1
|
Porfírio-Rodrigues P, Pereira T, Jacinto A, Carvalho L. Dachsous is a key player in epithelial wound closure through modulating cell shape changes and tissue mechanics. J Cell Sci 2025; 138:JCS263674. [PMID: 39945479 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.263674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are vital tissues in multicellular organisms, acting as barriers between external and internal environments. Simple epithelia, such as those in embryos and the adult gut, have the remarkable ability to repair wounds efficiently, making them ideal for studying epithelial repair mechanisms. In these tissues, wound closure involves the coordinated action of a contractile actomyosin cable at the wound edge and collective cell movements around the wound. However, the dynamics of cell-cell interactions during this process remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Dachsous (Ds), an atypical cadherin associated with planar cell polarity, is crucial for efficient epithelial repair in the Drosophila embryo. We show that the absence of Ds alters tissue mechanics and cell shape changes and rearrangements, leading to slower wound closure. Additionally, we reveal that occluding junctions are necessary for the proper apical localization of Ds, uncovering an unanticipated interaction between these two molecular complexes. This study identifies Ds as a novel key player in epithelial repair and highlights the need for further investigating the molecular mechanisms by which Ds modulates cell shape and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Porfírio-Rodrigues
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Telmo Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- NOVA Institute for Medical Systems Biology, NIMSB, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lara Carvalho
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nagai S, Otaki JM. Wound Healing in Butterfly Pupal Wing Tissues: Real-Time In Vivo Imaging of Long-Range Cell Migration, Cluster Formation, and Calcium Oscillations. INSECTS 2025; 16:124. [PMID: 40003754 PMCID: PMC11856899 DOI: 10.3390/insects16020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Insects can repair wounds and regenerate body parts in response to physical damage. Wound healing in butterfly pupal wing tissues is developmentally interesting because ectopic color patterns develop during healing, suggesting that normal and damage-induced color patterns may use similar mechanisms. Here we physiologically investigated wound healing and ectopic color pattern formation in butterfly pupal wing tissues using the blue pansy butterfly Junonia orithya. In response to physical puncture damage, various ectopic color patterns are formed around the damage site. After the wounding operation, we observed hemocytes migrating over long distances along the wing veins (lacunae) toward the damage site, where hemocytes and epidermal cells formed cellular clusters. Calcium oscillations were observed in cells at and near the damage site. Calcium oscillations were transiently affected by ruthenium red, an inhibitor of calcium transporters and channels, and ruthenium red caused various abnormalities in the scales of adult wings. These results suggest that cell migration, cluster formation, and calcium oscillations play important roles in wound healing and scale development at and near the damage site. Ectopic color patterns may develop in response to local calcium oscillations as a consequence of the evolutionary co-option of the healing process for normal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuka Nagai
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trinidad L, Fletcher AG, Strutt D. The Fat-Dachsous planar polarity pathway competes with hinge contraction to orient polarized cell behaviors during Drosophila wing morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2025; 35:422-430.e3. [PMID: 39708794 PMCID: PMC7617321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024]
Abstract
During tissue morphogenesis, an interplay of biochemical pathways and mechanical cues regulates polarized cell behaviors, the balance of which leads to tissues reaching their correct shape and size.1,2,3,4 A well-studied example of a biochemical regulator is the highly conserved Fat-Dachsous (Ft-Ds) pathway that coordinates planar polarized cell behaviors and growth in epithelial tissues.5,6 For instance, in the Drosophila larval wing disc, the Ft-Ds pathway acts via the atypical myosin Dachs to control tissue shape by promoting the orientation of cell divisions primarily in a proximodistal (PD) direction.7,8 Here, we investigate interactions between Ft-Ds planar polarity and mechanical forces in the developing Drosophila pupal wing. We show that in the early stages of pupal wing development (16-18 h after puparium formation), anteroposterior (AP)-oriented cell divisions and T1 transitions are controlled by the Ft-Ds pathway acting via Dachs. Shortly thereafter, PD-oriented tissue tension is induced across the wing blade by the process of hinge contraction. This opposes the control of Dachs over polarized cell behaviors in a tug-of-war fashion, resulting in more PD-oriented cell divisions and T1s. Furthermore, increased PD tissue tension stabilizes Ft along PD-oriented junctions, suggesting that biomechanical feedback on the Ft-Ds pathway resists the effects of hinge contraction on cell shape. We also show that loss of Dachs results in increased myosin-II stability at cell junctions, revealing compensatory interactions between these two myosins. Overall, we propose that Ft-Ds pathway function constitutes a mechanism whereby tissues are buffered against mechanical perturbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larra Trinidad
