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Baillou A, Tomal F, Chaumeil T, Barc C, Levern Y, Sausset A, Pezier T, Schulthess J, Peltier-Pain P, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S. Characterization of intestinal mononuclear phagocyte subsets in young ruminants at homeostasis and during Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379798. [PMID: 38756777 PMCID: PMC11096452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cryptosporidiosis is a poorly controlled zoonosis caused by an intestinal parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, with a high prevalence in livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats). Young animals are particularly susceptible to this infection due to the immaturity of their intestinal immune system. In a neonatal mouse model, we previously demonstrated the importance of the innate immunity and particularly of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) among mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in controlling the acute phase of C. parvum infection. These immune populations are well described in mice and humans, but their fine characterization in the intestine of young ruminants remained to be further explored. Methods Immune cells of the small intestinal Peyer's patches and of the distal jejunum were isolated from naive lambs and calves at different ages. This was followed by their fine characterization by flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses (q-RT-PCR and single cell RNAseq (lamb cells)). Newborn animals were infected with C. parvum, clinical signs and parasite burden were quantified, and isolated MP cells were characterized by flow cytometry in comparison with age matched control animals. Results Here, we identified one population of macrophages and three subsets of cDC (cDC1, cDC2, and a minor cDC subset with migratory properties) in the intestine of lamb and calf by phenotypic and targeted gene expression analyses. Unsupervised single-cell transcriptomic analysis confirmed the identification of these four intestinal MP subpopulations in lamb, while highlighting a deeper diversity of cell subsets among monocytic and dendritic cells. We demonstrated a weak proportion of cDC1 in the intestine of highly susceptible newborn lambs together with an increase of these cells within the first days of life and in response to the infection. Discussion Considering cDC1 importance for efficient parasite control in the mouse model, one may speculate that the cDC1/cDC2 ratio plays also a key role for the efficient control of C. parvum in young ruminants. In this study, we established the first fine characterization of intestinal MP subsets in young lambs and calves providing new insights for comparative immunology of the intestinal MP system across species and for future investigations on host-Cryptosporidium interactions in target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Baillou
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- Phileo by Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | - Florian Tomal
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Thierry Chaumeil
- Unité Expérimentale (UE)1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Céline Barc
- Unité Expérimentale (UE)1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Levern
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alix Sausset
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Tiffany Pezier
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Laurent
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Pardy RD, Wallbank BA, Striepen B, Hunter CA. Immunity to Cryptosporidium: insights into principles of enteric responses to infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:142-155. [PMID: 37697084 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parasites replicate within intestinal epithelial cells and are an important cause of diarrhoeal disease in young children and in patients with primary and acquired defects in T cell function. This Review of immune-mediated control of Cryptosporidium highlights advances in understanding how intestinal epithelial cells detect this infection, the induction of innate resistance and the processes required for activation of T cell responses that promote parasite control. The development of a genetic tool set to modify Cryptosporidium combined with tractable mouse models provide new opportunities to understand the principles that govern the interface between intestinal epithelial cells and the immune system that mediate resistance to enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bethan A Wallbank
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Veshkini A, Dengler F, Bachmann L, Liermann W, Helm C, Ulrich R, Delling C, Kühn C, Hammon HM. Cryptosporidium parvum infection alters the intestinal mucosa transcriptome in neonatal calves: implications for immune function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1351427. [PMID: 38318169 PMCID: PMC10839036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1351427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the leading causes of infectious diarrhea in newborn calves is the apicomplexan protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). However, little is known about its immunopathogenesis. Using next generation sequencing, this study investigated the immune transcriptional response to C. parvum infection in neonatal calves. Neonatal male Holstein-Friesian calves were either orally infected (N = 5) or not (CTRL group, N = 5) with C. parvum oocysts (gp60 subtype IIaA15G2R1) at day 1 of life and slaughtered on day 7 after infection. Total RNA was extracted from the jejunal mucosa for short read. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and CTRL groups were assessed using DESeq2 at a false discovery rate < 0.05. Infection did not affect plasma immunohematological parameters, including neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, leucocyte, thrombocyte, and erythrocyte counts as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration on day 7 post infection. The immune-related DEGs were selected according to the UniProt immune system process database and were used for gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis using Cytoscape (v3.9.1). Based on GO analysis, DEGs annotated to mucosal immunity, recognizing and presenting antigens, chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, B and T cells mediated by signaling pathways including toll like receptors, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, T cell receptor, and NF-KB were upregulated, while markers of macrophages chemotaxis and cytosolic pattern recognition were downregulated. This study provides a holistic snapshot of immune-related pathways induced by C. parvum in calves, including novel and detailed feedback and feedforward regulatory mechanisms establishing the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune response in neonate calves, which could be utilized further to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Veshkini
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Applied Science Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Wendy Liermann
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Helm
- Institutue for Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institutue for Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cora Delling
- Institute of Veterinary Parasitology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christa Kühn
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Agricultural and Environmental Faculty, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Harald M. Hammon
