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Weman HM, Ceder MM, Ahemaiti A, Magnusson KA, Henriksson K, Andréasson L, Lagerström MC. Spinal Glycine Receptor Alpha 3 Cells Communicate Sensations of Chemical Itch in Hairy Skin. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1585232024. [PMID: 38553047 PMCID: PMC11079978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1585-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycinergic neurons regulate nociceptive and pruriceptive signaling in the spinal cord, but the identity and role of the glycine-regulated neurons are not fully known. Herein, we have characterized spinal glycine receptor alpha 3 (Glra3) subunit-expressing neurons in Glra3-Cre female and male mice. Glra3-Cre(+) neurons express Glra3, are located mainly in laminae III-VI, and respond to glycine. Chemogenetic activation of spinal Glra3-Cre(+) neurons induced biting/licking, stomping, and guarding behaviors, indicative of both a nociceptive and pruriceptive role for this population. Chemogenetic inhibition did not affect mechanical or thermal responses but reduced behaviors evoked by compound 48/80 and chloroquine, revealing a pruriceptive role for these neurons. Spinal cells activated by compound 48/80 or chloroquine express Glra3, further supporting the phenotype. Retrograde tracing revealed that spinal Glra3-Cre(+) neurons receive input from afferents associated with pain and itch, and dorsal root stimulation validated the monosynaptic input. In conclusion, these results show that spinal Glra3(+) neurons contribute to acute communication of compound 48/80- and chloroquine-induced itch in hairy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Weman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M Ceder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Aikeremu Ahemaiti
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Kajsa A Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Katharina Henriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Linn Andréasson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
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2
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Adusei M, Callaway EM, Usrey WM, Briggs F. Parallel Streams of Direct Corticogeniculate Feedback from Mid-level Extrastriate Cortex in the Macaque Monkey. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0364-23.2024. [PMID: 38479809 PMCID: PMC10946028 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0364-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
First-order thalamic nuclei receive feedforward signals from peripheral receptors and relay these signals to primary sensory cortex. Primary sensory cortex, in turn, provides reciprocal feedback to first-order thalamus. Because the vast majority of sensory thalamocortical inputs target primary sensory cortex, their complementary corticothalamic neurons are assumed to be similarly restricted to primary sensory cortex. We upend this assumption by characterizing morphologically diverse neurons in multiple mid-level visual cortical areas of the primate (Macaca mulatta) brain that provide direct feedback to the primary visual thalamus, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Although the majority of geniculocortical neurons project to primary visual cortex (V1), a minority, located mainly in the koniocellular LGN layers, provide direct input to extrastriate visual cortex. These "V1-bypassing" projections may be implicated in blindsight. We hypothesized that geniculocortical inputs directly targeting extrastriate cortex should be complemented by reciprocal corticogeniculate circuits. Using virus-mediated circuit tracing, we discovered corticogeniculate neurons throughout three mid-level extrastriate areas: MT, MST, and V4. Quantitative morphological analyses revealed nonuniform distributions of unique cell types across areas. Many extrastriate corticogeniculate neurons had spiny stellate morphology, suggesting possible targeting of koniocellular LGN layers. Importantly though, multiple morphological types were observed across areas. Such morphological diversity could suggest parallel streams of V1-bypassing corticogeniculate feedback at multiple stages of the visual processing hierarchy. Furthermore, the presence of corticogeniculate neurons across visual cortex necessitates a reevaluation of the LGN as a hub for visual information rather than a simple relay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Adusei
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - W Martin Usrey
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95618
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95618
| | - Farran Briggs
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
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3
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Goldstein N, Maes A, Allen HN, Nelson TS, Kruger KA, Kindel M, Smith NK, Carty JRE, Villari RE, Cho E, Marble EL, Khanna R, Taylor BK, Kennedy A, Betley JN. A parabrachial hub for the prioritization of survival behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582069. [PMID: 38464066 PMCID: PMC10925167 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Long-term sustained pain in the absence of acute physical injury is a prominent feature of chronic pain conditions. While neurons responding to noxious stimuli have been identified, understanding the signals that persist without ongoing painful stimuli remains a challenge. Using an ethological approach based on the prioritization of adaptive survival behaviors, we determined that neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling from multiple sources converges on parabrachial neurons expressing the NPY Y1 receptor to reduce sustained pain responses. Neural activity recordings and computational modeling demonstrate that activity in Y1R parabrachial neurons is elevated following injury, predicts functional coping behavior, and is inhibited by competing survival needs. Taken together, our findings suggest that parabrachial Y1 receptor-expressing neurons are a critical hub for endogenous analgesic pathways that suppress sustained pain states.
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4
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Bouin A, Wu G, Koyuncu OO, Ye Q, Kim KY, Wu MY, Tong L, Chen L, Phan S, Mackey MR, Ramachandra R, Ellisman MH, Holmes TC, Semler BL, Xu X. New rabies viral resources for multi-scale neural circuit mapping. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02451-6. [PMID: 38355784 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Comparisons and linkage between multiple imaging scales are essential for neural circuit connectomics. Here, we report 20 new recombinant rabies virus (RV) vectors that we have developed for multi-scale and multi-modal neural circuit mapping tools. Our new RV tools for mesoscale imaging express a range of improved fluorescent proteins. Further refinements target specific neuronal subcellular locations of interest. We demonstrate the discovery power of these new tools including the detection of detailed microstructural changes of rabies-labeled neurons in aging and Alzheimer's disease mouse models, live imaging of neuronal activities using calcium indicators, and automated measurement of infected neurons. RVs that encode GFP and ferritin as electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence microscopy reporters are used for dual EM and mesoscale imaging. These new viral variants significantly expand the scale and power of rabies virus-mediated neural labeling and circuit mapping across multiple imaging scales in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ginny Wu
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Orkide O Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Qiao Ye
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michele Y Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Liqi Tong
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lujia Chen
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sebastien Phan
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mason R Mackey
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ranjan Ramachandra
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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5
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Patiño M, Lagos WN, Patne NS, Miyazaki PA, Bhamidipati SK, Collman F, Callaway EM. Postsynaptic cell type and synaptic distance do not determine efficiency of monosynaptic rabies virus spread measured at synaptic resolution. eLife 2023; 12:e89297. [PMID: 38096019 PMCID: PMC10721217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde monosynaptic tracing using glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus is an important component of the toolkit for investigation of neural circuit structure and connectivity. It allows for the identification of first-order presynaptic connections to cell populations of interest across both the central and peripheral nervous system, helping to decipher the complex connectivity patterns of neural networks that give rise to brain function. Despite its utility, the factors that influence the probability of transsynaptic rabies spread are not well understood. While it is well established that expression levels of rabies glycoprotein used to trans-complement G-deleted rabies can result in large changes in numbers of inputs labeled per starter cell (convergence index [CI]), it is not known how typical values of CI relate to the proportions of synaptic contacts or input neurons labeled. And it is not known whether inputs to different cell types, or synaptic contacts that are more proximal or distal to the cell body, are labeled with different probabilities. Here, we use a new rabies virus construct that allows for the simultaneous labeling of pre- and postsynaptic specializations to quantify the proportion of synaptic contacts labeled in mouse primary visual cortex. We demonstrate that with typical conditions about 40% of first-order presynaptic excitatory synapses to cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons are labeled. We show that using matched tracing conditions there are similar proportions of labeled contacts onto L4 excitatory pyramidal, somatostatin (Sst) inhibitory, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip) starter cell types. Furthermore, we find no difference in the proportions of labeled excitatory contacts onto postsynaptic sites at different subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Patiño
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Willian N Lagos
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Neelakshi S Patne
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Paula A Miyazaki
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Sai Krishna Bhamidipati
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
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6
