class protected local livestock breed in China. In this study, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of G. duodenalis infection in Hu sheep and the environmental contamination of large-scale sheep farms. We collected 474 fecal samples and 312 environmental samples from Hu sheep on a large-scale sheep farm in Henan, China. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was determined by nested PCR targeting the β‑giardin (bg) gene. The assemblages and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were investigated based on analyses of three genetic loci, i.e. bg, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). To detect mixed infections of different assemblages, assemblage A/E-specific PCRs were performed to amplify the tpi gene. The prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in sheep was 17.9% (81/474) and the positivity rate in environmental samples was 0.96% (3/312). Genetic analysis revealed the presence of two assemblages (assemblages A and E), with assemblage E being detected in both fecal and environmental samples, and assemblage A detected only in fecal samples. A total of 23 MLGs were obtained in fecal and environmental samples, all of which belonged to assemblage E. These results indicate the seasonal dynamics of G. duodenalis infection in sheep and environmental contamination on large-scale housing sheep farms and provide an important reference for the prevention and control of G. duodenalis on large-scale housing sheep farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Zhiyang Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Pihong Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China,Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,Corresponding authors: ;
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Yang F, Ma L, Gou JM, Yao HZ, Ren M, Yang BK, Lin Q. Seasonal distribution of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Tibetan sheep in Qinghai, China. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:394. [PMID: 36303255 PMCID: PMC9615363 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause important intestinal diseases in ruminants. However, data on the distribution of these three protozoan pathogens in Tibetan sheep are limited. Methods We collected 761 fecal samples from Tibetan sheep across four seasons in Qinghai Province, China, and screened the samples for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi using PCR-based sequence analysis of the genes encoding 18S ribosomal RNA, triosephosphate isomerase and the internal transcribed spacer, respectively. Results The positivity rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in Tibetan sheep were 3.68% (28/761 samples), 1.58% (12/761) and 6.44% (49/761), respectively. Four species of Cryptosporidium were identified: C. xiaoi (n = 13 samples), C. ubiquitum (n = 8), C. bovis (n = 6) and C. ryanae (n = 1). Two G. duodenalis assemblages, namely the A (n = 2 samples) and E (n = 10) assemblages, were detected. Five zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes were found: BEB6 (n = 21 samples), COS-I (n = 14), CHS3 (n = 11) and CGS1 (n = 2) from group 2, and PIGEBITS5 (n = 1) from group 1. Geographic differences in the distribution of E. bieneusi, and seasonal differences for all the three protozoan pathogens were noted. Conclusions Our results elucidate the prevalence and genetic diversity of these three pathogens in Tibetan sheep across different regions and seasons, including zoonotic pathogens such as C. ubiquitum, C. ryanae, G. duodenalis assemblage A and five genotypes of E. bieneusi. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05442-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Min Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhong Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Ke Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Hashemi-Hafshejani S, Meamar AR, Moradi M, Hemmati N, Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Razmjou E. Multilocus sequence typing of Giardia duodenalis genotypes circulating in humans in a major metropolitan area. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:976956. [PMID: 36275791 PMCID: PMC9581142 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.976956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal protozoan parasite of humans and animal hosts and comprises eight microscopically indistinguishable molecularly-diverse lineages designated as assemblages A-H. Assemblages A and B are the primary sources of infections in humans and a wide range of mammals. Here, we identified assemblages, and inter-/intra-assemblage genetic diversity of human G. duodenalis isolates based on the multilocus sequence typing of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), β -giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci. Multilocus sequence analysis of 62 microscopically-positive G. duodenalis fecal samples identified 26 (41.9%), 27 (43.5%), and nine (14.5%) isolates belonging to assemblages A, B, and discordant assemblages, respectively. The tpi locus assemblage-specific primers identified dual infections with A and B assemblages (45.2%). The sequence analysis of multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed low genetic polymorphism in assemblage A isolates, classified as sub-assemblage AII at three loci, subtype A2 at tpi and gdh loci, and subtype A2 or A3 at bg locus. High genetic variations were found in assemblage B isolates with 14, 15, and 23 nucleotide patterns at tpi, bg, and gdh loci, respectively. Further concatenated sequence analysis revealed four multilocus genotypes (MLG) in 24 assemblages A isolates, two previously-identified (AII-1 and AII-5), with one novel multilocus genotype. However, the high genetic variations observed in assemblage B isolates among and within the three genetic loci prevented the definitive designation of specific MLGs for these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing may provide new insight into the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis isolates in Tehran, suggesting that humans are likely a potential source of G. duodenalis infection. Further host-specific experimental transmission studies are warranted to elucidate the modes of transmission within multiple host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Hashemi-Hafshejani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Hemmati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Elham Razmjou