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Saraav I, Sibley LD. Dendritic Cells and Cryptosporidium: From Recognition to Restriction. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1056. [PMID: 37110479 PMCID: PMC10144555 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses are required for the efficient control of cryptosporidiosis. Immunity against Cryptosporidium infection has been best studied in mice, where it is mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are the key link between innate and adaptive immunity and participate in the defense against Cryptosporidium infection. While the effector mechanism varies, both humans and mice rely on dendritic cells for sensing parasites and restricting infection. Recently, the use of mouse-adapted strains C. parvum and mouse-specific strain C. tyzzeri have provided tractable systems to study the role of dendritic cells in mice against this parasite. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in innate immunity acting during infection with Cryptosporidium with a major focus on the role of dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosa. Further work is required to understand the role of dendritic cells in the activation of T cells and to explore associated molecular mechanisms. The identification of Cryptosporidium antigen involved in the activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in dendritic cells during infection is also a matter of future study. The in-depth knowledge of immune responses in cryptosporidiosis will help develop targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic protozoan parasites that infect epithelial cells of the small intestine and cause diarrheal illness in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals. These infections may be more severe in immunocompromised individuals and young children, especially in children under 2 in developing countries. The parasite has a global distribution and is an important cause of childhood diarrhea where it may result in cognitive impairment and growth deficits. Current therapies are limited with nitazoxanide being the only FDA-approved drug. However, it is not efficacious in immunocompromised patients. Additionally, there are no vaccines for cryptosporidiosis available. While acquired immunity is needed to clear Cryptosporidium parasites completely, innate immunity and early responses to infection are important in keeping the infection in check so that adaptive responses have time to develop. Infection is localized to the epithelial cells of the gut. Therefore, host cell defenses are important in the early response to infection and may be triggered through toll receptors or inflammasomes which induce a number of signal pathways, interferons, cytokines, and other immune mediators. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are upregulated which recruit immune cells such neutrophils, NK cells, and macrophages to the infection site to help in host cell defense as well as dendritic cells that are an important bridge between innate and adaptive responses. This review will focus on the host cell responses and the immune responses that are important in the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R. Mead
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare Organization of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
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Crawford CK, Kol A. The Mucosal Innate Immune Response to Cryptosporidium parvum, a Global One Health Issue. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:689401. [PMID: 34113580 PMCID: PMC8185216 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.689401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that infects the intestinal epithelium of humans and livestock animals worldwide. Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal-related deaths in young children and a major cause of economic loss in cattle operations. The disease is especially dangerous to infants and immunocompromised individuals, for which there is no effective treatment or vaccination. As human-to-human, animal-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission play a role in cryptosporidiosis disease ecology, a holistic 'One Health' approach is required for disease control. Upon infection, the host's innate immune response restricts parasite growth and initiates the adaptive immune response, which is necessary for parasite clearance and recovery. The innate immune response involves a complex communicative interplay between epithelial and specialized innate immune cells. Traditional models have been used to study innate immune responses to C. parvum but cannot fully recapitulate natural host-pathogen interactions. Recent shifts to human and bovine organoid cultures are enabling deeper understanding of host-specific innate immunity response to infection. This review examines recent advances and highlights research gaps in our understanding of the host-specific innate immune response to C. parvum. Furthermore, we discuss evolving research models used in the field and potential developments on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Sato Y, Tansho-Nagakawa S, Ubagai T, Ono Y. Analysis of Immune Responses in Acinetobacter baumannii-Infected Klotho Knockout Mice: A Mouse Model of Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in Aged Hosts. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601614. [PMID: 33329595 PMCID: PMC7719750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic pathogen that primarily afflicts elderly people. To clarify the pathogenicity of A. baumannii in the elderly, we investigated immune responses to A. baumannii ATCC 19606 infection in klotho knockout (KO) mice, the mouse model of aging. Following intravenous inoculation, the mice seldom displayed severe symptoms. However, the survival rate was 56% at 7 days post-infection. Bacteria were detected in the lungs of klotho KO mice but not klotho wildtype (WT) mice at 7 days post-infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, interstitial macrophages, and monocyte/dendritic cell subset in the lungs of klotho KO mice were transiently induced after infection with A. baumannii. The number of alveolar macrophages in klotho KO mice was lower than that in klotho WT mice, except for 1 day post-infection. CD11b expression on neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in the lungs of klotho KO mice was seldom upregulated by the infection. These results suggested that immune functions eliminating bacteria in the lungs of klotho KO mice were insufficient. CD11blow conventional DC cells hardly increased in klotho KO mice infected with A. baumannii. Additionally, the production of interleukin (IL)-10 in the sera of klotho KO mice was significantly higher than that in klotho WT mice, whereas that production of interferon-gamma was not detected in the sera of klotho KO mice. These results suggested that acquired immune responses were hardly induced in klotho KO mice. IL-1β, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2 expression was significantly higher in the lungs of klotho KO mice infected with A. baumannii than in those of klotho WT mice at 1 day post-infection. These results suggested that pulmonary inflammation was elicited in klotho KO mice during early infection. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines significantly correlated with TLR9 expression in the lungs of klotho KO mice. The collective results demonstrate an A. baumannii infection state in aged hosts and suggest that pulmonary inflammation and bacterial burden should be noted in aged hosts even in the absence of severe symptoms of A. baumannii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tansho-Nagakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Ubagai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Lemieux MW, Sonzogni-Desautels K, Ndao M. Lessons Learned from Protective Immune Responses to Optimize Vaccines against Cryptosporidiosis. Pathogens 2017; 7:pathogens7010002. [PMID: 29295550 PMCID: PMC5874728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, cryptosporidiosis causes moderate-to-severe diarrhea and kills thousands of infants and toddlers annually. Drinking and recreational water contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts has led to waterborne outbreaks in developed countries. A competent immune system is necessary to clear this parasitic infection. A better understanding of the immune responses required to prevent or limit infection by this protozoan parasite is the cornerstone of development of an effective vaccine. In this light, lessons learned from previously developed vaccines against Cryptosporidium spp. are at the foundation for development of better next-generation vaccines. In this review, we summarize the immune responses elicited by naturally and experimentally-induced Cryptosporidium spp. infection and by several experimental vaccines in various animal models. Our aim is to increase awareness about the immune responses that underlie protection against cryptosporidiosis and to encourage promotion of these immune responses as a key strategy for vaccine development. Innate and mucosal immunity will be addressed as well as adaptive immunity, with an emphasis on the balance between TH1/TH2 immune responses. Development of more effective vaccines against cryptosporidiosis is needed to prevent Cryptosporidium spp.-related deaths in infants and toddlers in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime W Lemieux
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Karine Sonzogni-Desautels
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S. Innate immune responses play a key role in controlling infection of the intestinal epithelium by Cryptosporidium. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:711-721. [PMID: 28893638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infection leads to acute diarrhea worldwide. The development of cryptosporidiosis is closely related to the immune status of its host, affecting primarily young ruminants, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, several studies have improved our knowledge on the immune mechanisms responsible for the control of the acute phase of the infection and have highlighted the importance of innate immunity. The parasite develops in the apical side of intestinal epithelial cells, giving these cells a central role, as they are both the exclusive host cell for replication of the parasite and participate in the protective immune response. Epithelial cells signal the infection by producing chemokines, attracting immune cells to the infected area. They also actively participate in host defense by inducing apoptosis and releasing antimicrobial peptides, free or incorporated into luminal exosomes, with parasiticidal activity. The parasite has developed several escape mechanisms to slow down these protective mechanisms. Recent development of several three-dimensional culture models and the ability to genetically manipulate Cryptosporidium will greatly help to further investigate host-pathogen interactions and identify virulence factors. Intestinal epithelial cells require the help of immune cells to clear the infection. Intestinal dendritic cells, well known for their ability to induce and orchestrate adaptive immunity, play a key role in controlling the very early steps of Cryptosporidium parvum infection by acting as immunological sentinels and active effectors. However, inflammatory monocytes, which are quickly and massively recruited to the infected mucosa, seem to participate in the loss of epithelial integrity. In addition to new promising chemotherapies, we must consider stimulating the innate immunity of neonates to strengthen their ability to control Cryptosporidium development. The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the development of intestinal immunity and may be considered to be a third actor in host-pathogen interactions. There is an urgent need to reduce the incidence of this yet poorly controlled disease in the populations of developing countries, and decrease economic losses due to infected livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Laurent
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Abstract
SUMMARYProtists are a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms that account for a significant global infection burden. Often, the immune responses mounted against these parasites cause excessive inflammation and therefore pathology in the host. Elucidating the mechanisms of both protective and harmful immune responses is complex, and often relies of the use of animal models. In any immune response, leucocyte trafficking to the site of infection, or inflammation, is paramount, and this involves the production of chemokines, small chemotactic cytokines of approximately 8–10 kDa in size, which bind to specific chemokine receptors to induce leucocyte movement. Herein, the scientific literature investigating the role of chemokines in the propagation of immune responses against key protist infections will be reviewed, focussing onPlasmodiumspecies,Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmaniaspecies andCryptosporidiumspecies. Interestingly, many studies find that chemokines can in fact, promote parasite survival in the host, by drawing in leucocytes for spread and further replication. Recent developments in drug targeting against chemokine receptors highlights the need for further understanding of the role played by these proteins and their receptors in many different diseases.
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Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Host Responses to Microbial Infections. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, particularly in malnourished children and untreated AIDS patients in developing countries in whom it can cause severe, chronic and debilitating disease. Unfortunately, there is no consistently effective drug for these vulnerable populations and no vaccine, partly due to a limited understanding of both the parasite and the host immune response. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the systemic and mucosal immune responses to Cryptosporidium infection, discuss the feasibility of developing a Cryptosporidium vaccine and evaluate recent advances in Cryptosporidium vaccine development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G. Ludington
- Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center
| | - Honorine D. Ward
- Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center
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Guesdon W, Auray G, Pezier T, Bussière FI, Drouet F, Le Vern Y, Marquis M, Potiron L, Rabot S, Bruneau A, Werts C, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S. CCL20 Displays Antimicrobial Activity Against Cryptosporidium parvum, but Its Expression Is Reduced During Infection in the Intestine of Neonatal Mice. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1332-40. [PMID: 25838265 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL20 is a chemokine with antimicrobial activity. We investigated its expression and role during neonatal cryptosporidiosis, a worldwide protozoan enteric disease leading to severe diarrhea. Surprisingly, during infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, CCL20 production by the intestine of neonatal mice is reduced by a mechanism independent both of the enteric flora and of interferon γ, a key cytokine for the resolution of this infection. However, oral administration of recombinant CCL20 to neonatal mice significantly reduced the parasite load by a mechanism that was independent of immune cell recruitment and occurred instead by direct cytolytic activity on free stages of the parasite. MiR21 functionally targets CCL20 and is upregulated during the infection, thus contributing to the downregulation of the chemokine. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the direct antiparasitic activity of CCL20 against an enteric protozoan and its downregulation during C. parvum infection, which is detrimental to parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Guesdon