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Ciabatti E, González-Rueda A, de Malmazet D, Lee H, Morgese F, Tripodi M. Genomic stability of self-inactivating rabies. eLife 2023; 12:e83459. [PMID: 37921437 PMCID: PMC10666929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transsynaptic viral vectors provide means to gain genetic access to neurons based on synaptic connectivity and are essential tools for the dissection of neural circuit function. Among them, the retrograde monosynaptic ΔG-Rabies has been widely used in neuroscience research. A recently developed engineered version of the ΔG-Rabies, the non-toxic self-inactivating (SiR) virus, allows the long term genetic manipulation of neural circuits. However, the high mutational rate of the rabies virus poses a risk that mutations targeting the key genetic regulatory element in the SiR genome could emerge and revert it to a canonical ΔG-Rabies. Such revertant mutations have recently been identified in a SiR batch. To address the origin, incidence and relevance of these mutations, we investigated the genomic stability of SiR in vitro and in vivo. We found that "revertant" mutations are rare and accumulate only when SiR is extensively amplified in vitro, particularly in suboptimal production cell lines that have insufficient levels of TEV protease activity. Moreover, we confirmed that SiR-CRE, unlike canonical ΔG-Rab-CRE or revertant-SiR-CRE, is non-toxic and that revertant mutations do not emerge in vivo during long-term experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hassal Lee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fabio Morgese
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Marco Tripodi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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7
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Klug JR, Yan X, Hoffman HA, Engelhardt MD, Osakada F, Callaway EM, Jin X. Asymmetric cortical projections to striatal direct and indirect pathways distinctly control actions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560589. [PMID: 37873164 PMCID: PMC10592949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The striatal direct and indirect pathways constitute the core for basal ganglia function in action control. Although both striatal D1- and D2-spiny projection neurons (SPNs) receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex, whether or not they share inputs from the same cortical neurons, and how pathway-specific corticostriatal projections control behavior remain largely unknown. Here using a new G-deleted rabies system in mice, we found that more than two-thirds of excitatory inputs to D2-SPNs also target D1-SPNs, while only one-third do so vice versa. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal D1- vs. D2-SPN-projecting cortical neurons differently regulate locomotion, reinforcement learning and sequence behavior, implying the functional dichotomy of pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits. These results reveal the partially segregated yet asymmetrically overlapping cortical projections on striatal D1- vs. D2-SPNs, and that the pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits distinctly control behavior. It has important implications in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases affecting cortico-basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Klug
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xunyi Yan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hilary A. Hoffman
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max D. Engelhardt
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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8
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Du W, Li E, Guo J, Arano R, Kim Y, Chen YT, Thompson A, Oh SJ, Samuel A, Li Y, Oyibo HK, Xu W. Directed stepwise tracing of polysynaptic neuronal circuits with replication-deficient pseudorabies virus. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100506. [PMID: 37426757 PMCID: PMC10326449 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain functions are accomplished by polysynaptic circuits formed by neurons wired together through multiple orders of synaptic connections. Polysynaptic connectivity has been difficult to examine due to a lack of methods of continuously tracing the pathways in a controlled manner. Here, we demonstrate directed, stepwise retrograde polysynaptic tracing by inducible reconstitution of replication-deficient trans-neuronal pseudorabies virus (PRVΔIE) in the brain. Furthermore, PRVΔIE replication can be temporally restricted to minimize its neurotoxicity. With this tool, we delineate a wiring diagram between the hippocampus and striatum-two major brain systems for learning, memory, and navigation-that consists of projections from specific hippocampal domains to specific striatal areas via distinct intermediate brain regions. Therefore, this inducible PRVΔIE system provides a tool for dissecting polysynaptic circuits underlying complex brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Du
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elizabeth Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rachel Arano
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yerim Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuh-Tarng Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alyssa Thompson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - So Jung Oh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aspen Samuel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hassana K. Oyibo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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9
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Kodera T, Takeuchi RF, Takahashi S, Suzuki K, Kassai H, Aiba A, Shiozawa S, Okano H, Osakada F. Modeling the marmoset brain using embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral assembloids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 657:119-127. [PMID: 37002985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying the non-human primate (NHP) brain is required for the translation of rodent research to humans, but remains a challenge for molecular, cellular, and circuit-level analyses in the NHP brain due to the lack of in vitro NHP brain system. Here, we report an in vitro NHP cerebral model using marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral assembloids (CAs) that recapitulate inhibitory neuron migration and cortical network activity. Cortical organoids (COs) and ganglionic eminence organoids (GEOs) were induced from cjESCs and fused to generate CAs. GEO cells expressing the inhibitory neuron marker LHX6 migrated toward the cortical side of CAs. COs developed their spontaneous neural activity from a synchronized pattern to an unsynchronized pattern as COs matured. CAs containing excitatory and inhibitory neurons showed mature neural activity with an unsynchronized pattern. The CAs represent a powerful in vitro model for studying excitatory and inhibitory neuron interactions, cortical dynamics, and their dysfunction. The marmoset assembloid system will provide an in vitro platform for the NHP neurobiology and facilitate translation into humans in neuroscience research, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery.
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Hao M, Tang J, Ge S, Li T, Xia N. Bacterial-Artificial-Chromosome-Based Genome Editing Methods and the Applications in Herpesvirus Research. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030589. [PMID: 36985163 PMCID: PMC10056367 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are major pathogens that infect humans and animals. Manipulating the large genome is critical for exploring the function of specific genes and studying the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and developing novel anti-viral vaccines and therapeutics. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology significantly advanced the capacity of herpesviruses researchers to manipulate the virus genomes. In the past years, advancements in BAC-based genome manipulating and screening strategies of recombinant BACs have been achieved, which has promoted the study of the herpes virus. This review summarizes the advances in BAC-based gene editing technology and selection strategies. The merits and drawbacks of BAC-based herpesvirus genome editing methods and the application of BAC-based genome manipulation in viral research are also discussed. This review provides references relevant for researchers in selecting gene editing methods in herpes virus research. Despite the achievements in the genome manipulation of the herpes viruses, the efficiency of BAC-based genome manipulation is still not satisfactory. This review also highlights the need for developing more efficient genome-manipulating methods for herpes viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiabao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen 361102, China
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11
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Sun Y, Zweifel LS, Holmes TC, Xu X. Whole-brain input mapping of the lateral versus medial anterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the mouse. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 23:100527. [PMID: 36861029 PMCID: PMC9969273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) modulates fear and stress responses. The anterodorsal BNST (adBNST) can be anatomically subdivided further into the lateral and medial divisions. Although output projections of BNST subregions have been studied, the local and global input connections to these subregions remain poorly understood. To further understand BNST-centered circuit operations, we have applied new viral-genetic tracing and functional circuit mapping to determine detailed synaptic circuit inputs to lateral and medial subregions of adBNST in the mouse. Monosynaptic canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) and rabies virus-based retrograde tracers were injected in the adBNST subregions. The amygdalar complex, hypothalamus and hippocampal formation account for the majority of overall inputs to adBNST. However, lateral versus medial adBNST subregions have distinct patterns of long-range cortical and limbic brain inputs. The lateral adBNST has more input connections from prefrontal (prelimbic, infralimbic, cingulate) and insular cortices, anterior thalamus and ectorhinal/perirhinal cortices. In contrast, the medial adBNST received biased inputs from the medial amygdala, lateral septum, hypothalamus nuclei and ventral subiculum. We confirmed long-range functional inputs from the amydalohippocampal area and basolateral amygdala to the adBNST using ChR2-assisted circuit mapping. Selected novel BNST inputs are also validated with the AAV axonal tracing data from the Allen Institute Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. Together, these results provide a comprehensive map of the differential afferent inputs to lateral and medial adBNST subregions, and offer new insight into the functional operations of BNST circuitry for stress and anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Larry S. Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Todd C. Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4560, USA
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2715, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2715, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3435, USA
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA.
