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Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Cheng YK, Guo X, Zhang X, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011872. [PMID: 38190388 PMCID: PMC10798628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut epithelium is the first natural barrier against Trichinella spiralis larval invasion, but the mechanism by which larval penetration of gut epithelium is not completely elucidated. Previous studies showed that proteases secreted by T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) degraded tight junctions (TJs) proteins of gut epithelium and mediated larval invasion. A new T. spiralis serine proteinase (TsSPc) was identified in the IIL surface proteins and ES proteins, rTsSPc bound to the intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) and promoted larval invasion of IECs. The aim of this study was to characterize the interacted proteins of TsSPc and IECs, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of TsSPc mediating larval invasion of gut mucosa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING IIFT results showed natural TsSPc was detected in infected murine intestine at 6, 12 hours post infection (hpi) and 3 dpi. The results of GST pull-down, mass spectrometry (MS) and Co-IP indicated that rTsSPc bound and interacted specifically with receptor for activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) in Caco-2 cells. rTsSPc did not directly hydrolyze the TJs proteins. qPCR and Western blot showed that rTsSPc up-regulated RACK1 expression, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, reduced the expression levels of gut TJs (occludin and claudin-1) and adherent protein E-cad, increased the paracellular permeability and damaged the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, the RACK1 inhibitor HO and ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 abolished the rTsSPc activating ERK1/2 pathway, they also inhibited and abrogated the rTsSPc down-regulating expression of occludin, claudin-1 and E-cad in Caco-2 monolayer and infected murine intestine, impeded larval invasion and improved intestinal epithelial integrity and barrier function, reduced intestinal worm burdens and alleviated intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS rTsSPc bound to RACK1 receptor in gut epithelium, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut epithelial TJs proteins and disrupted the epithelial integrity, consequently mediated T. spiralis larval invasion of gut epithelium. The results are valuable to understand T. spiralis invasion mechanism, and TsSPc might be regarded as a vaccine target against T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Kang Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction. Allergy 2023; 78:2892-2905. [PMID: 37449458 DOI: 10.1111/all.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a dynamic multi-layered structure which can adapt to environmental changes within the intestinal lumen. It has the complex task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting entry of harmful microbes and microbial antigens present in the intestinal lumen. Excessive entry of microbial antigens via microbial translocation due to 'intestinal barrier dysfunction' is hypothesised to contribute to the increasing incidence of allergic, autoimmune and metabolic diseases, a concept referred to as the 'epithelial barrier theory'. Helminths reside in the intestinal tract are in intimate contact with the mucosal surfaces and induce a range of local immunological changes which affect the layers of the intestinal barrier. Helminths are proposed to prevent, or even treat, many of the diseases implicated in the epithelial barrier theory. This review will focus on the effect of helminths on intestinal barrier function and explore whether this could explain the proposed health benefits delivered by helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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3
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Li C, Liu Y, Liu X, Bai X, Jin X, Xu F, Chen H, Zhang Y, Vallee I, Liu M, Yang Y. The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011479. [PMID: 37585413 PMCID: PMC10431649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in parasite-host interactions and the induction of immune defense responses. Trichinella spiralis is an important zoonotic parasite that can directly or indirectly interact with the host in the gut. Changes in the gut microbiota following infection with T. spiralis and the role of the gut microbiota in host immune defense against T. spiralis infection were investigated in our study. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that infection with T. spiralis can reduce the diversity of the gut microbiota and alter the structure of the gut microbiota during early infection, which was restored when the worm left the gut. Antibiotic treatment (ABX) and fecal bacterial transplantation (FMT) were used to investigate the role of the gut microbiota in the host expulsion response during infection with T. spiralis. We found that ABX mice had a higher burden of parasites, and the burden of parasites decreased after fecal bacterial transplantation. The results of flow cytometry and qPCR revealed that the disturbance of the gut microbiota affects the proportion of CD4+ T cells and the production of IL-4, which weakens Th2 responses and makes expulsion difficult. In addition, as the inflammatory response decreased with the changes of the microbiota, the Th1 response also decreased. The metabolomic results were in good agreement with these findings, as the levels of inflammatory metabolites such as ceramides were reduced in the ABX group. In general, T. spiralis infection can cause changes in the gut microbiota, and the presence or absence of microbes may also weaken intestinal inflammation and the expulsion of T. spiralis by affecting the immune response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Isabelle Vallee
- UMR BIPAR, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, INRA, University Paris-Est, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shan Xi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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4
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Karo-Atar D, Gregorieff A, King IL. Dangerous liaisons: how helminths manipulate the intestinal epithelium. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:414-422. [PMID: 37076358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths remain highly pervasive throughout the animal kingdom by modulating multiple aspects of the host immune response. The intestinal epithelium functions as a physical barrier as well as a sentinel innate immune tissue with the ability to sense and respond to infectious agents. Although helminths form intimate interactions with the epithelium, comprehensive knowledge about host-helminth interactions at this dynamic interface is lacking. In addition, little is known about the ability of helminths to directly shape the fate of this barrier tissue. Here, we review the diverse pathways by which helminths regulate the epithelium and highlight the emerging field of direct helminth regulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Karo-Atar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alex Gregorieff
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Centre for Microbiome Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Shears RK, Grencis RK. Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:348. [PMID: 36175934 PMCID: PMC9524059 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Whipworm (Trichuris) is a genus of roundworms that causes gastrointestinal infections in humans and animals. Of particular interest are T. trichiura, the causative agent of human trichuriasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects 477 million people worldwide, and T. suis, the pig whipworm species, responsible for growth stunting and economic losses within the agricultural industry. The naturally occurring mouse whipworm, T. muris, has been used for decades as a model for trichuriasis, yielding knowledge on the biology of these parasites and the host response to infection. Ex vivo culture of T. muris (and to some extent, T. suis) has provided insight into the composition of the excretory/secretory (E/S) products released by worms, which include a myriad of proteins, RNAs, lipids, glycans, metabolites and extracellular vesicles. T. muris E/S has formed the basis of the search for whipworm vaccine candidates, while the immunomodulatory potential of T. suis and T. muris secretions has been investigated with the aim of improving our understanding of how these parasites modulate host immunity, as well as identifying immunomodulatory candidates with therapeutic potential in the context of inflammatory diseases. This article will review the various components found within Trichuris E/S, their potential as vaccine candidates and their immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Shears
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5DG, UK. .,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5DG, UK.