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Gaël Auray
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Tiffany Pezier
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Françoise I Bussière
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Françoise Drouet
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Yves Le Vern
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours INRA Val de Loire, Cytometry Platform
| | - Mathilde Marquis
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Laurent Potiron
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas
| | - Aurelia Bruneau
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas
| | - Catherine Werts
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Laurent
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
| | - Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours
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14
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are intracellular protozoan parasites that establish infection through the small intestinal bowel after the ingestion of contaminated food products. These Apicomplexan parasites have emerged as an important cause of chronic and fatal disease in immunodeficient individuals, in addition to being investigated as possible triggers of inflammatory bowel disease. T. gondii disseminates to the brain and other tissues after infection, whereas C. parvum remains localized to the intestine. In the following review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases in the small intestine, the site of initial invasion. Themes include the sequence of invasion, the structure of Th1 immunity provoked by these parasites and the contribution of intestinal microbiota to the development of the mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilhelm
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Bowcutt R, Bramhall M, Logunova L, Wilson J, Booth C, Carding SR, Grencis R, Cruickshank S. A role for the pattern recognition receptor Nod2 in promoting recruitment of CD103+ dendritic cells to the colon in response to Trichuris muris infection. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1094-105. [PMID: 24448097 PMCID: PMC4074062 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the colon to generate an immune response to pathogens, such as the model pathogen Trichuris muris, is a fundamental and critical defense mechanism. Resistance to T. muris infection is associated with the rapid recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) to the colonic epithelium via epithelial chemokine production. However, the epithelial-pathogen interactions that drive chemokine production are not known. We addressed the role of the cytosolic pattern recognition receptor Nod2. In response to infection, there was a rapid influx of CD103(+)CD11c(+) DCs into the colonic epithelium in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas this was absent in Nod2(-/-) animals. In vitro chemotaxis assays and in vivo experiments using bone marrow chimeras of WT mice reconstituted with Nod2(-/-) bone marrow and infected with T. muris demonstrated that the migratory function of Nod2(-/-) DCs was normal. Investigation of colonic epithelial cell (CEC) innate responses revealed a significant reduction in epithelial production of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 but not CCL20 by Nod2-deficient CECs. Collectively, these data demonstrate the importance of Nod2 in CEC responses to infection and the requirement for functional Nod2 in initiating host epithelial chemokine-mediated responses and subsequent DC recruitment and T-cell responses following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research and the Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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16
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Lacroix-Lamandé S, Guesdon W, Drouet F, Potiron L, Lantier L, Laurent F. The gut flora is required for the control of intestinal infection by poly(I:C) administration in neonates. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:533-40. [PMID: 24918602 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that immunostimulation of the intestinal immune system of neonatal mice by poly(I:C) injection decreased intestinal infection by the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. We showed that the presence of dendritic cells and the cooperation of mutually dependent cytokines, such as IL-12p40, and type I and type II IFNs, were involved in the mechanism of protection induced by poly(I:C). This protection is dependent not only on TLR3-TRIF signaling, but also on the activation of the TLR5-MyD88 pathway by gut microbiota. These results raise the possibility that flagellated intestinal commensal bacteria may, in the presence of natural or synthetic agonists of TLR3, provide synergy between the TRIF and MyD88 signaling pathways, thereby favoring the development of mucosal defenses. In this addendum, we summarize these recent findings and discuss their implications for neonatal infections and immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - William Guesdon
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Françoise Drouet
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Laurent Potiron
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Louis Lantier
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Laurent
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
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17
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Lantier L, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Potiron L, Metton C, Drouet F, Guesdon W, Gnahoui-David A, Le Vern Y, Deriaud E, Fenis A, Rabot S, Descamps A, Werts C, Laurent F. Intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells are key players in the innate immune control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal mice. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003801. [PMID: 24367259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite found worldwide, that develops only in the gastrointestinal epithelium and causes profuse diarrhea. Using a mouse model of C. parvum infection, we demonstrated by conditional depletion of CD11c+ cells that these cells are essential for the control of the infection both in neonates and adults. Neonates are highly susceptible to C. parvum but the infection is self-limited, whereas adults are resistant unless immunocompromised. We investigated the contribution of DC to the age-dependent susceptibility to infection. We found that neonates presented a marked deficit in intestinal CD103+ DC during the first weeks of life, before weaning, due to weak production of chemokines by neonatal intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Increasing the number of intestinal CD103+ DC in neonates by administering FLT3-L significantly reduced susceptibility to the infection. During infections in neonates, the clearance of the parasite was preceded by a rapid recruitment of CD103+ DC mediated by CXCR3-binding chemokines produced by IEC in response to IFNγ. In addition to this key role in CD103+ DC recruitment, IFNγ is known to inhibit intracellular parasite development. We demonstrated that during neonatal infection CD103+ DC produce IL-12 and IFNγ in the lamina propria and the draining lymph nodes. Thus, CD103+DC are key players in the innate immune control of C. parvum infection in the intestinal epithelium. The relative paucity of CD103+ DC in the neonatal intestine contributes to the high susceptibility to intestinal infection.
