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Meng X, Wang L, Du YC, Cheng D, Zeng T. PPARβ/δ as a promising molecular drug target for liver diseases: A focused review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102343. [PMID: 38641250 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Various liver diseases pose great threats to humans. Although the etiologies of these liver diseases are quite diverse, they share similar pathologic phenotypes and molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lipid and glucose metabolism disturbance, hepatic Kupffer cell (KC) proinflammatory polarization and inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is expressed in various types of liver cells with relatively higher expression in KCs and HSCs. Accumulating evidence has revealed the versatile functions of PPARβ/δ such as controlling lipid homeostasis, inhibiting inflammation, regulating glucose metabolism, and restoring insulin sensitivity, suggesting that PPARβ/δ may serve as a potential molecular drug target for various liver diseases. This article aims to provide a concise review of the structure, expression pattern and biological functions of PPARβ/δ in the liver and its roles in various liver diseases, and to discuss potential future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan-Chao Du
- Jinan Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan, Shandong 250102, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Yi M, Toribio AJ, Salem YM, Alexander M, Ferrey A, Swentek L, Tantisattamo E, Ichii H. Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as a Key to Treatment for Diabetic Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5831. [PMID: 38892018 PMCID: PMC11172493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. DM-related complications affect multiple organ systems and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among people with DM. Of the numerous acute and chronic complications, atherosclerosis due to diabetic dyslipidemia is a condition that can lead to many life-threatening diseases, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is an emerging antioxidative pathway and a promising target for the treatment of DM and its complications. This review aims to explore the Nrf2 pathway's role in combating diabetic dyslipidemia. We will explore risk factors for diabetic dyslipidemia at a cellular level and aim to elucidate how the Nrf2 pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target for DM-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yi
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arvin John Toribio
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Antoney Ferrey
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ekamol Tantisattamo
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Harrison SA, Rolph T, Knot M, Dubourg J. FGF21 Agonists: An Emerging Therapeutic for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis and Beyond. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)00332-5. [PMID: 38710230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide epidemics of obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) / metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) represents a major economic burden on healthcare systems. At-risk MASH patients, defined as MASH with moderate or significant fibrosis are at higher risk of comorbidity / mortality with a significant risk of cardiovascular diseases and/or major adverse liver outcomes. Despite a high unmet medical need, there is no approved therapy to date. Several drug candidates have reached the phase 3 development stage and could lead to several potential conditional drug approvals in the coming years. Within the armamentarium of future treatment options, FGF21 analogs exhibit an interesting positioning thanks to their pleiotropic effects in addition to their significant effect on both MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical data from FGF21 analogs for MASH and explore additional potential therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford, UK OX3 9DU; Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
| | - Tim Rolph
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maddie Knot
- Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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Sinha RA. Targeting nuclear receptors for NASH/MASH: From bench to bedside. LIVER RESEARCH 2024; 8:34-45. [PMID: 38544909 PMCID: PMC7615772 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The onset of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a tipping point leading to liver injury and subsequent hepatic complications in the natural progression of what is now termed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver diseases (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). With no pharmacological treatment currently available for MASH/NASH, the race is on to develop drugs targeting multiple facets of hepatic metabolism, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic events, which are major drivers of MASH. Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate genomic transcription upon binding to lipophilic ligands and govern multiple aspects of liver metabolism and inflammation. Ligands of NRs may include hormones, lipids, bile acids, and synthetic ligands, which upon binding to NRs regulate the transcriptional activities of target genes. NR ligands are presently the most promising drug candidates expected to receive approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration as a pharmacological treatment for MASH. This review aims to cover the current understanding of NRs, including nuclear hormone receptors, non-steroid hormone receptors, circadian NRs, and orphan NRs, which are currently undergoing clinical trials for MASH treatment, along with NRs that have shown promising results in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Yang CR, Lin WJ, Shen PC, Liao PY, Dai YC, Hung YC, Lai HC, Mehmood S, Cheng WC, Ma WL. Phenotypic and metabolomic characteristics of mouse models of metabolic associated steatohepatitis. Biomark Res 2024; 12:6. [PMID: 38195587 PMCID: PMC10777576 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is metabolic disease that may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mouse models of diet-induced MASH, which is characterized by the high levels of fats, sugars, and cholesterol in diets, are commonly used in research. However, mouse models accurately reflecting the progression of MASH in humans remain to be established. Studies have explored the potential use of serological metabolites as biomarkers of MASH severity in relation to human MASH. METHODS We performed a comparative analysis of three mouse models of diet-induced MASH in terms of phenotypic and metabolomic characteristics; MASH was induced using different diets: a high-fat diet; a Western diet; and a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed using standard clinical approaches (e.g., METAVIR score, hyaluronan level, and collagen deposition level). Mouse serum samples were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic profiling followed by bioinformatic analyses. Metabolomic analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was performed; the corresponding cirrhosis scores were also evaluated. RESULTS Using clinically relevant quantitative diagnostic methods, the severity of MASH was evaluated. Regarding metabolomics, the number of lipoprotein metabolites increased with both diet and MASH progression. Notably, the levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly increased with fibrosis progression. During the development of diet-induced MASH in mice, the strongest upregulation of expression was noted for VLDL receptor. Metabolomic analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients with cirrhosis indicated lipoproteins (e.g., VLDL and LDL) as predominant biomarkers of cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the pathophysiology and metabolomics of experimental MASH and its relevance to human MASH. The observed upregulation of lipoprotein expression reveals a feedforward mechanism for MASH development that may be targeted for the development of noninvasive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian-Ru Yang
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jen Lin
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Shen
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yin Liao
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chang Dai
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Hung
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiraz Mehmood
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Yang Z, Danzeng A, Liu Q, Zeng C, Xu L, Mo J, Pingcuo C, Wang X, Wang C, Zhang B, Zhang B. The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:113-126. [PMID: 38164174 PMCID: PMC10750283 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health burden closely linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The complex pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple cellular pathways and molecular factors. Nuclear receptors (NRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation in NAFLD, offering potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Targeting PPARs and FXRs has shown promise in ameliorating NAFLD symptoms and halting disease progression. However, further investigation is needed to address side effects and personalize therapy approaches. This review summarizes the current understanding of the involvement of NRs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and explores their therapeutic potential. We discuss the role of several NRs in modulating lipid homeostasis in the liver, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), REV-ERB, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR).The expanding knowledge of NRs in NAFLD offers new avenues for targeted therapies, necessitating exploration of novel treatment strategies and optimization of existing approaches to combat this increasingly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Awang Danzeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiumeng Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chenglong Zeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Mo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ciren Pingcuo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Binhao Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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8