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10
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Wang P, Zheng L, Liu L, Yu F, Jian Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from sheep and goats in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:361. [PMID: 36175887 PMCID: PMC9524073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have molecularly characterized the potential zoonotic protozoa, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China, therefore total 472 fecal samples were collected from eight provinces and infection rates of three protozoa were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. All PCR positive samples were sequenced to identify the genotype. Results The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 1.9% (9/472), 20.6% (97/472), and 44.5% (210/472), respectively. C. xiaoi (n = 5), C. ubiquitum (n = 3), and C. anderson (n = 1) were identified in goats. 97 G. duodenalis strains were successfully detected, and assembly E (n = 96) and assembly A (n = 1) were identified. Two novel G. duodenalis multilocus genotype (MLGs) were identified, with one belonging to subgroup AI and the other to subgroup E5. Nine known genotype (BEB6, CD6, CHC8, CHG3, CHG5, Peru6, CHG1, CHG2, and COS-I) and four new genotype (CHG26, CHG27, CHG28, and CHS18) were identified in E. bieneusi, with CHG3 dominant in this group. Conclusions The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for this three gastrointestinal pathogens. In summary, we provided a platform for more detailed research on genotyping or subtyping intestinal pathogens to better understand their risks and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Linke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yichen Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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11
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Fu Y, Dong H, Bian X, Qin Z, Han H, Lang J, Zhang J, Zhao G, Li J, Zhang L. Molecular characterizations of Giardia duodenalis based on multilocus genotyping in sheep, goats, and beef cattle in Southwest Inner Mongolia, China. PARASITE (PARIS, FRANCE) 2022; 29:33. [PMID: 35801842 PMCID: PMC9265451 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic parasite that causes economic losses to animal husbandry and threatens public health. In the present study, a total of 1466 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep (n = 797), goats (n = 561) and beef cattle (n = 108) in Southwest Inner Mongolia, China. Giardia duodenalis was initially screened via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene, and bg-positive samples were subjected to PCR amplification targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. A total of 4.0% of samples (58/1466) were positive for G. duodenalis, with a prevalence of 3.4% in sheep, 3.7% in goats and 5.2% in beef cattle. Three G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, and E) were identified, with E as the prevalent assemblage. Four and one novel assemblage E sequences were obtained for the gdh and tpi loci, respectively and four assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLG) were obtained. This study demonstrates high genetic variations in G. duodenalis assemblage E, and provides baseline data for preventing and controlling G. duodenalis infection in livestock in Inner Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Heping Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaokun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Han Han
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China
| | - Jiashu Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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12
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Kifleyohannes T, Nødtvedt A, Debenham JJ, Terefe G, Robertson LJ. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Livestock in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia and Associated Risk Factors for Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:825940. [PMID: 35097057 PMCID: PMC8795829 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.825940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis infecting young livestock in selected districts of Tigray, Ethiopia were investigated, along with risks associated with infection. A total of 757 faecal samples were collected from calves, lambs, and goat kids from four rural districts in Tigray, and also from calves in periurban Mekelle, Tigray's main city, and analysed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Farmers answered questionnaires regarding potential risk factors at sample collection. Immunofluorescent antibody staining was used for parasite detection, and PCR at selected genes and sequencing of positive samples was used for molecular characterisation. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection was 10, 9, and 4% in calves, lambs, and goat kids, respectively; equivalent figures for Giardia infection were 39, 32, and 21%. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates revealed C. ubiquitum, subtype XIIa in all three host species; C. ryanae in calves and goat kids; C. andersoni and C. bovis were identified only in calves, and C. xiaoi was identified in lambs. For Giardia, Assemblage E predominated in all host species, but among calf isolates we also identified a few potentially zoonotic genotypes (assemblages A (AI) and Assemblage B). Periparturient care was shown to be a particularly relevant risk factor for infection, and infections were less likely to occur under extensive management systems. Our major findings were widespread occurrence of both parasites in livestock, and the apparent lack of the most common zoonotic species. Our results are discussed in relation to other relevant studies. As our study was conducted in Tigray, further investigation in different settings in Ethiopia could provide relevant information on transmission and zoonotic potential. In addition, given the dependency on healthy animals for the livelihoods of the population of Tigray, investigation of the effect of these common parasites on livestock productivity is important.