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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6
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Schälter F, Frech M, Dürholz K, Lucas S, Sarter K, Lebon L, Esser-von Bieren J, Dubey LK, Voehringer D, Schett G, Harris NL, Zaiss MM. Acetate, a metabolic product of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, facilitates intestinal epithelial barrier breakdown in a FFAR2-dependent manner. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:591-601. [PMID: 35671792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people worldwide and a significant part of the domestic livestock are infected with soil-transmitted helminths, of which many establish chronic infections causing substantial economic and welfare burdens. Beside intensive research on helminth-triggered mucosal and systemic immune responses, the local mechanism that enables infective larvae to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier and invade mucosal tissue remains poorly addressed. Here, we show that Heligmosomoides polygyrus infective L3s secrete acetate and that acetate potentially facilitates paracellular epithelial tissue invasion by changed epithelial tight junction claudin expression. In vitro, impedance-based real-time epithelial cell line barrier measurements together with ex vivo functional permeability assays in intestinal organoid cultures revealed that acetate decreased intercellular barrier function via the G-protein coupled free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2, GPR43). In vivo validation experiments in FFAR2-/- mice showed lower H. polygyrus burdens, whereas oral acetate-treated C57BL/6 wild type mice showed higher burdens. These data suggest that locally secreted acetate - as a metabolic product of the energy metabolism of H. polygyrus L3s - provides a significant advantage to the parasite in crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier and invading mucosal tissues. This is the first and a rate-limiting step for helminths to establish chronic infections in their hosts and if modulated could have profound consequences for their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schälter
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Frech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dürholz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Lucas
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sarter
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luc Lebon
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Center of Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lalit K Dubey
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Centre of Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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The yin and yang of human soil-transmitted helminth infections. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1243-1253. [PMID: 34774540 PMCID: PMC9145206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major soil-transmitted helminths that infect humans are the roundworms, whipworms and hookworms. Soil-transmitted helminth infections rank among the most important neglected tropical diseases in terms of morbidity, and almost one billion people are still infected with at least one species. While anthelmintic drugs are available, they do not offer long term protection against reinfection, precipitating the need for vaccines that provide long-term immunologic defense. Vaccine discovery and development is in advanced clinical development for hookworm infection, with a bivalent human hookworm vaccine in clinical trials in Brazil and Africa, but is in its infancy for both roundworm (ascariasis) and whipworm (trichuriasis) infections. One of the greatest hurdles to developing soil-transmitted helminth vaccines is the potent immunoregulatory properties of these helminths, creating a barrier to the induction of meaningful long-term protective immunity. While challenging for vaccinologists, this phenomenon presents unique opportunities to develop an entirely new class of anti-inflammatory drugs that capitalise on these immunomodulatory strategies. Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials employing experimental soil-transmitted helminth challenge models, when coupled with findings from animal models, show that at least some soil-transmitted helminth-derived molecules can protect against the onset of autoimmune, allergic and metabolic disorders, and several natural products with the desired bioactivity have been isolated and tested in pre-clinical settings. The yin and yang of soil-transmitted helminth infections reflect both the urgency for effective vaccines and the potential for new immunoregulatory molecules from parasite products.
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Hayes KS, Grencis RK. Trichuris muris and comorbidities - within a mouse model context. Parasitology 2021; 148:1-9. [PMID: 34078488 PMCID: PMC8660644 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichuris muris is a mouse intestinal parasitic nematode that inhabits the large intestine of its host and induces a strong immune response. The effects of this strong anti-parasite response can be found locally within the intestinal niche and also systemically, having effects on multiple organs. Additionally, the anti-parasite response can have multiple effects on infectious organisms and on microbiota that the host is harbouring. It has been shown that Th1 responses induced by T. muris can affect progression of bowel inflammation, cause colitic-like intestinal inflammation, reduce barrier function and intestinal mucosal responses. In the brain, T. muris can exacerbate stroke outcome and other neurological conditions. In the lung, T. muris can suppress airway inflammation and alter immune responses to other parasites. Additionally, T. muris induced responses can inhibit anti-tumour immunity. Although this parasite maintains a localized niche in the large intestine, its effects can be far-reaching and substantially impact other infections through modulation of bystander immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S. Hayes
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009221. [PMID: 33760829 PMCID: PMC8021180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonated eggs are the infectious developmental stage of Trichuris trichiura and are the primary stimulus for the immune system of the definitive host. The intestinal-dwelling T. trichiura affects an estimated 465 million people worldwide with an estimated global burden of disease of 640 000 DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). In Latin America and the Caribbean, trichuriasis is the most prevalent soil transmitted helminthiasis in the region (12.3%; 95% CI). The adverse health consequences impair childhood school performance and reduce school attendance resulting in lower future wage-earning capacity. The accumulation of the long-term effects translates into poverty promoting sequelae and a cycle of impoverishment. Each infective T. trichiura egg carries the antigens needed to face the immune system with a wide variety of proteins present in the shell, larvae’s surface, and the accompanying fluid that contains their excretions/secretions. We used a proteomic approach with tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the proteome of soluble non-embryonated egg extracts of T. trichiura obtained from naturally infected African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus). A total of 231 proteins were identified, 168 of them with known molecular functions. The proteome revealed common proteins families which are known to play roles in energy and metabolism; the cytoskeleton, muscle and motility; proteolysis; signaling; the stress response and detoxification; transcription and translation; and lipid binding and transport. In addition to the study of the T. trichiura non-embryonated egg proteome, the antigenic profile of the T. trichiura non-embryonated egg and female soluble proteins against serum antibodies from C. sabaeus naturally infected with trichuriasis was investigated. We used an immunoproteomic approach by Western blot and tandem mass spectrometry from the corresponding SDS-PAGE gels. Vitellogenin N and VWD and DUF1943 domain containing protein, poly-cysteine and histidine tailed protein isoform 2, heat shock protein 70, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin, and enolase, were among the potential immunoactive proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the T. trichiura non-embryonated egg proteome as a novel source of information on potential targets for immunodiagnostics and immunomodulators from a neglected tropical disease. This initial list of T. trichiura non-embryonated egg proteins (proteome and antigenic profile) can be used in future research on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of human trichuriasis and the treatment of human intestinal immune-related diseases. Who came first the worm or its egg? In the case of whipworm, we know it is the egg. The infective life cycle stage of the human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is the primary stimulus for the immune system of the definitive host. Each infective whipworm egg carries the information needed to face the immune system of the host with a wide variety of proteins present in the shell, larvae’s surface, and the accompanying fluid that contains their excretions/secretions. We investigated the soluble proteins of the non-embryonated egg using an immunoproteomic approach and then selected the top five proteins using a series of bioinformatic analysis. We used these top five proteins to recognize potential targets for immunodiagnostics and immunomodulation while comparing them to known female worm proteins. We found that the proteins we selected were involved in lipid transport, energy and metabolism, and muscle and motility. One protein has unknown function.
