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Nagib M, Sayed AM, Korany AH, Abdelkader K, Shari FH, Mackay WG, Rateb ME. Human Defensins: Structure, Function, and Potential as Therapeutic Antimicrobial Agents with Highlights Against SARS CoV-2. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2025; 17:1563-1583. [PMID: 39693007 PMCID: PMC12055905 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
The human defensins are a group of cationic antimicrobial peptides that range in size from 2 to 5 kDa and share a common structural motif of six disulphide-linked cysteines. Several naturally occurring human α- and β-defensins have been identified over the past two decades. They have a wide variety of antimicrobial effects, and their potential to avoid the development of resistance to antimicrobial treatment makes them attractive as therapeutic agents. Human defensins have recently been the focus of medical and molecular biology studies due to their promising application in medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. This work aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current developments of human defensins, including their identification, categorization, molecular features, expression, modes of action, and potential application in medical settings. Current obstacles and future opportunities for using human defensins are also covered. Furthermore, we shed light on the potential of this class as an antiviral agent, particularly against SARS CoV-2, by providing an in silico-based investigation of their plausible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nagib
- School of Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, PA12BE, UK
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, Basrah, 61014, Iraq
| | - Ahmed H Korany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | - Karim Abdelkader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Falah H Shari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, Basrah, 61014, Iraq
| | - William G Mackay
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Glasgow, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, PA12BE, UK.
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2
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Almeida-Bezerra JW, da Costa Silva JT, Morais-Braga MFB, da Cruz RP, Alencar GG, Alves DS, de Sousa Rodrigues EY, de Sousa SG, de Menezes IRA, Rocha JE, Filho JMB, Leite dos Santos CA, Costa AR, Domiciano CB, de Lima LR, Coutinho HDM. ADME/Tox study and the effect of β-Caryophyllene on the resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus carrying the QacA/B efflux pump gene. Toxicol Rep 2025; 14:101929. [PMID: 39968054 PMCID: PMC11833615 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for causing both community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections, and it exhibits high antibiotic resistance due to the presence of efflux pumps. These pumps, such as QacA and QacB, are proteins that expel toxic substances, including antibiotics, making infection treatment more difficult. Among the alternatives to combat this resistance are terpenes, like β-caryophyllene, which have the potential to inhibit these efflux pumps due to their nonpolar nature. Considering this, the objective of this work is to investigate the ability of the mentioned terpene to act as an inhibitor of the QacA/B pump in S. aureus, as well as to analyze its pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in silico. Initially, a molecular docking simulation was performed using the CryoEM structure of the QacA protein with the software AutoDock VINA to evaluate the interactions between β-caryophyllene and the target protein. Subsequently, in vitro assays were conducted to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of β-caryophyllene and its ability to inhibit the efflux pump in combination with ampicillin in resistant strains of S. aureus. Additionally, in silico ADMET predictions were performed using the SwissADME platform. The results showed that the terpene enhanced the action of ampicillin, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by 50 %. However, it was not able to reduce the MIC of ethidium bromide. The in silico analysis indicated that β-caryophyllene has good bioavailability and drug-likeness characteristics, but with limitations in its gastrointestinal absorption and brain permeability. The study concludes that β-caryophyllene is a promising candidate as an adjuvant in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections, especially due to its ability to partially inhibit efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Pereira da Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cariri Regional University — URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sampaio Alves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cariri Regional University — URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Galdino de Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cariri Regional University — URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Center of Science and Technology CCT - State University of Ceara - UECE, Fortaleza, CE 63100-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adrielle Rodrigues Costa
- Center for Agrarian Sciences and Biodiversity, Federal University of Cariri - UFCA, Crato, CE 63133-610, Brazil
| | | | - Lucia Raquel de Lima
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri – URCA, Crato, Ceará 63105–000, Brazil
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3
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Menezes Dantas DD, Macêdo NS, Sousa Silveira ZD, Santos Barbosa CRD, Muniz DF, Bezerra AH, Sousa JTD, Alencar GG, Morais Oliveira-Tintino CDD, Tintino SR, da Rocha MN, Marinho ES, Marinho MM, Dos Santos HS, Melo Coutinho HD, Cunha FABD. Naringenin as potentiator of norfloxacin efficacy through inhibition of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2025; 203:107504. [PMID: 40154849 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections, with efflux mechanisms highlighted as reducing the efficacy of antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the potential of naringenin, a natural flavonoid, as an antibacterial agent and efflux pump inhibitor in S. aureus strains 1199 and 1199B. The studies used minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, ethidium bromide (EtBr) fluorescence emission enhancement assays, cell membrane permeability assays, and in silico molecular docking and ADME prediction assays. Naringenin showed no relevant antibacterial activity (MIC ≥1024 μg/mL). However, it potentiated the effect of norfloxacin and EtBr, reducing their MICs and increasing the fluorescence emission of EtBr, suggesting a possible inhibition of the NorA efflux pump. Bacterial membrane permeability was not significantly affected. Molecular docking assays indicated that naringenin interacts with the chlorpromazine binding site and has more favorable affinity energy than the chlorpromazine-NorA complex. ADME prediction showed favorable physicochemical properties, good oral absorption, metabolic stability and central nervous system safety. Therefore, naringenin demonstrates the potential to reverse the efficacy of norfloxacin in S. aureus by associating with efflux inhibition through effective interactions with the NorA protein, suggesting its therapeutic potential against bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora de Menezes Dantas
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil; Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Nair Silva Macêdo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil; Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Zildene de Sousa Silveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences- PPGCB, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristina Rodrigues Dos Santos Barbosa
- Postdoctoral Intern at the Semiarid Bioprospecting Laboratory (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil; Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil; Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Henrique Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil; Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Josivânia Teixeira de Sousa
- Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Gonçalves Alencar
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, 63105-000, CE, Brazil
| | - Cícera Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, 63105-000, CE, Brazil; Postdoctoral Intern at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, 63105-000, CE, Brazil; Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- Ceará State University, Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences, Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Ceará State University, Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences, Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, 63105-000, CE, Brazil; Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha
- Semi-arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil; Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
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4
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Huang H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wan P, Chen Y, Li Y, Zeng Z. Identification and characterization of a novel major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pump conferring multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2025; 69:e0173924. [PMID: 40192467 PMCID: PMC12057375 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01739-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
A novel major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pump in Staphylococcus, designated Nms, was identified via topology prediction. The secondary structure indicated the presence of 12 transmembrane segments (TMSs) and characteristic motif A of MFS efflux pumps. Experimental verification of efflux activity was conducted using ethidium bromide accumulation and efflux assays and biofilm formation assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and efflux pump inhibition confirmed that Nms effectively effluxed various antimicrobial agents to confer multidrug resistance. Comprehensive genomic analyses were used to assess the prevalence and possible origins of the nms gene. The results revealed that the nms gene was present in Staphylococcus aureus ST398/ST541 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ST570/ST1166 strains from global isolates. The transmission of nms was associated with the prevalence of S. aureus ST398-t571 in swine-derived samples from China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nms-positive strains formed a distinct clade separate from other S. aureus ST398 strains. Genetic analysis of the nms gene revealed a significant presence of plasmid-related mobile genetic elements, with extended nucleotide sequences containing circular intermediates exhibiting high homology with those found in an S. aureus plasmid. These findings suggested that the nms gene likely initially originated from plasmids and subsequently integrated into chromosomes. In conclusion, Nms is a novel MFS efflux pump that confers multidrug resistance to S. aureus and has been carried predominantly by ST398-t571 isolates in recent years. Ongoing surveillance is essential to elucidate the origin of nms in S. aureus, particularly MRSA ST398-t571, and to understand the transmission among humans, animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingxuan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Bell I PJ, Muniyan R. Synergistic pathogenesis: exploring biofilms, efflux pumps and secretion systems in Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Microbiol 2025; 207:134. [PMID: 40314822 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 04/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, particularly among ESKAPE pathogens: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. Among them, A. baumannii and S. aureus are major contributors to nosocomial infections, with high prevalence in intensive care units and immunocompromised patients. Their ability to resist multiple antibiotic classes complicates treatment strategies, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Key resistance mechanisms, including biofilm formation, efflux pump activity, and horizontal gene transfer, enhance their survival and persistence. Furthermore, interactions during polymicrobial infections intensify disease severity through synergistic effects that promote both virulence and resistance. The epidemiological burden of these pathogens highlights the urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies and targeted interventions. This review explores their virulence factors, resistance mechanisms, pathogenic interactions, and clinical implications, emphasizing the necessity of innovative therapeutic approaches to combat their growing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praisy Joy Bell I
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajiniraja Muniyan
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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6
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Chandal N, Sharma N, Cernicchi G, Felicetti T, Rondini T, Acito M, Nandanwar H, Sabatini S. In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations into the Potential of Quinazoline and Quinoline Derivatives as NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors Against Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025; 14:339. [PMID: 40298471 PMCID: PMC12024145 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus aureus is a highly lethal Gram-positive bacterium that is responsible for over one million deaths annually. As a member of the ESKAPE pathogens, its methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) are prevalent worldwide and exhibit significant antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Bacterial efflux pumps play a pivotal role in the development of AMR by facilitating the expulsion of a range of antimicrobial agents. Methods: The S. aureus strain SA-1199B, which overexpresses NorA and carries a GrlA mutation, was utilized to comprehensively profile the mechanism of the compounds PQQ16P and PQK4F. To assess the toxicity and genotoxicity of these compounds, RAW macrophages, HEK 293T, and HepG2 cell lines were utilized. Female BALB/c mice were utilized to assess the in vivo synergism of EPIs with CPX, Results: NorA efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), PQQ16P and PQK4F, enhanced the efficacy of the antibacterial ciprofloxacin (CPX) against resistant S. aureus strains. The mechanism of EPIs involved the inhibition of NorA efflux pump, without compromising bacterial membrane permeability, ATP levels, or mammalian calcium channels. Moreover, the EPIs significantly augmented the bactericidal and post-antibiotic effects of CPX, elevating its mutation prevention concentration without manifesting substantial toxicity to human cells. Furthermore, the EPIs reduced S. aureus invasiveness in macrophages, indicating a role for NorA in bacterial virulence. Notably, the in vivo synergism of these EPIs with CPX was observed in a mouse infection model. Conclusions: This study provides substantial evidence for the potential of employing EPIs in a combination with CPX to counteract AMR, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Chandal
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR—Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 60036, Punjab and Haryana, India; (N.C.); (N.S.)
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77807, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR—Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 60036, Punjab and Haryana, India; (N.C.); (N.S.)
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Giada Cernicchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Tommaso Rondini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Biochemical and Health Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (T.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Mattia Acito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Biochemical and Health Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (T.R.); (M.A.)
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Hemraj Nandanwar
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR—Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 60036, Punjab and Haryana, India; (N.C.); (N.S.)
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.C.); (T.F.)