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - David Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sabbagh S, Zhang H, Harris TJC. Drosophila anterior midgut internalization via collective epithelial-mesenchymal transition at the embryo surface and enclosure by surrounding tissues. Dev Biol 2025; 517:191-202. [PMID: 39393484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Internal organ development requires cell internalization, which can occur individually or collectively. The best characterized mode of collective internalization is epithelial invagination. Alternate modes involving collective mesenchymal behaviours at the embryo surface have been documented, but their prevalence is unclear. The Drosophila embryo has been a major model for the study of epithelial invaginations. However, internalization of the Drosophila anterior midgut primordium is incompletely understood. Here, we report that an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs across the internalizing primordium when it is still at the embryo surface. At the earliest internalization stage, the primordium displays less junctional DE-cadherin than surrounding tissues but still exhibits coordinated epithelial structure as it invaginates with the ventral furrow. This initial invagination is transient, and its loss correlates with the activation of an associated mitotic domain. Activation of a subsequent mitotic domain across the broader primordium results in cell divisions with mixed orientations that deposit some cells within the embryo. However, cell division is non-essential for primordium internalization. Post-mitotically, the surface primordium displays hallmarks of EMT: loss of adherens junctions, loss of epithelial cell polarity, and gain of cell protrusions. Primordium cells extend over each other as they internalize asynchronously as individuals or small groups, and the primordium becomes enclosed by the reorganizations of surrounding epithelial tissues. We propose that collective EMT at the embryo surface promotes anterior midgut internalization through both inwardly-directed divisions and movements of its cells, and that the latter process is facilitated by surrounding tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sabbagh
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ray T, Shi D, Harris TJC. Confinement promotes nematic alignment of spindle-shaped cells during Drosophila embryogenesis. Development 2024; 151:dev202577. [PMID: 38864272 PMCID: PMC11234378 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis is often controlled by actomyosin networks pulling on adherens junctions (AJs), but junctional myosin levels vary. At an extreme, the Drosophila embryo amnioserosa forms a horseshoe-shaped strip of aligned, spindle-shaped cells lacking junctional myosin. What are the bases of amnioserosal cell interactions and alignment? Compared with surrounding tissue, we find that amnioserosal AJ continuity has lesser dependence on α-catenin, the mediator of AJ-actomyosin association, and greater dependence on Bazooka/Par-3, a junction-associated scaffold protein. Microtubule bundles also run along amnioserosal AJs and support their long-range curvilinearity. Amnioserosal confinement is apparent from partial overlap of its spindle-shaped cells, its outward bulging from surrounding tissue and from compressive stress detected within the amnioserosa. Genetic manipulations that alter amnioserosal confinement by surrounding tissue also result in amnioserosal cells losing alignment and gaining topological defects characteristic of nematically ordered systems. With Bazooka depletion, confinement by surrounding tissue appears to be relatively normal and amnioserosal cells align despite their AJ fragmentation. Overall, the fully elongated amnioserosa appears to form through tissue-autonomous generation of spindle-shaped cells that nematically align in response to confinement by surrounding tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirthankar Ray
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Damo Shi
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Tony J. C. Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baraban M, Gordillo Pi C, Bonnet I, Gilles JF, Lejeune C, Cabrera M, Tep F, Breau MA. Actomyosin contractility in olfactory placode neurons opens the skin epithelium to form the zebrafish nostril. Dev Cell 2023; 58:361-375.e5. [PMID: 36841243 PMCID: PMC10023511 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their barrier function, epithelia can locally lose their integrity to create physiological openings during morphogenesis. The mechanisms driving the formation of these epithelial breaks are only starting to be investigated. Here, we study the formation of the zebrafish nostril (the olfactory orifice), which opens in the skin epithelium to expose the olfactory neurons to external odorant cues. Combining live imaging, drug treatments, laser ablation, and tissue-specific functional perturbations, we characterize a mechanical interplay between olfactory placode neurons and the skin, which plays a crucial role in the formation of the orifice: the neurons pull on the overlying skin cells in an actomyosin-dependent manner which, in combination with a local reorganization of the skin epithelium, triggers the opening of the orifice. This work identifies an original mechanism to break an epithelial sheet, in which an adjacent group of cells mechanically assists the epithelium to induce its local rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Baraban
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clara Gordillo Pi
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélody Cabrera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Tep