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Li C, Bai X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Xu F, Yang Y, Liu M. Disruption of Epithelial Barrier of Caco-2 Cell Monolayers by Excretory Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Might Be Related to Serine Protease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634185. [PMID: 33815318 PMCID: PMC8013981 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical barrier is composed of epithelial cells which are joined together through intercellular connections. It serves to prevent pathogenic microorganisms from departing the intestinal lumen to invade the host. The excretory secretory (ES) products of Trichinella spiralis are critical for invasion. However, whether ES products of T. spiralis can act on the intestinal barrier is still unknown. In this study, the role of ES products of T. spiralis muscle larvae (Ts-ML-ES) in host invasion was studied by establishing an in vitro cell monolayers model. Barrier integrity analysis by a transmembrane resistance test and a paracellular permeability assay revealed that the Ts-ML-ES was able to destroy barrier function. It occurred via a reduction in the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, which was induced by serine protease. Furthermore, Western bolt analysis indicated that Ts-ML-ES reduced the expression of TJ proteins via the MAPK signaling pathway. Based on these data, we conclude that serine protease are likely the main factors from Ts-ML-ES that affect host intestinal barrier integrity by reducing the expression of TJs via the P38-MAPK signaling pathway. Serine protease in Ts-ML-ES might be a key invasion factor in T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Rivero J, Callejón R, Cutillas C. Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Trichuristrichiura from Macaca sylvanus and Papio papio. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020126. [PMID: 33562044 PMCID: PMC7915941 DOI: 10.3390/life11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichuriasis is among the most prevalent worldwide parasitism caused by helminths. For many years, Trichuris spp. have been described with a relatively narrow range of both morphological and biometrical features. The use of the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is an alternative and powerful molecular method for inferring phylogenies. Here, we present an overview of the contributions of mitogenome for Trichuris spp. from human and non-human primates. In addition, we carry out structural and phylogenetic comparative analyses with genomes of Trichuris species available in public datasets. The complete mt genomes of Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris sp. from Macaca sylvanus and T. trichiura from Papio papio are 14,091 bp, 14,047 bp and 14,089 bp in length, respectively. The three mt genomes are circular and consist of 37 genes—13 PCGs (cox1–3, nad1–6, nad4L, atp6, atp8 and cob), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and two rRNAs (rrnL and rrnS). The molecular evidence presented here supports the hypothesis that T. trichiura de M. sylvanus (TMF31) and T. trichiura de P. papio (TPM1) were similar but genetically different with respect to Trichuris sp. from macaques (TMM5). The phylogenetic study also supported the evolution of the different Trichuris species. In conclusion, we suggest the existence of two cryptic species parasitizing M. sylvanus.
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12
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Ducarmon QR, Hoogerwerf MA, Janse JJ, Geelen AR, Koopman JPR, Zwittink RD, Goeman JJ, Kuijper EJ, Roestenberg M. Dynamics of the bacterial gut microbiota during controlled human infection with Necator americanus larvae. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-15. [PMID: 33222610 PMCID: PMC7714523 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1840764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hookworms are soil-transmitted helminths that use immune-evasive strategies to persist in the human duodenum where they are responsible for anemia and protein loss. Given their location and immune regulatory effects, hookworms likely impact the bacterial microbiota. However, microbiota studies struggle to deconvolute the effect of hookworms from confounders such as coinfections and malnutrition. We thus used an experimental human hookworm infection model to explore temporal changes in the gut microbiota before and during hookworm infection. Volunteers were dermally exposed to cumulative dosages of 50, 100 or 150 L3 Necator americanus larvae. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota profiling through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing at weeks zero, four, eight, fourteen and twenty. During the acute infection phase (trial week zero to eight) no changes in bacterial diversity were detected. During the established infection phase (trial week eight to twenty), bacterial richness (Chao1, p = .0174) increased significantly over all volunteers. No relation was found between larval dosage and diversity, stability or relative abundance of individual bacterial taxa. GI symptoms were associated with an unstable microbiota during the first eight weeks and rapid recovery at week twenty. Barnesiella, amongst other taxa, was more abundant in volunteers with more GI symptoms throughout the study. In conclusion, this study showed that clinical GI symptoms following N. americanus infection are associated with temporary microbiota instability and relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa. These results suggest a possible role of hookworm-induced enteritis on microbiota stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. R. Ducarmon
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,CONTACT Meta Roestenberg Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Hoogerwerf
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. R. Geelen
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. P. R. Koopman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. D. Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. Goeman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - E. J. Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Cleenewerk L, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1821. [PMID: 32903582 PMCID: PMC7438586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis states that improved hygiene and the resulting disappearance of once endemic diseases is at the origin of the enormous increase in immune related disorders such as autoimmune diseases seen in the industrialized world. Helminths, such as Schistosoma mansoni, are thought to provide protection against the development of autoimmune diseases by regulating the host's immune response. This modulation primarily involves induction of regulatory immune responses, such as generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells and alternatively activated macrophages. This points toward the potential of employing helminths or their products/metabolites as therapeutics for autoimmune diseases that are characterized by an excessive inflammatory state, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), type I diabetes (T1D) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we examine the known mechanisms of immune modulation by S. mansoni, explore preclinical and clinical studies that investigated the use of an array helminthic products in these diseases, and propose that helminthic therapy opens opportunities in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cleenewerk
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Beta Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Beta Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Beta Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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Duque-Correa MA, Schreiber F, Rodgers FH, Goulding D, Forrest S, White R, Buck A, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Development of caecaloids to study host-pathogen interactions: new insights into immunoregulatory functions of Trichuris muris extracellular vesicles in the caecum. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:707-718. [PMID: 32659277 PMCID: PMC7435689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of new methods to generate, culture and characterise mouse caecaloids is described. Caecaloids recapitulate the caecal epithelium composition and spatial organisation. Caecaloids can be used to study host–caecal pathogen interactions in vitro. Trichuris muris EVs exert novel immunoregulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells.