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7
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de Sousa Silveira Z, Macêdo NS, Menezes Dantas DD, Rodrigues Dos Santos Barbosa C, Muniz DF, Morais Oliveira-Tintino CDD, Relison Tintino S, Alencar GG, Marinho ES, Rocha MND, Marinho MM, Santos HSD, Coutinho HDM, Cunha FABD, Silva MVD. Evaluation of the antibacterial and inhibitory activity of the NorA and TetK efflux pumps of Staphylococcus aureus by p-coumaric acid. Microb Pathog 2025; 200:107318. [PMID: 39848298 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2024] [Revised: 12/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2025] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
The NorA and TetK efflux pumps mediate resistance to fluoroquinolone and tetracycline antibiotics by actively extruding these compounds and reducing their intracellular concentrations. Consequently, intense research has focused on inhibiting these efflux mechanisms using antimicrobial agents derived from natural or synthetic sources. This study used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to analyze the various functional groups present in p-coumaric acid. We also investigated the antibacterial activity of p-coumaric acid on strains of Staphylococcus aureus carrying the NorA and TetK efflux pumps, as well as the compound's ability to increase the fluorescence of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and Sytox Green. In addition, the interactions of this compound with NorA were analyzed using molecular docking, and its pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated using ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) modeling. The results revealed that p-coumaric acid exhibited no direct antibacterial activity against the tested Staphylococcus aureus strains. However, significant reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of norfloxacin and EtBr, both used as NorA substrates, were observed when combined with p-coumaric acid. It was also observed that p-coumaric acid increased the fluorescence emission of EtBr and Sytox Green in strains 1199 and 1199B, suggesting the inhibition of the efflux mechanism and enhanced membrane permeabilization in S. aureus. The in silico analysis demonstrated that p-coumaric acid exhibits a favorable binding energy with NorA, comparable to that of chlorpromazine. These results position p-coumaric acid as a promising antibiotic adjuvant and efflux inhibitor in strains harboring NorA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zildene de Sousa Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Nair Silva Macêdo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry (PPQB), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Débora de Menezes Dantas
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry (PPQB), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry (PPQB), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Gonçalves Alencar
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- State University of Ceará, Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences, Natural Resources Bioprospecting and Monitoring Laboratory (LBMRN), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- State University of Ceará, Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences, Natural Resources Bioprospecting and Monitoring Laboratory (LBMRN), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Machado Marinho
- State University of Ceará, Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences, Natural Resources Bioprospecting and Monitoring Laboratory (LBMRN), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO-Nucleadora UECE), State University of Acaraú Valley (UVA), Sobral, CE, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry (PPQB), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Vanusa da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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8
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Yan J, Zhang X, Shi X, Wu J, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Bao Z, Luo N, Zhang D, Chen J, Zhang H. Metagenomic insights into the rapid recovery mechanisms of prokaryotic community and spread of antibiotic resistance genes after seawater disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2025; 271:122887. [PMID: 39637691 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 10/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Disinfectants, such as bleaching powder, are widely employed in marine aquaculture worldwide to control the bacterial pathogens and eliminate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Nevertheless, the rapid recovery of prokaryotic community compositions (PCCs) after disinfection may significantly influence the overall efficacy of disinfection. Presently, little is known about the rapid recovery mechanisms of PCCs and its impact on the removal of ARGs in seawater. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic analysis were used to address the above concerns through simulating the disinfection process in aquaculture. The results showed that recovery of PCCs began within 16 h. The underlying mechanisms of the rapid recovery of PCCs were the synergistic interactions between microbes and the residues of disinfection-resistant bacteria (DRB). Disinfection resistance genes (DRGs) related to efflux pump serve as the primary molecular foundation providing DRB to resist disinfection. Among the 78 annotated ARGs, only 10 ARGs exhibited a significant decrease (P < 0.05) after 72 h, implying the ineffective removal of ARGs by bleaching powder. Furthermore, bacterial co-resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics was observed. Genome analysis of two highly resistant DRB from Pseudomonadaceae revealed that both DRB carried 16 DRGs, aiding the recovery of PCCs and the spread of ARGs. These findings provide novel insights in the mechanisms of the rapid recovery of PCCs and bacterial co-resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics, which can be crucial for the management of pathogens and antibiotic resistance in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Shanghai Treatgut Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200441, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xinxu Zhang
- Archaeal Biology Center, Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xinyong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Ningbo Haiwei Ecological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, 315141, China
| | - Ziang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yawen Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhen Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Marine Economic Research Center, Donghai Academy, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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9
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Norouzalinia F, Asadpour L, Mokhtary M. Anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory effects of ellagic acid-bonded magnetic nanoparticles against Escherichia coli isolates. Int Microbiol 2025; 28:563-573. [PMID: 39105888 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The spread of microbial resistance is a threat to public health. In this study, the anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory effects of ellagic acid-loaded magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs@EA) against beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates have been investigated. The effects of Fe3O4 NPs@EA on the growth inhibition of E. coli isolates were determined by disc diffusion method and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration was done using broth micro-dilution method. The anti-biofilm effect of nanoparticles was investigated using the microplate method. The efflux pump inhibitory effect of nanoparticles was investigated using cart-wheel method and by investigating the effect of nanoparticles on acrB and tolC genes expression levels. Fe3O4 NPs@EA showed anti-bacterial effects against test bacteria, and the MIC of these nanoparticles varied from 0.19 to 1.56 mg/mL. These nanoparticles caused a 43-62% reduction in biofilm formation of test bacteria compared to control. Furthermore, efflux pump inhibitory effect of these nanoparticles was confirmed at a concentration of 1/8 MIC, and the expression of acrB and tolC genes decreased in bacteria treated with 1/4 MIC Fe3O4 NPs@EA. According to the results, the use of nanoparticles containing ellagic acid can provide a basis for the development of new treatments against drug-resistant E. coli. This substance may improve the concentration of antibiotics in the bacterial cell and increase their effectiveness by inhibiting the efflux in E. coli isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Asadpour
- Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Masoud Mokhtary
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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10
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Ikhane AO, Osunsanmi FO, Mosa RA, Opoku AR. Antibacterial Potential of Crude Extracts from Cylindrospermum alatosporum NR125682 and Loriellopsis cavernicola NR117881. Microorganisms 2025; 13:211. [PMID: 39858979 PMCID: PMC11767720 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The challenges of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to human health have pushed for the discovery of a new antibiotics agent from natural products. Cyanobacteria are oxygen-producing photosynthetic prokaryotes found in a variety of water habitats. Secondary metabolites are produced by cyanobacteria to survive extreme environmental stress factors, including microbial competition. This study presents the antibacterial activity and mechanism of the crude extracts from Cylindrospermum alatosporum NR125682 (A) and Loriellopsis cavernicola NR117881 (B) isolated from freshwater. The cyanobacteria were identified through 16S rRNA sequencing. Crude extracts were sequentially prepared using hexane, dichloromethane, and ethanol consistently. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the CSLI microdilution test protocol, and crude extract potential to inhibit the growth of the tested clinical bacteria strains were evaluated. The mechanism of action of the extracts including membrane damage, efflux pump, β-lactamase activity, DNA degradation, and extract-drug interaction was investigated using standard procedures. The hexane extract of B performed the best with a MIC (0.7-1.41 mg/mL) and MBC (1.41-2.81 mg/mL) range. All the crude extracts inhibited efflux pump activity against the bacteria tested. However, the extracts poorly inhibited β-lactamase. The ethanol extract of B exhibited the most appreciable antibacterial activity. The dichloromethane extract of B showed the highest significant DNA degradation potential, when compared with other samples. The extracts exhibited synergism when combined with erythromycin against some test bacteria, indicating primary microbial activity through membrane interactions. Hence, this study demonstrates the significance of cyanobacteria for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Olufemi Ikhane
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Richards Bay 3886, South Africa;
| | | | - Rebamang Anthony Mosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0002, South Africa;
| | - Andrew Rowland Opoku
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Richards Bay 3886, South Africa;
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11
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Kuznetsova MV, Nesterova LY, Mihailovskaya VS, Selivanova PA, Kochergina DA, Karipova MO, Valtsifer IV, Averkina AS, Starčič Erjavec M. Nosocomial Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus: Sensitivity to Chlorhexidine-Based Biocides and Prevalence of Efflux Pump Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:355. [PMID: 39796210 PMCID: PMC11721292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Revised: 12/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of disinfectants and antiseptics has led to the emergence of nosocomial pathogens that are less sensitive to these agents, which in combination with multidrug resistance (MDR) can pose a significant epidemiologic risk. We investigated the susceptibility of nosocomial Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus to a 0.05% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution and a biocidal S7 composite solution based on CHX (0.07%) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC, 0.055%). The prevalence of efflux pump genes associated with biocide resistance and their relationship to antibiotic resistance was also determined. Both biocides were more effective against Gram-positive S. aureus than Gram-negative bacteria. The most resistant strains were P. aeruginosa strains, which were mainly killed by 0.0016% CHX and by 0.0000084% (CHX)/0.0000066% (BAC) S7. The S7 bactericidal effect was observed on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus after 10 min, while the bactericidal effect of CHX was only observed after 30 min. qacEΔ1 and qacE efflux pump genes were prevalent among E. coli and K. pneumoniae, while mexB was more often detected in P. aeruginosa. norA, norB, mepA, mdeA, and sepA were prevalent in S. aureus. The observed prevalence of efflux pump genes highlights the potential problem whereby the sensitivity of bacteria to biocides could decline rapidly in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.V.K.); (V.S.M.); (P.A.S.); (D.A.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Perm State Medical University Named After Academician E. A. Wagner, 614000 Perm, Russia;
| | - Larisa Y. Nesterova
- Laboratory of Microorganisms’ Adaptation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614081 Perm, Russia;
| | - Veronika S. Mihailovskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.V.K.); (V.S.M.); (P.A.S.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Polina A. Selivanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.V.K.); (V.S.M.); (P.A.S.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Darja A. Kochergina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.V.K.); (V.S.M.); (P.A.S.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Marina O. Karipova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Perm State Medical University Named After Academician E. A. Wagner, 614000 Perm, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Valtsifer
- Department of Multiphase Dispersed System, Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.V.V.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Anastasia S. Averkina
- Department of Multiphase Dispersed System, Institute of Technical Chemistry Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Centre of Ural Branch of RAS, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.V.V.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Marjanca Starčič Erjavec
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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12
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Araújo IM, Pereira RLS, de Araújo ACJ, Gonçalves SA, Tintino SR, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, de Menezes IRA, Salamoni R, Begnini IM, Rebelo RA, da Silva LE, Domiciano CB, Coutinho HDM. In vitro and in silico effect of meldrum's acid-derived compounds on Staphylococcus aureus strains as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. Biophys Chem 2025; 316:107344. [PMID: 39442379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics has led to an alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to these drugs. Efflux pumps, which expel antibiotics from bacterial cells, have emerged as one of the key mechanisms of bacterial resistance. In the quest to combat and mitigate bacterial resistance, researchers have turned their attention to efflux pump inhibitors as a potential solution. Meldrum's acid, a synthetic molecule widely utilized in the synthesis of bioactive compounds, has garnered significant interest in this regard. Hence, this study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity and evaluate the efficacy of three derivatives of meldrum's acid in inhibiting efflux mechanisms, employing both in silico and in vitro approaches. The antibacterial activity of the derivatives was assessed through rigorous broth microdilution testing. While the derivatives themselves did not exhibit direct antibacterial activity, they demonstrated remarkable potential in potentiating the effects of antibiotics. Additionally, fluorescence emission assays using ethidium bromide (EtBr) revealed fluorescence levels comparable to the positive control, indicating a possible blockade of efflux pumps. Molecular docking studies conducted in silico further supported these findings by revealing binding interactions similar to norfloxacin and CCCP, known efflux pump inhibitors. These results underscore the potential of meldrum's acid derivatives as effective inhibitors of efflux pumps. By inhibiting these mechanisms, the derivatives hold promise in enhancing the effectiveness of antibiotics and combatting bacterial resistance. This study contributes valuable insights into the development of novel strategies to address the pressing issue of bacterial resistance and paves the way for further research and exploration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Moura Araújo
- Departamento de Química-Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato. 63105-000 Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sheila Alves Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato, 63105-000 Ceará, Brazil
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Departamento de Química-Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Crato. 63105-000 Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Salamoni
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, 89030-903, SC, Brazil
| | - Iêda Maria Begnini
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, 89030-903, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Rebelo
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, 89030-903, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Everson da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, 89030-903, SC, Brazil
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13
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da Rosa EEB, Kremer FS. The mobilome landscape of biocide-resistance in Brazilian ESKAPE isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:3603-3616. [PMID: 39028534 PMCID: PMC11712051 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a constant threat to global human health. Therefore, the pathogens of the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter spp.) are among the most relevant causes of hospital infections responsible for millions of deaths every year. However, little has been explored about the danger of microorganisms resistant to biocides such as antiseptics and disinfectants. Widely used in domestic, industrial, and hospital environments, these substances reach the environment and can cause selective pressure for resistance genes and induce cross-resistance to antibiotics, further aggravating the problem. Therefore, it is necessary to use innovative and efficient strategies to monitor the spread of genes related to resistance to biocides. Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis aiming to search for sequences encoding resistance mechanisms are essential to help monitor and combat these pathogens. Thus, this work describes the construction of a bioinformatics tool that integrates different databases to identify gene sequences that may confer some resistance advantage about biocides. Furthermore, the tool analyzed all the genomes of Brazilian ESKAPE isolates deposited at NCBI and found a series of different genes related to resistance to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, and triclosan, which were the focus of this work. As a result, the presence of resistance genes was identified in different types of biological samples, environments, and hosts. Regarding mobile genetic elements (MGEs), around 52% of isolates containing genes related to resistance to these compounds had their genes identified in plasmids, and 48.7% in prophages. These data show that resistance to biocides can be a silent, underestimated danger spreading across different environments and, therefore, requires greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Eduardo Barbosa da Rosa
- Laboratório de Bioinformática (Omixlab), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Frederico Schmitt Kremer
- Laboratório de Bioinformática (Omixlab), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.