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Changizi Z, Kajbaf F, Moslehi A. An Overview of the Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors in Liver Diseases. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1542-1552. [PMID: 38161499 PMCID: PMC10752810 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a superfamily of nuclear transcription receptors, consisting of PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ, which are highly expressed in the liver. They control and modulate the expression of a large number of genes involved in metabolism and energy homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and even apoptosis in the liver. Therefore, they have critical roles in the pathophysiology of hepatic diseases. This review provides a general insight into the role of PPARs in liver diseases and some of their agonists in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Changizi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Forough Kajbaf
- Veterinary Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Azam Moslehi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Treatment of liver fibrosis: Past, current, and future. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:755-774. [PMID: 37397931 PMCID: PMC10308286 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i6.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis accompanies the progression of chronic liver diseases independent of etiologies, such as hepatitis viral infection, alcohol consumption, and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. It is commonly associated with liver injury, inflammation, and cell death. Liver fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix components that are expressed by liver myofibroblasts such as collagens and alpha-smooth actin proteins. Activated hepatic stellate cells contribute to the major population of myofibroblasts. Many treatments for liver fibrosis have been investigated in clinical trials, including dietary supplementation (e.g., vitamin C), biological treatment (e.g., simtuzumab), drug (e.g., pegbelfermin and natural herbs), genetic regulation (e.g., non-coding RNAs), and transplantation of stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells). However, none of these treatments has been approved by Food and Drug Administration. The treatment efficacy can be evaluated by histological staining methods, imaging methods, and serum biomarkers, as well as fibrosis scoring systems, such as fibrosis-4 index, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score. Furthermore, the reverse of liver fibrosis is slowly and frequently impossible for advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. To avoid the life-threatening stage of liver fibrosis, anti-fibrotic treatments, especially for combined behavior prevention, biological treatment, drugs or herb medicines, and dietary regulation are needed. This review summarizes the past studies and current and future treatments for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ye Zhang
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Radiology,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Marsal-Beltran A, Rodríguez-Castellano A, Astiarraga B, Calvo E, Rada P, Madeira A, Rodríguez-Peña MM, Llauradó G, Núñez-Roa C, Gómez-Santos B, Maymó-Masip E, Bosch R, Frutos MD, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ramos-Molina B, Aspichueta P, Joven J, Fernández-Real JM, Quer JC, Valverde ÁM, Pardo A, Vendrell J, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Fernández-Veledo S. Protective effects of the succinate/SUCNR1 axis on damaged hepatocytes in NAFLD. Metabolism 2023:155630. [PMID: 37315889 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Succinate and succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) are linked to fibrotic remodeling in models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but whether they have roles beyond the activation of hepatic stellate cells remains unexplored. We investigated the succinate/SUCNR1 axis in the context of NAFLD specifically in hepatocytes. METHODS We studied the phenotype of wild-type and Sucnr1-/- mice fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet to induce non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and explored the function of SUCNR1 in murine primary hepatocytes and human HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid. Lastly, plasma succinate and hepatic SUCNR1 expression were analyzed in four independent cohorts of patients in different NAFLD stages. RESULTS Sucnr1 was upregulated in murine liver and primary hepatocytes in response to diet-induced NASH. Sucnr1 deficiency provoked both beneficial (reduced fibrosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress) and detrimental (exacerbated steatosis and inflammation and reduced glycogen content) effects in the liver, and disrupted glucose homeostasis. Studies in vitro revealed that hepatocyte injury increased Sucnr1 expression, which when activated improved lipid and glycogen homeostasis in damaged hepatocytes. In humans, SUCNR1 expression was a good determinant of NAFLD progression to advanced stages. In a population at risk of NAFLD, circulating succinate was elevated in patients with a fatty liver index (FLI) ≥60. Indeed, succinate had good predictive value for steatosis diagnosed by FLI, and improved the prediction of moderate/severe steatosis through biopsy when added to an FLI algorithm. CONCLUSIONS We identify hepatocytes as target cells of extracellular succinate during NAFLD progression and uncover a hitherto unknown function for SUCNR1 as a regulator of hepatocyte glucose and lipid metabolism. Our clinical data highlight the potential of succinate and hepatic SUCNR1 expression as markers to diagnose fatty liver and NASH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marsal-Beltran
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Adrià Rodríguez-Castellano
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Brenno Astiarraga
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Madeira
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M-Mar Rodríguez-Peña
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Llauradó
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catalina Núñez-Roa
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Elsa Maymó-Masip
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta - IISPV, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - María Dolores Frutos
- Department of General and Digestive System Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José-María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition and Insititut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad (CIBEROBN) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition and Insititut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad (CIBEROBN) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Quer
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Pardo
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain.
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain.
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11
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Mandal SK, Puri S, Kumar BK, Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman M, Sharma PK, Sankaranarayanan M, Deepa PR. Targeting lipid-sensing nuclear receptors PPAR (α, γ, β/δ): HTVS and molecular docking/dynamics analysis of pharmacological ligands as potential pan-PPAR agonists. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10666-y. [PMID: 37280404 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity-related systemic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancers are rapidly rising. Several of these disorders involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as one of the key cell signaling pathways. PPARs are nuclear receptors that play a central role in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. They can activate or suppress the genes responsible for inflammation, adipogenesis, and energy balance, making them promising therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders. In this study, an attempt has been made to screen novel PPAR pan-agonists from the ZINC database targeting the three PPAR family of receptors (α, γ, β/δ), using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The top scoring five ligands with strong binding affinity against all the three PPAR isoforms were eprosartan, canagliflozin, pralatrexate, sacubitril, olaparib. The ADMET analysis was performed to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of the top 5 molecules. On the basis of ADMET analysis, the top ligand was subjected to MD simulations, and compared with lanifibranor (reference PPAR pan-agonist). Comparatively, the top-scoring ligand showed better protein-ligand complex (PLC) stability with all the PPARs (α, γ, β/δ). When experimentally tested in in vitro cell culture model of NAFLD, eprosartan showed dose dependent decrease in lipid accumulation and oxidative damage. These outcomes suggest potential PPAR pan-agonist molecules for further experimental validation and pharmacological development, towards treatment of PPAR-mediated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Sonakshi Puri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Mohammed Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - P R Deepa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India.