The caecum, an intestinal appendage in the junction of the small and large intestines, displays a unique epithelium that serves as an exclusive niche for a range of pathogens including whipworms (Trichuris spp.). While protocols to grow organoids from small intestine (enteroids) and colon (colonoids) exist, the conditions to culture organoids from the caecum have yet to be described. Here, we report methods to grow, differentiate and characterise mouse adult stem cell-derived caecal organoids, termed caecaloids. We compare the cellular composition of caecaloids with that of enteroids, identifying differences in intestinal epithelial cell populations that mimic those found in the caecum and small intestine. The remarkable similarity in the intestinal epithelial cell composition and spatial conformation of caecaloids and their tissue of origin enables their use as an in vitro model to study host interactions with important caecal pathogens. Thus, exploiting this system, we investigated the responses of caecal intestinal epithelial cells to extracellular vesicles secreted/excreted by the intracellular helminth Trichuris muris. Our findings reveal novel immunoregulatory effects of whipworm extracellular vesicles on the caecal epithelium, including the downregulation of responses to nucleic acid recognition and type-I interferon signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faye H Rodgers
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sally Forrest
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruby White
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Amy Buck
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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15
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Axelrad JE, Cadwell KH, Colombel JF, Shah SC. Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1222-1232. [PMID: 32372471 PMCID: PMC7354095 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initiating events of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are not well-defined, but GI infections are implicated. AIMS To define the role of GI infections in risk of incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and synthesise the current body of relevant translational data to provide biological context for associations between GI infections and IBD risk. METHODS We systematically reviewed electronic databases through February 2020. Clinical studies that provided risk estimates of the association between GI infections and incident IBD were included. Inclusion criteria were broader for translational studies aiming to define mechanisms of GI infections and predisposition to or protection from IBD. RESULTS Of the studies identified, 63 met full inclusion criteria. Among studies of clinical gastroenteritis, bacteria-specifically, Salmonella species, Campylobacter species and Clostridioides difficile-demonstrated consistent positive associations with risk of incident IBD. Of viruses, norovirus was associated with increased risk of incident CD. Regarding inverse associations with incident IBD, Helicobacter pylori and helminth infections were associated with a generally consistent reduced risk of IBD. Based on a qualitative analysis of the translational data, putative mechanisms involve multiple microbial and immunologic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Based on this systematic review, certain enteric pathogens are associated with an increased risk of incident IBD, while others are potentially protective. Prospective studies are required to clarify the clinical implications of these enteric pathogens on the risk and course of IBD, and possible therapeutic or preventative benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken H Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shailja C Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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16
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Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:127-135. [PMID: 32200170 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fermentable dietary fibres, such as inulin, or administration of helminth products (e.g. Trichuris suis ova) have independently been shown to alleviate inflammation in vivo. We recently found that dietary inulin and T. suis infection in pigs co-operatively suppressed type-1 inflammatory responses in the gut, suggesting the potential of dietary components to augment anti-inflammatory responses induced by certain helminths. Here, we explored whether T. suis antigens and inulin could directly suppress inflammatory responses in vitro in a cooperative manner. T. suis soluble products (TsSP) strongly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion from murine macrophages and induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype as evidenced by transcriptomic and gene pathway analyses. Inulin regulated the expression of a small number of genes and transcriptional pathways in macrophages after exposure to LPS, but did not enhance the suppressive activity of TsSP, either directly or in co-culture experiments with intestinal epithelial cells. Culture of macrophages with short-chain fatty acids, the products of microbial fermentation of inulin, did however appear to enhance TsSP-mediated inhibition of TNF-α production. Our results confirm a direct role for helminth products in suppressing inflammatory responses in macrophages. In contrast, inulin had little capacity to directly modulate LPS-induced responses. Our results suggest distinct mode-of-actions of T. suis and inulin in regulating inflammatory responses, and that the role of inulin in modulating the response to helminth infection may be dependent on other factors such as production of metabolites by the gut microbiota.
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17
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Maizels RM. Regulation of immunity and allergy by helminth parasites. Allergy 2020; 75:524-534. [PMID: 31187881 DOI: 10.1111/all.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in helminth parasite modulation of the immune system, both from the fundamental perspective of the "arms race" between host and parasite, and equally importantly, to understand if parasites offer new pathways to abate and control untoward immune responses in humans. This article reviews the epidemiological and experimental evidence for parasite down-regulation of host immunity and immunopathology, in allergy and other immune disorders, and recent progress towards defining the mechanisms and molecular mediators which parasites exploit in order to modulate their host. Among these are novel products that interfere with epithelial cell alarmins, dendritic cell activation, macrophage function and T-cell responsiveness through the promotion of an immunoregulatory environment. These modulatory effects assist parasites to establish and survive, while dampening immune reactivity to allergens, autoantigens and microbiome determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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18
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Tjondro HC, Loke I, Chatterjee S, Thaysen-Andersen M. Human protein paucimannosylation: cues from the eukaryotic kingdoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2068-2100. [PMID: 31410980 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paucimannosidic proteins (PMPs) are bioactive glycoproteins carrying truncated α- or β-mannosyl-terminating asparagine (N)-linked glycans widely reported across the eukaryotic domain. Our understanding of human PMPs remains limited, despite findings documenting their existence and association with human disease glycobiology. This review comprehensively surveys the structures, biosynthetic routes and functions of PMPs across the eukaryotic kingdoms with the aim of synthesising an improved understanding on the role of protein paucimannosylation in human health and diseases. Convincing biochemical, glycoanalytical and biological data detail a vast structural heterogeneity and fascinating tissue- and subcellular-specific expression of PMPs within invertebrates and plants, often comprising multi-α1,3/6-fucosylation and β1,2-xylosylation amongst other glycan modifications and non-glycan substitutions e.g. O-methylation. Vertebrates and protists express less-heterogeneous PMPs typically only comprising variable core fucosylation of bi- and trimannosylchitobiose core glycans. In particular, the Manα1,6Manβ1,4GlcNAc(α1,6Fuc)β1,4GlcNAcβAsn glycan (M2F) decorates various human neutrophil proteins reportedly displaying bioactivity and structural integrity demonstrating that they are not degradation products. Less-truncated paucimannosidic glycans (e.g. M3F) are characteristic glycosylation features of proteins expressed by human cancer and stem cells. Concertedly, these observations suggest the involvement of human PMPs in processes related to innate immunity, tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. The absence of human PMPs in diverse bodily fluids studied under many (patho)physiological conditions suggests extravascular residence and points to localised functions of PMPs in peripheral tissues. Absence of PMPs in Fungi indicates that paucimannosylation is common, but not universally conserved, in eukaryotes. Relative to human PMPs, the expression of PMPs in plants, invertebrates and protists is more tissue-wide and constitutive yet, similar to their human counterparts, PMP expression remains regulated by the physiology of the producing organism and PMPs evidently serve essential functions in development, cell-cell communication and host-pathogen/symbiont interactions. In most PMP-producing organisms, including humans, the N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase isoenzymes and linkage-specific α-mannosidases are glycoside hydrolases critical for generating PMPs via N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)-dependent and GnT-I-independent truncation pathways. However, the identity and structure of many species-specific PMPs in eukaryotes, their biosynthetic routes, strong tissue- and development-specific expression, and diverse functions are still elusive. Deep exploration of these PMP features involving, for example, the characterisation of endogenous PMP-recognising lectins across a variety of healthy and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase-deficient human tissue types and identification of microbial adhesins reactive to human PMPs, are amongst the many tasks required for enhanced insight into the glycobiology of human PMPs. In conclusion, the literature supports the notion that PMPs are significant, yet still heavily under-studied biomolecules in human glycobiology that serve essential functions and create structural heterogeneity not dissimilar to other human N-glycoprotein types. Human PMPs should therefore be recognised as bioactive glycoproteins that are distinctly different from the canonical N-glycoprotein classes and which warrant a more dedicated focus in glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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19
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Biological role of excretory-secretory proteins in endemic parasites of Latin America and the Caribbean. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e53. [PMID: 31092301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) share certain traits: they are parasitic infections, prevailing in tropical environments and affecting marginalized sectors of the population. Six NTDs - ascariasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm infection, onchocerciasis and trichuriasis - all of them endemic in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), are analysed in this work. This review aims to discuss key information on the function of excretory/secretory (E/S) proteins from these parasites in their infectivity, pathogeny and diagnosis. The modulation of the host immune system to favour the permanence and survival of the parasite is also discussed. An updated knowledge on the function of E/S molecules in endemic parasitoses in LAC may lead to new approaches for the clinical management and diagnosis of these diseases. In turn, this could allow us to optimize their treatment and make it more affordable - a relevant goal given the economic constraints that the region is facing.