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14
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da Costa RHS, Pessoa RT, Silva EDS, Araujo IM, Gonçalves SA, Rocha JE, Pereira Junior FN, Oliveira NC, de Oliveira VM, da Rocha MN, Marinho ES, Kelly Gomes de Carvalho N, Galberto Martins da Costa J, dos Santos HS, de Menezes IRA. Antibacterial and Inhibitory Activity of Nora and Mepa Efflux Pumps of Estragole Complexed to β-Cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) In Vitro Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria, Molecular Docking and MPO-Based Pharmacokinetics Prediction. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1469. [PMID: 39598592 PMCID: PMC11597315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The work investigates the effect of the estragole complex encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin (ES/β-CD) in modulating bacterial resistance, specifically in Staphylococcus aureus strains expressing NorA and MepA efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antibiotics by expelling them from the cell. Methodology: Several compounds and antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and the ability of the ES/β-CD complex to reverse resistance. Methods: The study included scanning electron microscopy assays, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, and efflux pump inhibition tests. Results: The ES/β-CD complex did not show significant direct antibacterial activity. However, it modulated the action of norfloxacin, decreasing the MIC when combined with this antibiotic in the 1199B (NorA) strain. These results suggest a potential for synergy but not a direct inhibition of efflux pumps. Conclusion: ES/β-CD can potentiate the efficacy of some antibiotics but does not directly act as an efflux pump inhibitor; it is more of an antibiotic potentiator than a direct solution to bacterial resistance. The molecular docking simulation data suggest its high affinity for forming the ES/β-CD complex. The pharmacokinetic predictions based on MPO suggest that the compound has moderate lipophilicity, highly effective cellular permeability, and low incidence of organic toxicity, pointing to a promising pharmacological principle with controlled daily oral dosing. Conclusions: These results indicate this complex's possible and relevant association as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy to reduce multidrug-resistant bacteria; however, new in vivo assays are necessary to confirm this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa
- Veterinary Medicine Course, Maurício de Nassau University Center, Juazeiro do Norte 63010-475, CE, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (R.T.P.); (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Renata Torres Pessoa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (R.T.P.); (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Eduardo dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (R.T.P.); (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Isaac Moura Araujo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (I.M.A.); (S.A.G.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Sheila Alves Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (I.M.A.); (S.A.G.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (I.M.A.); (S.A.G.); (J.E.R.)
| | | | | | - Victor Moreira de Oliveira
- Program in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (V.M.d.O.); (M.N.d.R.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- Program in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (V.M.d.O.); (M.N.d.R.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Program in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (V.M.d.O.); (M.N.d.R.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Natália Kelly Gomes de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Research and Natural Product (LPPN), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (N.K.G.d.C.); (J.G.M.d.C.)
| | - José Galberto Martins da Costa
- Laboratory of Research and Natural Product (LPPN), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (N.K.G.d.C.); (J.G.M.d.C.)
| | - Hélcio Silva dos Santos
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Vale do Acaraú University, Sobral 62040-370, CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Pimenta, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (R.T.P.); (E.d.S.S.)
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15
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da Silva L, Gonçalves CAC, Bezerra AH, Dos Santos Barbosa CR, Rocha JE, de Matos YMLS, de Oliveira LCC, Dos Santos HS, Coutinho HDM, da Cunha FAB. Molecular docking and antibacterial and antibiotic-modifying activities of synthetic chalcone (2E)-1-(3'-aminophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one in a MepA efflux pump-expressing Staphylococcus aureus strain. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01221-9. [PMID: 39531148 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance has become a global concern for public health agencies. Various resistance mechanisms found in Staphylococcus aureus strains grant this bacterium resistance to a wide range of antibiotics, contributing to the rise in human mortality worldwide. Resistance mediated by efflux pumps is one of the most prevalent mechanisms in multi-resistant bacteria, which has aroused the interest of several researchers in the search for possible efflux pump inhibitors. In view of the aforementioned considerations, it is important that new strategies, such as the synthesis of chalcones, be made available as a viable strategy in antimicrobial therapy. In this study, the synthesized chalcone (2E)-1-(3'-aminophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one was tested for its antibacterial activity, focusing on antibiotic modification and the inhibition of the MepA efflux pump present in S. aureus strain K2068. The broth microdilution method, using microdilution plates, was employed in microbiological tests to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the chalcone, antibiotics, and ethidium bromide. The results show that while the chalcone did not exhibit direct antibacterial activity, it synergistically enhanced the effects of ciprofloxacin and ethidium bromide, as evidenced by the reduction in MICs. In addition, computer simulations of molecular docking demonstrate that the tested chalcone acts on the same binding site as the efflux pump inhibitor chlorpromazine, interacting with essentially the same residues. These data suggest that the chalcone may act as a MepA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa da Silva
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Cicera Alane Coelho Gonçalves
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Henrique Bezerra
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Janaina Esmeraldo Rocha
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Yedda Maria Lobo Soares de Matos
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Lígia Cláudia Castro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Spectro-analytical, Biological and Environmental Chemistry (LEQBA) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Natural and Synthetic Chemistry Research Laboratory (LPQN) of State University Vale of Acaraú (UVA), Sobral, CE, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Natural Sciences - PPGCN, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA) of the Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Natural Sciences - PPGCN, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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16
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Rodrigues SO, Santiago FR, Silva MS, Lima ASG, Godoy LE, De Waard M, Fouad D, Batiha GE, Santos TL, Pagnossa JP. Macrolide resistance outcomes after the Covid-19 pandemic: A one health approach investigation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 180:117437. [PMID: 39303450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic period, the indiscriminate use of macrolide-class antibiotics was frequent among the Brazilian population due to the lack of knowledge and information with a scientific basis. Thus, the class of drugs that includes azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, which alter metabolic reactions in the body and act on the immune system, was widely used without medical prescription. Samples of bacterial strains from hospital environments were obtained during the most extensive spread of Covid-19 and studied in the present article, emphasizing the investigation for macrolide resistance genes (erm and msr) and bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from urinary tract infections. In addition, the physiological, genetic, immunological, and socio-epidemiological aspects were highlighted with a focus on the One Health approach and implications on the gut-brain axis in this integrative research, revealing that the inappropriate use of antibiotics directly affects entire communities, representing a significant concern for public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O Rodrigues
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Felipe R Santiago
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Michel De Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, Saint-Egrève 38120, France; L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, Nantes F-44007, France; Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, LabEx (Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics), Valbonne F-06560, France.
| | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - Tamara L Santos
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Jorge P Pagnossa
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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17
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Freitas PR, de Araújo ACJ, Araújo IM, de Almeida RS, Borges JAO, Paulo CLR, Oliveira-Tintino CDM, Miranda GM, Araújo-Neto JB, Nascimento IJS, Araújo-Júnior JX, Silva JMA, Balbino TCL, Silva-Júnior EF, Aquino TM, Mendonca-Junior FJB, Marinho ES, Santos HS, Lima CMG, Obaidullah AJ, Bin Emran T, Cunha FAB, Menezes IRA, Tintino SR, Coutinho HDM. Thiazine-derived compounds in inhibiting efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus K2068, mepA gene expression, and membrane permeability alteration. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117291. [PMID: 39146766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium responsible for resistance to multiple drugs and the efflux system is widely studied among the resistance mechanisms developed by this species. The present study evaluates the inhibition of the MepA efflux pump by thiadiazine-derived compounds. For this purpose, thiadiazine-derived compounds (IJ-14 to IJ-20) were tested against S. aureus K2068 strains. Microdilution tests were initially conducted to assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the compounds and their efflux pump inhibition activity. In addition, fluorimetry tests were performed using BrEt emission and tests were conducted to inhibit the expression of the mepA gene. This involved comparing the bacterial gene expression with the antibiotic alone to the gene expression after combining compounds (IJ-17 and IJ-20) with the antibiotic. Furthermore, membrane permeability assessment tests and in silico molecular docking tests were performed. It was observed that the IJ17 and IJ20 compounds exhibited direct activity against the tested strain. The IJ17 compound produced significant results in the gene inhibition tests, which was also evidenced through the membrane permeability alteration test. These findings suggest that thiadiazine-derived compounds have promising effects against one of the main resistance mechanisms, with the IJ17 compound presenting observable mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla R Freitas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Ana C J de Araújo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Isaac M Araújo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Ray S de Almeida
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - João A O Borges
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Cícera L R Paulo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - José B Araújo-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50740-570, Brazil
| | - Igor J S Nascimento
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - João X Araújo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Julia M A Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Tereza C L Balbino
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Edeildo F Silva-Júnior
- Biological and Molecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Aquino
- Biological and Molecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuel S Marinho
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural and Synthetic Product, State University of Ceará, UECE, Fortaleza, CE 60741-835, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Santos
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural and Synthetic Product, State University of Ceará, UECE, Fortaleza, CE 60741-835, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Francisco A B Cunha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Saulo R Tintino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE, Brazil.
