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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Dhillon B, Gill Dhillon N, Abbo L, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16954. [PMID: 38069276 PMCID: PMC10707392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Navi Gill Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Díaz-Puertas R, Adamek M, Mallavia R, Falco A. Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:350. [PMID: 37367675 DOI: 10.3390/md21060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Díaz-Puertas
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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3
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Saleh M, Abdel-Baki AAS, Dkhil MA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Silencing of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90): Effect on development and infectivity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:62. [PMID: 36932404 PMCID: PMC10024447 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, an increasing number of ichthyophthiriasis outbreaks has been reported, leading to high economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. Although several strategies, including chemotherapeutics and immunoprophylaxis, have been implemented to control the parasite, no effective method is available. Hence, it is crucial to discover novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. For this reason, understanding the parasite stage biology, host-pathogen interactions, molecular factors, regulation of major aspects during the invasion, and signaling pathways of the parasite can promote further prospects for disease management. Unfortunately, functional studies have been hampered in this ciliate due to the lack of robust methods for efficient nucleic acid delivery and genetic manipulation. In the current study, we used antisense technology to investigate the effects of targeted gene knockdown on the development and infectivity of I. multifiliis. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and their gold nanoconjugates were used to silence the heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) of I. multifiliis. Parasite stages were monitored for motility and development. In addition, the ability of the treated parasites to infect fish and cause disease was evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrated that ASOs were rapidly internalized by I. multifiliis and distributed diffusely throughout the cytosol. Knocking down of I. multifiliis hsp90 dramatically limited the growth and development of the parasite. In vivo exposure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) showed reduced infectivity of ASO-treated theronts compared with the control group. No mortalities were recorded in the fish groups exposed to theronts pre-treated with ASOs compared with the 100% mortality observed in the non-treated control fish. CONCLUSION This study presents a gene regulation approach for investigating gene function in I. multifiliis in vitro. In addition, we provide genetic evidence for the crucial role of hsp90 in the growth and development of the parasite, suggesting hsp90 as a novel therapeutic target for successful disease management. Further, this study introduces a useful tool and provides a significant contribution to the assessing and understanding of gene function in I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | | | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
- Scchool of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Li X, Hu X, Lv A, Guan Z. Skin immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in crucian carp Carassius auratus revealed by multi-omics analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:866-875. [PMID: 35850458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin is an essential protective barrier and functions as the first line of immune defense against pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism at the proteome-level remains unclear in the skin of fish. In this study, the comparative proteomics of skin immune responses of crucian carp Carassius auratus infected with Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry (2-DE/MS) as well as high-throughput transcriptome (RNA-seq) techniques. A total of 241 and 178 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 6 and 12 h post-infection (hpi) were respectively identified by iTRAQ, and key-DEPs were furtherly verified with 2-DE/MS analysis. GO and KEGG analysis showed that these DEPs were mostly related to metabolism, regulation of the cytoskeleton, stress and immune responses. Co-association results of proteome and transcriptome revealed the lysozyme (LYZ), complement C3, DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog subfamily C member 8 (DNAJC8) and allograft inflammatory factor 1-like (AIF1L) play important roles in skin immune responses of crucian carp. The significantly up-regulated expression of detected immune-related genes (c3, mapk3, f5, nlr, hsp90, itgb2, fnl, flnca, p47, mhc and pros1) were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. To our knowledge, this is first report on multi-omics analysis of the differential proteomics for the skin immune response of C. auratus against A.hydrophila infection, which contribute to the understanding the mechanisms of skin mucosal immunity in cyprinid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Aijun Lv
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Zhenguo Guan
- S&E Burgeoning Biotechnology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300383, China
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5
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Saleh M, Abdel-Baki AAS, Dkhil MA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Proteins of the Ciliated Protozoan Parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Identified in Common Carp Skin Mucus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070790. [PMID: 34206679 PMCID: PMC8308598 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin mucus is the fish primary defense barrier protecting from infections via the skin epidermis. In a previous study, we have investigated the proteome of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus at two different time points (1 and 9 days) post-exposure to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Applying a nano-LC ESI MS/MS technique, we have earlier revealed that the abundance of 44 skin mucus proteins has been differentially regulated including proteins associated with host immune responses and wound healing. Herein, in skin mucus samples, we identified six proteins of I. multifiliis associated with the skin mucus in common carp. Alpha and beta tubulins were detected in addition to the elongation factor alpha, 26S proteasome regulatory subunit, 26S protease regulatory subunit 6B, and heat shock protein 90. The identified proteins are likely involved in motility, virulence, and general stress during parasite growth and development after parasite attachment and invasion. Two KEGG pathways, phagosome and proteasome, were identified among these parasite proteins, mirroring the proteolytic and phagocytic activities of this parasite during host invasion, growth, and development, which represent a plausible host invasion strategy of this parasite. The results obtained from this study can support revealing molecular aspects of the interplay between carp and I. multifiliis and may help us understand the I. multifiliis invasion strategy at the skin mucus barrier. The data may advance the development of novel drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics suitable for the management and prevention of ichthyophthiriosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(12)-5077-4736
| | - Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.-A.S.A.-B.); (M.A.D.); (S.A.-Q.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.-A.S.A.-B.); (M.A.D.); (S.A.-Q.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.-A.S.A.-B.); (M.A.D.); (S.A.-Q.)