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13
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Cai W, Ryan U, Xiao L, Feng Y. Zoonotic giardiasis: an update. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4199-4218. [PMID: 34623485 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in various hosts, with the disease giardiasis being a zoonosis. The use of molecular typing tools has improved our understanding of the distribution and zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis genotypes in different animals. The present review summarizes recent data on the distribution of G. duodenalis genotypes in humans and animals in different areas. The dominance of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans and common occurrence of host-adapted assemblages in most domesticated animals suggests that zoonotic giardiasis is probably less common than believed and could be attributed mainly to contact with or contamination from just a few species of animals such as nonhuman primates, equines, rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and beavers. Future studies should be directed to advanced genetic characterization of isolates from well-designed epidemiological investigations, especially comparative analyses of isolates from humans and animals living in the same household or community. This will likely lead to better understanding of zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis in different environmental and socioeconomic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Cai
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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14
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Kifleyohannes T, Debenham JJ, Robertson LJ. Is Fresh Produce in Tigray, Ethiopia a Potential Transmission Vehicle for Cryptosporidium and Giardia? Foods 2021; 10:foods10091979. [PMID: 34574089 PMCID: PMC8470912 DOI: 10.3390/foods10091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In rural Ethiopia, where people often share their homes with their livestock, infections of humans and animals with Cryptosporidium and Giardia are relatively common. One possible transmission route is consumption of contaminated fresh produce; this study investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh produce in four districts of rural Tigray in Ethiopia. Fresh produce samples (n = 55) were analysed using standard laboratory procedures. Overall, 15% (8/55) of samples were found to be contaminated. Although contamination levels were mostly low, a few samples had high numbers of Giardia cysts (up to around 70 cysts per 30 g sample). Molecular analyses were largely unsuccessful, but Giardia Assemblage A was identified in one sample. Contamination with these parasites was identified in two of the four districts, but, although a similar pattern has already been described for water contamination, this may be at least partially explained by sampling bias. Nevertheless, we speculate that access to clean water sources may be an important factor for reducing the occurrence of these pathogens. Given the public health and veterinary burden associated with both parasites, the factors which are of importance for their circulation in the communities and environments deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Institute of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU, 1430 Ås, Norway; (J.J.D.); (L.J.R.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle 2084, Ethiopia
- Correspondence:
| | - John James Debenham
- Institute of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU, 1430 Ås, Norway; (J.J.D.); (L.J.R.)
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Institute of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU, 1430 Ås, Norway; (J.J.D.); (L.J.R.)
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15
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Interactions between Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Intestinal Microbiota in Bactrian Camels on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are zoonotic pathogens commonly found in the intestinal tract of mammalian hosts including livestock and humans. The prevalence of these eukaryote microorganisms in domestic animals and their interaction with intestinal microbiota are not yet fully recognized. We analyzed the intestinal microbiota composition with metagenomics and functional characterization with Cluster of Orthologous (COG) in Bactrian camels, which were raised on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest China. Thus, fecal samples were collected from the animals to determine the parasite infection and the profile of microbiota. Analysis of intestinal microbiota at genus level revealed important features of interaction between parasites infection and bacterial community. Coprococcus and Prevotella were more abundant while Akkermansia had lower relative abundance with E. bieneusi infection. Bacteria of Akkermansia, Lactococcus, Oxalobacter, Sphaerochaeta, Paludibacter, Fibrobacter, Anaerovibrio, Pseudomonas, Mogibacterium, Pseudoramibacter_Eubacterium, YRC22, Flexispira, SMB53, AF12, and Roseburia genera were found under-presented and Oscillospira genus over-presented when G. duodenalis infection was present. Meanwhile, Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi co-infected animals showed lower relative abundance of Allobaculum, Rikenella, Shuttleworthia, Epulopiscium, Bilophila, Dorea, Fibrobacter, and TG5. Results demonstrate important interaction between the intestinal parasites and microbiota, and provide informative link for understanding the co-evolution of zoonotic pathogens and bacteria in domestic animals.