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20
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Napoletano C, Mattiucci S, Colantoni A, Battisti F, Zizzari IG, Rahimi H, Nuti M, Rughetti A. Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells. Parasite Immunol 2019; 40:e12527. [PMID: 29569735 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human dendritic cells (DCs) show remarkable phenotypic changes when matured in the presence of helminth-derived products. These modifications frequently elicited a polarization towards Th2 cells and regulatory T cells thus contributing to immunological tolerance against these pathogens. In this study, the interaction between DCs and larvae of the zoonotic anisakid nematode Anisakis pegreffii was investigated. A. pegreffii larvae were collected from fish hosts, and monocyte-derived DCs were cocultured in the presence of the live larvae (L) or its crude extracts (CE). In both experimental conditions, A. pegreffii impacted DC viability, hampered DC maturation by reducing the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation and migration (ie HLA-DR, CD86, CD83 and CCR7), increased the phagosomal radical oxygen species (ROS) levels and modulated the phosphorylation of ERK1,2 pathway. These biological changes were accompanied by the impairment of DCs to activate a T-cell-mediated IFNγ. Interestingly, live larvae appeared to differently modulate DC secretion of cytokines and chemokines as compared to CE. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the immunomodulatory role of A. pegreffii on DCs biology and functions. In addition, they suggest a dynamic contribution of DCs to the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory response against A. pegreffii.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University Hospital "Policlinico Umberto I", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Colantoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University Hospital "Policlinico Umberto I", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Battisti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - I G Zizzari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - H Rahimi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Rughetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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21
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Leroux LP, Nasr M, Valanparambil R, Tam M, Rosa BA, Siciliani E, Hill DE, Zarlenga DS, Jaramillo M, Weinstock JV, Geary TG, Stevenson MM, Urban JF, Mitreva M, Jardim A. Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15921. [PMID: 30374177 PMCID: PMC6206011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms have a remarkable ability to modulate host immune responses through several mechanisms including excreted/secreted proteins (ESP), yet the exact nature of these proteins and their targets often remains elusive. Here, we performed mass spectrometry analyses of ESP (TsESP) from larval and adult stages of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis (Ts) and identified ~350 proteins. Transcriptomic analyses revealed large subsets of differentially expressed genes in the various life cycle stages of the parasite. Exposure of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to TsESP markedly diminished secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-12p70. Conversely, TsESP exposure strongly induced release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and also induced high levels of nitric oxide (NO) and upregulated arginase activity in macrophages. Interestingly, TsESP failed to directly induce CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells), while OVA-pulsed TsESP-treated dendritic cells suppressed antigen-specific OT-II CD4+ T cell proliferation. Fractionation of TsESP identified a subset of proteins that promoted anti-inflammatory functions, an activity that was recapitulated using recombinant T. suis triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK). Our study helps illuminate the intricate balance that is characteristic of parasite-host interactions at the immunological interface, and further establishes the principle that specific parasite-derived proteins can modulate immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Leroux
- Institute of Parasitology McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier (IAF), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamad Nasr
- Institute of Parasitology McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
| | - Rajesh Valanparambil
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Siciliani
- Institute of Parasitology McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Dolores E Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Maritza Jaramillo
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier (IAF), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Joel V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
| | - Mary M Stevenson
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Armando Jardim
- Institute of Parasitology McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Montreal, Canada.
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22
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King IL, Li Y. Host-Parasite Interactions Promote Disease Tolerance to Intestinal Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2128. [PMID: 30298071 PMCID: PMC6160735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths are among the most pervasive pathogens of the animal kingdom. To complete their life cycle, these intestinal worms migrate through host tissues causing significant damage in their wake. As a result, infection can lead to malnutrition, anemia and increased susceptibility to co-infection. Despite repeated deworming treatment, individuals living in endemic regions remain highly susceptible to re-infection by helminths, but rarely succumb to excessive tissue damage. The chronicity of infection and inability to resist numerous species of parasitic helminths that have co-evolved with their hosts over millenia suggests that mammals have developed mechanisms to tolerate this infectious disease. Distinct from resistance where the goal is to destroy and eliminate the pathogen, disease tolerance is an active process whereby immune and structural cells restrict tissue damage to maintain host fitness without directly affecting pathogen burden. Although disease tolerance is evolutionary conserved and has been well-described in plant systems, only recently has this mode of host defense, in its strictest sense, begun to be explored in mammals. In this review, we will examine the inter- and intracellular networks that support disease tolerance during enteric stages of parasitic helminth infection and why this alternative host defense strategy may have evolved to endure the presence of non-replicating pathogens and maintain the essential functions of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irah L King
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yue Li
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Trichuris suis ova (TSO) therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has attracted much attention. However, efficacy and safety of TSO therapy are still not well described. The aim of the study was to perform a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of TSO therapy in IBD. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2017. Only randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The pooled estimate rates were performed by meta-analysis and reported according to the standard Cochrane guidelines and the PRISMA statement. RESULTS In ulcerative colitis study (3 RCTs, n = 74), the induced rates of clinical remission and clinical response were 10.8% (4/37) and 53.8% (21/39) in TSO group, while 6.7% (2/30) and 29.0% (9/31) in placebo group (all P > .26). Twenty-two (9/41) percent of patients in TSO group experienced at least 1 adverse event compared with 27.3% (9/33) of placebo [relative ratio (RR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.17-3.27]. In Crohn disease study (3 RCTs, n = 538), 40.7% (74/182) of patients in TSO group achieved clinical remission compared with 42.9% (90/210) of placebo (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.20); 45.9% (141/307) of patients in TSO group entered clinical response compared with 45.1% (151/335) of placebo (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.86-1.21). There were sparse data of adverse events reporting both TSO and placebo group (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.88-1.13). CONCLUSION TSO therapy showed no statistical benefit for IBD patients, so it suggested clinicians consider its value carefully before putting into clinical practice. Perhaps continued investigations of larger sample size are necessary due to the previous results with lack of power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Digestive Endoscopy Center
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | - Li-Rong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei
| | | | - Jing-Ping Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Haimen People's Hospital, Haimen, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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24
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Jaeger SU, Schaeffeler E, Winter S, Tremmel R, Schölmerich J, Malek N, Stange EF, Schwab M, Wehkamp J. Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn’s Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:764. [PMID: 30061834 PMCID: PMC6054957 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent randomized study of whipworm Trichuris suis ova (TSO) in ileal Crohn’s disease failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit compared to placebo after 12 weeks. Nonetheless, it has recently been shown that the spontaneous small intestinal inflammatory changes in Nod2-/- (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) mice could be substantially ameliorated when these mice were colonized by Trichuris muris. Those and complementary epidemiologic findings in humans lead to the hypothesis that helminths may be advantageous only in patients carrying defective NOD2 variants. Thus, 207 participants of the TSO trial were retrospectively genotyped for six functional NOD2 genetic variants to evaluate whether the treatment outcome differed in patients carrying NOD2 variants. We observed no significant association of the NOD2 variants or their haplotypes with clinical outcome after TSO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon U. Jaeger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Simon U. Jaeger, Jan Wehkamp,