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6
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Tan J, Hu X, Lü A, Liu X, Sun J, Niu Y. Skin proteome profiling of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) challenged with Vibrio vulnificus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1052-1066. [PMID: 32950679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a major pathogen of cultured Cynoglossus semilaevis and results in skin ulceration and haemorrhage, but the proteomic mechanism of skin immunity against V. vulnificus remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the histopathology and skin immune response in C. semilaevis with V. vulnificus infection at the protein levels, the differential proteomic profiling of its skin was examined by using iTRAQ and LC-MS/MS analyses. A total of 951 proteins were identified in skin, in which 134 and 102 DEPs were screened at 12 and 36 hpi, respectively. Selected eleven immune-related DEPs (pvβ, Hsp71, MLC1, F2, α2ML, HCII, C3, C5, C8β, C9 and CD59) were verified for their immune roles in the V. vulnificus infection via using qRT-PCR assay. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that most of the identified immune proteins were significantly associated with complement and coagulation cascades, antigen processing and presentation, salivary secretion and phagosome pathways. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the proteome response of C. semilaevis skin against V. vulnificus infection. The outcome of this study contributed to provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanism of local skin mucosal immunity, and facilitating the development of novel mucosal vaccination strategies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Liu R, Hu X, Lü A, Song Y, Lian Z, Sun J, Sung YY. Proteomic Profiling of Zebrafish Challenged by Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Provides Insight into Skin Antiviral Response. Zebrafish 2020; 17:91-103. [PMID: 32176570 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) causes the skin hemorrhagic disease in cyprinid species, but its molecular mechanism of skin immune response remains unclear at the protein level. In the present study, the differential proteomics of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) skin in response to SVCV infection were examined by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. A total of 3999 proteins were identified, of which 320 and 181 proteins were differentially expressed at 24 and 96 h postinfection, respectively. The expression levels of 16 selected immune-related differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were confirmed by qPCR analysis. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that DEPs were significantly associated with complement, inflammation, and antiviral response. The protein-protein interaction network of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, ATPase-related proteins, and parvalbumins from DEPs was shown to be involved in skin immune response. This is first report on the skin proteome profiling of zebrafish against SVCV infection, which will contribute to understand the molecular mechanism of local mucosal immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajiao Song
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Lian
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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8
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Patel DM, Kitani Y, Korsnes K, Iversen MH, Brinchmann MF. A Truncated Galectin-3 Isolated from Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Binds to and Modulates the Proteome of the Gram-Negative Bacteria Moritella viscosa. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020102. [PMID: 32033203 PMCID: PMC7074318 DOI: 10.3390/md18020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucus of fish skin plays a vital role in innate immune defense. Some mucus proteins have the potential to incapacitate pathogens and/or inhibit their passage through the skin. In this study the aim was to isolate and characterize galectin(s), β-galactosides binding proteins, present in skin mucus. A novel short form of galectin-3 was isolated from Atlantic salmon skin mucus by α-lactose agarose based affinity chromatography followed by Sephadex G-15 gel filtration. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the isolated protein was the C-terminal half of galectin-3 (galectin-3C). Galectin-3C showed calcium independent and lactose inhabitable hemagglutination, and agglutinated the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Moritella viscosa. Galectin-3 mRNA was highly expressed in skin and gill, followed by muscle, hindgut, spleen, stomach, foregut, head kidney, and liver. Moritella viscosa incubated with galectin-3C had a modified proteome. Proteins with changed abundance included multidrug transporter and three ribosomal proteins L7/12, S2, and S13. Overall, this study shows the isolation and characterization of a novel galectin-3 short form involved in pathogen recognition and modulation, and hence in immune defense of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Manjari Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kjetil Korsnes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
| | - Martin Haugmo Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