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18
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Peng KT, Chen PC, Chen JL, Huang TY, Peng YH, Liu JF, Lee CW, Chang PJ. A Comparative Phenotypic and Genomic Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST45 Isolates From Cellulitis and Osteomyelitis in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e568-e578. [PMID: 38409272 PMCID: PMC11420812 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type (ST) 45 is a globally disseminated MRSA lineage. Herein, we investigated whether MRSA ST45 isolates from cellulitis and from osteomyelitis display distinctive phenotypic and genomic characteristics. METHODS A total of 15 MRSA ST45 isolates from cellulitis (CL-MRSA; n = 6) or osteomyelitis (OM-MRSA; n = 9) were collected in a Taiwan hospital. These MRSA ST45 isolates were characterized for their antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm-forming ability, cellular infectivity in vitro, and pathogenicity in vivo. Four CL-MRSA and 6 OM-MRSA ST45 isolates were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). RESULTS Antibiotic resistance tests showed that all OM-MRSA ST45 strains, but not CL-MRSA ST45 strains, were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, and doxycycline. Compared to the CL-MRSA ST45 isolates, the OM-MRSA ST45 isolates had stronger biofilm-forming ability and cellular infectivity and caused more severe disease in mice. WGS analysis revealed that these OM-MRSA ST45 isolates carry multiple common mutations or polymorphisms in genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence. Moreover, the transposable elements IS256 and IS257R2 were found only in the OM-MRSA ST45 isolates. CONCLUSIONS The emergence and spread of the highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant ST45 MRSAs identified from osteomyelitis may pose a serious threat on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
| | - Jiun-Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
| | - Yi-Ho Peng
- National Chia-Yi Girls Senior High School, Chiayi
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Recurrent Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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19
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Sung K, Nawaz M, Park M, Chon J, Khan SA, Alotaibi K, Revollo J, Miranda JA, Khan AA. Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence, and Plasmid Dynamics in Multidrug-Resistant E. coli Isolates from Imported Shrimp. Foods 2024; 13:1766. [PMID: 38890994 PMCID: PMC11171581 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We analyzed antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates obtained from imported shrimp using whole-genome sequences (WGSs). Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined phenotypically. WGSs identified key characteristics, including their multilocus sequence type (MLST), serotype, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, and mobile elements. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Multilocus sequence type (MLST), serotype, average nucleotide identity (ANI), and pangenome analysis showed high genomic similarity among isolates, except for EC15 and ECV01. The EC119 plasmid contained a variety of efflux pump genes, including those encoding the acid resistance transcriptional activators (gadE, gadW, and gadX), resistance-nodulation-division-type efflux pumps (mdtE and mdtF), and a metabolite, H1 symporter (MHS) family major facilitator superfamily transporter (MNZ41_23075). Virulence genes displayed diversity, particularly EC15, whose plasmids carried genes for adherence (faeA and faeC-I), invasion (ipaH and virB), and capsule (caf1A and caf1M). This comprehensive analysis illuminates antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid dynamics in E. coli from imported shrimp and has profound implications for public health, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance and research into the evolution of these important bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidon Sung
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (M.N.); (M.P.); (S.A.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Mohamed Nawaz
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (M.N.); (M.P.); (S.A.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Miseon Park
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (M.N.); (M.P.); (S.A.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Jungwhan Chon
- Department of Companion Animal Health, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea;
| | - Saeed A. Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (M.N.); (M.P.); (S.A.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Khulud Alotaibi
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javier Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (J.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Jaime A. Miranda
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (J.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Ashraf A. Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (M.N.); (M.P.); (S.A.K.); (A.A.K.)
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20
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Rosa DS, Oliveira SADS, Souza RDFS, de França CA, Pires IC, Tavares MRS, de Oliveira HP, da Silva Júnior FAG, Moreira MAS, de Barros M, de Menezes GB, Antunes MM, Azevedo VADC, Naue CR, da Costa MM. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of highly soluble polypyrrole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae072. [PMID: 38503568 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of highly soluble polypyrrole (Hs-PPy), alone or combined with oxacillin, as well as its antibiofilm potential against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Furthermore, the in silico inhibitory mechanism in efflux pumps was also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and two reference strains were used. Antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution, and the combination effect with oxacillin was evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The biofilm formation capacity of MRSA and the interference of Hs-PPy were evaluated. The inhibitory action of Hs-PPy on the efflux pump was evaluated in silico through molecular docking. Hs-PPy showed activity against the isolates, with inhibitory action between 62.5 and 125 µg ml-1 and bactericidal action at 62.5 µg ml-1, as well as synergism in association with oxacillin. The isolates ranged from moderate to strong biofilm producers, and Hs-PPy interfered with the formation of this structure, but not with mature biofilm. There was no in silico interaction with the efflux protein EmrD, the closest homolog to NorA. CONCLUSIONS Hs-PPy interferes with biofilm formation by MRSA, has synergistic potential, and is an efflux pump inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Sales Rosa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56300-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariana de Barros
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Carine Rosa Naue
- Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56304-205, Brazil
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21
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Nong Y, Steinig E, Pollock GL, Taiaroa G, Carter GP, Monk IR, Pang S, Daley DA, Coombs GW, Forde BM, Harris PNA, Sherry NL, Howden BP, Pasricha S, Baines SL, Williamson DA. Emergence and clonal expansion of a qacA-harbouring sequence type 45 lineage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Commun Biol 2024; 7:349. [PMID: 38514781 PMCID: PMC10957945 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increase in the prevalence of sequence type (ST) 45 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), yet the underlying drivers for its emergence and spread remain unclear. To better understand the worldwide dissemination of ST45 S. aureus, we performed phylogenetic analyses of Australian isolates, supplemented with a global population of ST45 S. aureus genomes. Our analyses revealed a distinct lineage of multidrug-resistant ST45 MRSA harbouring qacA, predominantly found in Australia and Singapore. Bayesian inference predicted that the acquisition of qacA occurred in the late 1990s. qacA was integrated into a structurally variable region of the chromosome containing Tn552 (carrying blaZ) and Tn4001 (carrying aac(6')-aph(2")) transposable elements. Using mutagenesis and in vitro assays, we provide phenotypic evidence that qacA confers tolerance to chlorhexidine. These findings collectively suggest both antimicrobial resistance and the carriage of qacA may play a role in the successful establishment of ST45 MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Nong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina L Pollock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glen P Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian R Monk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Denise A Daley
- Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Brian M Forde
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick N A Harris
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Norelle L Sherry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shivani Pasricha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Baines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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22
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Scicchitano D, Babbi G, Palladino G, Turroni S, Mekonnen YT, Laczny C, Wilmes P, Leekitcharoenphon P, Castagnetti A, D'Amico F, Brigidi P, Savojardo C, Manfreda G, Martelli P, De Cesare A, Aarestrup FM, Candela M, Rampelli S. Routes of dispersion of antibiotic resistance genes from the poultry farm system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169086. [PMID: 38056648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Poultry farms are hotspots for the development and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), due to high stocking densities and extensive use of antibiotics, posing a threat of spread and contagion to workers and the external environment. Here, we applied shotgun metagenome sequencing to characterize the gut microbiome and resistome of poultry, workers and their households - also including microbiomes from the internal and external farm environment - in three different farms in Italy during a complete rearing cycle. Our results highlighted a relevant overlap among the microbiomes of poultry, workers, and their families (gut and skin), with clinically relevant ARGs and associated mobile elements shared in both poultry and human samples. On a finer scale, the reconstruction of species-level genome bins (SGBs) allowed us to delineate the dynamics of microorganism and ARGs dispersion from farm systems. We found the associations with worker microbiomes representing the main route of ARGs dispersion from poultry to human populations. Collectively, our findings clearly demonstrate the urgent need to implement more effective procedures to counteract ARGs dispersion from poultry food systems and the relevance of metagenomics-based metacommunity approaches to monitor the ARGs dispersion process for the safety of the working environment on farms.