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roman Tremmel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Nisar Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F. Stange
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Simon U. Jaeger, Jan Wehkamp,
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25
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Vlčková K, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Relationships Between Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections and the Fecal Microbiome in Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 29963018 PMCID: PMC6013710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) and the gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) are widely discussed topics across mammalian species due to their possible impact on the host's health. GIPs may change the environment determining alterations in GIM composition. We evaluated the associations between GIP infections and fecal microbiome composition in two habituated and two unhabituated groups of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 43 fecal samples for GIPs and quantified strongylid nematodes. We characterized fecal microbiome composition through 454 pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Entamoeba spp. infections were associated with significant differences in abundances of bacterial taxa that likely play important roles in nutrition and metabolism for the host, besides being characteristic members of the gorilla gut microbiome. We did not observe any relationships between relative abundances of several bacterial taxa and strongylid egg counts. Based on our findings, we suggest that there is a significant relationship between fecal microbiome and Entamoeba infection in wild gorillas. This study contributes to the overall knowledge about factors involved in modulating GIM communities in great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States.,J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
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26
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Abstract
Approximately one-sixth of the worlds' population is infected with helminths and this class of parasite takes a major toll on domestic livestock. The majority of species of parasitic helminth that infect mammals live in the gut (the only niche for tapeworms) where they contact the hosts' epithelial cells. Here, the helminth-intestinal epithelial interface is reviewed in terms of the impact on, and regulation of epithelial barrier function, both intrinsic (epithelial permeability) and extrinsic (mucin, bacterial peptides, commensal bacteria) elements of the barrier. The data available on direct effects of helminths on epithelial permeability are scant, fragmentary and pales in comparison with knowledge of mobilization of immune reactions and effector cells in response to helminth parasites and how these impact intestinal barrier function. The interaction of helminth-host and helminth-host-bacteria is an important determinant of gut form and function and precisely defining these interactions will radically alter our understanding of normal gut physiology and pathophysiological reactions, revealing new approaches to infection with parasitic helminths, bacterial pathogens and idiopathic auto-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Adam Shute
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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27
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Kaye PM. Stromal Cell Responses in Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:23-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16500. [PMID: 29184071 PMCID: PMC5705695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichuris suis ova (TSO) have been tested for therapeutic application in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) yet understanding of the underlying mechanisms and safety in an immunocompromised host is limited due to lack of a suitable animal model. We used a recently established rabbit model of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis to study the efficacy, mechanisms and safety of TSO therapy in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed animals. TSO treatment prevented the DSS induced weight loss, delayed the onset of DSS induced symptoms by 2 days and significantly reduced the disease activity (DAI). TSO treatment protected caecal histology and prevented the colitis-associated loss in faecal microbiota diversity. Mainly the transcriptome of lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) was affected by TSO treatment, showing dampened innate and adaptive inflammatory responses. The protective effect of TSO was lost in immunosuppressed rabbits, where TSO exacerbated colitis. Our data show that preventive TSO treatment ameliorates colitis severity in immunocompetent rabbits, modulates LPMC immune responses and reduces faecal dysbiosis. In contrast, the same TSO treatment exacerbates colitis in immunosuppressed animals. Our data provide further evidence for a therapeutic effect of TSO in IBD, yet caution is required with regard to TSO treatment in immunosuppressed patients.
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29
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Schölmerich J, Fellermann K, Seibold FW, Rogler G, Langhorst J, Howaldt S, Novacek G, Petersen AM, Bachmann O, Matthes H, Hesselbarth N, Teich N, Wehkamp J, Klaus J, Ott C, Dilger K, Greinwald R, Mueller R. A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:390-399. [PMID: 27707789 PMCID: PMC5881737 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the efficacy and safety of three different dosages of embryonated, viable eggs of Trichuris suis [TSO] versus placebo for induction of remission in mildly-to-moderately active ileocolonic, uncomplicated Crohn's disease [CD]. METHODS Adults with active CD [n = 252] randomly received six fortnightly doses of 250, 2500, or 7500 TSO/15 ml suspension/day [TSO 250, TSO 2500, TSO 7500], or 15 ml placebo solution/day, in a double-blind fashion, with 4 weeks' follow-up. Primary endpoint was the rate of clinical remission [Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI] < 150] at end of treatment, ie at Week 12 or withdrawal. Secondary endpoints included the course of clinical remission, rate of clinical response, change in CDAI, change in markers of inflammation, mucosal healing, and Physician's Global Assessment. RESULTS Clinical remission at Week 12 occurred in 38.5%, 35.2%, and 47.2% of TSO 250, TSO 2500, and TSO 7500 patients, respectively, and in 42.9% of placebo recipients. TSO induced a dose-dependent immunological response. There was no response regarding laboratory markers of inflammation. Other secondary efficacy variables also showed no advantage of TSO over placebo for treatment of active CD. Administration of TSO did not result in any serious adverse drug reaction. Review of non-serious suspected adverse drug reactions following TSO did not reveal any safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS Administration of 250-7500 TSO fortnightly over 12 weeks was safe and showed a dose-dependent immunological response, but no TSO dose showed a clinically relevant effect over placebo for induction of clinical remission or response in mildly-to-moderately active, ileocolonic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schölmerich
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Frank W. Seibold
- Spital Netz Bern Tiefenau, Abt. Gastroenterologie, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- University of Zurich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Integrative Gastroenterologie, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Howaldt
- Hamburgisches Forschungsinstitut für CED, HaFCED GmbH&Co.KG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gottfried Novacek
- Medizinische Universität Wien, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Hvidovre University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Harald Matthes
- Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhöhe, Abt. Gastroenterologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Niels Teich
- Internistische Gemeinschaftspraxis für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten Leipzig & Schkeuditz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Abt. Innere Medizin I, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Klaus
- Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Ott
- University Hospital of Regensburg, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg, Germany
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30