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Bedi B, McNair NN, Mead JR. Dendritic cells play a role in host susceptibility to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Immunol Lett 2013; 158:42-51. [PMID: 24295591 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have described dendritic cells (DCs) to be important sources of Th1 cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-2 in vitro, following stimulation with Cryptosporidium parvum antigens. We further established the role of DCs during cryptosporidiosis using a diphtheria toxin promoter regulated transgenic CD11c-DTR/EGFP mouse model. In vivo depletion of CD11c(+) cells in CD11c-DTR-Tg mice significantly increased susceptibility to C. parvum infection. Adoptive transfer of unstimulated or antigen stimulated DCs into CD11c(+) depleted CD11c-DTR-Tg mice resulted in an early decrease in parasite load at 4 days post infection. However, this response was transient since parasite load increased in mice engrafted with either unstimulated DCs or DCs stimulated with solubilized antigen by 6 days post infection. In contrast, in mice engrafted with DCs stimulated with live sporozoites, parasite load remained low during the entire period, suggesting the development of a more effective and sustained response. A corresponding increase in IFN-γ expression in T cells from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was also noted. Consistent with the in vivo engraftment study, DCs that are pulsed with live sporozoites in vitro and co-cultured with CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced higher IFN-γ levels. Our study establishes the importance of DCs in susceptibility to infection by C. parvum and as important mediators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmchetna Bedi
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Nina N McNair
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jan R Mead
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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19
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Lantier L, Drouet F, Guesdon W, Mancassola R, Metton C, Lo-Man R, Werts C, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S. Poly(I:C)-induced protection of neonatal mice against intestinal Cryptosporidium parvum infection requires an additional TLR5 signal provided by the gut flora. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:457-67. [PMID: 24014881 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal intestinal immune system is still undergoing development at birth, leading to a higher susceptibility to mucosal infections. In this study, we investigated the effect of poly(I:C) on controlling enteric infection by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal mice. After poly(I:C) administration, a rapid reduction in parasite burden was observed and proved to be dependent on CD11c(+) cells and TLR3/TRIF signaling. Protection against C. parvum required additional signals provided by the gut flora through TLR5 and MyD88 signaling. This cooperation gave rise to higher levels of expression of critical mutually dependent cytokines such as interleukin 12p40 and type 1 and type 2 interferons, the last 2 being known to play a key role in the elimination of infected enterocytes. Our findings demonstrate in neonatal mice how gut flora synergizes with poly(I:C) to elicit protective intestinal immunity against an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lantier
- INRA Val de Loire, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly
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20
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McDonald V, Korbel DS, Barakat FM, Choudhry N, Petry F. Innate immune responses against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:55-64. [PMID: 23173616 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum infects intestinal epithelial cells and is commonly the parasite species involved in mammalian cryptosporidiosis, a major health problem for humans and neonatal livestock. In mice, immunologically mediated elimination of C. parvum requires CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ. However, innate immune responses also have a significant protective role in both adult and neonatal mice. NK cells and IFN-γ have been shown to be important components in immunity in T and B cell-deficient mice, but IFN-γ-dependent resistance has also been demonstrated in alymphocytic mice. Epithelial cells may play a vital role in immunity as once infected these cells have increased expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and demonstrate antimicrobial killing mechanisms, including production of NO and antimicrobial peptides. Toll-like receptors facilitate the establishment of immunity in mice and are involved in the development of inflammatory responses of infected epithelial cells and also dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V McDonald
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary College University of London, London, UK.
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21
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Torres M, Guiton R, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Ryffel B, Leman S, Dimier-Poisson I. MyD88 is crucial for the development of a protective CNS immune response to Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23374751 PMCID: PMC3566937 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans. It can establish chronic infection and is characterized by the formation of tissue cysts in the brain. The cysts remain largely quiescent for the life of the host, but can reactivate and cause life-threatening toxoplasmic encephalitis in immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS, neoplastic diseases and organ transplants. Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor MyD88 activation is required for the innate sensing of Toxoplasma gondii. Mice deficient in MyD88 have defective IL-12 and Th1 effector responses, and are highly susceptible to the acute phase of T. gondii infection. However, the role of this signaling pathway during cerebral infection is poorly understood and requires examination. Method MyD88-deficient mice and control mice were orally infected with T. gondii cysts. Cellular and parasite infiltration in the peripheral organs and in the brain were determined by histology and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA and chemokine mRNA levels were quantified by real-time PCR (qPCR). Results Thirteen days after infection, a higher parasite burden was observed but there was no histological change in the liver, heart, lungs and small intestine of MyD88−/− and MyD88+/+ mice. However, MyD88−/− mice compared to MyD88+/+ mice were highly susceptible to cerebral infection, displayed high parasite migration to the brain, severe neuropathological signs of encephalitis and succumbed within 2 weeks of oral infection. Susceptibility was primarily associated with lower expression of Th1 cytokines, especially IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α, significant decrease in the expression of CCL3, CCL5, CCL7 and CCL19 chemokines, marked defect of CD8+ T cells, and infiltration of CD11b+ and F4/80+ cells in the brain. Conclusion MyD88 is essential for the protection of mice during the cerebral installation of T. gondii infection. These results establish a role for MyD88 in T cell-mediated control of T. gondii in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marbel Torres
- Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, UFR Pharmacie, Tours F-37000, France
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22