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23
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da Silva L, Donato IA, Bezerra SR, Dos Santos HS, Bandeira PN, do Nascimento MTR, Guedes JM, Freitas PR, de Araújo ACJ, de Freitas TS, Coutinho HDM, de Matos YMLS, de Oliveira LCC, da Cunha FAB. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and antibacterial activity of chalcone (2E)-1-(3'-aminophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus carrier of efflux pump mechanisms and β-lactamase. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:60-71. [PMID: 37497790 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has stood out for presenting a high adaptability, acquiring resistance to multiple drugs. The search for natural or synthetic compounds with antibacterial properties capable of reversing the resistance of S. aureus is the main challenge to be overcome today. Natural products such as chalcones are substances present in the secondary metabolism of plants, presenting important biological activities such as antitumor, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVES In this context, the aim of this work was to synthesize the chalcone (2E)-1-(3'-aminophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one with nomenclature CMADMA, confirm its structure by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and evaluate its antibacterial properties. METHODS The synthesis methodology used was that of Claisen-Schmidt, and spectroscopic characterization was performed by NMR. For microbiological assays, the broth microdilution methodology was adopted in order to analyze the antibacterial potential of chalcones and to analyze their ability to act as a possible inhibitor of β-lactamase and efflux pump resistance mechanisms, present in S. aureus strain K4100. RESULTS The results obtained show that CMADMA does not show direct antibacterial activity, expressing a MIC of ≥1024 μg/mL, or on the enzymatic mechanism of β-lactamase; however, when associated with ethidium bromide in efflux pump inhibition assays, CMADMA showed promising activity by reducing the MIC of the bromide from 64 to 32 μg/mL. CONCLUSION We conclude that the chalcone synthesized in this study is a promising substance to combat bacterial resistance, possibly acting in the inhibition of the QacC efflux pump present in S. aureus strain K4100, as evidenced by the reduction in the MIC of ethidium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa da Silva
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Isydório Alves Donato
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Suieny Rodrigues Bezerra
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Vale do Acaraú State University, Sobral, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences - PPGCN, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nogueira Bandeira
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Jesyka Macêdo Guedes
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ramos Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Sampaio de Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Vale do Acaraú State University, Sobral, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences - PPGCN, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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24
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Araújo IM, Pereira RLS, de Araújo ACJ, Gonçalves SA, Tintino SR, Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, de Menezes IRA, Salamoni R, Begnini IM, Rebelo RA, Silva LED, Gurgel APAD, Coutinho HDM. Meldrum's acid derivates are MepA efflux pump inhibitors: In vitro and in silico essays. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300558. [PMID: 38110852 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Efflux pumps are proteins capable of expelling antibiotics from bacterial cells, have emerged as a major mechanism of bacterial resistance. In the ongoing pursuit to overcome and reduce bacterial resistance, novel substances are being explored as potential efflux pump inhibitors. Meldrum's acid, a synthetic molecule widely studied for its role in synthesizing bioactive compounds, holds promise in this regard. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three derivatives of Meldrum's acid and assess their ability to inhibit efflux mechanisms, employing both in silico and in vitro approaches. The antibacterial activity of the derivatives was assessed using a broth microdilution testing method. Surprisingly, the derivatives did not exhibit direct antibacterial activity on their own. However, they displayed a significant effect in enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics, suggesting a potential role in potentiating their effects. Furthermore, fluorescence emission assays using ethidium bromide indicated that the derivatives could potentially block efflux pumps, as they exhibited fluorescence levels comparable to the positive control. To further investigate their inhibitory capacity, molecular docking studies were conducted in silico, revealing binding interactions similar to ciprofloxacin and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, known efflux pump inhibitors. These findings highlight the potential of Meldrum's acid derivatives as effective inhibitors of efflux pumps. By targeting these mechanisms, the derivatives offer a promising avenue to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics and combat bacterial resistance. This study underscores the importance of exploring novel strategies in the fight against bacterial resistance and provides valuable insights into the potential of Meldrum's acid derivatives as efflux pump inhibitors. Further research and exploration in this field are warranted to fully exploit their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Moura Araújo
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Salamoni
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Iêda Maria Begnini
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Rebelo
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Liu J, Huang T, Xu Z, Mao Y, Soteyome T, Liu G, Qu C, Yuan L, Ma Q, Zhou F, Seneviratne G. Sub-MIC streptomycin and tetracycline enhanced Staphylococcus aureus Guangzhou-SAU749 biofilm formation, an in-depth study on transcriptomics. Biofilm 2023; 6:100156. [PMID: 37779859 PMCID: PMC10539642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, a potential "Super-bug" and a typical biofilm forming bacteria. With usage of large amount of antibiotics, the residual antibiotics in clinical settings further complicate the colonization, pathogenesis and resistance of S. aureus. This study aimed at investigating the phenotypical and global gene expression changes on biofilm formation of a clinical S. aureus isolate treated under different types of antibiotics. Firstly, an isolate Guangzhou-SAU749 was selected from a large sale of previously identified S. aureus isolates, which exhibited weak biofilm formation in terms of biomass and viability. Secondly, 9 commonly prescribed antibiotics for S. aureus infections treatment, together with 10 concentrations ranging from 1/128 to 4 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with 2-fold serial dilution, were used as different antibiotic stress conditions. Then, biofilm formation of S. aureus Guangzhou-SAU749 at different stages including 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, and 48 h, was tested by crystal violet and MTS assays. Thirdly, the whole genome of S. aureus Guangzhou-SAU749 was investigated by genome sequencing on PacBio platform. Fourthly, since enhancement of biofilm formation occurred when treated with 1/2 MIC tetracycline (TCY) and 1/4 MIC streptomycin (STR) since 5 h, the relevant biofilm samples were selected and subjected to RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis. Last, expression of two component system (TCS) and biofilm associated genes in 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, and 48 h sub-MIC TCY and STR treated biofilm samples were performed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Although most antibiotics lowered the biomass and cell viability of Guangzhou-SAU749 biofilm at concentrations higher than MIC, certain antibiotics including TCY and STR promoted biofilm formation at sub-MICs. Additionally, upon genome sequencing, RNA-seq and RT-qPCR on biofilm samples treated with sub-MIC of TCY and STR at key time points, genes lytR, arlR, hssR, tagA, clfB, atlA and cidA related to TCS and biofilm formation were identified to contribute to the enhanced biofilm formation, providing a theoretical basis for further controlling on S. aureus biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Tengyi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gongliang Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Chunyun Qu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Qin Ma
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture /Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yan-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gamini Seneviratne
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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de Araújo-Neto JB, Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, de Araújo GA, Alves DS, Ribeiro FR, Brancaglion GA, Carvalho DT, Lima CMG, Mohammed Ali HSH, Rather IA, Wani MY, Emran TB, Coutinho HDM, Balbino VDQ, Tintino SR. 3-Substituted Coumarins Inhibit NorA and MepA Efflux Pumps of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1739. [PMID: 38136773 PMCID: PMC10741188 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are compounds with scientifically proven antibacterial properties, and modifications to the chemical structure are known to improve their effects. This information is even more relevant with the unbridled advances of antibiotic resistance, where Staphylococcus aureus and its efflux pumps play a prominent role. The study's objective was to evaluate the potential of synthetic coumarins with different substitutions in the C-3 position as possible inhibitors of the NorA and MepA efflux pumps of S. aureus. For this evaluation, the following steps took place: (i) the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); (ii) the association of coumarins with fluoroquinolones and ethidium bromide (EtBr); (iii) the assessment of the effect on EtBr fluorescence emission; (iv) molecular docking; and (v) an analysis of the effect on membrane permeability. Coumarins reduced the MICs of fluoroquinolones and EtBr between 50% and 87.5%. Coumarin C1 increased EtBr fluorescence emission between 20 and 40% by reinforcing the evidence of efflux inhibition. The molecular docking results demonstrated that coumarins have an affinity with efflux pumps and establish mainly hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, C1 did not change the permeability of the membrane. Therefore, we conclude that these 3-substituted coumarins act as inhibitors of the NorA and MepA efflux pumps of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B. de Araújo-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-570, PE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (V.d.Q.B.)
| | - Cícera D. de M. Oliveira-Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Gildênia A. de Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Daniel S. Alves
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Fernanda R. Ribeiro
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil; (F.R.R.); (G.A.B.); (D.T.C.)
| | - Guilherme A. Brancaglion
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil; (F.R.R.); (G.A.B.); (D.T.C.)
| | - Diogo T. Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, MG, Brazil; (F.R.R.); (G.A.B.); (D.T.C.)
| | | | - Hani S. H. Mohammed Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.H.M.A.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.H.M.A.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Mohmmad Y. Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha B. Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Valdir de Q. Balbino
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-570, PE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (V.d.Q.B.)
| | - Saulo R. Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (G.A.d.A.); (D.S.A.); (S.R.T.)
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Asghar MU, Ain NU, Zaidi AH, Tariq M. Molecular distribution of biocide resistance genes and susceptibility to biocides among vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolates from intensive care unit (ICU) of cardiac hospital- A first report from Pakistan. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22120. [PMID: 38046134 PMCID: PMC10686860 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was conducted with the aim to investigate the VRSA isolates in terms of their susceptibility to routinely used biocides influenced by the co-occurrence of biocide resistant gene (BRGs) and efflux pumps genes. METHODOLOGY Frequently touched surfaces within intensive care unit (ICU) of cardiac hospital were classified into three primary sites i.e., structure, machines and miscellaneous. Over a period of six months (January 2021 to July 2021) twenty three swabs samples were collected from these sites. Subsequently, these samples underwent both phenotypic and molecular methods for VRSA isolation and identification. Susceptibility and efficacy testing of biocides (benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetrimide (CET) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)) were evaluated using microdilution broth and suspension method. Furthermore, specific primers were used for singleplex PCR targeting BRGs (cepA, qacA, and qacE) and efflux pump (norA, norB, norC, sepA, mepA and mdeA) associated genes. RESULTS We found that 72.2 % S. aureus demonstrate the presence of vanA or vanB genes with no significant difference among three sites (p > 0.05). cepA is the most dominant BRGs followed by qacA and qacE from structure site as compared to other sites (p < 0.05). BAC showed reduced biocide susceptibility and MIC50. There was no significant difference between presence or absence of BRGs and high MIC values of VRSA isolates from all three sites. However, efflux pump genes (EFPGs) particularly norA and norA + sepA had a significant association with BRGs and reduced biocide. CONCLUSION BAC is the most effective disinfectant against VRSA. Proper and controlled use of BAC is required to overcome the VRSA contamination. We recommend continuous monitoring of the BRGs prevalence for better prevention of microorganism dissemination and infection control in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umer Asghar
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Haseeb Zaidi
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- National Probiotic Lab, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
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de Sousa Ferreira F, de Araújo Neto JB, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, de Araújo ACJ, Ribeiro-Filho J, Freitas PR, Araújo IM, Lima MA, de Azevedo FR, Tintino SR, Coutinho HDM, Navarro DMDAF. Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith against Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110751. [PMID: 37821044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a significant health problem worldwide, with increasing mortality rates, especially in the last few years. In this context, a consistent effort has been made to discover new antibacterial agents, and evidence points to natural products as the most promising source of bioactive compounds. This research aimed to characterize the antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Etlingera elatior (EOEE) and its major constituents against efflux pump-carrying Staphylococcus aureus strains. The essential oil was extracted from fresh inflorescences by hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The strains RN-4220, 1199B, IS-58, and 1199 of S. aureus were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity and the inhibition of efflux pumps. A total of 23 compounds were identified, including dodecanal and 1-dodecanol as major compounds. EOEE and dodecanal showed weak activity against the strains, while 1-dodecanol inhibited bacterial growth at low concentrations, indicating strong antibacterial activity. In addition, this compound potentiated the activity of norfloxacin against S. aureus 1199. In conclusion, 1-dodecanol was identified as the most effective compound of EOEE, showing significant potential to be used in antibacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Sousa Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - José Bezerra de Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Justino de Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla Ramos Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Micheline Azevedo Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil.