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12
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Cao R, Tian H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Xu H, Rao G, Tian Y, Fu X. Signaling pathways and intervention for therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e283. [PMID: 37303813 PMCID: PMC10248034 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents one of the fastest growing epidemic metabolic disorders worldwide and is a strong contributor for a broad range of comorbidities, including vascular, visual, neurological, kidney, and liver diseases. Moreover, recent data suggest a mutual interplay between T2DM and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Pioneering discoveries throughout the past few decades have established notable links between signaling pathways and T2DM pathogenesis and therapy. Importantly, a number of signaling pathways substantially control the advancement of core pathological changes in T2DM, including IR and β cell dysfunction, as well as additional pathogenic disturbances. Accordingly, an improved understanding of these signaling pathways sheds light on tractable targets and strategies for developing and repurposing critical therapies to treat T2DM and its complications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the history of T2DM and signaling pathways, and offer a systematic update on the role and mechanism of key signaling pathways underlying the onset, development, and progression of T2DM. In this content, we also summarize current therapeutic drugs/agents associated with signaling pathways for the treatment of T2DM and its complications, and discuss some implications and directions to the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Guocheng Rao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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13
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Chen H, Tan H, Wan J, Zeng Y, Wang J, Wang H, Lu X. PPAR-γ signaling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108391. [PMID: 36963510 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), currently the leading cause of global chronic liver disease, has emerged as a major public health problem, more efficient therapeutics of which are thus urgently needed. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is considered a crucial metabolic regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. The role of PPAR-γ in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is gradually being recognized. Here, we outline the involvement of PPAR-γ in the pathogenesis of NAFLD through adipogenesis, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and fibrosis. In addition, the evidence for PPAR-γ- targeted therapy for NAFLD are summarized. Altogether, PPAR-γ is a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD, and the development of drugs that can balance the beneficial and undesirable effects of PPAR-γ will bring new light to NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Disease Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Wan
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine / West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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De Sousa-Coelho AL, Gacias M, O'Neill BT, Relat J, Link W, Haro D, Marrero PF. FOXO1 represses PPARα-Mediated induction of FGF21 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 644:122-129. [PMID: 36640666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as a metabolic regulator that exerts potent anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering effects in animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, showing a protective role in fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Hepatic expression of FGF21 is regulated by PPARα and is induced by fasting. Ablation of FoxO1 in liver has been shown to increase FGF21 expression in hyperglycemia. To better understand the role of FOXO1 in the regulation of FGF21 expression we have modified HepG2 human hepatoma cells to overexpress FoxO1 and PPARα. Here we show that FoxO1 represses PPARα-mediated FGF21 induction, and that the repression acts on the FGF21 gene promoter without affecting other PPARα target genes. Additionally, we demonstrate that FoxO1 physically interacts with PPARα and that FoxO1/3/4 depletion in skeletal muscle contributes to increased Fgf21 tissue levels. Taken together, these data indicate that FOXO1 is a PPARα-interacting protein that antagonizes PPARα activity on the FGF21 promoter. Because other PPARα target genes remained unaffected, these results suggest a highly specific mechanism implicated in FGF21 regulation. We conclude that FGF21 can be specifically modulated by FOXO1 in a PPARα-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa De Sousa-Coelho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 2, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 2, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 1, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Mar Gacias
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, 52242, Iowa, USA
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Haro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro F Marrero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Krauss RM, Lu JT, Higgins JJ, Clary CM, Tabibiazar R. VLDL receptor gene therapy for reducing atherogenic lipoproteins. Mol Metab 2023; 69:101685. [PMID: 36739970 PMCID: PMC9950951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, there has been considerable research into the management and treatment of atherogenic lipid disorders. Although the majority of treatments and management strategies for cardiovascular disease (CVD) center around targeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), there is mounting evidence for the residual CVD risk attributed to high triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels despite the presence of lowered LDL-C levels. Among the biological mechanisms for clearing TG-rich lipoproteins, the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) plays a key role in the trafficking and metabolism of lipoprotein particles in multiple tissues, but it is not ordinarily expressed in the liver. Since VLDLR is capable of binding and internalizing apoE-containing TG-rich lipoproteins as well as Lp(a), hepatic VLDLR expression has the potential for promoting clearance of these atherogenic particles from the circulation and managing the residual CVD risk not addressed by current lipid lowering therapies. This review provides an overview of VLDLR function and the potential for developing a genetic medicine based on liver-targeted VLDLR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M. Krauss
- University of California, San Francisco, 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland CA 94609, USA,Corresponding author.
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16
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Recent updates on targeting the molecular mediators of NAFLD. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:101-124. [PMID: 36792729 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common disease worldwide in an era of rapid economic growth. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease, involving multiple genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors, and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. NAFLD can be classified into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can both progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to the enormous burden of NAFLD and its complications, no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of NAFLD are on the market, and therapeutic targets and drug therapies are being actively investigated. In view of the various pathological mechanisms of NAFLD, numbers of preclinical studies and clinical trials have made rapid progress. This review mainly summarizes the most recently characterized mechanisms and therapeutic targets in each mechanism of NAFLD, focusing on the mechanism and application potential.
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17
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Development of the Rabbit NASH Model Resembling Human NASH and Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020384. [PMID: 36830921 PMCID: PMC9953079 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease which may progress into liver fibrosis and cancer. Since NASH patients have a high prevalence of atherosclerosis and ensuing cardiovascular diseases, simultaneous management of NASH and atherosclerosis is required. Currently, rodents are the most common animal models for NASH and accompanying liver fibrosis, but there are great differences in lipoprotein profiles between rodents and humans, which makes it difficult to reproduce the pathology of NASH patients with atherosclerosis. Rabbits can be a promising candidate for assessing NASH and atherosclerosis because lipoprotein metabolism is more similar to humans compared with rodents. To develop the NASH model using rabbits, we treated the Japanese White rabbit with a newly developed high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD) containing palm oil 7.5%, cholesterol 0.5%, and ferrous citrate 0.5% for 16 weeks. HFHCD-fed rabbits exhibited NASH at 8 weeks after commencing the treatment and developed advanced fibrosis by the 14th week of treatment. In addition to hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerotic lesion developed in the aorta after 8 weeks. Therefore, this rabbit NASH model might contribute to exploring the concurrent treatment options for human NASH and atherosclerosis.