| | - Monica Fengsrud Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Coelho GR, Neto PP, Barbosa FC, Dos Santos RS, Brigatte P, Spencer PJ, Sampaio SC, D'Amélio F, Pimenta DC, Sciani JM. Biochemical and biological characterization of the Hypanus americanus mucus: A perspective on stingray immunity and toxins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:832-840. [PMID: 31425832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stingrays skin secretions are largely studied due to the human envenoming medical relevance of the sting puncture that evolves to inflammatory events, including necrosis. Such toxic effects can be correlated to the biochemical composition of the sting mucus, according to the literature. Fish skin plays important biological roles, such as the control of the osmotic pressure gradient, protection against mechanical forces and microorganism infections. The mucus, on the other hand, is a rich and complex fluid, acting on swimming, nutrition and the innate immune system. The elasmobranch's epidermis is a tissue composed mainly by mucus secretory cells, and marine stingrays have already been described to present secretory glands spread throughout the body. Little is known about the biochemical composition of the stingray mucus, but recent studies have corroborated the importance of mucus in the envenomation process. Aiming to assess the mucus composition, a new non-invasive mucus collection method was developed that focused on peptides and proteins, and biological assays were performed to analyze the toxic and immune activities of the Hypanus americanus mucus. Pathophysiological characterization showed the presence of peptidases on the mucus, as well as the induction of edema and leukocyte recruitment in mice. The fractionated mucus improved phagocytosis on macrophages and showed antimicrobial activity against T. rubrumç. neoformans and C. albicans in vitro. The proteomic analyses showed the presence of immune-related proteins like actin, histones, hemoglobin, and ribosomal proteins. This protein pattern is similar to those reported for other fish mucus and stingray venoms. This is the first report depicting the Hypanus stingray mucus composition, highlighting its biochemical composition and importance for the stingray immune system and the possible role on the envenomation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Brigatte
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo-UNICID, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Brazil; Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, Brazil.
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10
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Ahmed F, Kumar G, Soliman FM, Adly MA, Soliman HAM, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. Proteomics for understanding pathogenesis, immune modulation and host pathogen interactions in aquaculture. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 32:100625. [PMID: 31639560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analyses techniques are considered strong tools for identifying and quantifying the protein contents in different organisms, organs and secretions. In fish biotechnology, the proteomic analyses have been used for wide range of applications such as identification of immune related proteins during infections and stresses. The proteomic approach has a significant role in understanding pathogen surviving strategies, host defence responses and subsequently, the fish pathogen interactions. Proteomic analyses were employed to highlight the virulence related proteins secreted by the pathogens to invade the fish host's defence barriers and to monitor the kinetics of protein contents of different fish organs in response to infections. The immune related proteins of fish and the virulence related proteins of pathogens are up or down regulated according to their functions in defence or pathogenesis. Therefore, the proteomic analyses are useful in understanding the virulence mechanisms of microorganisms and the fish pathogen interactions thereby supporting the development of new effective therapies. In this review, we focus and summarise the recent proteomic profiling studies exploring pathogen virulence activities and fish immune responses to stressors and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ahmed
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Faiza M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Adly
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Minniti G, Rød Sandve S, Padra JT, Heldal Hagen L, Lindén S, Pope PB, Ø Arntzen M, Vaaje-Kolstad G. The Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Skin-Mucus Proteome and Its Nutrient Potential for the Resident Bacterial Community. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070515. [PMID: 31284681 PMCID: PMC6678340 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway is the largest producer and exporter of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) worldwide. Skin disorders correlated with bacterial infections represent an important challenge for fish farmers due to the economic losses caused. Little is known about this topic, thus studying the skin-mucus of Salmo salar and its bacterial community depict a step forward in understanding fish welfare in aquaculture. In this study, we used label free quantitative mass spectrometry to investigate the skin-mucus proteins associated with both Atlantic salmon and bacteria. In particular, the microbial temporal proteome dynamics during nine days of mucus incubation with sterilized seawater was investigated, in order to evaluate their capacity to utilize mucus components for growth in this environment. At the start of the incubation period, the largest proportion of proteins (~99%) belonged to the salmon and many of these proteins were assigned to protecting functions, confirming the defensive role of mucus. On the contrary, after nine days of incubation, most of the proteins detected were assigned to bacteria, mainly to the genera Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas. Most of the predicted secreted proteins were affiliated with transport and metabolic processes. In particular, a large abundance and variety of bacterial proteases were observed, highlighting the capacity of bacteria to degrade the skin-mucus proteins of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Minniti