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12
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Yao S, Wang Q, Hirokawa KE, Ouellette B, Ahmed R, Bomben J, Brouner K, Casal L, Caldejon S, Cho A, Dotson NI, Daigle TL, Egdorf T, Enstrom R, Gary A, Gelfand E, Gorham M, Griffin F, Gu H, Hancock N, Howard R, Kuan L, Lambert S, Lee EK, Luviano J, Mace K, Maxwell M, Mortrud MT, Naeemi M, Nayan C, Ngo NK, Nguyen T, North K, Ransford S, Ruiz A, Seid S, Swapp J, Taormina MJ, Wakeman W, Zhou T, Nicovich PR, Williford A, Potekhina L, McGraw M, Ng L, Groblewski PA, Tasic B, Mihalas S, Harris JA, Cetin A, Zeng H. A whole-brain monosynaptic input connectome to neuron classes in mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:350-364. [PMID: 36550293 PMCID: PMC10039800 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of structural connections between neurons is a prerequisite to understanding brain function. Here we developed a pipeline to systematically map brain-wide monosynaptic input connections to genetically defined neuronal populations using an optimized rabies tracing system. We used mouse visual cortex as the exemplar system and revealed quantitative target-specific, layer-specific and cell-class-specific differences in its presynaptic connectomes. The retrograde connectivity indicates the presence of ventral and dorsal visual streams and further reveals topographically organized and continuously varying subnetworks mediated by different higher visual areas. The visual cortex hierarchy can be derived from intracortical feedforward and feedback pathways mediated by upper-layer and lower-layer input neurons. We also identify a new role for layer 6 neurons in mediating reciprocal interhemispheric connections. This study expands our knowledge of the visual system connectomes and demonstrates that the pipeline can be scaled up to dissect connectivity of different cell populations across the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqin Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andy Cho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Egdorf
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Gary
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Leonard Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kat North
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackie Swapp
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Zhou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Medea McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Cetin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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13
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Kintscher M, Kochubey O, Schneggenburger R. A striatal circuit balances learned fear in the presence and absence of sensory cues. eLife 2023; 12:75703. [PMID: 36655978 PMCID: PMC9897731 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During fear learning, defensive behaviors like freezing need to be finely balanced in the presence or absence of threat-predicting cues (conditioned stimulus, CS). Nevertheless, the circuits underlying such balancing are largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the ventral tail striatum (vTS) in auditory-cued fear learning of male mice. In vivo Ca2+ imaging showed that sizable sub-populations of direct (D1R+) and indirect pathway neurons (Adora+) in the vTS responded to footshocks, and to the initiation of movements after freezing; moreover, a sub-population of D1R+ neurons increased its responsiveness to an auditory CS during fear learning. In-vivo optogenetic silencing shows that footshock-driven activity of D1R+ neurons contributes to fear memory formation, whereas Adora+ neurons modulate freezing in the absence of a learned CS. Circuit tracing identified the posterior insular cortex (pInsCx) as an important cortical input to the vTS, and recording of optogenetically evoked EPSCs revealed long-term plasticity with opposite outcomes at the pInsCx synapses onto D1R+ - and Adora+ neurons. Thus, direct- and indirect pathways neurons of the vTS show differential signs of plasticity after fear learning, and balance defensive behaviors in the presence and absence of learned sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kintscher
- Laboratory for Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Olexiy Kochubey
- Laboratory for Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ralf Schneggenburger
- Laboratory for Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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14
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Massi L, Hagihara KM, Courtin J, Hinz J, Müller C, Fustiñana MS, Xu C, Karalis N, Lüthi A. Disynaptic specificity of serial information flow for conditioned fear. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq1637. [PMID: 36652513 PMCID: PMC10957099 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Memory encoding and retrieval rely on specific interactions across multiple brain areas. Although connections between individual brain areas have been extensively studied, the anatomical and functional specificity of neuronal circuit organization underlying information transfer across multiple brain areas remains unclear. Here, we combine transsynaptic viral tracing, optogenetic manipulations, and calcium dynamics recordings to dissect the multisynaptic functional connectivity of the amygdala. We identify a distinct basolateral amygdala (BLA) subpopulation that connects disynaptically to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) via the central amygdala (CeA). This disynaptic pathway serves as a core circuit element necessary for the learning and expression of conditioned fear and exhibits learning-related plasticity. Together, our findings demonstrate the utility of multisynaptic approaches for functional circuit analysis and indicate that disynaptic specificity may be a general feature of neuronal circuit organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léma Massi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Kenta M. Hagihara
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Courtin
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Julian Hinz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Maria Sol Fustiñana
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Chun Xu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nikolaos Karalis
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Vieillard J, Franck MCM, Hartung S, Jakobsson JET, Ceder MM, Welsh RE, Lagerström MC, Kullander K. Adult spinal Dmrt3 neurons receive direct somatosensory inputs from ipsi- and contralateral primary afferents and from brainstem motor nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:5-24. [PMID: 36214727 PMCID: PMC9828095 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, sensory-motor circuits controlling motor activity are situated in the dorso-ventral interface. The neurons identified by the expression of the transcription factor Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (Dmrt3) have previously been associated with the coordination of locomotion in horses (Equus caballus, Linnaeus, 1758), mice (Mus musculus, Linnaeus, 1758), and zebrafish (Danio rerio, F. Hamilton, 1822). Based on earlier studies, we hypothesized that, in mice, these neurons may be positioned to receive sensory and central inputs to relay processed commands to motor neurons. Thus, we investigated the presynaptic inputs to spinal Dmrt3 neurons using monosynaptic retrograde replication-deficient rabies tracing. The analysis showed that lumbar Dmrt3 neurons receive inputs from intrasegmental neurons, and intersegmental neurons from the cervical, thoracic, and sacral segments. Some of these neurons belong to the excitatory V2a interneurons and to plausible Renshaw cells, defined by the expression of Chx10 and calbindin, respectively. We also found that proprioceptive primary sensory neurons of type Ia2, Ia3, and Ib, defined by the expression of calbindin, calretinin, and Brn3c, respectively, provide presynaptic inputs to spinal Dmrt3 neurons. In addition, we demonstrated that Dmrt3 neurons receive inputs from brain areas involved in motor regulation, including the red nucleus, primary sensory-motor cortex, and pontine nuclei. In conclusion, adult spinal Dmrt3 neurons receive inputs from motor-related brain areas as well as proprioceptive primary sensory neurons and have been shown to connect directly to motor neurons. Dmrt3 neurons are thus positioned to provide sensory-motor control and their connectivity is suggestive of the classical reflex pathways present in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vieillard
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Marina C. M. Franck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Present address: Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sunniva Hartung
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jon E. T. Jakobsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikaela M. Ceder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Robert E. Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Malin C. Lagerström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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16
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Hashimoto M, Brito SI, Venner A, Pasqualini AL, Yang TL, Allen D, Fuller PM, Anthony TE. Lateral septum modulates cortical state to tune responsivity to threat stimuli. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111521. [PMID: 36288710 PMCID: PMC9645245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden unexpected environmental changes capture attention and, when perceived as potentially dangerous, evoke defensive behavioral states. Perturbations of the lateral septum (LS) can produce extreme hyperdefensiveness even to innocuous stimuli, but how this structure influences stimulus-evoked defensive responses and threat perception remains unclear. Here, we show that Crhr2-expressing neurons in mouse LS exhibit phasic activation upon detection of threatening but not rewarding stimuli. Threat-stimulus-driven activity predicts the probability but not vigor or type of defensive behavior evoked. Although necessary for and sufficient to potentiate stimulus-triggered defensive responses, LSCrhr2 neurons do not promote specific behaviors. Rather, their stimulation elicits negative valence and physiological arousal. Moreover, LSCrhr2 activity tracks brain state fluctuations and drives cortical activation and rapid awakening in the absence of threat. Together, our findings suggest that LS directs bottom-up modulation of cortical function to evoke preparatory defensive internal states and selectively enhance responsivity to threat-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hashimoto
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador Ignacio Brito
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda Loren Pasqualini
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy Lulu Yang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Allen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Michael Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Erryl Anthony
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Mitani K, Kawabata M, Isomura Y, Sakai Y. Automated and parallelized spike collision tests to identify spike signal projections. iScience 2022; 25:105071. [PMID: 36157577 PMCID: PMC9490030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike collision test is a highly reliable technique to identify the axonal projection of a neuron recorded electrophysiologically for investigating functional spike information among brain areas. It is potentially applicable to more neuronal projections by combining multi-channel recording with optogenetic stimulation. Yet, it remains inefficient and laborious because an experimenter must visually select spikes in every channel and manually repeat spike collision tests for each neuron serially. Here, we automated spike collision tests for all channels in parallel (Multi-Linc analysis) in a multi-channel real-time processing system. The rat cortical neurons identified with this technique displayed physiological spike features consistent with excitatory projection neurons. Their antidromic spikes were similar in shape but slightly larger in amplitude compared with spontaneous spikes. In addition, we demonstrated simultaneous identification of reciprocal or bifurcating projections among cortical areas. Thus, our Multi-Linc analysis will be a powerful approach to elucidate interareal spike communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Mitani
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawabata