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18
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Jin L, Yang R, Geng L, Xu A. Fibroblast Growth Factor-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Metabolic Complications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:359-382. [PMID: 36100222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032322-093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which comprises 22 structurally related proteins, plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and metabolism. Among them, two classical members (FGF1 and FGF4) and two endocrine members (FGF19 and FGF21) are important regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis, glucose/lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of these FGFs for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several genetically engineered FGF19 and FGF21 analogs with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed and progressed into various stages of clinical trials. These FGF analogs are effective in alleviating hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis in biopsy-confirmed NASH patients, whereas their antidiabetic and antiobesity effects are mildand vary greatly in different clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances in biopharmaceutical development of FGF-based therapies against obesity-related metabolic complications, highlights major challenges in clinical implementation, and discusses possible strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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19
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Corbee RJ, van Everdingen DL, Kooistra HS, Penning LC. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) analogs as possible treatment options for diabetes mellitus in veterinary patients. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1086987. [PMID: 36699319 PMCID: PMC9868460 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1086987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in numerous metabolic processes. The endocrine subfamily of FGFs, consisting of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, might have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or obesity. The analog with the greatest potential, FGF21, lowers blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and induces weight loss in several animal models. In this review we summarize recent (pre)clinical findings with FGF21 analogs in animal models and men. Furthermore, possible applications of FGF21 analogs for pets with DM will be discussed. As currently, information about the use of FGF21 analogs in pet animals is scarce.
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20
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Bzdęga W, Żywno H, Kołakowski A, Kurzyna PF, Harasim-Symbor E, Chabowski A, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K. Coumestrol as a new substance that may diminish lipid precursors of the inflammation in steatotic primary rat hepatocytes. Biochimie 2023; 204:78-91. [PMID: 36084910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coumestrol is a phytoestrogen found in various plant foods. Increasing evidence ascertained its robust anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative properties likewise ability to mitigate insulin resistance. Thus, it may be a potential medicine in the treatment of many metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we aimed to shed some light on its influence on the accumulation of certain lipid fractions and the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in primary rat hepatocytes during the lipid-overload state. The cells were isolated from the male Wistar rat's liver with the use of collagenase perfusion. It was followed by incubation of the cells with the presence or absence of palmitic acid and/or coumestrol. The accumulation of lipid fractions was assessed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) whereas the expression of the proteins was evaluated by the Western blot technique. Treatment with coumestrol in the state of increased fatty acids availability led to the deposition of triacylglycerols rather than diacylglycerols, significantly decreased expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, especially interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and nuclear factor κβ (NF-κβ). Also, we observed a substantial diminution in proinflammatory enzymes expression. Taking into consideration the direction of the aforementioned changes, we may assume that coumestrol can ameliorate the array of factors leading to the development of steatosis, likewise counteracting progression to steatohepatitis, thus it may be a step forward to the long-awaited breakthrough in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Bzdęga
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Hubert Żywno
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Adrian Kołakowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Harasim-Symbor
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland.
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21
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Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Huang P, Song H, Zheng P. The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1089214. [PMID: 36618930 PMCID: PMC9810635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1089214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Teaching Experiment Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
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Luo Y, Jiao Q, Chen Y. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress-the responder to lipotoxicity and modulator of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:1073-1085. [PMID: 36657744 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2170780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs with aberrant lipid accumulation and resultant adverse effects and widely exists in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis and actively participates in NAFLD pathological processes, including hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis. Such acknowledges drive the discovery of novel NAFLD biomarker and therapeutic targets and the development of ER-stress targeted NAFLD drugs. AREAS COVERED This article discusses and updates the role of ER stress and UPR in NAFLD, the underlying action mechanism, and especially their full participation in NAFLD pathophysiology. It characterizes key molecular targets useful for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and highlights the recent ER stress-targeted therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION Targeting ER Stress is a valuable and promising strategy for NAFLD treatment, but its smooth translation into clinical application still requires better clarification of the different UPR patterns in diverse NAFLD physiological states. Further understanding of the distinct effects of these various patterns on NAFLD, the thresholds deciding their final impacts, and their actions via non-liver tissues and cells would be of great help to develop a precise and effective therapy for NAFLD. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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23
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Ding H, Zhang Y, Ma X, Zhang Z, Xu Q, Liu C, Li B, Dong S, Li L, Zhu J, Zhong M, Zhang G. Bariatric surgery for diabetic comorbidities: A focus on hepatic, cardiac and renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016635. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractPharmacological treatment and mechanisms of bariatric surgery for diabetic comorbidities.
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24
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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25
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Natural PPARs agonists for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113127. [PMID: 35598367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a general term for a series of liver diseases including simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, which is closely related to metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is relatively complex, which has gradually changed from the previous 'two-hit' hypothesis to the current "multiple hits" hypothesis. However, there is currently no approved treatment for NAFLD in clinic, highlighting the urgent need for drug development. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, whose different subtypes have been proved to regulate different stages of NAFLD, thus becoming promising drug targets for NAFLD. As important sources of drug development, natural products have been proven to treat NAFLD through multiple pathways and multiple targets. In this paper, we outline the regulatory role of PPARs in NAFLD, and summarize some natural products that target PPARs to ameliorate NAFLD, in order to provide reference for drug development of NAFLD.
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27
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Lee S, Usman TO, Yamauchi J, Chhetri G, Wang X, Coudriet GM, Zhu C, Gao J, McConnell R, Krantz K, Rajasundaram D, Singh S, Piganelli J, Ostrowska A, Soto-Gutierrez A, Monga SP, Singhi AD, Muzumdar RH, Tsung A, Dong HH. Myeloid FoxO1 depletion attenuates hepatic inflammation and prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154333. [PMID: 35700043 PMCID: PMC9282937 DOI: 10.1172/jci154333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation is culpable for the evolution of asymptomatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic inflammation results from abnormal macrophage activation. We found that FoxO1 links overnutrition to hepatic inflammation by regulating macrophage polarization and activation. FoxO1 was upregulated in hepatic macrophages, correlating with hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis in mice and patients with NASH. Myeloid cell-conditional FoxO1 knockout skewed macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, accompanied by the reduction of macrophage infiltration in liver. These effects mitigated overnutrition-induced hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance, contributing to improved hepatic metabolism and increased energy expenditure in myeloid cell FoxO1 knockout mice on HFD. When fed a NASH-inducing diet, myeloid cell FoxO1 knockout mice were protected from developing NASH, culminating in the reduction of hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. Mechanistically, FoxO1 counteracts Stat6 to skew macrophage polarization from M2 toward M1 signatures to perpetuate hepatic inflammation in NASH. FoxO1 appears as a pivotal mediator of macrophage activation in response to overnutrition and a therapeutic target for ameliorating hepatic inflammation to stem the disease progression from benign steatosis to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Taofeek O Usman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Goma Chhetri
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Xingchun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Gina M Coudriet
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Cuiling Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jingyang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Riley McConnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Kyler Krantz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Alina Ostrowska
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Radhika H Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States of America
| | - H Henry Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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28
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Moayedfard Z, Sani F, Alizadeh A, Bagheri Lankarani K, Zarei M, Azarpira N. The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and potential therapeutic impacts of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:242. [PMID: 35672797 PMCID: PMC9175371 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by intra-hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation and concomitant involvement of the immune system with subsequent histological changes, tissue damage, and clinical findings. There are various molecular pathways involved in the progression of NAFLD including lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the immune response. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the NAFLD pathogenesis, and crosstalk between the immune cells and liver cells participates in its initiation and progression. Among the various treatments for this disease, new cell based therapies have been proposed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (MSC-EVs) are new cell-free vehicles with low immunogenicity, which can suppress detrimental immune responses in inflamed tissues. This review aimed to express the immune system's molecular pathways associated with the initiation and progression of NAFLD. Then, the possible role of MSC-EVs in the treatment of this entity through immune response modulation was discussed. Finally, engineered EVs enhanced by specific therapeutic miRNA were suggested for alleviating the pathological cellular events in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Moayedfard
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Sani
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Street, P.O. Box: 7193711351, Shiraz, Iran.