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Live Heldal Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Padra JT, Murugan AVM, Sundell K, Sundh H, Benktander J, Lindén SK. Fish pathogen binding to mucins from Atlantic salmon and Arctic char differs in avidity and specificity and is modulated by fluid velocity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215583. [PMID: 31125340 PMCID: PMC6534294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease outbreaks are limiting factors for an ethical and economically sustainable aquaculture industry. The first point of contact between a pathogen and a host occurs in the mucus, which covers the epithelial surfaces of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract. Increased knowledge on host-pathogen interactions at these primary barriers may contribute to development of disease prevention strategies. The mucus layer is built of highly glycosylated mucins, and mucin glycosylation differs between these epithelial sites. We have previously shown that A. salmonicida binds to Atlantic salmon mucins. Here we demonstrate binding of four additional bacteria, A. hydrophila, V. harveyi, M. viscosa and Y. ruckeri, to mucins from Atlantic salmon and Arctic char. No specific binding could be observed for V. salmonicida to any of the mucin groups. Mucin binding avidity was highest for A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, followed by V. harveyi, M. viscosa and Y. ruckeri in decreasing order. Four of the pathogens showed highest binding to either gills or intestinal mucins, whereas none of the pathogens had preference for binding to skin mucins. Fluid velocity enhanced binding of intestinal mucins to A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida at 1.5 and 2 cm/s, whereas a velocity of 2 cm/s for skin mucins increased binding of A. salmonicida and decreased binding of A. hydrophila. Binding avidity, specificity and the effect of fluid velocity on binding thus differ between salmonid pathogens and with mucin origin. The results are in line with a model where the short skin mucin glycans contribute to contact with pathogens whereas pathogen binding to mucins with complex glycans aid the removal of pathogens from internal epithelial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abarna V. M. Murugan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Dawood MAO, Koshio S, Zaineldin AI, Van Doan H, Moustafa EM, Abdel-Daim MM, Angeles Esteban M, Hassaan MS. Dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles modulated systemic and mucosal immune status and stress resistance of red sea bream (Pagrus major). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:219-230. [PMID: 30143927 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) at different levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg kg-1 diet) was evaluated to find out the effects on serum and skin immune responses as well as stress resistance in the red sea bream (Pagrus major). After 45 days of experimental trial, serum and mucosal immune responses were significantly high in fish fed 1 mg Se-NPs kg-1 diet (P < 0.05). In this group, alternative complement pathway, total serum protein, antioxidant activity of catalase enzyme, serum bactericidal activity, serum lysozyme activity, and amounts of skin mucus secretions as well as stress resistance against low salinity stress increased significantly, when compared to fish fed Se-NP-free diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, fish fed Se-NPs at 2 mg kg-1 diet exhibited higher alternative complement pathway, total serum protein, mucus lysozyme activity, serum and mucus peroxidases, amount of mucus secreted, and tolerance against low salinity stress than the fish fed Se-NP-free diet (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the nitro blue tetrazolium activity in all groups fed with diets supplemented with Se-NPs are significantly higher than Se-NP-free diet (P < 0.05). The present results demonstrate that the dietary supplementation with Se-NPs (mainly from 1 to 2 mg kg-1 level) could be useful for maintaining the overall health status of red sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Shunsuke Koshio
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Amr I Zaineldin
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
- Animal Health Research Institute(AHRI-DOKI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Eman Moustafa Moustafa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - M Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mohamed S Hassaan
- Aquaculture Division Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Workflow for the Targeted and Untargeted Detection of Small Metabolites in Fish Skin Mucus. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Shivappa RB, Christian LS, Law JM, Lewbart GA. Laboratory evaluation of different formulations of Stress Coat ® for slime production in goldfish ( Carassius auratus) and koi ( Cyprinus carpio). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3759. [PMID: 28894641 PMCID: PMC5591633 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to assess the effect of Stress Coat® on slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio). The study also investigated histological changes that might be associated with slime producing cells, and wound healing in koi. Several formulations of Stress Coat® were investigated and the results showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also known as povidone, an ingredient of Stress Coat®, when used alone, showed significantly higher slime production in goldfish than salt and Stress Coat® without PVP after 25 h. The results also showed that koi treated with compounds containing PVP showed better wound healing than those not exposed to PVP. Histology results showed no difference between compounds tested with regards to density and number of slime producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath B Shivappa