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Arias A, Manubens-Gil L, Dierssen M. Fluorescent transgenic mouse models for whole-brain imaging in health and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:958222. [PMID: 36211979 PMCID: PMC9538927 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.958222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift is occurring in neuroscience and in general in life sciences converting biomedical research from a descriptive discipline into a quantitative, predictive, actionable science. Living systems are becoming amenable to quantitative description, with profound consequences for our ability to predict biological phenomena. New experimental tools such as tissue clearing, whole-brain imaging, and genetic engineering technologies have opened the opportunity to embrace this new paradigm, allowing to extract anatomical features such as cell number, their full morphology, and even their structural connectivity. These tools will also allow the exploration of new features such as their geometrical arrangement, within and across brain regions. This would be especially important to better characterize brain function and pathological alterations in neurological, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders. New animal models for mapping fluorescent protein-expressing neurons and axon pathways in adult mice are key to this aim. As a result of both developments, relevant cell populations with endogenous fluorescence signals can be comprehensively and quantitatively mapped to whole-brain images acquired at submicron resolution. However, they present intrinsic limitations: weak fluorescent signals, unequal signal strength across the same cell type, lack of specificity of fluorescent labels, overlapping signals in cell types with dense labeling, or undetectable signal at distal parts of the neurons, among others. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the development of fluorescent transgenic mouse models that overcome to some extent the technical and conceptual limitations and tradeoffs between different strategies. We also discuss the potential use of these strains for understanding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arias
- Department of System Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Linus Manubens-Gil
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Department of System Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mara Dierssen,
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19
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Sumser A, Joesch M, Jonas P, Ben-Simon Y. Fast, high-throughput production of improved rabies viral vectors for specific, efficient and versatile transsynaptic retrograde labeling. eLife 2022; 11:79848. [PMID: 36040301 PMCID: PMC9477495 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the function of neuronal circuits, it is crucial to disentangle the connectivity patterns within the network. However, most tools currently used to explore connectivity have low throughput, low selectivity, or limited accessibility. Here, we report the development of an improved packaging system for the production of the highly neurotropic RVdGenvA-CVS-N2c rabies viral vectors, yielding titers orders of magnitude higher with no background contamination, at a fraction of the production time, while preserving the efficiency of transsynaptic labeling. Along with the production pipeline, we developed suites of ‘starter’ AAV and bicistronic RVdG-CVS-N2c vectors, enabling retrograde labeling from a wide range of neuronal populations, tailored for diverse experimental requirements. We demonstrate the power and flexibility of the new system by uncovering hidden local and distal inhibitory connections in the mouse hippocampal formation and by imaging the functional properties of a cortical microcircuit across weeks. Our novel production pipeline provides a convenient approach to generate new rabies vectors, while our toolkit flexibly and efficiently expands the current capacity to label, manipulate and image the neuronal activity of interconnected neuronal circuits in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sumser
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Joesch
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Jonas
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yoav Ben-Simon
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Kang SJ, Liu S, Ye M, Kim DI, Pao GM, Copits BA, Roberts BZ, Lee KF, Bruchas MR, Han S. A central alarm system that gates multi-sensory innate threat cues to the amygdala. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111222. [PMID: 35977501 PMCID: PMC9420642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of threats is essential for survival. Previous findings suggest that parallel pathways independently relay innate threat signals from different sensory modalities to multiple brain areas, such as the midbrain and hypothalamus, for immediate avoidance. Yet little is known about whether and how multi-sensory innate threat cues are integrated and conveyed from each sensory modality to the amygdala, a critical brain area for threat perception and learning. Here, we report that neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the parvocellular subparafascicular nucleus in the thalamus and external lateral parabrachial nucleus in the brainstem respond to multi-sensory threat cues from various sensory modalities and relay negative valence to the lateral and central amygdala, respectively. Both CGRP populations and their amygdala projections are required for multi-sensory threat perception and aversive memory formation. The identification of unified innate threat pathways may provide insights into developing therapeutic candidates for innate fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjae J Kang
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shijia Liu
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mao Ye
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dong-Il Kim
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerald M Pao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center of Excellence in the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sung Han
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Construction of Attenuated Strains for Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus (RGNNV) via Reverse Genetic System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081737. [PMID: 36016359 PMCID: PMC9415089 DOI: 10.3390/v14081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) mainly attacks the central nervous system of fish to cause viral nervous necrosis, which is an acute and serious prevalent disease in fish. Among different genotypes of NNV, red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) is the most widely reported, with the highest number of susceptible species. To better understand the pathogenicity of RGNNV, we first developed a reverse genetic system for recombinant RGNNV rescue using B7GG and striped snakehead (SSN-1) cells. Furthermore, we constructed attenuated RGNNV strains rRGNNV-B2-M1 and rRGNNV-B2-M2 with the loss of B2 protein expression, which grew slower and induced less Mx1 expression than that of wild-type RGNNV. Moreover, rRGNNV-B2-M1 and rRGNNV-B2-M2 were less virulent than the wild-type RGNNV. Our study provides a potential tool for further research on the viral protein function, virulence pathogenesis, and vaccine development of RGNNV, which is also a template for the rescue of other fish viruses.
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22
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Chen HS, Zhang XL, Yang RR, Wang GL, Zhu XY, Xu YF, Wang DY, Zhang N, Qiu S, Zhan LJ, Shen ZM, Xu XH, Long G, Xu C. An intein-split transactivator for intersectional neural imaging and optogenetic manipulation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3605. [PMID: 35739125 PMCID: PMC9226064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-type-specific recording and manipulation is instrumental to disentangle causal neural mechanisms in physiology and behavior and increasingly requires intersectional control; however, current approaches are largely limited by the number of intersectional features, incompatibility of common effectors and insufficient gene expression. Here, we utilized the protein-splicing technique mediated by intervening sequences (intein) and devised an intein-based intersectional synthesis of transactivator (IBIST) to selectively control gene expression of common effectors in multiple-feature defined cell types in mice. We validated the specificity and sufficiency of IBIST to control fluorophores, optogenetic opsins and Ca2+ indicators in various intersectional conditions. The IBIST-based Ca2+ imaging showed that the IBIST can intersect five features and that hippocampal neurons tune differently to distinct emotional stimuli depending on the pattern of projection targets. Collectively, the IBIST multiplexes the capability to intersect cell-type features and controls common effectors to effectively regulate gene expression, monitor and manipulate neural activities. Cell-type-specific recording and manipulation is important for understanding neural circuits. Here the authors describe molecular tools to access cell types based on genetics and connectivity in the brain, and demonstrated the utility of these tools in neural recording and manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Shan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rong-Rong Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guang-Ling Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dan-Yang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shou Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Gang Long
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chun Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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23
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Whole-Brain Wiring Diagram of Oxytocin System in Adult Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5021-5033. [PMID: 35606144 PMCID: PMC9233446 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0307-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (Oxt) neurons regulate diverse physiological responses via direct connections with different neural circuits. However, the lack of comprehensive input-output wiring diagrams of Oxt neurons and their quantitative relationship with Oxt receptor (Oxtr) expression presents challenges to understanding circuit-specific Oxt functions. Here, we establish a whole-brain distribution and anatomic connectivity map of Oxt neurons, and their relationship with Oxtr expression using high-resolution 3D mapping methods in adult male and female mice. We use a flatmap to describe Oxt neuronal expression in four hypothalamic domains including under-characterized Oxt neurons in the tuberal nucleus (TU). Oxt neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) broadly project to nine functional circuits that control cognition, brain state, and somatic visceral response. In contrast, Oxt neurons in the supraoptic (SO) and accessory (AN) nuclei have limited central projection to a small subset of the nine circuits. Surprisingly, quantitative comparison between Oxt output and Oxtr expression showed no significant correlation across the whole brain, suggesting abundant indirect Oxt signaling in Oxtr-expressing areas. Unlike output, Oxt neurons in both the PVH and SO receive similar monosynaptic inputs from a subset of the nine circuits mainly in the thalamic, hypothalamic, and cerebral nuclei areas. Our results suggest that PVH-Oxt neurons serve as a central modulator to integrate external and internal information via largely reciprocal connection with the nine circuits while the SO-Oxt neurons act mainly as unidirectional Oxt hormonal output. In summary, our Oxt wiring diagram provides anatomic insights about distinct behavioral functions of Oxt signaling in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oxytocin (Oxt) neurons regulate diverse physiological functions from prosocial behavior to pain sensation via central projection in the brain. Thus, understanding detailed anatomic connectivity of Oxt neurons can provide insight on circuit-specific roles of Oxt signaling in regulating different physiological functions. Here, we use high-resolution mapping methods to describe the 3D distribution, monosynaptic input and long-range output of Oxt neurons, and their relationship with Oxt receptor (Oxtr) expression across the entire mouse brain. We found Oxt connections with nine functional circuits controlling cognition, brain state, and somatic visceral response. Furthermore, we identified a quantitatively unmatched Oxt-Oxtr relationship, suggesting broad indirect Oxt signaling. Together, our comprehensive Oxt wiring diagram advances our understanding of circuit-specific roles of Oxt neurons.