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Ning K, Zhou R, Li M. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk in Hunan Province. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15847. [PMID: 37663302 PMCID: PMC10470458 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important foodborne pathogens in the world and the main cause of dairy cow mastitis. Few studies have investigated the epidemic pedigree of S. aureus of bovine origin in Hunan, China. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the capsular polysaccharides (CP), molecular typing, and antibiotic resistance characteristics of S. aureus isolated from raw milk of dairy farms in Hunan Province. Methods Between 2018 and 2022, 681 raw milk samples were collected from dairy cows from farms in Changsha, Changde, Shaoyang, Yongzhou, and Chenzhou in Hunan Province. S. aureus was isolated from these samples, and the isolates were subjected to molecular typing, CP typing, and determination of antibiotic resistance through broth dilution and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results From 681 raw milk samples, 76 strains of S. aureus were isolated. The pathogenicity of 76 isolates was determined preliminarily by detecting cp5 and cp8 CP genes. Eighteen types of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of 76 S. aureus strains were detected by the broth dilution method, and 11 kinds of related resistance genes were amplified by PCR. The S. aureus isolates had CP5 (42.10%) and CP8 (57.89%). S. aureus had a multiple antimicrobial resistance rate of 26.75%. The isolated strains had the highest resistance rate to penicillin (82.89%) and showed varying degrees of resistance to other drugs, but no isolate showed resistance to doxycycline. The 76 isolates all carried two or more antibiotic resistance genes, with a maximum of eight antibiotics resistance genes. FemB was detected in all isolates, but none of isolates carried vanA, ermA, or glrA. The 76 isolates were divided into 22 sequence types (ST) and 20 spa types by MLST and spa typing, and the number of t796-ST7 (n = 15) isolates was the highest, which may be the major epidemic strain of multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Conclusion The present findings indicate the need to increase production of the CP8 S. aureus vaccine in Hunan Province and strengthen resistance monitoring of t796-ST7 isolates with the prevalent molecular type of multi-drug resistant strains. The use of β-lactam, macrolides, and lincosamides should be reduced; doxycycline, sulfonamides, and glycopeptides could be appropriately added to veterinary antibiotics to treat infectious diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, China
| | - Rushun Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Hunan, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, China
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Zaghen F, Sora VM, Meroni G, Laterza G, Martino PA, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Zecconi A. Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Staphyloccocus aureus Isolates from a Public Database in a One Health Perspective-Sample Characteristics and Isolates' Sources. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1225. [PMID: 37508321 PMCID: PMC10376612 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most widespread bacterial pathogens for both animals and humans, being the causative agent of various diseases like food poisoning, respiratory tract infections, nosocomial bacteremia, and surgical site and cardiovascular infections in humans, as well as clinical and subclinical mastitis, dermatitis, and suppurative infections in animals. Thanks to their genetic flexibility, several virulent and drug-resistant strains have evolved mainly due to horizontal gene transfer and insurgence of point mutations. Infections caused by the colonization of such strains are particularly problematic due to frequently occurring antibiotic resistance, particulary methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and are characterized by increased mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization rates compared to those caused by methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). S. aureus infections in humans and animals are a prime example of a disease that may be managed by a One Health strategy. In fact, S. aureus is a significant target for control efforts due to its zoonotic potential, the frequency of its illnesses in both humans and animals, and the threat posed by S. aureus antibiotic resistance globally. The results of an epidemiological analysis on a worldwide public database (NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolate Browser; NPDIB) of 35,026 S. aureus isolates were described. We considered the diffusion of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), in both human and animal setting, and the results may be considered alarming. The result of this study allowed us to identify the presence of clusters with specific ARG patterns, and that these clusters are associated with different sources of isolation (e.g., human, non-human).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zaghen
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Massimo Sora
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Laterza
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Tang Y, Zhang H, Yan J, Luo N, Fu X, Wu X, Wu J, Liu C, Zhang D. Assessing the efficacy of bleaching powder in disinfecting marine water: Insights from the rapid recovery of microbiomes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120136. [PMID: 37295228 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-bleaching powder disinfection is a highly prevalent practice to disinfect source water for marine aquaculture to prevent diseases. However, due to the decay of active chlorine and the presence of disinfectant resistance bacteria (DRB), the effects of bleaching powder on prokaryotic community compositions (PCCs) and function in marine water remain unknown. In the present study, the source water in a canvas pond was treated with the normal dose of bleaching powder, and the impact on PCCs and functional profiles was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bleaching powder strongly altered the PCCs within 0.5 h, but they began to recover at 16 h, eventually achieving 76% similarity with the initial time at 72 h. This extremely rapid recovery was primarily driven by the decay of Bacillus and the regrowth of Pseudoalteromonas, both of which are DRB. Abundant community not only help PCCs recover but also provide larger functional redundancy than rare community. During the recovery of PCCs, stochastic processes drove the community assembly. After 72 h, five out of seven identified disinfectant resistance genes related to efflux pump systems were highly enriched, primarily in Staphylococcus and Bacillus. However, 15 out of the 16 identified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remained unchanged compared to the initial time, indicating that bleaching powder does not contribute to ARGs removal. Overall, the findings demonstrate that single-bleaching powder disinfection cannot successfully meet the objective of disease prevention in marine aquaculture water due to the extremely rapid recovery of PCCs. Hence, secondary disinfection or novel disinfection strategies should be explored for source water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Marine Economic Research Center, Donghai Academy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuezhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Ningbo Haiwei Ecological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315141, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Xiangshan Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Ningbo 315700, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Hou Z, Liu L, Wei J, Xu B. Progress in the Prevalence, Classification and Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3271-3292. [PMID: 37255882 PMCID: PMC10226514 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s412308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen with a variety of virulence factors, which can cause multiple infectious diseases. In recent decades, due to the constant evolution and the abuse of antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus was becoming more resistant, the infection rate of MRSA remained high, and clinical treatment of MRSA became more difficult. The genetic diversity of MRSA was mainly represented by the continuous emergence of epidemic strains, resulting in the constant changes of epidemic clones. Different classes of MRSA resulted in different epidemics and resistance characteristics, which could affect the clinical symptoms and treatments. MRSA had also spread from traditional hospitals to community and livestock environments, and the new clones established a relationship between animals and humans, promoting further evolution of MRSA. Since the resistance mechanism of MRSA is very complex, it is important to clarify these resistance mechanisms at the molecular level for the treatment of infectious diseases. We firstly described the diversity of SCCmec elements, and discussed the types of SCCmec, its drug resistance mechanisms and expression regulations. Then, we described how the vanA operon makes Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin and its expression regulation. Finally, a brief introduction was given to the drug resistance mechanisms of biofilms and efflux pump systems. Analyzing the resistance mechanism of MRSA can help study new anti-infective drugs and alleviate the evolution of MRSA. At the end of the review, we summarized the treatment strategies for MRSA infection, including antibiotics, anti-biofilm agents and efflux pump inhibitors. To sum up, here we reviewed the epidemic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, summarized its classifications, drug resistance mechanisms of MRSA (SCCmec element, vanA operon, biofilm and active efflux pump system) and novel therapy strategies, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuru Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Al-Trad EI, Che Hamzah AM, Puah SM, Chua KH, Hanifah MZ, Ayub Q, Palittapongarnpim P, Kwong SM, Chew CH, Yeo CC. Complete Genome Sequence and Analysis of a ST573 Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus SauR3 Clinical Isolate from Terengganu, Malaysia. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030502. [PMID: 36986424 PMCID: PMC10053073 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a World Health Organization-listed priority pathogen. Scarce genomic data are available for MRSA isolates from Malaysia. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant MRSA strain SauR3, isolated from the blood of a 6-year-old patient hospitalized in Terengganu, Malaysia, in 2016. S. aureus SauR3 was resistant to five antimicrobial classes comprising nine antibiotics. The genome was sequenced on the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms and hybrid assembly was performed to obtain its complete genome sequence. The SauR3 genome consists of a circular chromosome of 2,800,017 bp and three plasmids designated pSauR3-1 (42,928 bp), pSauR3-2 (3011 bp), and pSauR3-3 (2473 bp). SauR3 belongs to sequence type 573 (ST573), a rarely reported sequence type of the staphylococcal clonal complex 1 (CC1) lineage, and harbors a variant of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type V (5C2&5) element which also contains the aac(6')-aph(2″) aminoglycoside-resistance genes. pSauR3-1 harbors several antibiotic resistance genes in a 14,095 bp genomic island (GI), previously reported in the chromosome of other staphylococci. pSauR3-2 is cryptic, whereas pSauR3-3 encodes the ermC gene that mediates inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLSB). The SauR3 genome can potentially be used as a reference genome for other ST573 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra'a I Al-Trad
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia
| | | | - Suat Moi Puah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Zarul Hanifah
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Qasim Ayub
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics (CENMIG), Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Stephen M Kwong
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown 2560, Australia
| | - Ching Hoong Chew
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus 21300, Malaysia
| | - Chew Chieng Yeo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology (CeRIDB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia
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Stephen J, Salam F, Lekshmi M, Kumar SH, Varela MF. The Major Facilitator Superfamily and Antimicrobial Resistance Efflux Pumps of the ESKAPEE Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:343. [PMID: 36830254 PMCID: PMC9952236 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESKAPEE bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has posed a serious public health concern for centuries. Throughout its evolutionary course, S. aureus has developed strains with resistance to antimicrobial agents. The bacterial pathogen has acquired multidrug resistance, causing, in many cases, untreatable infectious diseases and raising serious public safety and healthcare concerns. Amongst the various mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance, integral membrane proteins that serve as secondary active transporters from the major facilitator superfamily constitute a chief system of multidrug resistance. These MFS transporters actively export structurally different antimicrobial agents from the cells of S. aureus. This review article discusses the S. aureus-specific MFS multidrug efflux pump systems from a molecular mechanistic perspective, paying particular attention to structure-function relationships, modulation of antimicrobial resistance mediated by MFS drug efflux pumps, and direction for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusha Stephen
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Fathima Salam
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Sanath H. Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Manuel F. Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA
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Association of Antibacterial Susceptibility Profile with the Prevalence of Genes Encoding Efflux Proteins in the Bangladeshi Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020305. [PMID: 36830216 PMCID: PMC9952083 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expelling antibiotic molecules out of the cell wall through multiple efflux pumps is one of the potential mechanisms of developing resistance against a wide number of antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the antibiotic susceptibility profile and the prevalence of different efflux pump genes i.e., norA, norB, norC, mepA, sepA, mdeA, qacA/B, and smr in the clinical isolates of S. aureus. Sixty clinical isolates were collected from a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. The disc diffusion method using ten antibiotics of different classes was used to discern the susceptibility profile. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to observe the resistance patterns and to detect the presence of plasmid and chromosomal encoded genes. Among the clinical isolates, 60% (36 out of 60) of the samples were Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), whereas 55% (33 out of 60) of the bacterial samples were found to be multi-drug resistant. The bacteria showed higher resistance to vancomycin (73.33%), followed by ciprofloxacin (60%), cefixime (53.33%), azithromycin (43.33%), and amoxicillin (31.67%). The prevalence of the chromosomally-encoded efflux genes norA (91.67%), norB (90%), norC (93.33%), mepA (93.33%), sepA (98.33%), and mdeA (93.33%) were extremely high with a minor portion of them carrying the plasmid-encoded genes qacA/B (20%) and smr (8.33%). Several genetic combinations of efflux pump genes were revealed, among which norA + norB + norC + mepA + sepA + mdeA was the most widely distributed combination among MRSA and MSSA bacteria that conferred resistance against ciprofloxacin and probably vancomycin. Based on the present study, it is evident that the presence of multiple efflux genes potentiated the drug extrusion activity and may play a pivotal role in the development of multidrug resistance in S. aureus.
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Rayane Correia de Oliveira M, Gabriely de Lima Silva M, Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino C, Relison Tintino S, Esmeraldo Rocha J, Ernani Alves Magalhães F, Henrique Sousa da Costa R, Torres Pessoa R, Sousa Alcântara I, Oliveira Brito Pereira Bezerra Martins A, Douglas Melo Coutinho H, Raposo A, Carrascosa C, Raduan Jaber J, Aquino Saraiva R, Rose Alencar de Menezes I. Antibacterial effect, efflux pump inhibitory (NorA, TetK and MepA) of Staphylococcus aureus and in silico prediction of α, β and δ-damascone compounds. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Application of Nanotherapeutics to Eradicate S. aureus Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020310. [PMID: 36839634 PMCID: PMC9960757 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen known to cause hospital- and community-acquired, foodborne, and zoonotic infections. The clinical infections by S. aureus cause an increase in morbidity and mortality rates and treatment costs, aggravated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains. As a multi-faceted pathogen, it is imperative to consolidate the knowledge on its pathogenesis, including the mechanisms of virulence regulation, development of antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation, to make it amenable to different treatment strategies. Nanomaterials provide a suitable platform to address this challenge, with the potential to control intracellular parasitism and multidrug resistance where conventional therapies show limited efficacy. In a nutshell, the first part of this review focuses on the impact of S. aureus on human health and the role of virulence factors and biofilms during pathogenesis. The second part discusses the large diversity of nanoparticles and their applications in controlling S. aureus infections, including combination with antibiotics and phytochemicals and the incorporation of antimicrobial coatings for biomaterials. Finally, the limitations and prospects using nanomaterials are highlighted, aiming to foster the development of novel nanotechnology-driven therapies against multidrug-resistant S. aureus.