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen R&D (Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson & Johnson), Malvern, PA, United States of America
| | - Larry S Christian
- Veterinary Services, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jerry M Law
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Brinchmann MF. Immune relevant molecules identified in the skin mucus of fish using -omics technologies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2056-63. [PMID: 27173837 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review will give an overview of immune relevant molecules in fish skin mucus. The skin of fish is continuously exposed to a water environment, and unlike that of terrestrial vertebrates, it is a mucosal surface with a thin epidermis of live cells covered by a mucus layer. The mucosa plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the fish and preventing the entry of invading pathogens. This review provides an overview of proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids and carbohydrates found in the skin mucus of studied species. Proteins such as actin, histones, lectins, lysozyme, mucin, and transferrin have extracellular immune relevant functions. Complement complement molecules, heat shock molecules and superoxide dismutase present in mucus show differential expression during pathogen challenge in some species, but their functions in mucus, if any, need to be shown. RNA, DNA, lipids, carbohydrates and metabolites in mucus have been studied to a limited extent in fish, the current knowledge is summarized and knowledge gaps are pointed out.
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17
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Guardiola FA, Bahi A, Bakhrouf A, Esteban MA. Effects of dietary supplementation with fenugreek seeds, alone or in combination with probiotics, on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) skin mucosal immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:169-178. [PMID: 28433714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in modulating the immune response of fish, providing a combination of probiotics and herbal immunostimulants in aquafeed has rarely has been studied. The effects on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) of the dietary administration of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds alone (FE), or combined with one of the following probiotic strains: Bacillus licheniformis (FEBL), Lactobacillus plantarum (FELP) or Bacillus subtilis (FEBS) were evaluated. Fish were fed a control or one of the supplemented diets for 3 weeks. After 2 and 3 weeks of the feeding trial, the abundance of terminal carbohydrates, IgM levels, enzymatic activities (proteases, alkaline phosphatase, esterase and ceruloplasmin) and bactericidal activity were determined in skin mucus. Our results demonstrated that the dietary administration of FE in combination with L. plantarum, particularly, increased carbohydrate abundance, the activity of certain enzymes such as ceruloplasmin, and bactericidal activity against the pathogenic bacterium Photobacterium damselae and the non-pathogenic bacterium B. subtilis in skin mucus at the end of the trial. The carbohydrates most affected by the FELP diet were mannose/glucose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine. Interestingly, IgM levels were significantly higher in fish fed the FELP and FEBS diets whilst protease activity generally increased in all supplemented diets, which could suggests that the main effect in this activity was to the result of FE supplementation although that fact cannot be confirmed because the effects of probiotics addition alone were not studied. These results suggest that the combined dietary administration of fenugreek and L. plantarum will best enhance the skin mucosal immunity response of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Bahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - A Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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18
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Kashulin A, Seredkina N, Sørum H. Cold-water vibriosis. The current status of knowledge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:119-126. [PMID: 27072873 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current review for the first time summarizes the findings of the 30 years of research on cold-water vibriosis (CWV). The diseased caused by Aliivibrio salmonicida (earlier known as Vibrio salmonicida) was for the first time described in 1986 and became one of the most important bacterial diseases in salmon aquaculture. The lack of appropriate vaccine hampered development of Atlantic salmon aquaculture until the late 1980s when a novel vaccine allowed dramatic increase in the Atlantic salmon farming. In December 2007, the genus Vibrio was split into two genera and several bacterial species including V. salmonicida were transferred to genus Aliivibrio. The change of the names create significant difficulties with the designation of the CWV disease agent since its abbreviation A. salmonicida became similar to another well-known salmon pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida). The disease was considered as controlled by vaccination, but reappeared at Atlantic salmon farms in 2011, this time affecting vaccinated Atlantic salmon. The current review summarizes the knowledge on pathogenesis, vaccination and treatment of CWV and proposes further directions for studying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kashulin