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24
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Optogenetic technologies in translational cancer research. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108005. [PMID: 35690273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene and cell therapies are widely recognized as future cancer therapeutics but poor controllability limits their clinical applications. Optogenetics, the use of light-controlled proteins to precisely spatiotemporally regulate the activity of genes and cells, opens up new possibilities for cancer treatment. Light of specific wavelength can activate the immune response, oncolytic activity and modulate cell signaling in tumor cells non-invasively, in dosed manner, with tissue confined action and without side effects of conventional therapies. Here, we review optogenetic approaches in cancer research, their clinical potential and challenges of incorporating optogenetics in cancer therapy. We critically discuss beneficial combinations of optogenetic technologies with therapeutic nanobodies, T-cell activation and CAR-T cell approaches, genome editors and oncolytic viruses. We consider viral vectors and nanoparticles for delivering optogenetic payloads and activating light to tumors. Finally, we highlight herein the prospects for integrating optogenetics into immunotherapy as a novel, fast, reversible and safe approach to cancer treatment.
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25
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Ledderose JMT, Benitez JA, Roberts AJ, Reed R, Bintig W, Larkum ME, Sachdev RNS, Furnari F, Eickholt BJ. The impact of phosphorylated PTEN at threonine 366 on cortical connectivity and behaviour. Brain 2022; 145:3608-3621. [PMID: 35603900 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10) is a key tumour suppressor gene and an important regulator of neuronal signalling. PTEN mutations have been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorders, characterized by macrocephaly, impaired social interactions and communication, repetitive behaviour, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. PTEN enzymatic activity is regulated by a cluster of phosphorylation sites at the C-terminus of the protein. Here, we focussed on the role of PTEN T366 phosphorylation and generated a knock-in mouse line in which Pten T366 was substituted with alanine (PtenT366A/T366A). We identify that phosphorylation of PTEN at T366 controls neuron size and connectivity of brain circuits involved in sensory processing. We show in behavioural tests that PtenT366/T366A mice exhibit cognitive deficits and selective sensory impairments, with significant differences in male individuals. We identify restricted cellular overgrowth of cortical neurons in PtenT366A/T366A brains, linked to increases in both dendritic arborization and soma size. In a combinatorial approach of anterograde and retrograde monosynaptic tracing using rabies virus, we characterize differences in connectivity to the primary somatosensory cortex of PtenT366A/T366A brains, with imbalances in long-range cortico-cortical input to neurons. We conclude that phosphorylation of PTEN at T366 controls neuron size and connectivity of brain circuits involved in sensory processing and propose that PTEN T366 signalling may account for a subset of autism-related functions of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M T Ledderose
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- The Scripps Research Institute, Animal Models Core, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachel Reed
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Willem Bintig
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Neurocure Center for Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, San Diego, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Neurocure Center for Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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26
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Bharioke A, Munz M, Brignall A, Kosche G, Eizinger MF, Ledergerber N, Hillier D, Gross-Scherf B, Conzelmann KK, Macé E, Roska B. General anesthesia globally synchronizes activity selectively in layer 5 cortical pyramidal neurons. Neuron 2022; 110:2024-2040.e10. [PMID: 35452606 PMCID: PMC9235854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetics induce loss of consciousness, a global change in behavior. However, a corresponding global change in activity in the context of defined cortical cell types has not been identified. Here, we show that spontaneous activity of mouse layer 5 pyramidal neurons, but of no other cortical cell type, becomes consistently synchronized in vivo by different general anesthetics. This heightened neuronal synchrony is aperiodic, present across large distances, and absent in cortical neurons presynaptic to layer 5 pyramidal neurons. During the transition to and from anesthesia, changes in synchrony in layer 5 coincide with the loss and recovery of consciousness. Activity within both apical and basal dendrites is synchronous, but only basal dendrites’ activity is temporally locked to somatic activity. Given that layer 5 is a major cortical output, our results suggest that brain-wide synchrony in layer 5 pyramidal neurons may contribute to the loss of consciousness during general anesthesia. Activity of layer 5 PNs synchronizes globally in different anesthetics Other mouse cortical cell types show no consistent increase in synchrony Changes in layer 5 synchrony coincide with the loss and recovery of consciousness Basal, but not apical, layer 5 dendrites are in synchrony with somas
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Bharioke
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Munz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Brignall
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kosche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Ferdinand Eizinger
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Virology, Medical Faculty and Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Ledergerber
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hillier
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitte Gross-Scherf
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Virology, Medical Faculty and Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Emilie Macé
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Divergent brainstem opioidergic pathways that coordinate breathing with pain and emotions. Neuron 2022; 110:857-873.e9. [PMID: 34921781 PMCID: PMC8897232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breathing can be heavily influenced by pain or internal emotional states, but the neural circuitry underlying this tight coordination is unknown. Here we report that Oprm1 (μ-opioid receptor)-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL) are crucial for coordinating breathing with affective pain in mice. Individual PBLOprm1 neuronal activity synchronizes with breathing rhythm and responds to noxious stimuli. Manipulating PBLOprm1 activity directly changes breathing rate, affective pain perception, and anxiety. Furthermore, PBLOprm1 neurons constitute two distinct subpopulations in a "core-shell" configuration that divergently projects to the forebrain and hindbrain. Through non-overlapping projections to the central amygdala and pre-Bötzinger complex, these two subpopulations differentially regulate breathing, affective pain, and negative emotions. Moreover, these subsets form recurrent excitatory networks through reciprocal glutamatergic projections. Together, our data define the divergent parabrachial opioidergic circuits as a common neural substrate that coordinates breathing with various sensations and behaviors such as pain and emotional processing.