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16
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Fazaeli A, Kohansal MH, Spotin A, Haniloo A, Nourian A, Khiabani A, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Nissapatorn V. Infection rate and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis assemblage C in Iranian stray dogs, targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Vet World 2021; 14:419-425. [PMID: 33776307 PMCID: PMC7994138 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.419-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common enteric protozoan parasites in vertebrates, such as humans, domestic and wild animals, causing giardiasis. To the best of our knowledge, little is known about the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblages. This study aimed to identify genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblages in Iranian stray dogs. Materials and Methods A total of 450 fecal samples were collected from 2015 to 2016 from stray dogs of Northwest Iran. All specimens were observed microscopically following concentration and flotation techniques. Subsequently, DNA samples were extracted, amplified, and sequenced targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Results The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in infected dogs was estimated at 1.6%, based on microscopic and molecular diagnoses. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated a high level of genetic diversity of assemblage C (haplotype diversity; 0.802). Conclusion The pairwise sequence distances between the identified isolates of assemblage C showed an intradiversity of 0.3%-1.3% and identity of 98.7%-100%. Current findings indicate that a significant genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblage C haplotypes is unequivocally circulates among stray dogs in Northwest Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Fazaeli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbasali Nourian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khiabani
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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17
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Huang Q, Yang L, Li B, Du H, Zhao F, Han L, Wang Q, Deng Y, Xiao G, Wang D. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis emissions from humans and animals in the Three Gorges Reservoir in Chongqing, China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9985. [PMID: 33194374 PMCID: PMC7646300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are two waterborne protozoan parasites that can cause diarrhea. Human and animal feces in surface water are a major source of these pathogens. This paper presents a GloWPa-TGR-Crypto model that estimates Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis emissions from human and animal feces in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), and uses scenario analysis to predict the effects of sanitation, urbanization, and population growth on oocyst and cyst emissions for 2050. Our model estimated annual emissions of 1.6 × 1015 oocysts and 2.1 × 1015 cysts from human and animal feces, respectively. Humans were the largest contributors of oocysts and cysts, followed by pigs and poultry. Cities were hot-spots for human emissions, while districts with high livestock populations accounted for the highest animal emissions. Our model was the most sensitive to oocyst excretion rates. The results indicated that 74% and 87% of total emissions came from urban areas and humans, respectively, and 86% of total human emissions were produced by the urban population. The scenario analysis showed a potential decrease in oocyst and cyst emissions with improvements in urbanization, sanitation, wastewater treatment, and manure management, regardless of population increase. Our model can further contribute to the understanding of environmental pathways, the risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia pollution, and effective prevention and control strategies that can reduce the outbreak of waterborne diseases in the TGR and other similar watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Biological Resources in Northeast Chongqing, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Han
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Biological Resources in Northeast Chongqing, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjia Deng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Biological Resources in Northeast Chongqing, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Cao L, Han K, Wang L, Hasi S, Yu F, Cui Z, Hai Y, Zhai X, Zhang L. Genetic characteristics of Giardia duodenalis from sheep in Inner Mongolia, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:60. [PMID: 33198885 PMCID: PMC7669454 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic pathogen for both human and animal health. Although there have been reports on G. duodenalis infections in animals all over the world, information regarding the prevalence and genetic characteristics of G. duodenalis in sheep in Inner Mongolia, China, is limited. In this study, 209 sheep fecal specimens were collected in this autonomous region. We established that the prevalence of G. duodenalis was 64.11% (134/209), as determined using nested PCR detection and sequences analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Based on the beta-giardin (bg) locus, the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus, and the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) locus to study genetic characteristics, both assemblages A (2.99%, 4/134) and E (97.01%, 130/134) were found. Five novel nucleotide sequence of assemblage E were detected, two at the bg locus, two at the gdh locus, and one at the tpi locus. Multilocus genotyping yielded four assemblage E and two assemblage A multilocus genotypes (MLGs), including four novel assemblage E MLGs and one novel assemblage A MLG. Results of this study indicated that G. duodenalis was highly prevalent in sheep in Inner Mongolia. This study is the first to use the multilocus genotyping approach to identify G. duodenalis in sheep from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Kelei Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Luyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Surong Hasi
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018 Hohhot, PR China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Hai
- Wushen Banner Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 017300 Ordos, PR China
| | - Xinguo Zhai
- Zhengzhou Municipal Agriculture Rural Work Committee, 450006 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