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29
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Bryl A, Mrugacz M, Falkowski M, Zorena K. The Effect of Hyperlipidemia on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy—Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102761. [PMID: 35628887 PMCID: PMC9146710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very important social issue, and its retinal complications continue to be one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. The effect of glucose level on the development of retinal retinopathy has been the subject of numerous studies and is well understood. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia have been known to be important risk factors in the development of diabetes complications. However, the mechanisms of this effect have not been fully explained and raise a good deal of controversy. The latest research results suggest that some lipoproteins are closely correlated with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and that by exerting an impact on their level the disease course can be modulated. Moreover, pharmacotherapy which reduces the level of lipids, particularly by means of statins and fibrate, has been shown to alleviate diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, we have decided to review the latest literature on diabetic retinopathy with respect to the impact of hyperlipidemia and possible preventive measures
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bryl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Falkowski
- PhD Studies, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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30
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Huang JK, Lee HC. Emerging Evidence of Pathological Roles of Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084300. [PMID: 35457118 PMCID: PMC9031540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Embraced with apolipoproteins (Apo) B and Apo E, triglyceride-enriched very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is secreted by the liver into circulation, mainly during post-meal hours. Here, we present a brief review of the physiological role of VLDL and a systemic review of the emerging evidence supporting its pathological roles. VLDL promotes atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome (MetS). VLDL isolated from subjects with MetS exhibits cytotoxicity to atrial myocytes, induces atrial myopathy, and promotes vulnerability to atrial fibrillation. VLDL levels are affected by a number of endocrinological disorders and can be increased by therapeutic supplementation with cortisol, growth hormone, progesterone, and estrogen. VLDL promotes aldosterone secretion, which contributes to hypertension. VLDL induces neuroinflammation, leading to cognitive dysfunction. VLDL levels are also correlated with chronic kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, and some dermatological diseases. The extra-hepatic secretion of VLDL derived from intestinal dysbiosis is suggested to be harmful. Emerging evidence suggests disturbed VLDL metabolism in sleep disorders and in cancer development and progression. In addition to VLDL, the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) may affect both VLDL metabolism and carcinogenesis. Overall, emerging evidence supports the pathological roles of VLDL in multi-organ diseases. To better understand the fundamental mechanisms of how VLDL promotes disease development, elucidation of the quality control of VLDL and of the regulation and signaling of VLDLR should be indispensable. With this, successful VLDL-targeted therapies can be discovered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Kai Huang
- Department of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 7741)
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31
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Puengel T, Liu H, Guillot A, Heymann F, Tacke F, Peiseler M. Nuclear Receptors Linking Metabolism, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052668. [PMID: 35269812 PMCID: PMC8910763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) comprise a spectrum of chronic liver diseases in the global population that can lead to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is closely linked to the metabolic syndrome, and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance aggravate liver disease, while NAFLD promotes cardiovascular risk in affected patients. The pathomechanisms of NAFLD are multifaceted, combining hepatic factors including lipotoxicity, mechanisms of cell death and liver inflammation with extrahepatic factors including metabolic disturbance and dysbiosis. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-controlled transcription factors that regulate glucose, fat and cholesterol homeostasis and modulate innate immune cell functions, including liver macrophages. In parallel with metabolic derangement in NAFLD, altered NR signaling is frequently observed and might be involved in the pathogenesis. Therapeutically, clinical data indicate that single drug targets thus far have been insufficient for reaching patient-relevant endpoints. Therefore, combinatorial treatment strategies with multiple drug targets or drugs with multiple mechanisms of actions could possibly bring advantages, by providing a more holistic therapeutic approach. In this context, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and other NRs are of great interest as they are involved in wide-ranging and multi-organ activities associated with NASH progression or regression. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD, focusing on mechanisms of cell death, immunometabolism and the role of NRs. We outline novel therapeutic strategies and discuss remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.T.); (M.P.)
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32
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Prikhodko VA, Bezborodkina NN, Okovityi SV. Pharmacotherapy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Emerging Targets and Drug Candidates. Biomedicines 2022; 10:274. [PMID: 35203484 PMCID: PMC8869100 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is characterized by high global incidence and prevalence, a tight association with common metabolic comorbidities, and a substantial risk of progression and associated mortality. Despite the increasingly high medical and socioeconomic burden of NAFLD, the lack of approved pharmacotherapy regimens remains an unsolved issue. In this paper, we aimed to provide an update on the rapidly changing therapeutic landscape and highlight the major novel approaches to the treatment of this disease. In addition to describing the biomolecules and pathways identified as upcoming pharmacological targets for NAFLD, we reviewed the current status of drug discovery and development pipeline with a special focus on recent evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A. Prikhodko
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14A Prof. Popov Str., 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Natalia N. Bezborodkina
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sergey V. Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14A Prof. Popov Str., 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Scientific, Clinical and Educational Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Negi CK, Babica P, Bajard L, Bienertova-Vasku J, Tarantino G. Insights into the molecular targets and emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2022; 126:154925. [PMID: 34740573 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. With no Food and Drug Administration approved drugs, current treatment options include dietary restrictions and lifestyle modification. NAFLD is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Hence, clinically various pharmacological approaches using existing drugs such as antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidants, and cytoprotective agents have been considered in the management of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, several pharmacological therapies aiming to alleviate NAFLD-NASH are currently being examined at various phases of clinical trials. Emerging data from these studies with drugs targeting diverse molecular mechanisms show promising outcomes. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and provides an insight into the pharmacological targets and emerging therapeutics with specific interventional mechanisms. In addition, we also discuss the importance and utility of new approach methodologies and regulatory perspectives for NAFLD-NASH drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander K Negi
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julie Bienertova-Vasku
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Montaigne D, Butruille L, Staels B. PPAR control of metabolism and cardiovascular functions. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:809-823. [PMID: 34127848 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), PPARδ and PPARγ are transcription factors that regulate gene expression following ligand activation. PPARα increases cellular fatty acid uptake, esterification and trafficking, and regulates lipoprotein metabolism genes. PPARδ stimulates lipid and glucose utilization by increasing mitochondrial function and fatty acid desaturation pathways. By contrast, PPARγ promotes fatty acid uptake, triglyceride formation and storage in lipid droplets, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. PPARs also exert antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on the vascular wall and immune cells. Clinically, PPARγ activation by glitazones and PPARα activation by fibrates reduce insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, respectively. PPARs are also physiological master switches in the heart, steering cardiac energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes, thereby affecting pathological heart failure and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel PPAR agonists in clinical development are providing new opportunities in the management of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montaigne
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
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Ji Y, Lee H, Kaura S, Yip J, Sun H, Guan L, Han W, Ding Y. Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Metabolic Diseases and Underlying Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1582. [PMID: 34827579 PMCID: PMC8615605 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a highly prevalent public health concern, attributed to multifactorial causes and limited in treatment options. Several comorbidities are closely associated with obesity such as the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Bariatric surgery, which can be delivered in multiple forms, has been remarked as an effective treatment to decrease the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities. The different types of bariatric surgery create a variety of new pathways for food to metabolize in the body and truncate the stomach's caliber. As a result, only a small quantity of food is tolerated, and the body mass index noticeably decreases. This review describes the improvements of obesity and its comorbidities following bariatric surgery and their mechanism of improvement. Additionally, endocrine function improvements after bariatric surgery, which contributes to the patients' health improvement, are described, including the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 (FGF-19, FGF-21), and pancreatic peptide YY (PYY). Lastly, some of the complications of bariatric surgery, including osteoporosis, iron deficiency/anemia, and diarrhea, as well as their potential mechanisms, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.L.); (S.K.); (L.G.); (Y.D.)