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28
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Ito KN, Isobe K, Osakada F. Fast z-focus controlling and multiplexing strategies for multiplane two-photon imaging of neural dynamics. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Han Z, Luo N, Kou J, Li L, Xu Z, Wei S, Wu Y, Wang J, Ye C, Lin K, Xu F. Brain-wide TVA compensation allows rabies virus to retrograde target cell-type-specific projection neurons. Mol Brain 2022; 15:13. [PMID: 35093138 PMCID: PMC8800268 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde tracers based on viral vectors are powerful tools for the imaging and manipulation of upstream neural networks projecting to a specific brain region, and they play important roles in structural and functional studies of neural circuits. However, currently reported retrograde viral tracers have many limitations, such as brain area selectivity or the inability to retrograde label genetically defined brain-wide projection neurons. To overcome these limitations, a new retrograde tracing method, AAV-PHP.eB assisted retrograde tracing systems (PARTS) based on rabies virus, was established through brain-wide TVA-dependent targeting using an AAV-PHP.eB that efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier in C57BL/6 J mice, and complementation of EnvA-pseudotyped defective rabies virus that specifically recognizes the TVA receptor. Furthermore, combined with Cre transgenic mice, cell-type-specific PARTS (cPARTS) was developed, which can retrograde label genetically defined brain-wide projection neurons. Our research provides new tools and technical support for the analysis of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Shenzhen, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Nengsong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Shenzhen, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Kou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Wei
- HongYi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunzhang Lin
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Shenzhen, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Shenzhen, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Chen J, Li C, Lu Z, Zhan C. Optimal Timing of a Commonly-Used Rabies Virus for Neural Recording and Manipulation. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:548-552. [PMID: 35091996 PMCID: PMC9106770 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chunli Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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31
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Masaki Y, Yamaguchi M, Takeuchi RF, Osakada F. Monosynaptic rabies virus tracing from projection-targeted single neurons. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Fortino TA, Randelman ML, Hall AA, Singh J, Bloom DC, Engel E, Hoh DJ, Hou S, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA. Transneuronal tracing to map connectivity in injured and transplanted spinal networks. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:113990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Deng L, Ravenscraft B, Xu XM. Exploring propriospinal neuron-mediated neural circuit plasticity using recombinant viruses after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113962. [PMID: 34953895 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Propriospinal neurons (PSNs) play a crucial role in motor control and sensory processing and contribute to plastic reorganization of spinal circuits responsible for recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Due to their scattered distribution and various intersegmental projection patterns, it is challenging to dissect the function of PSNs within the neuronal network. New genetically encoded tools, particularly cell-type-specific transgene expression methods using recombinant viral vectors combined with other genetic, pharmacologic, and optogenetic approaches, have enormous potential for visualizing PSNs in the neuronal circuits and monitoring and manipulating their activity. Furthermore, recombinant viral tools have been utilized to promote the intrinsic regenerative capacities of PSNs, towards manipulating the 'hostile' microenvironment for improving functional regeneration of PSNs. Here we summarize the latest development in this fast-moving field and provide a perspective for using this technology to dissect PSN physiological role in contributing to recovery of function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Baylen Ravenscraft
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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34
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Ciarpella F, Zamfir RG, Campanelli A, Ren E, Pedrotti G, Bottani E, Borioli A, Caron D, Di Chio M, Dolci S, Ahtiainen A, Malpeli G, Malerba G, Bardoni R, Fumagalli G, Hyttinen J, Bifari F, Palazzolo G, Panuccio G, Curia G, Decimo I. Murine cerebral organoids develop network of functional neurons and hippocampal brain region identity. iScience 2021; 24:103438. [PMID: 34901791 PMCID: PMC8640475 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are in vitro three-dimensional (3D) self-organized neural structures, which can enable disease modeling and drug screening. However, their use for standardized large-scale drug screening studies is limited by their high batch-to-batch variability, long differentiation time (10-20 weeks), and high production costs. This is particularly relevant when brain organoids are obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we developed, for the first time, a highly standardized, reproducible, and fast (5 weeks) murine brain organoid model starting from embryonic neural stem cells. We obtained brain organoids, which progressively differentiated and self-organized into 3D networks of functional neurons with dorsal forebrain phenotype. Furthermore, by adding the morphogen WNT3a, we generated brain organoids with specific hippocampal region identity. Overall, our results showed the establishment of a fast, robust and reproducible murine 3D in vitro brain model that may represent a useful tool for high-throughput drug screening and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ciarpella
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Raluca Georgiana Zamfir
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Campanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Ren
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Pedrotti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bottani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Borioli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Caron
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies (NBT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Chio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sissi Dolci
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Annika Ahtiainen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Giorgio Malpeli
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies (NBT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies (NBT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Curia
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
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35
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Zhang F, Wu LB, Yu Q, Wang MJ, Zeng XL, Wei XT, Wu ZJ, Cai RL, Hu L. Neurotropic Viruses as a Tool for Neural Circuit-Tracing. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Morphological evidence for multiple distinct channels of corticogeniculate feedback originating in mid-level extrastriate visual areas of the ferret. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2777-2791. [PMID: 34636984 PMCID: PMC9845063 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Complementary reciprocal feedforward and feedback circuits connecting the visual thalamus with the visual cortex are essential for visual perception. These circuits predominantly connect primary and secondary visual cortex with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Although there are direct geniculocortical inputs to extrastriate visual cortex, whether reciprocal corticogeniculate neurons exist in extrastriate cortex is not known. Here we utilized virus-mediated retrograde tracing to reveal the presence of corticogeniculate neurons in three mid-level extrastriate visual cortical areas in ferrets: PMLS, PLLS, and 21a. We observed corticogeniculate neurons in all three extrastriate areas, although the density of virus-labeled corticogeniculate neurons in extrastriate cortex was an order of magnitude less than that in areas 17 and 18. A cluster analysis of morphological metrics quantified following reconstructions of the full dendritic arborizations of virus-labeled corticogeniculate neurons revealed six distinct cell types. Similar corticogeniculate cell types to those observed in areas 17 and 18 were also observed in PMLS, PLLS, and 21a. However, these unique cell types were not equally distributed across the three extrastriate areas. The majority of corticogeniculate neurons per cluster originated in a single area, suggesting unique parallel organizations for corticogeniculate feedback from each extrastriate area to the LGN. Together, our findings demonstrate direct feedback connections from mid-level extrastriate visual cortex to the LGN, supporting complementary reciprocal circuits at multiple processing stages along the visual hierarchy. Importantly, direct reciprocal connections between the LGN and extrastriate cortex, that bypass V1, could provide a substrate for residual vision following V1 damage.
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37
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Anterograde transneuronal tracing and genetic control with engineered yellow fever vaccine YFV-17D. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1542-1551. [PMID: 34824475 PMCID: PMC8665090 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transneuronal viruses are powerful tools for tracing neuronal circuits or delivering genes to specific neurons in the brain. While there are multiple retrograde viruses, few anterograde viruses are available. Further, available anterograde viruses often have limitations such as retrograde transport, high neuronal toxicity or weak signals. We developed an anterograde viral system based on a live attenuated vaccine for yellow fever-YFV-17D. Replication- or packaging-deficient mutants of YFV-17D can be reconstituted in the brain, leading to efficient synapse-specific and anterograde-only transneuronal spreading, which can be controlled to achieve either monosynaptic or polysynaptic tracing. Moreover, inducible transient replication of YFV-17D mutant is sufficient to induce permanent transneuronal genetic modifications without causing neuronal toxicity. The engineered YFV-17D systems can be used to express fluorescent markers, sensors or effectors in downstream neurons, thus providing versatile tools for mapping and functionally controlling neuronal circuits.
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38
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Morikawa S, Katori K, Takeuchi H, Ikegaya Y. Brain-wide mapping of presynaptic inputs to basolateral amygdala neurons. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3062-3075. [PMID: 33797073 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA), a region critical for emotional processing, is the limbic hub that is connected with various brain regions. BLA neurons are classified into different subtypes that exhibit differential projection patterns and mediate distinct emotional behaviors; however, little is known about their presynaptic input patterns. In this study, we employed projection-specific monosynaptic rabies virus tracing to identify the direct monosynaptic inputs to BLA subtypes. We found that each neuronal subtype receives long-range projection input from specific brain regions. In contrast to their specific axonal projection patterns, all BLA neuronal subtypes exhibited relatively similar input patterns. This anatomical organization supports the idea that the BLA is a central integrator that associates sensory information in different modalities with valence and sends associative information to behaviorally relevant brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Morikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Katori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Social Cooperation Program of Evolutional Chemical Safety Assessment System, LECSAS, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Retrograde Transgene Expression via Neuron-Specific Lentiviral Vector Depends on Both Species and Input Projections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071387. [PMID: 34372593 PMCID: PMC8310113 DOI: 10.3390/v13071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For achieving retrograde gene transfer, we have so far developed two types of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with fusion envelope glycoprotein, termed HiRet vector and NeuRet vector, consisting of distinct combinations of rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins. In the present study, we compared the patterns of retrograde transgene expression for the HiRet vs. NeuRet vectors by testing the cortical input system. These vectors were injected into the motor cortex in rats, marmosets, and macaques, and the distributions of retrograde labels were investigated in the cortex and thalamus. Our histological analysis revealed that the NeuRet vector generally exhibits a higher efficiency of retrograde gene transfer than the HiRet vector, though its capacity of retrograde transgene expression in the macaque brain is unexpectedly low, especially in terms of the intracortical connections, as compared to the rat and marmoset brains. It was also demonstrated that the NeuRet but not the HiRet vector displays sufficiently high neuron specificity and causes no marked inflammatory/immune responses at the vector injection sites in the primate (marmoset and macaque) brains. The present results indicate that the retrograde transgene efficiency of the NeuRet vector varies depending not only on the species but also on the input projections.