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, 75005 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Putra VDL, Kilian KA, Knothe Tate ML. Biomechanical, biophysical and biochemical modulators of cytoskeletal remodelling and emergent stem cell lineage commitment. Commun Biol 2023; 6:75. [PMID: 36658332 PMCID: PMC9852586 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Across complex, multi-time and -length scale biological systems, redundancy confers robustness and resilience, enabling adaptation and increasing survival under dynamic environmental conditions; this review addresses ubiquitous effects of cytoskeletal remodelling, triggered by biomechanical, biophysical and biochemical cues, on stem cell mechanoadaptation and emergent lineage commitment. The cytoskeleton provides an adaptive structural scaffold to the cell, regulating the emergence of stem cell structure-function relationships during tissue neogenesis, both in prenatal development as well as postnatal healing. Identification and mapping of the mechanical cues conducive to cytoskeletal remodelling and cell adaptation may help to establish environmental contexts that can be used prospectively as translational design specifications to target tissue neogenesis for regenerative medicine. In this review, we summarize findings on cytoskeletal remodelling in the context of tissue neogenesis during early development and postnatal healing, and its relevance in guiding lineage commitment for targeted tissue regeneration. We highlight how cytoskeleton-targeting chemical agents modulate stem cell differentiation and govern responses to mechanical cues in stem cells' emerging form and function. We further review methods for spatiotemporal visualization and measurement of cytoskeletal remodelling, as well as its effects on the mechanical properties of cells, as a function of adaptation. Research in these areas may facilitate translation of stem cells' own healing potential and improve the design of materials, therapies, and devices for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vina D L Putra
- School of Chemistry and School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Chemistry and School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Melissa L Knothe Tate
- Blue Mountains World Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute (bmwi³), Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lechuga S, Cartagena‐Rivera AX, Khan A, Crawford BI, Narayanan V, Conway DE, Lehtimäki J, Lappalainen P, Rieder F, Longworth MS, Ivanov AI. A myosin chaperone, UNC-45A, is a novel regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and repair. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22290. [PMID: 35344227 PMCID: PMC9044500 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200154r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The actomyosin cytoskeleton serves as a key regulator of the integrity and remodeling of epithelial barriers by controlling assembly and functions of intercellular junctions and cell-matrix adhesions. Although biochemical mechanisms that regulate the activity of non-muscle myosin II (NM-II) in epithelial cells have been extensively investigated, little is known about assembly of the contractile myosin structures at the epithelial adhesion sites. UNC-45A is a cytoskeletal chaperone that is essential for proper folding of NM-II heavy chains and myofilament assembly. We found abundant expression of UNC-45A in human intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines and in the epithelial layer of the normal human colon. Interestingly, protein level of UNC-45A was decreased in colonic epithelium of patients with ulcerative colitis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out of UNC-45A in HT-29cf8 and SK-CO15 IEC disrupted epithelial barrier integrity, impaired assembly of epithelial adherence and tight junctions and attenuated cell migration. Consistently, decreased UNC-45 expression increased permeability of the Drosophila gut in vivo. The mechanisms underlying barrier disruptive and anti-migratory effects of UNC-45A depletion involved disorganization of the actomyosin bundles at epithelial junctions and the migrating cell edge. Loss of UNC-45A also decreased contractile forces at apical junctions and matrix adhesions. Expression of deletion mutants revealed roles for the myosin binding domain of UNC-45A in controlling IEC junctions and motility. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism that regulates integrity and restitution of the intestinal epithelial barrier, which may be impaired during mucosal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Alexander X. Cartagena‐Rivera
- Section on MechanobiologyNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Afshin Khan
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Bert I. Crawford
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Vani Narayanan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Daniel E. Conway
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jaakko Lehtimäki
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Michelle S. Longworth
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Z, Qi F, Luo H, Xu G, Wang D. Inflammatory Microenvironment of Skin Wounds. Front Immunol 2022; 13:789274. [PMID: 35300324 PMCID: PMC8920979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.789274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic and highly regulated process that can be separated into three overlapping and interdependent phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. This review focuses on the inflammation stage, as it is the key stage of wound healing and plays a vital role in the local immune response and determines the progression of wound healing. Inflammatory cells, the main effector cells of the inflammatory response, have been widely studied, but little attention has been paid to the immunomodulatory effects of wound healing in non-inflammatory cells and the extracellular matrix. In this review, we attempt to deepen our understanding of the wound-healing microenvironment in the inflammatory stage by focusing on the interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix, as well as their role in regulating the immune response during the inflammatory stage. We hope our findings will provide new ideas for promoting tissue regeneration through immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fang Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Han Luo