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R Street (11R), Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.L.); (S.K.); (L.G.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shawn Kaura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.L.); (S.K.); (L.G.); (Y.D.)
| | - James Yip
- Department of General Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Hao Sun
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China;
| | - Longfei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.L.); (S.K.); (L.G.); (Y.D.)
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R Street (11R), Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China;
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (H.L.); (S.K.); (L.G.); (Y.D.)
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Kumar V, Xin X, Ma J, Tan C, Osna N, Mahato RI. Therapeutic targets, novel drugs, and delivery systems for diabetes associated NAFLD and liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113888. [PMID: 34314787 PMCID: PMC8440458 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fourth-leading cause of death. Hyperglycemia induces various complications, including nephropathy, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are several etiological factors leading to liver disease development, which involve insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Free fatty acid (FFA) accumulation in the liver exerts oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses. Hepatocyte injury induces release of inflammatory cytokines from Kupffer cells (KCs), which are responsible for activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this review, we will discuss various molecular targets for treating chronic liver diseases, including homeostasis of FFA, lipid metabolism, and decrease in hepatocyte apoptosis, role of growth factors, and regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HSC activation. This review will also critically assess different strategies to enhance drug delivery to different cell types. Targeting nanocarriers to specific liver cell types have the potential to increase efficacy and suppress off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Xiaofei Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Natalia Osna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Vasyukova OV, Kasyanova YV, Okorokov PL, Bezlepkina OB. [Myokines and adipomyokines: inflammatory mediators or unique molecules of targeted therapy for obesity?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 67:36-45. [PMID: 34533012 DOI: 10.14341/probl12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles make up about 25% of the total mass in children and more than 40% in adults. Studies of the last twenty years have shown that along with the main functions, muscle tissue has hormonal activity. It was found that myocytes are able to release signaling molecules-myokines. They act auto-and paracrine within the muscle, and at a high level-through the systemic circulation, carrying out interactions between skeletal muscles and various organs and tissues, such as the liver, bone and adipose tissue, the brain. It is proved that the key factor in the expression of myokines is physical activity, and their level largely depends on physical fitness, the amount of skeletal muscle mass and its composition (the ratio of fast and slow fibers), on the intensity and duration of physical activity. Myokines have a wide range of physiological effects: myostatin suppresses the growth and differentiation of muscle tissue, and decorin, acting as its antagonist, promotes muscle hypertrophy. Interleukin 6 provides an energy substrate for contracting muscle fibers, fibroblast growth factor 21 activates the mechanisms of energy production during fasting and improves tissue sensitivity to insulin; irisin stimulates thermogenesis, glucose uptake by myocytes, and also contributes to an increase in bone mineral density. The study of myokines is one of the key links in understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity and metabolic complications, the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the implementation of the action of physical activity. Taking into account the physiological effects of myokines in the body, in the future they can become therapeutic targets for the treatment of these conditions.