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40
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Jia F, Li L, Liu H, Lv P, Shi X, Wu Y, Ling C, Xu F. Development of a rabies virus-based retrograde tracer with high trans-monosynaptic efficiency by reshuffling glycoprotein. Mol Brain 2021; 14:109. [PMID: 34238335 PMCID: PMC8265122 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RV) is the most widely used vector for mapping neural circuits. Previous studies have shown that the RV glycoprotein can be a target to improve the retrograde transsynaptic tracing efficiency. However, the current versions still label only a small portion of all presynaptic neurons. Here, we reshuffled the oG sequence, a chimeric glycoprotein, with positive codon pair bias score (CPBS) based on bioinformatic analysis of mouse codon pair bias, generating ooG, a further optimized glycoprotein. Our experimental data reveal that the ooG has a higher expression level than the oG in vivo, which significantly increases the tracing efficiency by up to 12.6 and 62.1-fold compared to oG and B19G, respectively. The new tool can be used for labeling neural circuits Therefore, the approach reported here provides a convenient, efficient and universal strategy to improve protein expression for various application scenarios such as trans-synaptic tracing efficiency, cell engineering, and vaccine and oncolytic virus designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Translational Research Center for the Nervous System (TRCNS), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems,, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Pei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems,, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiangwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems,, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems,, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Translational Research Center for the Nervous System (TRCNS), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems,, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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41
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Yook JS, Kim J, Kim J. Convergence Circuit Mapping: Genetic Approaches From Structure to Function. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:688673. [PMID: 34234652 PMCID: PMC8255632 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.688673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex neural circuits that underpin brain function and behavior has been a long-standing goal of neuroscience. Yet this is no small feat considering the interconnectedness of neurons and other cell types, both within and across brain regions. In this review, we describe recent advances in mouse molecular genetic engineering that can be used to integrate information on brain activity and structure at regional, cellular, and subcellular levels. The convergence of structural inputs can be mapped throughout the brain in a cell type-specific manner by antero- and retrograde viral systems expressing various fluorescent proteins and genetic switches. Furthermore, neural activity can be manipulated using opto- and chemo-genetic tools to interrogate the functional significance of this input convergence. Monitoring neuronal activity is obtained with precise spatiotemporal resolution using genetically encoded sensors for calcium changes and specific neurotransmitters. Combining these genetically engineered mapping tools is a compelling approach for unraveling the structural and functional brain architecture of complex behaviors and malfunctioned states of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Soo Yook
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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42
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Faulkner RL, Wall NR, Callaway EM, Cline HT. Application of Recombinant Rabies Virus to Xenopus Tadpole Brain. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0477-20.2021. [PMID: 34099488 PMCID: PMC8260272 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0477-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xenopus laevis experimental system has provided significant insight into the development and plasticity of neural circuits. Xenopus neuroscience research would be enhanced by additional tools to study neural circuit structure and function. Rabies viruses are powerful tools to label and manipulate neural circuits and have been widely used to study mesoscale connectomics. Whether rabies virus can be used to transduce neurons and express transgenes in Xenopus has not been systematically investigated. Glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus transduces neurons at the axon terminal and retrogradely labels their cell bodies. We show that glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus infects local and projection neurons in the Xenopus tadpole when directly injected into brain tissue. Pseudotyping glycoprotein-deleted rabies with EnvA restricts infection to cells with exogenous expression of the EnvA receptor, TVA. EnvA pseudotyped virus specifically infects tadpole neurons with promoter-driven expression of TVA, demonstrating its utility to label targeted neuronal populations. Neuronal cell types are defined by a combination of features including anatomical location, expression of genetic markers, axon projection sites, morphology, and physiological properties. We show that driving TVA expression in one hemisphere and injecting EnvA pseudotyped virus into the contralateral hemisphere, retrogradely labels neurons defined by cell body location and axon projection site. Using this approach, rabies can be used to identify cell types in Xenopus brain and simultaneously to express transgenes which enable monitoring or manipulation of neuronal activity. This makes rabies a valuable tool to study the structure and function of neural circuits in Xenopus.Significance StatementStudies in Xenopus have contributed a great deal to our understanding of brain circuit development and plasticity, regeneration, and hormonal regulation of behavior and metamorphosis. Here, we show that recombinant rabies virus transduces neurons in the Xenopus tadpole, enlarging the toolbox that can be applied to studying Xenopus brain. Rabies can be used for retrograde labeling and expression of a broad range of transgenes including fluorescent proteins for anatomical tracing and studying neuronal morphology, voltage or calcium indicators to visualize neuronal activity, and photo- or chemosensitive channels to control neuronal activity. The versatility of these tools enables diverse experiments to analyze and manipulate Xenopus brain structure and function, including mesoscale connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Faulkner
- Neuroscience Department and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | | | | | - Hollis T Cline
- Neuroscience Department and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
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43
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Optimization of whole-brain rabies virus tracing technology for small cell populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10400. [PMID: 34002008 PMCID: PMC8129069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is critically involved in the regulation of homeostatic energy balance. Some neurons in the LH express receptors for leptin (LepRb), a hormone known to increase energy expenditure and decrease energy intake. However, the neuroanatomical inputs to LepRb-expressing LH neurons remain unknown. We used rabies virus tracing technology to map these inputs, but encountered non-specific tracing. To optimize this technology for a minor cell population (LepRb is not ubiquitously expressed in LH), we used LepRb-Cre mice and assessed how different titers of the avian tumor virus receptor A (TVA) helper virus affected rabies tracing efficiency and specificity. We found that rabies expression is dependent on TVA receptor expression, and that leakiness of TVA receptors is dependent on the titer of TVA virus used. We concluded that a titer of 1.0–3.0 × 107 genomic copies per µl of the TVA virus is optimal for rabies tracing. Next, we successfully applied modified rabies virus tracing technology to map inputs to LepRb-expressing LH neurons. We discovered that other neurons in the LH itself, the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (Pe), the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) are the most prominent input areas to LepRb-expressing LH neurons.
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44
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Clark IC, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Wheeler MA, Li Z, Rothhammer V, Linnerbauer M, Sanmarco LM, Guo L, Blain M, Zandee SEJ, Chao CC, Batterman KV, Schwabenland M, Lotfy P, Tejeda-Velarde A, Hewson P, Manganeli Polonio C, Shultis MW, Salem Y, Tjon EC, Fonseca-Castro PH, Borucki DM, Alves de Lima K, Plasencia A, Abate AR, Rosene DL, Hodgetts KJ, Prinz M, Antel JP, Prat A, Quintana FJ. Barcoded viral tracing of single-cell interactions in central nervous system inflammation. Science 2021; 372:372/6540/eabf1230. [PMID: 33888612 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions control the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). To study astrocyte cell interactions in vivo, we developed rabies barcode interaction detection followed by sequencing (RABID-seq), which combines barcoded viral tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Using RABID-seq, we identified axon guidance molecules as candidate mediators of microglia-astrocyte interactions that promote CNS pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and, potentially, multiple sclerosis (MS). In vivo cell-specific genetic perturbation EAE studies, in vitro systems, and the analysis of MS scRNA-seq datasets and CNS tissue established that Sema4D and Ephrin-B3 expressed in microglia control astrocyte responses via PlexinB2 and EphB3, respectively. Furthermore, a CNS-penetrant EphB3 inhibitor suppressed astrocyte and microglia proinflammatory responses and ameliorated EAE. In summary, RABID-seq identified microglia-astrocyte interactions and candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Clark
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Liliana M Sanmarco
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lydia Guo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manon Blain
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Chun-Cheih Chao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katelyn V Batterman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marius Schwabenland
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lotfy
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amalia Tejeda-Velarde
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Hewson
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carolina Manganeli Polonio
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael W Shultis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yasmin Salem
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily C Tjon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro H Fonseca-Castro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Davis M Borucki
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kalil Alves de Lima
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Agustin Plasencia
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kevin J Hodgetts
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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45
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Delineating the organization of projection neuron subsets in primary visual cortex with multiple fluorescent rabies virus tracing. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:951-961. [PMID: 33710409 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The impressive functions of the brain rely on an extensive connectivity matrix between specific neurons, the architecture of which is frequently characterized by one brain nucleus/region connecting to multiple targets, either via collaterals of the same projection neuron or several, differentially specified neurons. Delineating the fine architecture of projection neuron subsets in a specific brain region could greatly facilitate its circuit, computational, and functional resolution. Here, we developed multiple fluorescent rabies viruses (RV) to delineate the fine organization of corticothalamic projection neuron subsets in the primary visual cortex (V1). By simultaneously retrograde labeling multiple distinct subsets of corticothalamic projection neurons in V1 from their target nuclei in thalamus (dLGN, LP, LD), we observed that V1-dLGN corticothalamic projection neurons were densely concentrated in layer VI, except for several sparsely scattered neurons in layer V, while V1-LP and V1-LD corticothalamic projection neurons were localized to both layers V and VI. Meanwhile, we observed a fraction of V1 corticothalamic projection neurons targeting two thalamic nuclei, which was further confirmed by fMOST whole-brain imaging. The multiple fluorescent RV tracing tools can be extensively applied to resolve the architecture of projection neuron subsets in certain brain regions, with a strong potential to delineate the computational and functional organization of these brain regions.