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Pasandideh NK, Tahmasebi H, Dehbashi S, zeyni B, Arabestani MR. Inhibitory activities of vitamins K2 against clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QR-MRSA) with different multi-locus sequence types (MLST), SCCmec, and spa types. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:295. [PMID: 36528637 PMCID: PMC9758948 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhibitory activities of vitamins K2 against clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QR-MRSA) are unclear. The main aim is to better understand of inhibitory activities of vitamins K2, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), SCCmec, and spa typing in clinical isolates of QR-MRSA on those mutation and gene expressions. MATERIALS AND METHODS After collecting S. aureus clinical isolates and detecting QR-MRSA, the genes encoding norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB were sequenced. After treating isolates by vitamin K2, isolates were prepared to measure norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB gene expression. The quantitative-real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of efflux pump genes. RESULTS QR-MRSA, MDR, and XDR strains were reported in 59.4%, 73.9%, and 37.6% of isolates, respectability. SCCmecIV (36.5%) and SCCmecV (26.8%) had the highest frequency. Thirty-nine spa types were identified, t021, t044, and t267 types most prevalent in QR-MRSA isolates. ST22 and ST30 dominated the invasive, drug-resistant isolates and QR-MRSA. In 24 h incubated isolates, the most noticeable change of gene expression with vitamin K2 was that the norA, gyrA, and grlB genes were highly repressed. However, the down-regulation of grlA at 24 h after being treated by vitamin K2 was more than another gene. Further, a significant decrease was observed in QR-MRSA-treated isolates compared to un-treated isolates. In other words, norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB genes were less suppressed by QR-MRSA (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Vitamin K2 has significant inhibitory effects on the genes responsible for resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. However, a subminimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) level of vitamin K2 was delayed but did not completely inhibit norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB genes in MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naime Kashefi Pasandideh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- grid.444858.10000 0004 0384 8816School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dehbashi
- grid.513395.80000 0004 9048 9072Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Behrouz zeyni
- grid.513395.80000 0004 9048 9072Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- grid.513395.80000 0004 9048 9072Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Zhang C, Liang B, Xiong Z, Liang Z, Cai H, Zhong H, Xie Y, Xie Y, Liu X, Xie S, Lan F, Zhou Z. Distribution of Biocide Resistance Genes and Association with Clonal Complex Genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from School-Age Children in Guangzhou. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7165-7175. [PMID: 36514798 PMCID: PMC9741823 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s387528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chlorhexidine and mupirocin are often prescribed to children in affected communities to prevent colonization and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus, but this has led to an increasing rate of biocide resistance. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of biocide resistance genes among S. aureus isolates from school-age children in Guangzhou, investigate chlorhexidine gluconate and mupirocin susceptibility and clonal complex (CC) genotypes in strains carrying biocide-resistance genes, and further explore the role of biofilms in this resistance. Patients and Methods Antibiotic resistance and multilocus sequence genotyping were performed on 722 S. aureus isolates from previous study. The distribution of nine biocide genes (qacA/B, mupA, mepA, sepA, norA, lmrS, smr, mupB, qacG) was determined by PCR. Isolates carrying qacA/B or mupA genes were further tested for susceptibility to chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and mupirocin and biofilm formation abilities. Results The most prevalent of the nine biocide resistance genes were mepA (95.57%), followed by norA (78.81%), lmrS (77.01%), and sepA (58.17%). The qacG gene was not detected. Distribution of sepA was significantly decreased in CC30 and CC45 genotypes, and presence of sepA was associated with resistance to antibiotics such as CLI, ERY, TCY, SXT, CIP, and LVX. In addition, 64 (94.1%, n=68) qacA/B+ isolates showed CHG resistance, 12 (100.0%, n=12) mupA+ isolates were mupirocin resistant, and 4 (80%, n=5) and 5 (100%, n=5) qacA/B+mupA+ isolates were CHG and mupirocin resistant, respectively. Of these 85 isolates, 98.8% (n=84) had different degrees of biofilm-forming abilities, which were positively associated with CHG and mupirocin resistance. Conclusion The distribution of biocide resistance genes was associated with special CCs. The qacA/B and mupA genes are highly associated with resistance to CHG and mupirocin, and biofilm formation was found to contribute to this biocide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhile Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuwei Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Cai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huamin Zhong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanwei Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Lan
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Zhenwen Zhou, Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13925097897, Email
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Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus hominis ShoR14 Clinical Isolate from Terengganu, Malaysia, Led to the Discovery of Novel Mobile Genetic Elements. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121406. [PMID: 36558739 PMCID: PMC9782665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) commensal capable of causing serious systemic infections in humans. The emergence of multidrug-resistant S. hominis strains is of concern but little is known about the characteristics of this organism, particularly from Malaysia. Here, we present the comparative genome analysis of S. hominis ShoR14, a multidrug-resistant, methicillin-resistant blood isolate from Terengganu, Malaysia. Genomic DNA of S. hominis ShoR14 was sequenced on the Illumina platform and assembled using Unicycler v0.4.8. ShoR14 belonged to sequence type (ST) 1 which is the most prevalent ST of the S. hominis subsp. hominis. Comparative genomic analysis with closely related strains in the database with complete genome sequences, led to the discovery of a novel variant of the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type VIII element harboring the mecA methicillin-resistance gene in ShoR14 and its possible carriage of a SCCfus element that encodes the fusidic acid resistance gene (fusC). Up to seven possible ShoR14 plasmid contigs were identified, three of which harbored resistance genes for tetracycline (tetK), chloramphenicol (catA7), macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (ermC). Additionally, we report the discovery of a novel mercury-resistant transposon, Tn7456, other genomic islands, and prophages which make up the S. hominis mobilome.
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Abdel-Karim SAAM, El-Ganiny AMA, El-Sayed MA, Abbas HAA. Promising FDA-approved drugs with efflux pump inhibitory activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272417. [PMID: 35905077 PMCID: PMC9337675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes wide range of nosocomial and community-acquired infections which have spread worldwide leading to an urgent need for developing effective anti-staphylococcal agents. Efflux is an important resistance mechanism that bacteria used to fight the antimicrobial action. This study aimed to investigate the efflux mechanism in S. aureus and assess diclofenac, domperidone, glyceryl trinitrate and metformin as potential efflux pump inhibitors that can be used in combination with antibiotics for treating topical infections caused by S. aureus. Materials and methods Efflux was detected qualitatively by the ethidium bromide Cart-Wheel method followed by investigating the presence of efflux genes by polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-six isolates were selected for further investigation of efflux by Cart-Wheel method in absence and presence of tested compounds followed by quantitative efflux assay. Furthermore, antibiotics minimum inhibitory concentrations in absence and presence of tested compounds were determined. The effects of tested drugs on expression levels of efflux genes norA, fexA and tetK were determined by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Results Efflux was found in 65.3% of isolates, the prevalence of norA, tetK, fexA and msrA genes were 91.7%, 77.8%, 27.8% and 6.9%. Efflux assay revealed that tested drugs had potential efflux inhibitory activities, reduced the antibiotic’s MICs and significantly decreased the relative expression of efflux genes. Conclusion Diclofenac sodium, domperidone and glyceryl trinitrate showed higher efflux inhibitory activities than verapamil and metformin. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows that diclofenac sodium, glyceryl trinitrate and domperidone have efflux pump inhibitory activities against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Abdelmonem El-Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Sionov RV, Banerjee S, Bogomolov S, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Steinberg D. Targeting the Achilles' Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by the Endocannabinoid Anandamide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7798. [PMID: 35887146 PMCID: PMC9319909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major health issue that requires new therapeutic approaches. Accumulating data suggest that it is possible to sensitize these bacteria to antibiotics by combining them with inhibitors targeting efflux pumps, the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, cell wall teichoic acid, or the cell division protein FtsZ. We have previously shown that the endocannabinoid Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine; AEA) could sensitize drug-resistant S. aureus to a variety of antibiotics, among others, through growth arrest and inhibition of drug efflux. Here, we looked at biochemical alterations caused by AEA. We observed that AEA increased the intracellular drug concentration of a fluorescent penicillin and augmented its binding to membrane proteins with concomitant altered membrane distribution of these proteins. AEA also prevented the secretion of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and reduced the cell wall teichoic acid content, both processes known to require transporter proteins. Notably, AEA was found to inhibit membrane ATPase activity that is necessary for transmembrane transport. AEA did not affect the membrane GTPase activity, and the GTPase cell division protein FtsZ formed the Z-ring of the divisome normally in the presence of AEA. Rather, AEA caused a reduction in murein hydrolase activities involved in daughter cell separation. Altogether, this study shows that AEA affects several biochemical processes that culminate in the sensitization of the drug-resistant bacteria to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Sergei Bogomolov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (R.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (R.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
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Forecasting Staphylococcus aureus Infections Using Genome-Wide Association Studies, Machine Learning, and Transcriptomic Approaches. mSystems 2022; 7:e0037822. [PMID: 35862809 PMCID: PMC9426533 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00378-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and animal pathogen, colonizing diverse ecological niches within its hosts. Predicting whether an isolate will infect a specific host and its subsequent clinical fate remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the S. aureus pangenome using a curated set of 356 strains, spanning a wide range of hosts, origins, and clinical display and antibiotic resistance profiles. We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) and random forest (RF) algorithms to discriminate strains based on their origins and clinical sources. Here, we show that the presence of sak and scn can discriminate strains based on their host specificity, while other genes such as mecA are often associated with virulent outcomes. Both GWAS and RF indicated the importance of intergenic regions (IGRs) and coding DNA sequence (CDS) but not sRNAs in forecasting an outcome. Additional transcriptomic analyses performed on the most prevalent clonal complex 8 (CC8) clonal types, in media mimicking nasal colonization or bacteremia, indicated three RNAs as potential RNA markers to forecast infection, followed by 30 others that could serve as infection severity predictors. Our report shows that genetic association and transcriptomics are complementary approaches that will be combined in a single analytical framework to improve our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and ultimately identify potential predictive molecular markers. IMPORTANCE Predicting the outcome of bacterial colonization and infections, based on extensive genomic and transcriptomic data from a given pathogen, would be of substantial help for clinicians in treating and curing patients. In this report, genome-wide association studies and random forest algorithms have defined gene combinations that differentiate human from animal strains, colonization from diseases, and nonsevere from severe diseases, while it revealed the importance of IGRs and CDS, but not small RNAs (sRNAs), in anticipating an outcome. In addition, transcriptomic analyses performed on the most prevalent clonal types, in media mimicking either nasal colonization or bacteremia, revealed significant differences and therefore potent RNA markers. Overall, the use of both genomic and transcriptomic data in a single analytical framework can enhance our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis.