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Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101238. [PMID: 33892169 PMCID: PMC8324684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or as recently proposed 'metabolic-associated fatty liver disease' (MAFLD), is characterized by pathological accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids in hepatocytes. This common disease can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually end-stage liver diseases. MAFLD is closely related to disturbances in systemic energy metabolism, including insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. SCOPE OF REVIEW The liver is the central organ in lipid metabolism by secreting very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and, on the other hand, by internalizing fatty acids and lipoproteins. This review article discusses recent research addressing hepatic lipid synthesis, VLDL production, and lipoprotein internalization as well as the lipid exchange between adipose tissue and the liver in the context of MAFLD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Liver steatosis in MAFLD is triggered by excessive hepatic triglyceride synthesis utilizing fatty acids derived from white adipose tissue (WAT), de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endocytosed remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In consequence of high hepatic lipid content, VLDL secretion is enhanced, which is the primary cause of complex dyslipidemia typical for subjects with MAFLD. Interventions reducing VLDL secretory capacity attenuate dyslipidemia while they exacerbate MAFLD, indicating that the balance of lipid storage versus secretion in hepatocytes is a critical parameter determining disease outcome. Proof of concept studies have shown that promoting lipid storage and energy combustion in adipose tissues reduces hepatic lipid load and thus ameliorates MAFLD. Moreover, hepatocellular triglyceride synthesis from DNL and WAT-derived fatty acids can be targeted to treat MAFLD. However, more research is needed to understand how individual transporters, enzymes, and their isoforms affect steatosis and dyslipidemia in vivo, and whether these two aspects of MAFLD can be selectively treated. Processing of cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins appears less important for steatosis. It may, however, modulate inflammation and consequently MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Zhang C, Yang M. The Emerging Factors and Treatment Options for NAFLD-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153740. [PMID: 34359642 PMCID: PMC8345138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and it is an increasing factor in the cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of NAFLD has increased in recent decades, accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of other metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, current treatment options are limited. Both genetic factors and non-genetic factors impact the initiation and progression of NAFLD-related HCC. The early diagnosis of liver cancer predicts curative treatment and longer survival. Some key molecules play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of NAFLD-related HCC, which can be targeted to impede HCC development. In this review, we summarize some key factors and important molecules in NAFLD-related HCC development, the latest progress in HCC diagnosis and treatment options, and some current clinical trials for NAFLD treatment. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, followed by cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). HCC is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence is rising, associated with an increased prevalence of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, current treatment options are limited. Genetic factors and epigenetic factors, influenced by age and environment, significantly impact the initiation and progression of NAFLD-related HCC. In addition, both transcriptional factors and post-transcriptional modification are critically important for the development of HCC in the fatty liver under inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. The early diagnosis of liver cancer predicts curative treatment and longer survival. However, clinical HCC cases are commonly found in a very late stage due to the asymptomatic nature of the early stage of NAFLD-related HCC. The development of diagnostic methods and novel biomarkers, as well as the combined evaluation algorithm and artificial intelligence, support the early and precise diagnosis of NAFLD-related HCC, and timely monitoring during its progression. Treatment options for HCC and NAFLD-related HCC include immunotherapy, CAR T cell therapy, peptide treatment, bariatric surgery, anti-fibrotic treatment, and so on. Overall, the incidence of NAFLD-related HCC is increasing, and a better understanding of the underlying mechanism implicated in the progression of NAFLD-related HCC is essential for improving treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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40
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Zhang S, Duan J, Du Y, Xie J, Zhang H, Li C, Zhang W. Long Non-coding RNA Signatures Associated With Liver Aging in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698442. [PMID: 34368149 PMCID: PMC8339557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is sensitive to aging because the risk of hepatopathy, including fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, increases dramatically with age. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are >200 nucleotides long and affect many pathological and physiological processes. A potential link was recently discovered between lncRNAs and liver aging; however, comprehensive and systematic research on this topic is still limited. In this study, the mouse liver genome-wide lncRNA profiles of 8-month-old SAMP8 and SAMR1 models were explored through deep RNA sequencing. A total of 605,801,688 clean reads were generated. Among the 2,182 identified lncRNAs, 28 were differentially expressed between SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) surveys showed that these substantially dysregulated lncRNAs participated in liver aging from different aspects, such as lipid catabolic (GO: 0016042) and metabolic pathways. Further assessment was conducted on lncRNAs that are most likely to be involved in liver aging and related diseases, such as LNC_000027, LNC_000204E, NSMUST00000144661.1, and ENSMUST00000181906.1 acted on Ces1g. This study provided the first comprehensive dissection of lncRNA landscape in SAMP8 mouse liver. These lncRNAs could be exploited as potential targets for the molecular-based diagnosis and therapy of age-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- International Cooperation Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Duan
- Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Du
- International Cooperation Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinlu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Changyu Li
- International Cooperation Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,National and Local United Engineering Research Center for Panax Notoginseng Resources Protection and Utilization Technology, Kunming, China
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41
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Thapa K, Grewal AS, Kanojia N, Rani L, Sharma N, Singh S. Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Diseases: Promising Molecular Drug Targets and their Clinical Development. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 18:333-353. [PMID: 31965945 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200121143959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases have become a serious concern worldwide. Both these liver diseases have an identical pathology, starting from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and, ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment options for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are still the same as they were 50 years ago which include corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, antioxidants, nutritional support and abstinence; and for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), weight loss, insulin sensitizers, lipid-lowering agents and anti-oxidants are the only treatment options. Despite broad research in understanding the disease pathophysiology, limited treatments are available for clinical use. Some therapeutic strategies based on targeting a specific molecule have been developed to lessen the consequences of disease and are under clinical investigation. Therefore, focus on multiple molecular targets will help develop an efficient therapeutic strategy. This review comprises a brief overview of the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD; recent molecular drug targets explored for ALD and NAFLD that may prove to be effective for multiple therapeutic regimens and also the clinical status of these promising drug targets for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Oshio Y, Hattori Y, Kamata H, Ozaki-Masuzawa Y, Seki A, Tsuruta Y, Takenaka A. Very low-density lipoprotein receptor increases in a liver-specific manner due to protein deficiency but does not affect fatty liver in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8003. [PMID: 33850206 PMCID: PMC8044231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the LDL receptor family that is involved in the uptake of VLDL into cells. Increased hepatic VLDLR under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to cause fatty liver. In this study, the effect of dietary protein restriction on hepatic VLDLR and the role of VLDLR in fatty liver were investigated using Vldlr knockout (KO) mice. Growing wild-type (WT) and KO mice were fed a control diet containing 20% protein or a low protein diet containing 3% protein for 11 days. In WT mice, the amount of hepatic Vldlr mRNA and VLDLR protein increased by approximately 8- and 7-fold, respectively, due to protein restriction. Vldlr mRNA and protein levels increased in both type 1 and type 2 VLDLR. However, neither Vldlr mRNA nor protein levels were significantly increased in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue, demonstrating that VLDLR increase due to protein restriction occurred in a liver-specific manner. Increased liver triglyceride levels during protein restriction occurred in KO mice to the same extent as in WT mice, indicating that increased VLDLR during protein restriction was not the main cause of fatty liver, which was different from the case of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Oshio
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuta Hattori
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kamata
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yori Ozaki-Masuzawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Arisa Seki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsuruta
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Asako Takenaka
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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Yan J, Nie Y, Cao J, Luo M, Yan M, Chen Z, He B. The Roles and Pharmacological Effects of FGF21 in Preventing Aging-Associated Metabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:655575. [PMID: 33869312 PMCID: PMC8044345 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.655575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous improvement of living standards but the lack of exercise, aging-associated metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are becoming a lingering dark cloud over society. Studies have found that metabolic disorders are near related to glucose, lipid metabolism, and cellular aging. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the FGFs family, efficiently regulates the homeostasis of metabolism and cellular aging. By activating autophagy genes and improving inflammation, FGF21 indirectly delays cellular aging and directly exerts anti-aging effects by regulating aging genes. FGF21 can also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism by controlling metabolism-related genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1). Because FGF21 can regulate metabolism and cellular aging simultaneously, FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists are gradually being valued and could become a treatment approach for aging-associated metabolic diseases. However, the mechanism by which FGF21 achieves curative effects is still not known. This review aims to interpret the interactive influence between FGF21, aging, and metabolic diseases and delineate the pharmacology of FGF21, providing theoretical support for further research on FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunmeng Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jielu Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maoxiang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beihui He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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44
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways via Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors PPARs, FXR, and LXR in NASH. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1519-1539. [PMID: 33545430 PMCID: PMC8042405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease comprises a wide spectrum of liver injuries from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is defined when liver steatosis is associated with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. A genetic predisposition and environmental insults (ie, dietary habits, obesity) are putatively responsible for NASH progression. Here, we present the impact of the lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NASH. In detail, we discuss the pros and cons of the putative transcriptional action of the fatty acid sensors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), the bile acid sensor (farnesoid X receptor), and the oxysterol sensor (liver X receptors) in the pathogenesis and bona fide treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy; National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy; Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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45
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Hepatokines as a Molecular Transducer of Exercise. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030385. [PMID: 33498410 PMCID: PMC7864203 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has health benefits and prevents a range of chronic diseases caused by physiological and biological changes in the whole body. Generally, the metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle through exercise is known to have a protective effect on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides this, the importance of the liver as an endocrine organ is a hot research topic. Hepatocytes also secrete many hepatokines in response to nutritional conditions and/or physical activity. In particular, certain hepatokines play a major role in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the recent research findings on the exercise-mediated regulation of hepatokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21, fetuin-A, angiopoietin-like protein 4, and follistatin. These hepatokines serve as molecular transducers of the metabolic benefits of physical activity in chronic metabolic diseases, including NAFLD, T2D, and CVDs, in various tissues.