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Guangchao Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dali Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marshall AR, Maniou E, Moulding D, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Galea GL. Two-Photon Cell and Tissue Level Laser Ablation Methods to Study Morphogenetic Biomechanics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:217-230. [PMID: 35147945 PMCID: PMC7614166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation is routinely performed to infer mechanical tension in cells and tissues. Here we describe our method of two-photon laser ablation at the cellular and tissue level in mouse embryos. The primary outcome of these experiments is initial retraction following ablation, which correlates with, and so can be taken as a measure of, the tensile stress that structure was under before ablation. Several experimental variables can affect interpretation of ablation tests. Pre-test factors include differences in physical properties such as viscoelasticity between experimental conditions. Factors relevant during the test include viability of the cells at the point of ablation, image acquisition rate and the potential for overzealous ablations to cause air bubbles through heat dissipation. Post-test factors include intensity-biased image registration that can artificially produce apparent directionality. Applied to the closing portion of the mouse spinal neural tube, these methods have demonstrated long-range biomechanical coupling of the embryonic structure and have identified highly contractile cell populations involved in its closure process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Marshall
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Eirini Maniou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
- Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL GOS ICH, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu J, Meng X, Yang Q, Zhang J, Hu W, Fu H, Chen JW, Ma W, Chisholm AD, Sun Q, Xu S. Redox-sensitive CDC-42 clustering promotes wound closure in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110040. [PMID: 34818546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage induces immediate-early signals, activating Rho small GTPases to trigger actin polymerization essential for later wound repair. However, how tissue damage is sensed to activate Rho small GTPases locally remains elusive. Here, we found that wounding the C. elegans epidermis induces rapid relocalization of CDC-42 into plasma membrane-associated clusters, which subsequently recruits WASP/WSP-1 to trigger actin polymerization to close the wound. In addition, wounding induces a local transient increase and subsequent reduction of H2O2, which negatively regulates the clustering of CDC-42 and wound closure. CDC-42 CAAX motif-mediated prenylation and polybasic region-mediated cation-phospholipid interaction are both required for its clustering. Cysteine residues participate in intermolecular disulfide bonds to reduce membrane association and are required for negative regulation of CDC-42 clustering by H2O2. Collectively, our findings suggest that H2O2-regulated fine-tuning of CDC-42 localization can create a distinct biomolecular cluster that facilitates rapid epithelial wound repair after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinan Meng
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingxian Yang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongying Fu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jack Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weirui Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Losick VP, Duhaime LG. The endocycle restores tissue tension in the Drosophila abdomen post wound repair. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109827. [PMID: 34644579 PMCID: PMC8567445 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy frequently arises in response to injury, aging, and disease. Despite its prevalence, major gaps exist in our understanding of how polyploid cells alter tissue function. In the adult Drosophila epithelium, wound healing is dependent on the generation of multinucleated polyploid cells resulting in a permanent change in the epithelial architecture. Here, we study how the wound-induced polyploid cells affect tissue function by altering epithelial mechanics. The mechanosensor nonmuscle myosin II is activated and upregulated in wound-induced polyploid cells and persists after healing completes. Polyploidy enhances relative epithelial tension, which is dependent on the endocycle and not cell fusion post injury. Remarkably, the enhanced epithelial tension mimics the relative tension of the lateral muscle fibers, which are permanently severed by the injury. As a result, we found that the wound-induced polyploid cells remodel the epithelium to maintain fly abdominal movements, which may help compensate for lost tissue tension. Losick and Duhaime show that the generation of polyploid cells by the endocycle induces myosin expression resulting in enhanced epithelial tension after wound repair. This change in epithelial mechanics appears to compensate for the permanent loss of muscle fibers, which is necessary for efficient abdominal bending in the fruit fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki P Losick