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an opportunistic intracellular parasite that causes mild to severe diarrhoea, which can be life-threatening in an immunocompromised host. To increase our understanding of the mechanisms that play a role in host immune responses, we investigated the effects of C. parvum antigens on the phenotype of mouse and human dendritic cells (DCs). Cryptosporidium parvum antigens induced DC activation as indicated by upregulation of the maturation marker CD209, as well as by the production of the cytokines interleukin-12 p70, IL-2, IL-1beta, IL-6. In particular, significant increases in the expression of IL-12 p70 were observed from mouse DCs derived from bone marrow in response to solubilized sporozoite antigen and the recombinant cryptosporidial antigens, Cp40 and Cp23. We observed a small but significant increase in IL-18 expression following the exposure to Cp40. We found that the induction of Th1 cytokines was MyD88 dependent (MyD88 knockout mouse DCs were unresponsive). Additionally, both sporozoite preparations (solubilized and live) significantly induced IL-12 production by human monocytic dendritic cells (MoDCs). This finding indicates that solubilized as well as recombinant antigens can induce the maturation of DCs and subsequently initiate an innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bedi
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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23
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. that develop in intestinal epithelial cells are responsible for the diarrhoeal disease cryptosporidiosis, which is common in humans of all ages and in neonatal livestock. Following infection, parasite reproduction increases for a number of days before it is blunted and then impeded by innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunocompromised hosts often cannot establish strong immunity and develop chronic infections that can lead to death. Few drugs consistently inhibit parasite reproduction in the host, and chemotherapy might be ineffective in immunodeficient hosts. Future options for prevention or treatment of cryptosporidiosis might include vaccines or recombinant immunological molecules, but this will probably require a better understanding of both the mucosal immune system and intestinal immune responses to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent McDonald
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary College University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Yang J, Mao M, Zhang S, Li H, Jiang Z, Cao G, Cao D, Wang X, Zhang L. Innate defense regulator peptide synergizes with CpG ODN for enhanced innate intestinal immune responses in neonate piglets. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:415-24. [PMID: 22226751 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo immunoadjuvant effects of the combination of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) and innate defense-regulator peptides (IDRs) have been studied in mice. However, little is known about the efficacy of these molecules in stimulating the innate intestinal immune system in neonatal piglets. In this study, we observed that intranasal (IN) administration of CpG-IDR (peptide HH2 (VQLRIRVAVIRA)) complex significantly increased intestinal mRNA expression of Th1 cytokines, CC chemokines and CXC chemokines when compared to HH2 and CpG ODN alone. Also an obvious cellular infiltration was observed in the intestine of CpG-HH2-treated neonatal piglets, which was associated with increased protection against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Moreover, we showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was inhibited when CpG ODN combined with HH2. This was the first report that deciphered the role played by CpG-HH2 complex in the intestine of neonatal piglets. This work clearly demonstrated that efficiency of the IN route inducing intestinal responses in neonatal piglets might be taken into consideration for further vaccine development against neonatal intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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25
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Abstract
Apicomplexan protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect the gastrointestinal tract and lungs of a wide variety of animals, including humans. The majority of human infections are due to either Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) and/or Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). The parasite has a complex life cycle that includes both asexual and sexual stages. While there are invasive free living stages, proliferation and differentiation take place within a unique parasitrophorous vacuole under the host cell brush border but outside the host cell cytoplasm. Infection is spread by environmentally resistant spores that primarily contaminate drinking water and occasionally food sources, which may cause significant outbreaks of diarrhea that generally lasts less than 2 w in immunocompetent individuals. In immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals, diarrhea may be copious and can result in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in AIDS patients. Although diagnosis is relatively simple, effective drug treatment, particulary for infections in immunodeficient patients, has not been uniformly successful. This overview summarizes the species known to infect humans, aspects of the parasite life cycle, sources of infection, the pathophysiology of cryptosporidiosis, the immune response to infection, diagnosis, treatment and some aspects of cryptosporidiosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing He
- Department Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA
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Bai J, Khaldi S, Gargala G, Baishanbo A, François A, Ballet JJ, Ducrotté P, Fioramonti J, Favennec L, Le Goff L. Effects of octreotide on jejunal hypersensitivity triggered by Cryptosporidium parvum intestinal infection in an immunocompetent suckling rat model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:1043-50, e499. [PMID: 21320238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to other bacterial or protozoan infections, human cryptosporidiosis may trigger postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms, a condition in which enhanced visceral perception of pain during intestinal distension plays a pivotal role. In an immunocompetent suckling rat model which mimicks features of postinfectious IBS, Cryptosporidium parvum infection induces long-lasting jejunal hypersensitivity to distension in association with intestinal activated mast cell accumulation. The aim of the present study was to explore in this model whether octreotide, a somatostatin agonist analog, could prevent the development of jejunal hypersensitivity and intestinal mast cell/nerve fiber accumulation. METHODS Five-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with C. parvum and treated 10 days later with octreotide (50 g kg(-1) day(-1), i.p.) for 7 days. KEY RESULTS Compared with untreated infected rats, octreotide treatment of infected rats resulted in increased weight gain [day 23 postinfection (PI)], decreased food intake (day 16 PI), and a reduction in jejunal villus alterations (day 14 PI), CD3(+) IEL (day 37 PI) and mast cell (days 37 and 50 PI) accumulations, nerve fiber densities (day 50 PI), and hypersensitivity to distension (day 120 PI). In uninfected rats, the effects of octreotide treatment were limited to higher weight gain (days 16 and 23 PI) and decreased food intake (day 23 PI) compared with uninfected-untreated rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Data confirms the relevance of the present rat model to postinfectious IBS studies and prompt further investigation of somatostatin-dependent regulatory interactions in cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bai