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Rivero MR, Feliziani C, De Angelo C, Tiranti K, Salomon OD, Touz MC. Giardia spp., the most ubiquitous protozoan parasite in Argentina: human, animal and environmental surveys reported in the last 40 years. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3181-3201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Benhassine S, Baroudi D, Hakem A, Thomas M, Laatamna A, Belkessa S, Feng Y, Roellig D, Chen X, Adjou KT, Xiao L. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in lambs in Djelfa, the central steppe of Algeria. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2965-2973. [PMID: 32661890 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of the prevalence and genetic identity of Giardia duodenalis in sheep in Algeria. The present study aimed at characterizing G. duodenalis in lambs up to 6 months of age in Djelfa, Algeria. A total of 346 fecal specimens were collected from 28 farms and screened for G. duodenalis cysts by zinc sulfate flotation microscopy, and positive specimens were confirmed using a direct immunofluorescence assay. Microscopy-positive specimens were analyzed by PCR and sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase and glutamate dehydrogenase genes to determine G. duodenalis assemblages. Coprological examination indicated that the overall infection rate was 7.0% (24/346). Lambs under 3 months of age had higher infection rate (18/197, 9.0%) than older (6/149, 4.0%) animals, and animals with diarrhea (7/44, 16.0%) had higher infection rate than animals without diarrhea (17/302, 5.6%). PCR sequence analyses of the 15 G. duodenalis isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A in 6 isolates, assemblage E in 7 isolates, and both in 2 isolates. Assemblage A was only found in pre-weaned lambs with diarrhea, while assemblage E was mostly found in post-weaned lambs without diarrhea. The assemblage E isolates from sheep were genetically related to those from cattle in Algeria, while assemblage A isolates were from a well-known subtype prevalent in humans. Data generated from the study improve our understanding of the transmission of G. duodenalis in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Benhassine
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorisation of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria.,Biology Laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Route de Ghardaïa, BP 37G, 03000, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Djamel Baroudi
- École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers, Algeria.,Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.,Laboratoire Hygiene Alimentaire Système Analyses Qualité, École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ahcene Hakem
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorisation of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria.,Research Center in Agropastoralism, Moudjbara Road, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Myriam Thomas
- UMR-BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Anses, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorisation of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Salem Belkessa
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Karim Tarik Adjou
- UMR-BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Anses, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Tan sheep (Ovis aries) in northwestern China. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102126. [PMID: 32334094 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal protozoa, which can cause the occurrence of diarrhea, weight loss, and even death in animals or human, this threatens the husbandry industry and public health. It can infect virtually humans and all domestic animals including sheep. Tan sheep is one of the most important sheep breeds, which is short-tailed indigenous sheep breed used for production of high quality meat and pelts in China. However, there are no report regarding the occurrence and multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis in Tan sheep in northwestern China. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and multilocus genotypes of G. duodenalis in Tan sheep. 1014 fecal samples were collected from Tan sheep from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and three loci (β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes) were amplified by nested PCR. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in Tan sheep was 14.5% (147/1014), two assemblages (assemblage A, n = 43; and E, n = 90) were detected, including one novel assemblage A at bg locus, one novel assemblage A at tpi locus, and 10 and 11 novel subtypes of assemblage E were detected at the bg and gdh loci, respectively. One MLGs was formed based on sequence variation among the three loci. Moreover, 9 Tan sheep were infected with two assemblages (A and E) based on the three loci. These findings expand the host range of G. duodenalis and revealed genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblages in Tan sheep.
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Ryan U, Zahedi A. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:209-254. [PMID: 31630759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of eight Giardia species are accepted. These include: Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), which infects humans and animals, Giardia agilis, Giardia ardeae, Giardia psittaci, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia peramelis and G. cricetidarum, which infect non-human hosts including amphibians, birds, rodents and marsupials. Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of eight assemblages (A-H), with assemblages A and B the dominant assemblages in humans. Molecular studies to date on the zoonotic potential of Giardia in animals are problematic and are hampered by lack of concordance between loci. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) are predominantly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E, which has recently been shown to be zoonotic, followed by assemblage A. In cats and dogs, assemblages A, B, C, D and F are commonly reported but relatively few studies have conducted molecular typing of humans and their pets and the results are contradictory with some studies support zoonotic transmission but the majority of studies suggesting separate transmission cycles. Giardia also infects a broad range of wildlife hosts and although much less well studied, host-adapted species as well as G. duodenalis assemblages (A-H) have been identified. Fish and other aquatic wildlife represent a source of infection for humans with Giardia via water contamination and/or consumption of undercooked fish and interestingly, assemblage B and A predominated in the two molecular studies conducted to date. Our current knowledge of the transmission dynamics of Giardia is still poor and the development of more discriminatory typing tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Giardia isolates is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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23