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Seredkina
- Department of Medical Biology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - H Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Allam B, Pales Espinosa E. Bivalve immunity and response to infections: Are we looking at the right place? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:4-12. [PMID: 27004953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the understanding of cellular and molecular mediators of immunity in invertebrates in general and bivalve mollusks in particular. Despite this information, there is a lack of understanding of factors affecting animal resistance and specific responses to infections. This in part results from limited consideration of the spatial (and to some extent temporal) heterogeneity of immune responses and very limited information on host-pathogen (and microbes in general) interactions at initial encounter/colonization sites. Of great concern is the fact that most studies on molluscan immunity focus on the circulating hemocytes and the humoral defense factors in the plasma while most relevant host-microbe interactions occur at mucosal interfaces. This paper summarizes information available on the contrasting value of information available on focal and systemic immune responses in infected bivalves, and highlights the role of mucosal immune factors in host-pathogen interactions. Available information underlines the diversity of immune effectors at molluscan mucosal interfaces and highlights the tailored immune response to pathogen stimuli. This context raises fascinating basic research questions around host-microbe crosstalk and feedback controls of these interactions and may lead to novel disease mitigation strategies and improve the assessment of resistant crops or the screening of probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States.
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States
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20
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Guardiola FA, Dioguardi M, Parisi MG, Trapani MR, Meseguer J, Cuesta A, Cammarata M, Esteban MA. Evaluation of waterborne exposure to heavy metals in innate immune defences present on skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:112-123. [PMID: 25700783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals are continuously exposed to chemical pollutants but the effects evoked in skin surfaces, which receive the most direct contact with them, are poorly investigated. Terminal carbohydrate composition and immunological components present in skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) specimens exposed to waterborne sublethal dosages of heavy metals [arsenic (As2O3), cadmium (CdCl2) and mercury (CH3HgCl) at 5, 5 and 0.04 μM, respectively for 2, 10 and 30 days were analysed. Moreover, the presence of a fucose binding lectin (FBL) was evaluated by western blot and the protein profiles were by SDS-PAGE and HPLC. Results showed little effects of heavy metals in the presence of several terminal carbohydrates with few increments or decrements. Most of the enzyme activities related to immune responses were increased upon heavy metal exposure in the skin mucus including bactericidal activity. Methylmercury produced the most dramatic changes increasing all the activities. Moreover, the FBL was undetected in any of the control fish skin mucus but was evident in all the heavy metal exposed fish. In addition, As and Cd produced a clear change in the protein profile as evidenced by the lack of a protein band of around 12 kDa which is absent. These protein changes were more evident with the HPLC study showing the presence of different peaks and differences in intensity. The present results could be useful for better understanding the role and their behaviour of the mucosal immunity in skin as a key component of the innate immune system against pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Dioguardi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Trapani
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - María A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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21
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Jurado J, Fuentes-Almagro CA, Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ, Prieto-Álamo MJ. Proteomic profile of the skin mucus of farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). J Proteomics 2015; 120:21-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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Menanteau-Ledouble S, Kattlun J, Nöbauer K, El-Matbouli M. Protein expression and transcription profiles of three strains of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida under normal and iron-limited culture conditions. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:29. [PMID: 24872729 PMCID: PMC4035829 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aeromonas salmonicida is an important fish pathogen that produces a wide and varied array of virulence factors. Here we used iron deprivation by addition of the chelator 2’2-dipyridyl to induce the expression of several such virulence factors in three isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida (one avirulent and two virulent). By using SDS-PAGE followed by mass spectrometry, we identified proteins that appeared differentially expressed under these conditions. The differential transcription of the identified gene products were subsequently measured by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results Our initial screening using SDS-PAGE identified five proteins that appeared differentially expressed in virulent and avirulent isolates or, within the same isolates, between bacteria cultivated under iron-rich or iron-deprived conditions. The transcription of the genes coding for these proteins were subsequently quantified by RT-qPCR. Results of this analysis demonstrated that the gene coding for alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC), a protein involved in oxidative stress response, was transcribed at a higher rate in the virulent strain as compared to the avirulent strain. Additionally, it was observed that addition of an iron chelator to the culture medium lead to a reduction of the transcription levels of the regulatory histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS). This was consistent in all three isolates. On the other hand, the transcription levels of the virulence array protein (VapA) and the protein ATP-synthetase F (ATPF) displayed only limited changes, despite being the dominant component of a protein fraction that displayed changes during the preliminary SDS-PAGE screening. This was true regardless of the culture conditions and of the isolates considered. Finally, transcription of the enzyme enolase was upregulated in the iron-deprived broths in all isolates. Conclusions We identified several genes differentially expressed under culture conditions known to lead to the overexpression of virulence factors. In addition, we identified alkyl hydroperoxide as being overexpressed in the virulent isolates compared to the avirulent isolates. The results from this study will contribute to enhance our understanding of the virulence of A. salmonicida and may suggest new directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Julia Kattlun
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
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Pallial mucus of the oyster Crassostrea virginica regulates the expression of putative virulence genes of its pathogen Perkinsus marinus. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:305-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Easy RH, Trippel EA, Burt MDB, Cone DK. Identification of transferrin in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua epidermal mucus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:2059-2063. [PMID: 23130700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The previously unreported presence of transferrin in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua epidermal mucus is described. A less destructive sampling method, which may result in decreased epidermal tissue damage, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Easy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Slattery M, Ankisetty S, Corrales J, Marsh-Hunkin KE, Gochfeld DJ, Willett KL, Rimoldi JM. Marine proteomics: a critical assessment of an emerging technology. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1833-1877. [PMID: 23009278 DOI: 10.1021/np300366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of proteomics to marine sciences has increased in recent years because the proteome represents the interface between genotypic and phenotypic variability and, thus, corresponds to the broadest possible biomarker for eco-physiological responses and adaptations. Likewise, proteomics can provide important functional information regarding biosynthetic pathways, as well as insights into mechanism of action, of novel marine natural products. The goal of this review is to (1) explore the application of proteomics methodologies to marine systems, (2) assess the technical approaches that have been used, and (3) evaluate the pros and cons of this proteomic research, with the intent of providing a critical analysis of its future roles in marine sciences. To date, proteomics techniques have been utilized to investigate marine microbe, plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate physiology, developmental biology, seafood safety, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental change. However, marine proteomics studies often suffer from poor experimental design, sample processing/optimization difficulties, and data analysis/interpretation issues. Moreover, a major limitation is the lack of available annotated genomes and proteomes for most marine organisms, including several "model species". Even with these challenges in mind, there is no doubt that marine proteomics is a rapidly expanding and powerful integrative molecular research tool from which our knowledge of the marine environment, and the natural products from this resource, will be significantly expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Slattery
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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Rajan B, Fernandes JMO, Caipang CMA, Kiron V, Rombout JHWM, Brinchmann MF. Proteome reference map of the skin mucus of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) revealing immune competent molecules. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:224-231. [PMID: 21609766 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The skin mucosal proteome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was mapped using a 2D PAGE, LC-MS/MS coupled approach. Mucosal proteins from naive fish were identified primarily by similarity searches across various cod EST databases. The identified proteins were clustered into 8 groups based on gene ontology classification for biological process. Most of the proteins identified from the gel are hitherto unreported for cod. Galectin-1, mannan binding lectin (MBL), serpins, cystatin B, cyclophilin A, FK-506 binding protein, proteasome subunits (alpha-3 and -7), ubiquitin, and g-type lysozyme are considered immune competent molecules. Five of the aforementioned proteins were cloned and their tissue distribution was analysed by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Rajan