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Zhu Y, Zeng Q, Li F, Fang H, Zhou Z, Jiang T, Yin C, Wei Q, Wang Y, Ruan J, Huang J. Dysregulated H3K27 Acetylation Is Implicated in Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Chickens. Front Genet 2021; 11:574167. [PMID: 33505421 PMCID: PMC7831272 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.574167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has been reported in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and liver steatosis in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in chickens have been rarely studied. H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing and high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to compare genome-wide H3K27ac profiles and transcriptomes of liver tissue between healthy and FLHS chickens. In total, 1,321 differential H3K27ac regions and 443 differentially expressed genes were identified (| log2Fold change| ≥ 1 and P-value ≤ 0.05) between the two groups. Binding motifs for transcription factors involved in immune processes and metabolic homeostasis were enriched among those differential H3K27ac regions. Differential H3K27ac peaks were associated with multiple known FLHS risk genes, involved in lipid and energy metabolism (PCK1, APOA1, ANGPTL4, and FABP1) and the immune system (FGF7, PDGFRA, and KIT). Previous studies and our current results suggested that the high-energy, low-protein (HELP) diet might have an impact on histone modification and chromatin structure, leading to the dysregulation of candidate genes and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, which causes excessive accumulation of fat in the liver tissue and induces the development of FLHS. These findings highlight that epigenetic modifications contribute to the regulation of gene expression and play a central regulatory role in FLHS. The PPAR signaling pathway and other genes implicated in FLHS are of great importance for the development of novel and specific therapies for FLHS-susceptible commercial laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingjie Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haoshu Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhimin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Zarei M, Aguilar-Recarte D, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Revealing the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2021; 114:154342. [PMID: 32810487 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a form of chronic liver disease that occurs in individuals with no significant alcohol abuse, has become an increasing concern for global health. NAFLD is defined as the presence of lipid deposits in hepatocytes and it ranges from hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) to steatohepatitis. Emerging data from both preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in liver, and its activation might hinder the progression of NAFLD. Here, we review the latest information on the effects of PPARβ/δ on NAFLD, including its capacity to reduce lipogenesis, to alleviate inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to ameliorate insulin resistance, and to attenuate liver injury. Because of these effects, activation of hepatic PPARβ/δ through synthetic or natural ligands provides a promising therapeutic option for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Ramos-Tovar E, Muriel P. Molecular Mechanisms That Link Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in the Liver. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121279. [PMID: 33333846 PMCID: PMC7765317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and myofibroblasts are the main producers of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that form the fibrotic tissue that leads to hepatic fibrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can directly activate HSCs or induce inflammation or programmed cell death, especially pyroptosis, in hepatocytes, which in turn activates HSCs and fibroblasts to produce ECM proteins. Therefore, antioxidants and the nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 signaling pathway play critical roles in modulating the profibrogenic response. The master proinflammatory factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may coordinate to produce and activate profibrogenic molecules such as interleukins 1β and 18, which effectively activate HSCs, to produce large amounts of fibrotic proteins. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome activates pro-caspase 1, which is upregulated by NF-κB, to produce caspase 1, which induces pyroptosis via gasdermin and the activation of HSCs. ROS play central roles in the activation of the NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways via IκB (an inhibitor of NF-κB) and thioredoxin-interacting protein, respectively, thereby linking the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Elucidating these molecular pathways may pave the way for the development of therapeutic tools to interfere with specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ramos-Tovar
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, School of Higher Education in Medicine-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Apartado Postal 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-57473303; Fax: +52-55-57473394
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the pathogenesis and therapies of liver fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107791. [PMID: 33321113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic wound-healing process associated with the deposition of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. HSCs activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, steatosis and aging play critical roles in the progression of liver fibrosis, which is correlated with the regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway. As nuclear receptors, PPARs reduce inflammatory response, regulate lipid metabolism, and inhibit fibrogenesis in the liver associated with aging. Thus, PPAR ligands have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents. Mounting evidence indicated that some PPAR agonists could reverse steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Consequently, targeting PPARs might be a promising and novel therapeutic option against liver fibrosis. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of PPARs on the pathogenesis and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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50
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Chou Y, Ma J, Su X, Zhong Y. Emerging insights into the relationship between hyperlipidemia and the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:241. [PMID: 33213461 PMCID: PMC7677820 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is correlated with a series of health problems. Notably, aside from its established role in promoting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, hyperlipidemia has also been considered for modulating the risk and the severity of multiple metabolic disorders. According to the results of epidemiologic investigations, several certain circulating lipoprotein species are correlated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, suggesting that the physiological and pathological role of these lipoproteins is analogous to that observed in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the lipid-lowering treatments, particularly using statin and fibrate, have been demonstrated to ameliorate diabetic retinopathy. Thereby, current focus is shifting towards implementing the protective strategies of diabetic retinopathy and elucidating the potential underlying mechanisms. However, it is worth noting that the relationship between major serum cholesterol species and the development of diabetic retinopathy, published by other studies, was inconsistent and overall modest, revealing the relationship is still not clarified. In this review, the current understanding of hyperlipidemia in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy was summarized and the novel insights into the potential mechanisms whereby hyperlipidemia modulates diabetic retinopathy were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Chou
- Department, of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department, of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 363001, Fujian, China.
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department, of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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