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Qi M, Zhang Z, Zhao A, Jing B, Guan G, Luo J, Zhang L. Distribution and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi amongst grazing adult sheep in Xinjiang, China. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:80-86. [PMID: 30974206 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in grazing adult sheep from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 318 fecal samples were collected and screened for the presence of these parasites by polymerase chain reaction. The overall infection rate for the three pathogens was 13.5% (43/318), with observed individual infection rates of 0.9% (3/318), 7.5% (24/318), and 6.3% (20/318) for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified amongst the samples, including C. xiaoi (n = 1), C. ubiquitum (n = 1), and C. parvum (n = 1), with gp60-based subtyping analysis identifying C. parvum as subtype IIdA15G1 and C. ubiquitum as subtype XIIa. Eight E. bieneusi genotypes were identified based on internal transcribed spacer region sequencing, including six known (BEB6, CHG1, CHG3, CHS3, CHS8, and COS-I) and two novel (designated XJS1 and XJS2) genotypes. All G. duodenalis-positive samples were identified as assemblage E based on small subunit rRNA (n = 24) and gdh (n = 10) gene sequence analysis. These data support the occurrence of host adaptation by Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in sheep, and the zoonotic risk may posed by these parasites in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China; College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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Chen D, Zou Y, Li Z, Wang SS, Xie SC, Shi LQ, Zou FC, Yang JF, Zhao GH, Zhu XQ. Occurrence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in black-boned sheep and goats in southwestern China. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:102. [PMID: 30867035 PMCID: PMC6417273 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is an important intestinal protozoan infecting both humans and animals, causing significant public health concern and immeasurable economic losses to animal husbandry. Sheep and goats have been reported as common reservoirs of G. duodenalis, but only a limited amount of information is available for native breeds of these small ruminants in China. The present study investigated the prevalence and multilocus genotypes of G. duodenalis in black-boned sheep and goats, two important native breeds in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 336 black-boned goats and 325 black-boned sheep from five counties (Meishui, Shanshu, Shilin, Yongsheng and Nanping) of Yunnan Province and the genomic DNA was extracted from these feces. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was determined by the nested PCR targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene. The assemblages and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were investigated based on analyses of three genetic loci, i.e. bg, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). RESULTS Giardia duodenalis infection was detected in both black-boned sheep and goats, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis in black-boned sheep (21.8%, 71/325) was significantly higher (χ2 = 36.63, df = 1, P < 0.001) than that in black-boned goats (4.8%, 16/336). Significant differences in prevalence were also observed in goats and sheep from different counties (χ2 = 39.83, df = 4, P < 0.001) and age groups (χ2 = 97.33, df = 3, P < 0.001). Zoonotic assemblage A and animal-specific assemblage E were identified in both black-boned sheep and goats with the latter as the predominant assemblage. Based on sequences obtained from the three genetic loci (bg, gdh and tpi), 16 MLGs were obtained in black-boned sheep and goats, including 15 MLGs in assemblage E and one MLG in assemblage A. CONCLUSIONS Our results not only extended the host range of G. duodenalis, but also revealed high genetic variations in G. duodenalis assemblages. The findings of the present study also provide baseline data for preventing and controlling G. duodenalis infection in black-boned sheep and goats in Yunnan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Qin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Wu Y, Chang Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li D, Zheng S, Wang L, Li J, Ning C, Zhang L. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan sheep in Gansu, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhong Z, Tu R, Ou H, Yan G, Dan J, Xiao Q, Wang Y, Cao S, Shen L, Deng J, Zuo Z, Ma X, Zhou Z, Liu H, Yu S, Ren Z, Hu Y, Peng G. Occurrence and genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from adult goats in Sichuan Province, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199325. [PMID: 29912930 PMCID: PMC6005483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are common gastrointestinal protozoa in mammals. Many studies have been conducted on the distribution of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. genotypes in sheep and cattle. However, in China, information about molecular characterization and genetic analysis of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in goats is limited. In this study, 342 fecal samples from adult goats were collected from 12 farms in Sichuan Province, China. The occurrence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in adult goats was 14.9% (51/342) and 4.7% (16/342), respectively. All G. duodenalis were identified as assemblage E, with two novel genotypes (assemblages E17 and E18) being detected at the beta-giardin (bg) locus. Based on three loci-beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh)-multilocus sequence typing revealed three novel multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of assemblage E (MLG-E1, E2, E3 (sc)). Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA-based PCR identified two Cryptosporidium species, namely C. xiaoi (11/16) and C. suis (5/16). This study is not only the first to report C. suis infection in adult goats in China but is also the first to use the MLG approach to identify G. duodenalis in adult goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Rui Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Ou
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Guangwen Yan
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, P.R. China
| | - Jiaming Dan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shumin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Prevalence and multi-locus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from goats in Shaanxi province, northwestern China. Acta Trop 2018; 182:202-206. [PMID: 29545152 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis) is an important zoonotic parasite that parasitizes the gastro-intestines of humans and animals, with diarrhea as the most common clinical symptom. The goat has been indicated as one of the most important reservoirs of G. duodenalis for humans. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in goats in Shaanxi province, northwestern China. A total of 1311 faecal specimens were examined, and the overall prevalence was 7.1% (93/1311). Although all the meat, cashmere and dairy goats were positive for infection, the highest prevalence was found in cashmere goats (10.2%), followed by dairy (9.4%) and meat goats (2.0%). Negative correlation between age and prevalence was also observed, and the highest prevalence was detected in 0-2-month goats. Genetic analysis showed the presence of three assemblages, including two zoonotic (A and B) and one animal-adapted assemblage E, with E as the prevalent assemblage found in all breeds of positive goats. The zoonotic assemblage A was found in Guanzhong dairy and Shanbei cashmere goats, but B was only detected in Boar goats. Additionally, mixed assemblages E and A were also identified in two cashmere goats. Multi-locus genotyping (MLST) using the gene loci of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), b-giardin (bg) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) identified four novel multi-locus genotypes (MLGs), including two assemblage E MLGs and two assemblage A MLGs. These results suggested that Boar, Guanzhong dairy and Shanbei cashmere goats in Shaanxi province would be potential reservoirs for human infections in this area, and this study also provided basic data for controlling G. duodenalis infection in goats as well as other hosts.