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Levi G Duhaime
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Velagala V, Zartman JJ. Pinching and pushing: fold formation in the Drosophila dorsal epidermis. Biophys J 2021; 120:4202-4213. [PMID: 34461105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial folding is a fundamental morphogenetic process that shapes planar epithelial sheets into complex three-dimensional structures. Multiple mechanisms can generate epithelial folds, including apical constriction, which acts locally at the cellular level, differential growth on the tissue scale, or buckling because of compression from neighboring tissues. Here, we investigate the formation of dorsally located epithelial folds at segment boundaries during the late stages of Drosophila embryogenesis. We found that the fold formation at the segment boundaries occurs through the juxtaposition of two key morphogenetic processes: local apical constriction and tissue-level compressive forces from posterior segments. Further, we found that epidermal spreading and fold formation are accompanied by spatiotemporal pulses of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. A computational model that incorporates the local forces generated from the differential tensions of the apical, basal, and lateral sides of the cell and active forces generated within the whole tissue recapitulates the overall fold formation process in wild-type and Hh overexpression conditions. In sum, this work demonstrates how epithelial folding depends on multiple, separable physical mechanisms to generate the final morphology of the dorsal epidermis. This work illustrates the modularity of morphogenetic unit operations that occur during epithelial morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Velagala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealing during Drosophila dorsal closure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239357. [PMID: 33186390 PMCID: PMC7665897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytohesin Arf-GEFs promote actin polymerization and protrusions of cultured cells, whereas the Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, antagonizes actomyosin networks in several developmental contexts. To reconcile these findings, we analyzed epidermal leading edge actin networks during Drosophila embryo dorsal closure. Here, Steppke is required for F-actin of the actomyosin cable and for actin-based protrusions. steppke mutant defects in the leading edge actin networks are associated with improper sealing of the dorsal midline, but are distinguishable from effects of myosin mis-regulation. Steppke localizes to leading edge cell-cell junctions with accumulations of the F-actin regulator Enabled emanating from either side. Enabled requires Steppke for full leading edge recruitment, and genetic interaction shows the proteins cooperate for dorsal closure. Inversely, Steppke over-expression induces ectopic, actin-rich, lamellar cell protrusions, an effect dependent on the Arf-GEF activity and PH domain of Steppke, but independent of Steppke recruitment to myosin-rich AJs via its coiled-coil domain. Thus, Steppke promotes actin polymerization and cell protrusions, effects that occur in conjunction with Steppke's previously reported regulation of myosin contractility during dorsal closure.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ponte S, Carvalho L, Gagliardi M, Campos I, Oliveira PJ, Jacinto A. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission regulates calcium and F-actin dynamics during wound healing. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio048629. [PMID: 32184231 PMCID: PMC7225088 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria adapt to cellular needs by changes in morphology through fusion and fission events, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial function and morphology are intimately connected and the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is linked to several human diseases. In this work, we investigated the role of mitochondrial dynamics in wound healing in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis. Mutants for mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins fail to close their wounds, indicating that the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is required for wound healing. By live-imaging, we found that loss of function of the mitochondrial fission protein Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) compromises the increase of cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium upon wounding and leads to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and F-actin defects at the wound edge, culminating in wound healing impairment. Our results highlight a new role for mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of calcium, ROS and F-actin during epithelial repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ponte
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lara Carvalho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Gagliardi