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Holasová K, Křížkovská B, Hoang L, Dobiasová S, Lipov J, Macek T, Křen V, Valentová K, Ruml T, Viktorová J. Flavonolignans from silymarin modulate antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112806. [PMID: 35303568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is currently a serious health problem. Since the discovery of new antibiotics no longer seems to be a sufficient tool in the fight against multidrug-resistant infections, adjuvant (combination) therapy is gaining in importance as well as reducing bacterial virulence. Silymarin is a complex of flavonoids and flavonolignans known for its broad spectrum of biological activities, including its ability to modulate drug resistance in cancer. This work aimed to test eleven, optically pure silymarin flavonolignans for their ability to reverse the multidrug resistance phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and reduce its virulence. Silybin A, 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, and 2,3-dehydrosilybin AB completely reversed antibiotic resistance at concentrations of 20 µM or less. Both 2,3-dehydrosilybin B and AB decreased the antibiotic-induced gene expression of representative efflux pumps belonging to the major facilitator (MFS), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) families. 2,3-Dehydrosilybin B also inhibited ethidium bromide accumulation and efflux in a clinical isolate whose NorA and MdeA overproduction was induced by antibiotics. Most of the tested flavonolignans reduced cell-to-cell communication on a tetrahydrofuran-borate (autoinducer-2) basis, with isosilychristin leading the way followed by 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and AB, which halved communication at 10 µM. Anhydrosilychristin was the only compound that reduced communication based on acyl-homoserine lactone (autoinducer 1), with an IC50 of 4.8 µM. Except for isosilychristin and anhydrosilychristin, all of the flavonolignans inhibited S. aureus surface colonization, with 2,3-dehydrosilybin A being the most active (IC50 10.6 µM). In conclusion, the selected flavonolignans, particularly derivatives of 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, 2,3-dehydrosilybin AB, and silybin A are non-toxic modulators of S. aureus multidrug resistance and can decrease the virulence of the bacterium, which deserves further detailed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Holasová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Bára Křížkovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Lan Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Simona Dobiasová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Macek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
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Nassarawa SS, Nayik GA, Gupta SD, Areche FO, Jagdale YD, Ansari MJ, Hemeg HA, Al-Farga A, Alotaibi SS. Chemical aspects of polyphenol-protein interactions and their antibacterial activity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9482-9505. [PMID: 35475717 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The hunt for novel antibiotics has become a global public health imperative due to the rise in multidrug-resistant microorganisms, untreatable infection cases, overuse, and inefficacy of modern antibiotics. Polyphenols are getting much attention in research due to their multiple biological effects; their use as antimicrobial agents is attributed to their activity and that microbes have a hard time developing resistance to these natural compounds. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced in higher plants. They are known to possess various functional properties in the human body. Polyphenols also exhibit antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens. Their antibacterial mechanism is based on inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation or inactivating enzymes. This review focused on polyphenol-protein interactions and the creation of this complex as a possible antibacterial agent. Also, different phenolic interactions on bacterial proteins, efflux pump, cell membrane, bacterial adhesion, toxins, and other bacterial proteins will be explored; these interactions can work in a synergic combination with antibiotics or act alone to assure bacterial inhibition. Additionally, our review will focus on polyphenol-protein interaction as a possible strategy to eradicate bacteria because polyphenols have shown a robust enzyme-inhibitory characteristic and a high tendency to complex with proteins, a response that neutralizes any bactericidal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government Degree College Shopian, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S Dutta Gupta
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Franklin Ore Areche
- Professional School of Agroindustrial Engineering, National University of Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - Yash D Jagdale
- MIT School of Food Technology, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Monawra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Al-Farga
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Brown MH. Efflux Pump Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance by Staphylococci in Health-Related Environments: Challenges and the Quest for Inhibition. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121502. [PMID: 34943714 PMCID: PMC8698293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal bacteria is a major health threat worldwide due to significant morbidity and mortality resulting from their associated hospital- or community-acquired infections. Dramatic decrease in the discovery of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical industry coupled with increased use of sanitisers and disinfectants due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic can further aggravate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococci utilise multiple mechanisms to circumvent the effects of antimicrobials. One of these resistance mechanisms is the export of antimicrobial agents through the activity of membrane-embedded multidrug efflux pump proteins. The use of efflux pump inhibitors in combination with currently approved antimicrobials is a promising strategy to potentiate their clinical efficacy against resistant strains of staphylococci, and simultaneously reduce the selection of resistant mutants. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of staphylococcal efflux pumps, discusses their clinical impact, and summarises compounds found in the last decade from plant and synthetic origin that have the potential to be used as adjuvants to antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant staphylococci. Critically, future high-resolution structures of staphylococcal efflux pumps could aid in design and development of safer, more target-specific and highly potent efflux pump inhibitors to progress into clinical use.
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Freitas TS, Xavier JC, Pereira RLS, Rocha JE, Campina FF, de Araújo Neto JB, Silva MMC, Barbosa CRS, Marinho ES, Nogueira CES, Dos Santos HS, Coutinho HDM, Teixeira AMR. In vitro and in silico studies of chalcones derived from natural acetophenone inhibitors of NorA and MepA multidrug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105286. [PMID: 34793877 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance induced by efflux pumps is a frequent concern in clinical treatments involving multi-resistant bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism responsible for several types of infections and has several strains carrying efflux pumps, among them are the strain 1199B (NorA overexpresser), and the strain K2068 (MepA overexpresser). In this work, four chalcones derived from Croton anisodontus with modifications in the B ring in their structures were tested regarding their ability to inhibit NorA and MepA efflux pumps. The efflux pump inhibition mechanism was tested with the ethidium bromide substrate in the presence and absence of standard efflux pump inhibitors. The minimum inhibitory concentration values were also compared to those of strains that do not overexpress these efflux pumps. In order to gain some insights about the efflux pump mechanisms of these chalcones, two homology models were created (NorA and MepA) for a docking procedure. In addition, the ADME properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) were also evaluated. The tested chalcones promoted synergism of the norfloxacin antibiotic by inhibiting associated efflux pumps. All four tested chalcones appear to bind to the binding sites of the efflux pump models in the same fashion as other chalcones with efflux pump inhibition capabilities. It was also verified that the chalcones 1-4 are well absorbed in the intestine, but with a decrease in their bioavailability, resulting in a low volume of distribution in the blood plasma, in addition to having a mild CNS activity. However, the chalcone 3 and 4 were not toxic due to metabolic activation. Whereas the chalcones 1 and 2 present a mutagenic risk, depending on the oral dose administered. The tested chalcones have not antibacterial activity; however, they are capable of inhibiting efflux pumps for the 1199B and K2068 strains. They promoted synergism of the norfloxacin antibiotic by inhibiting associated efflux pumps, as well as other associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Freitas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Jayze C Xavier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Raimundo L S Pereira
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Janaína E Rocha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Fábia F Campina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - José B de Araújo Neto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria M C Silva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristina R S Barbosa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel S Marinho
- Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, State University of Ceará, Campus FAFIDAM, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos E S Nogueira
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Department of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Center for Exact Sciences and Technology - Chemistry Course, Vale do Acaraú University, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, State University of Ceará, Campus FAFIDAM, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M R Teixeira
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Department of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil.
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Evaluation of isoeugenol in inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps and their toxicity using Drosophila melanogaster model. Life Sci 2021; 285:119940. [PMID: 34508763 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a pathogen considered opportunistic and that has been acquiring resistance to several classes of antibiotics, mainly due to the synthesis of efflux pumps, which are proteins that expel these drugs intracellularly, reducing their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of isoeugenol to inhibit S. aureus efflux pumps and to determine its toxicity against a eukaryotic model (Drosophila melanogaster). IS-58, K2068 and K4414 S. aureus strains were used in the study. Isoeugenol minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiotic modulation were evaluated in efflux pump inhibitory tests as well as in ethidium bromide (EtBr) assays. Toxicity tests against D. melanogaster assessed mortality and negative geotaxis. Isoeugenol obtained a relevant MIC result and a synergism was observed when isoeugenol was associated with the antibiotics, mainly with ciprofloxacin. Isoeugenol was able to affect all three efflux pumps tested, especially in strain K4414. The mortality of D. melanogaster caused by isoeugenol administration started after 12 h of exposure, being volume dependent and having an LC50 of 81.69 μL/L. In the negative geotaxis test, a statistical difference was observed after 24h of exposure compared to the control, demonstrating that damage to the locomotor apparatus had occurred. Based on the results, isoeugenol is a putative efflux pump inhibitor, becoming an alternative in blocking these proteins, and demonstrated acute toxicity against D. melanogaster.
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Creutz I, Busche T, Layer F, Bednarz H, Kalinowski J, Niehaus K. Evaluation of virulence potential of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a German refugee cohort. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 45:102204. [PMID: 34785377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) seem to be highly transmissible, often infect otherwise healthy humans and frequently occur in hospital outbreaks. METHODS Refugees, living in accommodations in Germany were screened for nasal carriage of S. aureus. The isolates were investigated regarding resistance and virulence, phenotypically and by whole genome data analysis. RESULTS 5.6% (9/161) of the refugees are carriers of S. aureus. 2.5% (4/161) are MRSA carriers. Among the refugees, spa-types t021, t084, t304, t991 and t4983 were detected, as well as the new spa-types t18794 and t18795. t304 and t991 are assumed to be local spa-types from the middle east. The isolates are less resistant and marginal biofilm formers. Each isolate has a remarkable set of virulence genes, although genes, encoding for proteins strongly associated with invasive S. aureus infections, like Panton-Valentine leucocidin, were not detected. CONCLUSION The detection of strains from the middle east, supports the assumption that strains co-travel with the refugees and persist despite a transition of the host's living conditions. Whole genome data analysis does not permit to finally evaluate a germ's virulence. Nevertheless, an impression of the virulence potential of the strains, regarding skills in colonization, resistance, immune evasion, and host cell damaging can be pictured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Creutz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; FlüGe Graduate School, School of Public Heath, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Franziska Layer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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50
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Leijon M, Atkins E, Persson Waller K, Artursson K. Longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11945-11954. [PMID: 34454758 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine clinical mastitis is an important problem for the dairy industry, and Staphylococcus aureus is a common mastitis-causing pathogen in many countries. Detailed knowledge on genetic variation of Staph. aureus strains within the bovine population, including changes over time, can be useful for mastitis control programs, because severity of disease and effects on milk production are at least partly strain-associated. Therefore, the major aim of this study was to compare sequence types of Staph. aureus isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis from 2002 to 2003 with sequence types of a more recent set of isolates collected from 2013 to 2018, using core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). We also wanted to compare antibiotic resistance genes of isolates from the 2 sets, to identify changes that may have occurred over time in the Staph. aureus population. A total of 157 isolates of Staph. aureus, almost equally distributed between the 2 time periods, were subjected to high-throughput sequencing and cgMLST. The results showed that the most prevalent sequence types found among the 2002 to 2003 isolates belonged to the clonal complexes CC97, CC133, and CC151, and that those complexes still dominated among the isolates from 2013 to 2018. However, a population shift from CC133 to CC97 and CC151 over time was observed. Likewise, no important differences in prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes were found between the 2 sets of isolates. As expected, genes belonging to the major facilitator superfamily of transporter proteins, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporters, were very common. Moreover, several genes and mutations conferring resistance to fosfomycin were present, but not in CC97 isolates. The β-lactamase gene blaZ was found in only 3 out of 81 isolates from 2002 to 2003 and 1 out of 76 isolates in 2013 to 2018. In conclusion, the results indicate that mastitis-associated Staph. aureus strains circulating among dairy cows in Sweden exhibit a remarkable genotypic persistence over a time frame of close to 15 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Atkins
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Persson Waller
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Artursson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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