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Jian Y, Zhang X, Li X, Karanis G, Ma L, Karanis P. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in cattle and sheep from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), northwestern China. Vet Parasitol 2017; 250:40-44. [PMID: 29329622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an important intestinal protozoan parasite with a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock and wildlife. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of G. duodenalis infections among cattle and sheep in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA) and to assess the potential risk of the zoonotic transmission of this pathogen. A total of 454 stool specimens were collected and examined using the nested PCR method based on the G. duodenalis SSUrRNA gene fragment. Thirty-nine out of 389 cattle specimens examined were positive (10%) for the G. duodenalis infection. After the sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA gene, all detected G. duodenalis belong to assemblage E. No G. duodenalis infections were found in the 65 investigated samples from sheep. Our data therefore indicates that G. duodenalis is a common parasite in cattle in the QTPA, China and that cattle appear to be a reservoir of G. duodenalis for other animals and the environmental water supplies in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Liqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in pigs of Shaanxi Province, northwestern China. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:490. [PMID: 29041984 PMCID: PMC5645933 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardiasis, caused by Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia), is a significant zoonotic parasitic disease of animals and humans worldwide. Accurate genotyping of G. duodenalis is essential for efficient control and management of giardiasis. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and assemblages of giardiasis in pigs in Shaanxi Province, northwestern China, and for the first time study multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in pigs using multilocus genotyping technology in this region. Results Of 560 faecal samples collected from five farms in Shaanxi Province, 45 were positive for G. duodenalis and significant differences in prevalence were observed among different locations. Differences in prevalence were also detected in pigs of different age groups, with the highest prevalence in sows and the lowest in boars. Two assemblages, A and E, were identified, and a mixed infection of both A and E was identified in one faecal sample. Assemblage E was predominant and widely distributed in all investigated areas and age groups. Genetic viability was detected for both assemblages, and four different multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) within assemblage E were found, MLGE1-MLGE4. Conclusions Giardia duodenalis was detected in pigs from Shaanxi Province, northwestern China, and genetic diversity was observed in these infections. Both assemblages A and E were detected, and four distinct MLGs within assemblage E were identified. These findings provide new data for controlling G. duodenalis infection in pigs.
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Li J, Wang H, Wang R, Zhang L. Giardia duodenalis Infections in Humans and Other Animals in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2004. [PMID: 29081771 PMCID: PMC5645521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic pathogen in both public and veterinary health, and has been genotyped into at least eight assemblages (A-H), each with a distinct host range. In recent years, this intestinal protozoan parasite has been identified widely in humans and various other animals, and has even been recorded in environmental contaminants. Along with whole genome sequencing of G. duodenalis, multilocus sequence typing is increasingly being used to characterize G. duodenalis isolates. Here, we review the epidemiology, genotyping, and subtyping of G. duodenalis from humans and a wide range of other animals, as well as from wastewater, in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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31
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Jin Y, Fei J, Cai J, Wang X, Li N, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Tibetan sheep and yaks in Qinghai, China. Vet Parasitol 2017; 247:70-76. [PMID: 29080768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common gastrointestinal protozoon in mammals. Although many studies have been reported on the distribution of G. duodenalis genotypes in sheep and cattle raised under intensive farming, few studies are available on the distribution of G. duodenalis in Tibetan sheep and yaks, which are raised free ranging in a continental plateau climate. In this study, 495 fecal specimens from Tibetan sheep and 605 from yaks were collected from eight counties in Qinghai, China and analyzed for G. duodenalis by PCR targeting the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Based on PCR positivity at the bg locus, G. duodenalis occurrence rates were 13.1% (65/495) in Tibetan sheep and 10.4% (63/605) in yaks. DNA sequence analysis identified the presence of G. duodenalis Assemblages A (in 10 Tibetan sheep and 2 yaks) and E (in 51 Tibetan sheep and 60 yaks). In addition, mixed infections of the two were identified in four Tibetan sheep and one yak. Among the sequences obtained in this study, 1, 10, and 2 new subtypes of Assemblage E were detected at the bg, gdh and tpi loci, respectively. Based on sequences from the three loci, 28 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were obtained, including 27 MLGs in Assemblage E and one MLG in Assemblage A. Each MLG was found in no more than seven animals, with most MLGs forming host-specific clusters in phylogenetic analysis except for one cluster including MLGs from both Tibetan sheep and yaks. Only two MLGs were found in both sheep and yaks. The above results demonstrate a high subtype diversity of G. duodenalis Assemblage E in Tibetan sheep and yaks raised in a traditional animal husbandry system and suggest that only limited cross-species transmission of G. duodenalis occurs between yaks and sheep sharing pastures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jilan Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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32