- Parasitology Department, Rouen University Hospital and Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
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27
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Qu Y, Taylor JL, Bose A, Storkus WJ. Therapeutic effectiveness of intratumorally delivered dendritic cells engineered to express the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-32. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:663-73. [PMID: 21760628 PMCID: PMC3348582 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine conditionally produced by T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, epithelial cells and keratinocytes, which has an important role in host resistance against infectious disease. Interestingly, elevated levels of IL-32 transcripts in fine needle aspirates of tumor tissue have also been correlated with objective clinical responses in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. To evaluate the antitumor impact of IL-32 gene therapy, we treated BALB/c mice bearing established subcutaneous CMS4 sarcomas with intratumoral (i.t.) injections of syngenic dendritic cells (DCs) engineered to express human IL-32β complementary DNA (that is, DC.IL32). Although ectopic expression of IL-32β by DC resulted in only modest phenotypic changes in these antigen-presenting cells, DC.IL32 produced higher levels of IL-12p70 than control DC. DC.IL32 were more potent activators of type-1 T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo, with i.t. administration of DC.IL32 leading to the CD8(+) T-cell-dependent (but CD4(+) T-cell- and NK cell-independent) suppression of tumor growth. Effective DC.IL32-based therapy promoted infiltration of tumors by type-1 (that is, CXCR3(+)VLA-4(+)GrB(+)) CD8(+) T cells and CD11b(+)CD11c(+) host myeloid DC, but led to reductions in the prevalence of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD31(+) blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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28
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Petry F, Jakobi V, Tessema TS. Host immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:304-9. [PMID: 20685209 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Species of the genus Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites (Apicomplexa) that cause gastroenteritis in animals and humans. Of these Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the major causative agents of human cryptosporidiosis. Whereas infection is self-limiting in the immunocompetent hosts, immunocompromised individuals develop a chronic, life-threatening disease. As specific therapeutic or preventive interventions are not yet available, better understanding of the immune response to the parasite is required. This minireview briefly summarizes the factors involved in the innate and acquired immune response in this pathogen-host interaction with an emphasis on more recent data from mouse models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Petry
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Lacroix-Lamandé S, Rochereau N, Mancassola R, Barrier M, Clauzon A, Laurent F. Neonate intestinal immune response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8291. [PMID: 20011519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of mucosal vaccines is crucial to efficiently control infectious agents for which mucosae are the primary site of entry. Major drawbacks of these protective strategies are the lack of effective mucosal adjuvant. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that contain several unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG-ODN) motifs are now recognized as promising adjuvants displaying mucosal adjuvant activity through direct activation of TLR9-expressing cells. However, little is known about the efficacy of these molecules in stimulating the intestinal immune system in neonates. Methodology/Principal Findings First, newborn mice received CpG-ODN orally, and the intestinal cytokine and chemokine response was measured. We observed that oral administration of CpG-ODN induces CXC and CC chemokine responses and a cellular infiltration in the intestine of neonates as detected by immunohistochemistry. We next compared the efficiency of the oral route to intraperitoneal administration in stimulating the intestinal immune responses of both adults and neonates. Neonates were more responsive to TLR9-stimulation than adults whatever the CpG-ODN administration route. Their intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) indirectly responded to TLR9 stimulation and contributed to the CXC chemokine response, whereas other TLR9-bearing cells of the lamina-propria produced CC chemokines and Th1-type cytokines. Moreover, we showed that the intestine of adult exhibited a significantly higher level of IL10 at homeostasis than neonates, which might be responsible for the unresponsiveness to TLR9-stimulation, as confirmed by our findings in IL10-deficient mice. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report that deciphers the role played by CpG-ODN in the intestine of neonates. This work clearly demonstrates that an intraperitoneal administration of CpG-ODN is more efficient in neonates than in adults to stimulate an intestinal chemokine response due to their lower IL-10 intestinal level. In addition we report the efficiency of the oral route at inducing intestinal chemokine responses in neonate that might be taken into consideration for further vaccine development against neonatal diseases.
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Bimczok D, Verdonck F, Hartig R, Cox E, Rothkötter HJ. Primary porcine CD11R1+ antigen-presenting cells isolated from small intestinal mucosa mature but lose their T cell stimulatory function in response to cholera toxin treatment. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 134:239-48. [PMID: 19926143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the small intestinal mucosa perform dual functions of maintaining tissue homeostasis and of protecting against intestinal pathogens as key inducers of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Intestinal APCs are thus important regulators of intestinal immunity and also potential target cells for mucosal adjuvants such as cholera toxin (Ctx), which was used successfully in several oral vaccination studies in pigs. The aims of the present study were (1) to isolate porcine small intestinal APCs and evaluate the feasibility of using these cells for functional in vitro studies and (2) to determine the response of intestinal APCs to Ctx. Microscopic and flow cytometric analyses using antibodies to CD1, CD11R1, CD16, and SIRPalpha (SWC3) revealed the presence of multiple subsets of MHC-II(++) APCs in porcine small intestinal mucosa. The alpha-integrin subunit CD11R1 was most frequently expressed and therefore chosen as a selection marker. CD11R1(+) cells were enriched from total lamina propria cells to >90% purity by immunomagnetic separation. Within the CD11R1 cells, we identified two populations with distinct forward and side scatter characteristics: (1) APCs identified by their high expression of MHC-II and consisting of SIRPalpha(+) and SIRPalpha(-) subsets, and (2) contaminating eosinophils. In culture, intestinal APCs spontaneously matured, as shown by significant (>5-fold) increase in CD80/CD86 expression. The SIRPalpha(+) APCs quickly disappeared from the cultures, likely due to increased apoptotic cell death. However, the observed spontaneous changes in the isolated cell population did not mask the effects of stimulation with Ctx, which resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the expression of maturation markers CD80/CD86, but significant loss of T cell stimulatory function, corroborating previous results obtained with MoDC.