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- Animal Platforms, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António Jacinto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has historically been a workhorse model organism for studying developmental biology. In addition, Drosophila is an excellent model for studying how damaged tissues and organs can regenerate. Recently, new precision approaches that enable both highly targeted injury and genetic manipulation have accelerated progress in this field. Here, we highlight these techniques and review examples of recently discovered mechanisms that regulate regeneration in Drosophila larval and adult tissues. We also discuss how, by applying these powerful approaches, studies of Drosophila can continue to guide the future of regeneration research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chan FY, Silva AM, Carvalho AX. Using the Four-Cell C. elegans Embryo to Study Contractile Ring Dynamics During Cytokinesis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2101:297-325. [PMID: 31879911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0219-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the process that completes cell division by partitioning the contents of the mother cell between the two daughter cells. It involves the highly regulated assembly and constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring, whose function is to pinch the mother cell in two. Research on the contractile ring has particularly focused on the signaling mechanisms that dictate when and where the ring is formed. In vivo studies of ring constriction are however scarce and its mechanistic understanding is therefore limited. Here we present several experimental approaches for monitoring ring constriction in vivo, using the four-cell C. elegans embryo as model. These approaches allow for the ring to be perturbed only after it forms and include the combination of live imaging with acute drug treatments, temperature-sensitive mutants and rapid temperature shifts, as well as laser microsurgery. In addition, we explain how to combine these with RNAi-mediated depletion of specific components of the cytokinetic machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fung Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Monemian Esfahani A, Rosenbohm J, Reddy K, Jin X, Bouzid T, Riehl B, Kim E, Lim JY, Yang R. Tissue Regeneration from Mechanical Stretching of Cell-Cell Adhesion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:631-640. [PMID: 31407627 PMCID: PMC6859692 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion complexes are macromolecular adhesive organelles that integrate cells into tissues. This mechanochemical coupling in cell-cell adhesion is required for a large number of cell behaviors, and perturbations of the cell-cell adhesion structure or related mechanotransduction pathways can lead to critical pathological conditions such as skin and heart diseases, arthritis, and cancer. Mechanical stretching has been a widely used method to stimulate the mechanotransduction process originating from the cell-cell adhesion and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) complexes. These studies aimed to reveal the biophysical processes governing cell proliferation, wound healing, gene expression regulation, and cell differentiation in various tissues, including cardiac, muscle, vascular, and bone. This review explores techniques in mechanical stretching in two-dimensional settings with different stretching regimens on different cell types. The mechanotransduction responses from these different cell types will be discussed with an emphasis on their biophysical transformations during mechanical stretching and the cross talk between the cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion complexes. Therapeutic aspects of mechanical stretching are reviewed considering these cellular responses after the application of mechanical forces, with a focus on wound healing and tissue regeneration. Impact Statement Mechanical stretching has been proposed as a therapeutic option for tissue regeneration and wound healing. It has been accepted that mechanotransduction processes elicited by mechanical stretching govern cellular response and behavior, and these studies have predominantly focused on the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) sites. This review serves the mechanobiology community by shifting the focus of mechanical stretching effects from cell-ECM adhesions to the less examined cell-cell adhesions, which we believe play an equally important role in orchestrating the response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Monemian Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jordan Rosenbohm
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Keerthana Reddy
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Tasneem Bouzid
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Brandon Riehl
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jung Yul Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsai CR, Galko MJ. Casein kinase 1α decreases β-catenin levels at adherens junctions to facilitate wound closure in Drosophila larvae. Development 2019; 146:dev175133. [PMID: 31511254 PMCID: PMC6826034 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound repair is essential to restore barrier function and prevent infection after tissue damage. Wound-edge epidermal cells migrate as a sheet to close the wound. However, it is still unclear how cell-cell junctions are regulated during wound closure (WC). To study this, we examined adherens junctions during WC in Drosophila larvae. β-Catenin is reduced at the lateral cell-cell junctions of wound-edge epidermal cells in the early healing stages. Destruction complex components, including Ck1α, GSK3β and β-TrCP, suppress β-catenin levels in the larval epidermis. Tissue-specific RNAi targeting these genes also caused severe WC defects. The Ck1αRNAi -induced WC defect is related to adherens junctions because loss of either β-catenin or E-cadherin significantly rescued this WC defect. In contrast, TCFRNAi does not rescue the Ck1αRNAi -induced WC defect, suggesting that Wnt signaling is not related to this defect. Direct overexpression of β-catenin recapitulates most of the features of Ck1α reduction during wounding. Finally, loss of Ck1α also blocked junctional E-cadherin reduction around the wound. Our results suggest that Ck1α and the destruction complex locally regulate cell adhesion to facilitate efficient wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ru Tsai