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Williams AR, Klaver EJ, Laan LC, Ramsay A, Fryganas C, Difborg R, Kringel H, Reed JD, Mueller-Harvey I, Skov S, van Die I, Thamsborg SM. Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis. Immunology 2016; 150:312-328. [PMID: 27905107 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and environmental, dietary and pathogen antigens play a key role in immune homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Dietary polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins (PAC) may reduce inflammation, and we therefore hypothesized that PAC may suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced responses in human DCs and subsequent T helper type 1 (Th1) -type responses in naive T cells. Moreover, we proposed that, because DCs are likely to be exposed to multiple stimuli, the activity of PAC may synergise with other bioactive molecules that have anti-inflammatory activity, e.g. soluble products from the helminth parasite Trichuris suis (TsSP). We show that PAC are endocytosed by monocyte-derived DCs and selectively induce CD86 expression. Subsequently, PAC suppress the LPS-induced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12p70, while enhancing secretion of IL-10. Incubation of DCs with PAC did not affect lymphocyte proliferation; however, subsequent interferon-γ production was markedly suppressed, while IL-4 production was unaffected. The activity of PAC was confined to oligomers (degree of polymerization ≥ 4). Co-pulsing DCs with TsSP and PAC synergistically reduced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and IL-12p70 while increasing IL-10 secretion. Moreover, both TsSP and PAC alone induced Th2-associated OX40L expression in DCs, and together synergized to up-regulate OX40L. These data suggest that PAC induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype in human DCs that selectively down-regulates Th1 response in naive T cells, and that they also act cooperatively with TsSP. Our results indicate a novel interaction between dietary compounds and parasite products to influence immune function, and may suggest that combinations of PAC and TsSP can have therapeutic potential for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Elsenoor J Klaver
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa C Laan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aina Ramsay
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Christos Fryganas
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Rolf Difborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Helene Kringel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jess D Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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31
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Laan LC, Williams AR, Stavenhagen K, Giera M, Kooij G, Vlasakov I, Kalay H, Kringel H, Nejsum P, Thamsborg SM, Wuhrer M, Dijkstra CD, Cummings RD, van Die I. The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells. FASEB J 2016; 31:719-731. [PMID: 27806992 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600841r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have shown that administration of the nematode Trichuris suis can be beneficial in treating various immune disorders. To provide insight into the mechanisms by which this worm suppresses inflammatory responses, an active component was purified from T. suis soluble products (TsSPs) that suppress---- TNF and IL-12 secretion from LPS-activated human dendritic cells (DCs). Analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified this compound as prostaglandin (PG)E2. The purified compound showed similar properties compared with TsSPs and commercial PGE2 in modulating LPS-induced expression of many cytokines and chemokines and in modulating Rab7B and P2RX7 expression in human DCs. Furthermore, the TsSP-induced reduction of TNF secretion from DCs is reversed by receptor antagonists for EP2 and EP4, indicating PGE2 action. T. suis secretes extremely high amounts of PGE2 (45-90 ng/mg protein) within their excretory/secretory products but few related lipid mediators as established by metabololipidomic analysis. Culture of T. suis with several cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors that inhibit mammalian prostaglandin synthesis affected the worm's motility but did not inhibit PGE2 secretion, suggesting that the worms can synthesize PGE2 via a COX-independent pathway. We conclude that T. suis secretes PGE2 to suppress proinflammatory responses in human DCs, thereby modulating the host's immune response.-Laan, L. C., Williams, A. R., Stavenhagen, K., Giera, M., Kooij, G., Vlasakov, I., Kalay, H., Kringel, H., Nejsum, P., Thamsborg, S. M., Wuhrer, M., Dijkstra, C. D., Cummings, R. D., van Die, I. The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Laan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Section for Parasitology, Health, and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Iliyan Vlasakov
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Kringel
- Section for Parasitology, Health, and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Section for Parasitology, Health, and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Section for Parasitology, Health, and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine D Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Center for Glycosciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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32
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Ravidà A, Aldridge AM, Driessen NN, Heus FAH, Hokke CH, O’Neill SM. Fasciola hepatica Surface Coat Glycoproteins Contain Mannosylated and Phosphorylated N-glycans and Exhibit Immune Modulatory Properties Independent of the Mannose Receptor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004601. [PMID: 27104959 PMCID: PMC4841591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is a neglected tropical disease infecting over 1 million individuals annually with 17 million people at risk of infection. Like other helminths, F. hepatica employs mechanisms of immune suppression in order to evade its host immune system. In this study the N-glycosylation of F. hepatica’s tegumental coat (FhTeg) and its carbohydrate-dependent interactions with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were investigated. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that FhTeg N-glycans comprised mainly of oligomannose and to a lesser extent truncated and complex type glycans, including a phosphorylated subset. The interaction of FhTeg with the mannose receptor (MR) was investigated. Binding of FhTeg to MR-transfected CHO cells and BMDCs was blocked when pre-incubated with mannan. We further elucidated the role played by MR in the immunomodulatory mechanism of FhTeg and demonstrated that while FhTeg’s binding was significantly reduced in BMDCs generated from MR knockout mice, the absence of MR did not alter FhTeg’s ability to induce SOCS3 or suppress cytokine secretion from LPS activated BMDCs. A panel of negatively charged monosaccharides (i.e. GlcNAc-4P, Man-6P and GalNAc-4S) were used in an attempt to inhibit the immunoregulatory properties of phosphorylated oligosaccharides. Notably, GalNAc-4S, a known inhibitor of the Cys-domain of MR, efficiently suppressed FhTeg binding to BMDCs and inhibited the expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) 3, a negative regulator the TLR and STAT3 pathway. We conclude that F. hepatica contains high levels of mannose residues and phosphorylated glycoproteins that are crucial in modulating its host’s immune system, however the role played by MR appears to be limited to the initial binding event suggesting that other C-type lectin receptors are involved in the immunomodulatory mechanism of FhTeg. Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is a neglected tropical disease infecting over 1 million individuals annually with 17 million people at risk of infection. These worms infect the liver and can survive for many years in its animal or human host because they supress the host’s immune system that is important in clearing worm infection. Worms are similar to humans in that they are made of proteins, fats and sugars, and while there are many studies on worm proteins, few studies have examined the sugars. We are interested in the sugars because we believe that they help the parasite survive for many years within its host. To examine this, we have used a technique called mass spectrometric analysis to characterise the sugars present in F. hepatica. We also have developed systems in the laboratory to test if these sugars can suppress the host’s immune system. We conclude that F. hepatica sugars are crucial in suppressing its host’s immune system; however, the exact way the sugars can do this requires further studies. These studies are important for the development of worm vaccines or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ravidà
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Allison M. Aldridge
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole N. Driessen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. H. Heus
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. O’Neill
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Identification of Antigenic Glycans from Schistosoma mansoni by Using a Shotgun Egg Glycan Microarray. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1371-1386. [PMID: 26883596 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of mammals by the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni induces antibodies to glycan antigens in worms and eggs, but the differential nature of the immune response among infected mammals is poorly understood. To better define these responses, we used a shotgun glycomics approach in which N-glycans from schistosome egg glycoproteins were prepared, derivatized, separated, and used to generate an egg shotgun glycan microarray. This array was interrogated with sera from infected mice, rhesus monkeys, and humans and with glycan-binding proteins and antibodies to gather information about the structures of antigenic glycans, which also were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A major glycan antigen targeted by IgG from different infected species is the FLDNF epitope [Fucα3GalNAcβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAc-R], which is also recognized by the IgG monoclonal antibody F2D2. The FLDNF antigen is expressed by all life stages of the parasite in mammalian hosts, and F2D2 can kill schistosomula in vitro in a complement-dependent manner. Different antisera also recognized other glycan determinants, including core β-xylose and highly fucosylated glycans. Thus, the natural shotgun glycan microarray of schistosome eggs is useful in identifying antigenic glycans and in developing new anti-glycan reagents that may have diagnostic applications and contribute to developing new vaccines against schistosomiasis.