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Lwin S, Inoshima Y, Atoji Y, Ueno H, Ishiguro N. Immune cell types involved in early uptake and transport of recombinant mouse prion protein in Peyer’s patches of calves. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 338:343-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Khaldi S, Gargala G, Le Goff L, Parey S, Francois A, Fioramonti J, Ballet JJ, Dupont JP, Ducrotté P, Favennec L. Cryptosporidium parvum isolate-dependent postinfectious jejunal hypersensitivity and mast cell accumulation in an immunocompetent rat model. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5163-9. [PMID: 19687199 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00220-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are a cause of self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts. In immunocompetent rats, Cryptosporidium parvum infection induced digestive hypersensitivity, a key pathophysiological factor in functional digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In such a rat model, we sought to document whether jejunal hypersensitivity depends on C. parvum isolate and is associated with a mast cell accumulation. Five-day-old rats were orally administered 10(5) oocysts of either Nouzilly (NoI) or Iowa (IoI) C. parvum isolate. NoI-infected rats exhibited the lowest food intake on days 7 and 14 postinfection (p.i.). On day 7 p.i., small intestine villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration were prominent in NoI-infected rats, with higher numbers of Cryptosporidium forms than in IoI-infected rats. Compared to uninfected control rats, jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were increased only in NoI-infected rats on day 14 p.i. On day 50 p.i., jejunal hypersensitivity to distension was found only in NoI-infected rats; this hypersensitivity is associated with activated mast cell accumulation. The number of mast cells in the jejunal lamina propria was increased from day 36 p.i. in NoI-infected rats and only at day 120 p.i. in IoI-infected rats. Our data suggest that both the severity of infection (weight loss, reduced food intake, villus atrophy, and IEL accumulation) and the onset of a jejunal hypersensitivity after infection in association with an activated mast cell accumulation are isolate dependent and related to NoI infection. This cryptosporidiosis rat model is a relevant model for the study of underlying mechanisms of postinfectious IBS-like symptoms.
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Cerovic V, McDonald V, Nassar MA, Paulin SM, Macpherson GG, Milling SWF. New insights into the roles of dendritic cells in intestinal immunity and tolerance. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2009; 272:33-105. [PMID: 19121816 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical key role in the initiation of immune responses to pathogens. Paradoxically, they also prevent potentially damaging immune responses being directed against the multitude of harmless antigens, to which the body is exposed daily. These roles are particularly important in the intestine, where only a single layer of epithelial cells provides a barrier against billions of commensal microorganisms, pathogens, and food antigens, over a huge surface area. In the intestine, therefore, DCs are required to perform their dual roles very efficiently to protect the body from the dual threats of invading pathogens and unwanted inflammatory reactions. In this review, we first describe the biology of DCs and their interactions with other cells types, paying particular attention to intestinal DCs. We, then, examine the ways in which this biology may become misdirected, resulting in inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, we discuss how DCs potentiate immune responses against viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, and their importance in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. We, therefore, provide an overview of the complex cellular interactions that affect intestinal DCs and control the balance between immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Cerovic
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in allergic inflammation and to know the value of PGs, as a target molecule for an anti-allergic drug. PGD(2) is the major PG produced by the cyclooxygenase pathway in mast cells. Our and others findings indicate that PGD(2) is one of the potent allergic inflammatory mediators and must be a target molecule of anti-allergic agent. From our data, one of PGD(2) receptor antagonists show clear inhibition of airway hypersensitivity caused by allergic reaction. Concerning the role of PGE(2) in allergic inflammation, conflicting results have been reported. Many experimental data suggest an individual role of each PGE(2) receptor, EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4) in allergic reaction. Our results indicate the protective action of PGE(2) on allergic reaction via EP(3). In addition, one of EP(3) agonists clearly inhibits the allergic airway inflammation. These findings indicate the value of EP(3) agonists as an anti-allergic agent. In addition, some investigators including us reported that PGI(2) plays an important role for the protection of the onset of allergic reaction. However, the efficacy of PGI(2) analogue as an anti-allergic agent is not yet fully investigated. Finally, the role of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) in allergic reaction is discussed. Our experimental results suggest a different participation of TxA(2) in allergic reaction of airway and skin. In this review, the role of PGs in allergic inflammation is summarized and the value of PGs as a target molecule for developing a new anti-allergic agent will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroichi Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Lacroix-Lamandé S, Mancassola R, Auray G, Bernardet N, Laurent F. CCR5 is involved in controlling the early stage of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonates but is dispensable for parasite elimination. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:390-5. [PMID: 18403229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play a critical role in immune cell trafficking and the transition from an innate to an acquired immune response. We analyzed host response in neonatal mice deficient in chemokine receptor CCR5 following infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. CCR5 neonatal mice had a higher parasite burden at the early stage of infection but eliminated the parasite as efficiently as their wild-type counterparts. The higher sensitivity of neonates at the beginning of infection was not due to an altered IFNgamma response. An increased CCR2-attracting chemokine response associated with the recruitment of CCR2-positive cells in the infected mucosa may have compensated for the absence of CCR5. A lack of CCR5 thus has an impact in the early stage of C. parvum infection in neonates, but this receptor is dispensable for subsequent parasite elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- Laboratoire Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-né, INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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