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46
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Noguchi A, Ikegaya Y, Matsumoto N. In Vivo Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Methods: Recent Technical Progress and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1448. [PMID: 33669656 PMCID: PMC7922023 DOI: 10.3390/s21041448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain functions are fundamental for the survival of organisms, and they are supported by neural circuits consisting of a variety of neurons. To investigate the function of neurons at the single-cell level, researchers often use whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. These techniques enable us to record membrane potentials (including action potentials) of individual neurons of not only anesthetized but also actively behaving animals. This whole-cell recording method enables us to reveal how neuronal activities support brain function at the single-cell level. In this review, we introduce previous studies using in vivo patch-clamp recording techniques and recent findings primarily regarding neuronal activities in the hippocampus for behavioral function. We further discuss how we can bridge the gap between electrophysiology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (A.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (A.N.); (Y.I.)
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (A.N.); (Y.I.)
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47
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Temporally multiplexed dual-plane imaging of neural activity with four-dimensional precision. Neurosci Res 2021; 171:9-18. [PMID: 33607170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity generate brain functions, such as perception, memory, and behavior. Four-dimensional (4-D: x, y, z, t) analyses of such neural activity will facilitate understanding of brain functions. However, conventional two-photon microscope systems observe single-plane brain tissue alone at a time with cellular resolution. It faces a trade-off between the spatial resolution in the x-, y-, and z-axes and the temporal resolution by a limited point-by-point scan speed. To overcome this trade-off in 4-D imaging, we developed a holographic two-photon microscope for dual-plane imaging. A spatial light modulator (SLM) provided an additional focal plane at a different depth. Temporal multiplexing of split lasers with an optical chopper allowed fast imaging of two different focal planes. We simultaneously recorded the activities of neurons on layers 2/3 and 5 of the cerebral cortex in awake mice in vivo. The present study demonstrated the proof-of-concept of dual-plane two-photon imaging of neural circuits by using the temporally multiplexed SLM-based microscope. The temporally multiplexed holographic microscope, combined with in vivo labeling with genetically encoded probes, enabled 4-D imaging and analysis of neural activities at cellular resolution and physiological timescales. Large-scale 4-D imaging and analysis will facilitate studies of not only the nervous system but also of various biological systems.
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48
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Ronzano R, Lancelin C, Bhumbra GS, Brownstone RM, Beato M. Proximal and distal spinal neurons innervating multiple synergist and antagonist motor pools. eLife 2021; 10:70858. [PMID: 34727018 PMCID: PMC8631798 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons (MNs) control muscle contractions, and their recruitment by premotor circuits is tuned to produce accurate motor behaviours. To understand how these circuits coordinate movement across and between joints, it is necessary to understand whether spinal neurons pre-synaptic to motor pools have divergent projections to more than one MN population. Here, we used modified rabies virus tracing in mice to investigate premotor interneurons projecting to synergist flexor or extensor MNs, as well as those projecting to antagonist pairs of muscles controlling the ankle joint. We show that similar proportions of premotor neurons diverge to synergist and antagonist motor pools. Divergent premotor neurons were seen throughout the spinal cord, with decreasing numbers but increasing proportion with distance from the hindlimb enlargement. In the cervical cord, divergent long descending propriospinal neurons were found in contralateral lamina VIII, had large somata, were neither glycinergic, nor cholinergic, and projected to both lumbar and cervical MNs. We conclude that distributed spinal premotor neurons coordinate activity across multiple motor pools and that there are spinal neurons mediating co-contraction of antagonist muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Ronzano
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Camille Lancelin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gardave Singh Bhumbra
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert M Brownstone
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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49
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Rossi LF, Harris KD, Carandini M. Spatial connectivity matches direction selectivity in visual cortex. Nature 2020; 588:648-652. [PMID: 33177719 PMCID: PMC7116721 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The selectivity of neuronal responses arises from the architecture of excitatory and inhibitory connections. In the primary visual cortex, the selectivity of a neuron in layer 2/3 for stimulus orientation and direction is thought to arise from intracortical inputs that are similarly selective1-8. However, the excitatory inputs of a neuron can have diverse stimulus preferences1-4,6,7,9, and inhibitory inputs can be promiscuous10 and unselective11. Here we show that the excitatory and inhibitory intracortical connections to a layer 2/3 neuron accord with its selectivity by obeying precise spatial patterns. We used rabies tracing1,12 to label and functionally image the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to individual pyramidal neurons of layer 2/3 of the mouse visual cortex. Presynaptic excitatory neurons spanned layers 2/3 and 4 and were distributed coaxial to the preferred orientation of the postsynaptic neuron, favouring the region opposite to its preferred direction. By contrast, presynaptic inhibitory neurons resided within layer 2/3 and favoured locations near the postsynaptic neuron and ahead of its preferred direction. The direction selectivity of a postsynaptic neuron was unrelated to the selectivity of presynaptic neurons, but correlated with the spatial displacement between excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic ensembles. Similar asymmetric connectivity establishes direction selectivity in the retina13-17. This suggests that this circuit motif might be canonical in sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Federico Rossi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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50
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Okigawa S, Yamaguchi M, Ito KN, Takeuchi RF, Morimoto N, Osakada F. Cell type- and layer-specific convergence in core and shell neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2099-2124. [PMID: 33236346 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 40 distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) generate parallel processing pathways in the visual system. In mice, two subdivisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the core and the shell, organize distinct parallel channels to transmit visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1). To investigate how the dLGN core and shell differentially integrate visual information and other modalities, we mapped synaptic input sources to each dLGN subdivision at the cell-type level with G-deleted rabies viral vectors. The monosynaptic circuit tracing revealed that dLGN core neurons received inputs from alpha-RGCs, Layer 6 neurons of the V1, the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SC), the internal ventral LGN, the lower layer of the external ventral LGN (vLGNe), the intergeniculate leaf, the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and the pretectal nucleus (PT). Conversely, shell neurons received inputs from alpha-RGCs and direction-selective ganglion cells of the retina, Layer 6 neurons of the V1, the superficial layer of the SC, the superficial and lower layers of the vLGNe, the TRN, the PT, and the parabigeminal nucleus. The present study provides anatomical evidence of the cell type- and layer-specific convergence in dLGN core and shell neurons. These findings suggest that dLGN core neurons integrate and process more multimodal information along with visual information than shell neurons and that LGN core and shell neurons integrate different types of information, send their own convergent information to discrete populations of the V1, and differentially contribute to visual perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Okigawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei N Ito
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke F Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO/CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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