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Galko
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Genetics & Epigenetics Graduate Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barriga EH, Mayor R. Adjustable viscoelasticity allows for efficient collective cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:55-68. [PMID: 29859995 PMCID: PMC6854469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a wide range of biological processes such as embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, regeneration, and also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In such contexts, cells are required to migrate as individual entities or as highly coordinated collectives, both of which requiring cells to respond to molecular and mechanical cues from their environment. However, whilst the function of chemical cues in cell migration is comparatively well understood, the role of tissue mechanics on cell migration is just starting to be studied. Recent studies suggest that the dynamic tuning of the viscoelasticity within a migratory cluster of cells, and the adequate elastic properties of its surrounding tissues, are essential to allow efficient collective cell migration in vivo. In this review we focus on the role of viscoelasticity in the control of collective cell migration in various cellular systems, mentioning briefly some aspects of single cell migration. We aim to provide details on how viscoelasticity of collectively migrating groups of cells and their surroundings is adjusted to ensure correct morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis. Finally, we attempt to show that environmental viscoelasticity triggers molecular changes within migrating clusters and that these new molecular setups modify clusters' viscoelasticity, ultimately allowing them to migrate across the challenging geometries of their microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Franco JJ, Atieh Y, Bryan CD, Kwan KM, Eisenhoffer GT. Cellular crowding influences extrusion and proliferation to facilitate epithelial tissue repair. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1890-1899. [PMID: 30785842 PMCID: PMC6727764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial wound healing requires a complex orchestration of cellular rearrangements and movements to restore tissue architecture and function after injury. While it is well known that mechanical forces can affect tissue morphogenesis and patterning, how the biophysical cues generated after injury influence cellular behaviors during tissue repair is not well understood. Using time-lapse confocal imaging of epithelial tissues in living zebrafish larvae, we provide evidence that localized increases in cellular crowding during wound closure promote the extrusion of nonapoptotic cells via mechanically regulated stretch-activated ion channels (SACs). Directed cell migration toward the injury site promoted rapid changes in cell number and generated shifts in tension at cellular interfaces over long spatial distances. Perturbation of SAC activity resulted in failed extrusion and increased proliferation in crowded areas of the tissue. Together, we conclude that localized cell number plays a key role in dictating cellular behaviors that facilitate wound closure and tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovany J Franco
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251
| | - Youmna Atieh
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chase D Bryan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Kristen M Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cytoplasmic localization of GRHL3 upon epidermal differentiation triggers cell shape change for epithelial morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4059. [PMID: 30283008 PMCID: PMC6170465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell shape change is a pivotal driving force for morphogenesis of complex three-dimensional architecture. However, molecular mechanisms triggering shape changes of epithelial cells in the course of growth and differentiation have not been entirely elucidated. Grhl3 plays a crucial role as a downstream transcription factor of Wnt/β-catenin in epidermal differentiation. Here, we show Grhl3 induced large, mature epidermal cells, enriched with actomyosin networks, from embryoid bodies in vitro. Such epidermal cells were apparently formed by the simultaneous activation of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. A nuclear transcription factor, GRHL3 is localized in the cytoplasm and cell membrane during epidermal differentiation. Subsequently, such extranuclear GRHL3 is essential for the membrane-associated expression of VANGL2 and CELSR1. Cytoplasmic GRHL3, thereby, allows epidermal cells to acquire mechanical properties for changes in epithelial cell shape. Thus, we propose that cytoplasmic localization of GRHL3 upon epidermal differentiation directly triggers epithelial morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang VW. Cell-cell adhesion interface: orthogonal and parallel forces from contraction, protrusion, and retraction. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345009 PMCID: PMC6173117 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial lateral membrane plays a central role in the integration of intercellular signals and, by doing so, is a principal determinant in the emerging properties of epithelial tissues. Mechanical force, when applied to the lateral cell-cell interface, can modulate the strength of adhesion and influence intercellular dynamics. Yet the relationship between mechanical force and epithelial cell behavior is complex and not completely understood. This commentary aims to provide an investigative look at the usage of cellular forces at the epithelial cell-cell adhesion interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carvalho L, Patricio P, Ponte S, Heisenberg CP, Almeida L, Nunes AS, Araújo NAM, Jacinto A. Occluding junctions as novel regulators of tissue mechanics during wound repair. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4267-4283. [PMID: 30228162 PMCID: PMC6279375 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple epithelial repair is mediated by the contraction of an actomyosin cable and cellular rearrangements at the wound edge. Carvalho et al. show that occluding junctions are required for epithelial repair by regulating these cellular rearrangements and tissue mechanical properties. In epithelial tissues, cells tightly connect to each other through cell–cell junctions, but they also present the remarkable capacity of reorganizing themselves without compromising tissue integrity. Upon injury, simple epithelia efficiently resolve small lesions through the action of actin cytoskeleton contractile structures at the wound edge and cellular rearrangements. However, the underlying mechanisms and how they cooperate are still poorly understood. In this study, we combine live imaging and theoretical modeling to reveal a novel and indispensable role for occluding junctions (OJs) in this process. We demonstrate that OJ loss of function leads to defects in wound-closure dynamics: instead of contracting, wounds dramatically increase their area. OJ mutants exhibit phenotypes in cell shape, cellular rearrangements, and mechanical properties as well as in actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the wound edge. We propose that OJs are essential for wound closure by impacting on epithelial mechanics at the tissue level, which in turn is crucial for correct regulation of the cellular events occurring at the wound edge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Carvalho
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Patricio
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Ponte
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Almeida
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Sorbonne Université/Team Mamba, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation Paris, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, BC187, Paris, France
| | - André S Nunes
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno A M Araújo
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kiehart DP, Crawford JM, Aristotelous A, Venakides S, Edwards GS. Cell Sheet Morphogenesis: Dorsal Closure in Drosophila melanogaster as a Model System. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:169-202. [PMID: 28992442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a key process during Drosophila morphogenesis that models cell sheet movements in chordates, including neural tube closure, palate formation, and wound healing. Closure occurs midway through embryogenesis and entails circumferential elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets that close a dorsal hole filled with amnioserosa cells. Signaling pathways regulate the function of cellular structures and processes, including Actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion complexes, and endocytosis/vesicle trafficking. These orchestrate complex shape changes and movements that entail interactions between five distinct cell types. Genetic and laser perturbation studies establish that closure is robust, resilient, and the consequence of redundancy that contributes to four distinct biophysical processes: contraction of the amnioserosa, contraction of supracellular Actomyosin cables, elongation (stretching?) of the lateral epidermis, and zipping together of two converging cell sheets. What triggers closure and what the emergent properties are that give rise to its extraordinary resilience and fidelity remain key, extant questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Kiehart
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Janice M Crawford
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Andreas Aristotelous
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383
| | | | - Glenn S Edwards
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Harris TJC. Sculpting epithelia with planar polarized actomyosin networks: Principles from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:54-61. [PMID: 28760393 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila research has revealed how planar polarized actomyosin networks affect various types of tissue morphogenesis. The networks are positioned by both tissue-wide patterning factors (including Even-skipped, Runt, Engrailed, Invected, Hedgehog, Notch, Wingless, Epidermal Growth Factor, Jun N-terminal kinase, Sex combs reduced and Fork head) and local receptor complexes (including Echinoid, Crumbs and Toll receptors). Networks with differing super-structure and contractile output have been discovered. Their contractility can affect individual cells or can be coordinated across groups of cells, and such contractility can drive or resist physical change. For what seem to be simple tissue changes, multiple types of actomyosin networks can contribute, acting together as contractile elements or braces within the developing structure. This review discusses the positioning and effects of planar polarized actomyosin networks for a number of developmental events in Drosophila, including germband extension, dorsal closure, head involution, tracheal pit formation, salivary gland development, imaginal disc boundary formation, and tissue rotation of the male genitalia and the egg chamber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|