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Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:14-32. [PMID: 32095639 PMCID: PMC7034008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, which are two of the most important waterborne parasites in industrialized nations. Genotyping tools are frequently used in the identification of host-adapted Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages, allowing the assessment of infection sources in humans and public health potential of parasites found in animals and the environment. In contrast, subtyping tools are more often used in case linkages, advanced tracking of infections sources, and assessment of disease burdens attributable to anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. More recently, multilocus typing tools have been developed for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes. With the recent development in next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis are increasingly used in characterizing Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The use of these tools in epidemiologic studies has identified significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans between developing countries and industrialized nations, especially the role of zoonotic transmission in human infection. Geographic differences are also present in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans. In contrast, there is little evidence for widespread zoonotic transmission of giardiasis in both developing and industrialized countries. Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes. These recent advances are providing insight into the epidemiology of waterborne protozoan parasites in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Deng L, Wang M, Li W, Gong C, Fu H, Cao S, Shi X, Wu K, Peng G. Detection and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Sichuan province, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:31. [PMID: 28770713 PMCID: PMC5541510 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. intestinalis) is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes the small intestine and is a common causal agent of zoonotic infections in humans and animals. To assess the genetic diversity and zoonotic transmission potential of G. duodenalis in stray dogs, 159 fecal specimens were collected from dogs in Chengdu, Yaan, and Leshan in Sichuan province, China. Of the 159 fecal samples from stray dogs, 18 (11.3%) were G. duodenalis-positive based on nested PCR amplification of the beta giardin (bg) gene, and the occurrence varied from 1.8% to 35% in different cities. Dog-specific assemblages C (n = 9) and D (n = 9) were identified. The glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes of all bg-positive isolates were characterized. A total of 16 and 8 isolates were positive for the gdh and tpi genes, respectively. Two novel sequences of the bg locus were detected among genetic assemblage D isolates, and one novel gdh sequence and four novel tpi sequences were identified among genetic assemblage C isolates. Mixed infections of assemblages C and D were also detected. Assemblages A and B, which have high zoonotic potential, were not detected. Our results show that G. duodenalis is prevalent and a cause of diarrhea in dogs in Sichuan province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Maoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Chao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xianpeng Shi
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Teaching Animal Hospital, Yaan, Sichuan Province 625000, P.R. China
| | - Kongju Wu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province 611130, P.R. China
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Wang X, Cai M, Jiang W, Wang Y, Jin Y, Li N, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. High genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis assemblage E in pre-weaned dairy calves in Shanghai, China, revealed by multilocus genotyping. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2101-2110. [PMID: 28550644 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common parasitic protozoan in human and animals. Epidemiological and molecular data are available from dairy cattle in many industrialized countries, but information on genetic diversity at multiple genetic loci is limited, especially in pre-weaned dairy calves. In this study, 818 fecal specimens were collected from five dairy cattle farms located in suburbs of Shanghai, China, with two to five samplings per farm. G. duodenalis assemblages and subtypes were determined using multilocus genotyping (MLG) at the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) loci. The overall prevalence was 60.1% (492/818) combining data from the three genetic loci. Three G. duodenalis assemblages were detected, including E (n = 482), A (n = 5), and B (n = 1), with the concurrence of A and E in a few animals (n = 4). Intra-genotypic sequence diversity was high for assemblage E, showing 12, 13, and 17 subtypes at the bg, gdh, and tpi loci, including four, six, and eight new subtypes, respectively. All dominant subtypes (E3, E2, and E8 at the bg locus; E1 and E3 at the gdh locus; and E11 and E3 at the tpi locus) were detected on all farms at most sampling occasions, and only limited differences in subtype distribution were observed among five farms. Altogether, 58 assemblage E MLGs were identified, all of which had not been reported before, and seven (MLG-E1-MLG-E7) were each seen on multiple farms. These results indicate a high occurrence of G. duodenalis in dairy calves, the existence of high genetic heterogeneity of assemblage E on five farms, and frequent exchange of parasite populations among farms within a small geographic area. The clinical and epidemiologic significance of these observations warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Cai
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Jin
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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