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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Karlsen C, Espelid S, Willassen NP, Paulsen SM. Identification and cloning of immunogenic Aliivibrio salmonicida Pal-like protein present in profiled outer membrane and secreted subproteome. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 93:215-223. [PMID: 21516974 DOI: 10.3354/dao02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aliivibrio salmonicida is the aetiological agent of cold water vibriosis affecting farmed fish species, a disease that today is fully controlled by vaccination. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the successful vaccine are largely unknown. In order to gain insight into the possible mechanisms of A. salmonicida vaccines, we report here the profiles of both the outer membrane and secreted subproteomes of A. salmonicida LFI315. The 2 subproteomes were resolved by 2-dimensional electrophoresis that identified a total of 82 protein entries. Monoclonal antibodies specific to an unidentified protein antigen were utilized in the immunoproteomic analysis of both outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins. The immunogenic protein was located in both subproteomes and identified as a 20 kDa peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (Pal). The identity of the antigen was verified by heterologous expression of the cloned A. salmonicida pal gene (VSAL_I1899). It is likely that the immunogenic Pal-like protein is among the constituents that act as a protective antigen in the successful vaccine used today. In view of this, it may be considered a potentially useful component in future vaccine development and pathogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Karlsen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromso, 9037 Tromse, Norway
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Kulkarni A, Caipang CMA, Korsnes K, Brinchmann MF, Kiron V. Molecular diagnosis of francisellosis, a systemic granulomatous inflammatory disease in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. Vet Res Commun 2010; 35:67-77. [PMID: 21125329 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A PCR-based assay for the detection of Francisella noatunensis causing francisellosis in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua has been developed. Seven sets of primers targeting the flanking regions of the genes (rpoA, sdhA, atpA, rpoB, pgm, groEL and 16S rRNA) of the pathogen were designed. Among the primers, groEL was found to be the most suitable gene candidate for detecting the pathogen, due to its high sensitivity at various annealing temperatures and specificity in detection. The detection limit of the assay was 100 pg of bacterial DNA per milliliter or 100 fg bacterial DNA (approximately 50 genome equivalents) per PCR reaction, however, the sensitivity of the reaction decreased by 1 log dilution in the presence of 1 mg mL(-1) of serum and mucus samples as inhibitors. Nevertheless, the assay can potentially be used as a direct and non-lethal method to detect the pathogen in fish. Thus this PCR assay is a specific and sensitive molecular method to diagnose francisellosis in Atlantic cod, and will be helpful for controlling the infection through prompt detection of the disease in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Kulkarni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø University College, Bodø 8049, Norway
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KULKARNI AMOD, CAIPANG CHRISTOPHERMARLOWEA, BRINCHMANN MONICAF, KORSNES KJETIL, KIRON VISWANATH. USE OF LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OFVIBRIO ANGUILLARUMO2β, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF VIBRIOSIS IN ATLANTIC COD,GADUS MORHUA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2009.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Easy RH, Ross NW. Changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) epidermal mucus protein composition profiles following infection with sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 4:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Karlsen C, Paulsen SM, Tunsjø HS, Krinner S, Sørum H, Haugen P, Willassen NP. Motility and flagellin gene expression in the fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida: Effects of salinity and temperature. Microb Pathog 2008; 45:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Song JY, Nakayama K, Murakami Y, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Matsuoka S, Kawakami H, Kitamura SI. Does heavy oil pollution induce bacterial diseases in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 57:889-894. [PMID: 18316100 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As basic research for the effect of heavy oil on the fish immune system, in this study, the number of leukocyte was counted in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, after exposure to heavy oil at a concentration of 30 g/8L for 3 days. To compare the numbers of bacteria in the skin mucus between oil-exposed and control fish, viable bacteria were enumerated by counting colony forming unit (CFU). Compared with 5.79+/-1.88 x 10(7)leukocytes/mL in the controls, the exposed fish demonstrated higher counts, averaging 1.45+/-0.45 x 10(8)cells/mL. The bacterial numbers of control fish were 4.27+/-3.68 x 10(4)CFU/g, whereas they were 4.58+/-1.63 x 10(5)CFU/g in the exposed fish. The results suggest that immune suppression of the fish occurred due to heavy oil stressor, and bacteria could invade in the mucus, resulting in the increasing leukocyte number to prevent infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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