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Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:461-71. [PMID: 26650734 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichuris suis, a nematode parasite of pigs, has attracted attention as its eggs have been administered to human patients as a potential therapy for inflammatory diseases. The immunomodulatory factors remain molecularly uncharacterised, but in vitro studies suggest that glycans on the parasite's excretory/secretory proteins may play a role. Using an off-line LC-MS approach in combination with chemical and enzymatic treatments, we have examined the N-linked oligosaccharides of T. suis. In addition to the paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic N-glycans typical of many invertebrates, a number of glycans carry N,N'-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) modified by fucose and/or phosphorylcholine. Such antennal epitopes are similar to ones previously associated with immunomodulation by helminths; here we propose phosphorylcholine modifications predominantly of terminal N-acetylgalactosamine but also of subterminal α1,3-fucosylated N-acetylglucosamine. Exact knowledge of the glycome of T. suis will facilitate more targeted studies on glycan receptors in the host as well as the engineering of cell lines to produce correctly glycosylated recombinant forms of candidate proteins for future studies on immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
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Lopes F, Reyes JL, Wang A, Leung G, McKay DM. Enteric epithelial cells support growth of Hymenolepis diminuta in vitro and trigger TH2-promoting events in a species-specific manner. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:691-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Cytokine 2015; 75:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kooij G, Braster R, Koning JJ, Laan LC, van Vliet SJ, Los T, Eveleens AM, van der Pol SMA, Förster-Waldl E, Boztug K, Belot A, Szilagyi K, van den Berg TK, van Buul JD, van Egmond M, de Vries HE, Cummings RD, Dijkstra CD, van Die I. Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015. [PMID: 26205402 PMCID: PMC4513676 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The inverse correlation between prevalence of auto-immune disorders like the chronic neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and the occurrence of helminth (worm) infections, suggests that the helminth-trained immune system is protective against auto-immunity. As monocytes are regarded as crucial players in the pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases, we explored the hypothesis that these innate effector cells are prime targets for helminths to exert their immunomodulatory effects. Results Here we show that soluble products of the porcine nematode Trichuris suis (TsSP) are potent in changing the phenotype and function of human monocytes by skewing classical monocytes into anti-inflammatory patrolling cells, which exhibit reduced trans-endothelial migration capacity in an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier. Mechanistically, we identified the mannose receptor as the TsSP-interacting monocyte receptor and we revealed that specific downstream signalling occurs via protein kinase C (PKC), and in particular PKCδ. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive mechanistic insight into helminth-induced immunomodulation, which can be therapeutically exploited to combat various auto-immune disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0223-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Dhawan S, Hiemstra IH, Verseijden C, Hilbers FW, te Velde AA, Willemsen LEM, Stap J, den Haan JM, de Jonge WJ. Cholinergic receptor activation on epithelia protects against cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:846-59. [PMID: 25683465 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Various types of cholinergic receptors are expressed on intestinal epithelia. Their function is not completely understood. We hypothesize that cholinergic receptor activation on epithelium may serve a protective function in cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. METHODS The effect of cholinergic receptor activation on cellular barrier function in epithelial cells was assessed by measuring electrical impedance, and by determining para-cellular transport in transwell experiments. Cell lysates treated with cytokine and/or cholinergic agonists were analysed for cyto- and chemokine production, and tight junction (TJ) protein rearrangement was assessed. Primary colonic epithelial cells were isolated from surgically resected colon tissue of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. RESULTS IL-1β induced production of chemokines (CXCL-1, CXCL-10, IL-8, CCL-7) and led to a rearrangement of TJ proteins (occludin and ZO-1). This response was inhibited by pre-treatment with muscarinic, rather than nicotinic, acetylcholine receptor agonists. Treatment with IL-1β enhanced paracellular permeability (4kD dextran) and reduced impedance across the monolayer, which was counteracted by pre-incubation with acetylcholine, or muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol. The protective effect of acetylcholine was antagonized by atropine, underscoring muscarinic receptor involvement. IL-1β induced transcription of myosin light chain kinase and phosphorylation of myosin light chain, and this cytokine-induced phosphorylation of MLC was inhibited by muscarinic receptor agonists. Furthermore, in epithelial cells from resection material of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, high expression of CXCL-8 was associated with a reduced choline acetyl transferase expression, suggesting an aberrant epithelial production of ACh in inflammatory context. CONCLUSION Acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors on epithelial cells to maintain epithelial barrier function under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dhawan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - I. H. Hiemstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - C. Verseijden
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - F. W. Hilbers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - A. A. te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - L. E. M. Willemsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht Germany
| | - J. Stap
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging/LCAM-AMC; Academic Medical Centrum; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - J. M. den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - W. J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant occurs during a critical time window for immune and gastrointestinal development. Infant colonization sets the stage for the adult microbiome. This review is a broad survey of the factors affecting infant colonization and the downstream effects on gastrointestinal health and disease. Major topics affecting colonization include initial inoculation dependent on birth mode, the impact of breast-feeding, and inside-out modulation of the developing microbiome by the immune system. Major outcomes of colonization include the timing-dependent education of the neonatal immune system, which is interconnected with barrier function and metabolism. These all engage in further continuing cross-talk with the microbiome, genetics, and nutrition. This review also briefly examines mechanisms of disease resulting from disrupted colonization as well as nutritional and microbial therapies.
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The helminth Trichuris suis suppresses TLR4-induced inflammatory responses in human macrophages. Genes Immun 2014; 15:477-86. [PMID: 25008860 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in patients with inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown the beneficial effects of probiotic helminth administration, although the underlying mechanism of action remains largely unknown. Potential cellular targets may include innate immune cells that propagate inflammation in these diseases, like pro-inflammatory macrophages. We here investigated the effects of the helminth Trichuris suis soluble products (SPs) on the phenotype and function of human inflammatory (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-differentiated) macrophages. Interestingly, we here show that T. suis SPs potently skew inflammatory macrophages into a more anti-inflammatory state in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, and less effects are seen when stimulating macrophages with TLR2 or -3 ligands. Gene microarray analysis of GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages further revealed that many TLR4-induced inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-12B, CCL1 and CXCL9, are downregulated by T. suis SPs. In particular, we observed a strong reduction in the expression and function of P2RX7, a purinergic receptor involved in macrophage inflammation, leading to reduced IL-1β secretion. In conclusion, we show that T. suis SPs suppress a broad range of inflammatory pathways in GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner, thereby providing enhanced mechanistic insight into the therapeutic potential of this helminth for patients with inflammatory diseases.
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