1
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Zhang R, Wuerch E, Yong VW, Xue M. LXR agonism for CNS diseases: promises and challenges. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:97. [PMID: 38627787 PMCID: PMC11022383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfavorable prognosis of many neurological conditions could be attributed to limited tissue regeneration in central nervous system (CNS) and overwhelming inflammation, while liver X receptor (LXR) may regulate both processes due to its pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory response, and thus receives increasing attentions from neuroscientists and clinicians. Here, we summarize the signal transduction of LXR pathway, discuss the therapeutic potentials of LXR agonists based on preclinical data using different disease models, and analyze the dilemma and possible resolutions for clinical translation to encourage further investigations of LXR related therapies in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Wuerch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Zhong Y, Li S, Chen Y, Tang Y, Xiao X, Nie T. Combining PLGA microspheres loaded with Liver X receptor agonist GW3965 with a chitosan nerve conduit can promote the healing and regeneration of the wounded sciatic nerve. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35378. [PMID: 38356051 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Globally, peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common clinical issue. Successfully repairing severe PNIs has posed a major challenge for clinicians. GW3965 is a highly selective LXR agonist, and previous studies have demonstrated its positive protective effects in both central and peripheral nerve diseases. In this work, we examined the potential reparative effects of GW3965-loaded polylactic acid co-glycolic acid microspheres in conjunction with a chitosan nerve conduit for peripheral nerve damage. The experiment revealed that GW3965 promoted Schwann cell proliferation and neurotrophic factor release in vitro. In vivo experiments conducted on rats showed that GW3965 facilitated the restoration of motor function, promoted axon and myelin regeneration in the sciatic nerve, and enhanced the microenvironment of nerve regeneration. These results offer a novel therapeutic approach for the healing of nerve damage. Overall, this work provides valuable insights and presents a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Zhong
- Orthopedic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Orthopedic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanzhen Chen
- Orthopedic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Orthopedic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinmao Xiao
- Orthopedic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Nie
- Orthopedic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Jiang S, Xiong Y, Wang X. Engeletin ameliorates sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment by activating PPAR-gamma in neonatal mice. Neuropathology 2023; 43:431-440. [PMID: 37037475 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane (SEV) is a commonly used anesthetic in pediatric surgery. Recent studies reported that repeated use of SEV contributes to cognitive impairment. Engeletin has been discovered to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. However, the detailed roles and mechanisms of engeletin in SEV-induced cognitive dysfunction of neonatal mice remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 neonatal mice were randomly divided into Ctrl, SEV, SEV + Engeletin (10 mg /kg), SEV + Engeletin (20 mg/kg), and SEV + Engeletin (40 mg/kg) groups. The Morris water maze (MWM) test suggested that engeletin treatment significantly improved SEV-induced cognitive impairment in neonatal mice. Employing ELISA and Nissl staining analysis, engeletin reduced neuroinflammation and loss of nerve cells caused by SEV, respectively. The treatment of engeletin dramatically suppressed the activation of microglia and apoptosis induced by SEV in the hippocampus of neonatal mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of PPAR-γ obviously reversed the abovementioned effects of engeletin in the hippocampus of newborn mice. In conclusion, this study verified that engeletin notably ameliorated SEV-induced cognitive deficiencies in neonatal mice at least partially by mediating the expression of PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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4
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Vacondio D, Nogueira Pinto H, Coenen L, Mulder IA, Fontijn R, van Het Hof B, Fung WK, Jongejan A, Kooij G, Zelcer N, Rozemuller AJ, de Vries HE, de Wit NM. Liver X receptor alpha ensures blood-brain barrier function by suppressing SNAI2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:781. [PMID: 38016947 PMCID: PMC10684660 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) more than 50% of the patients are affected by capillary cerebral amyloid-angiopathy (capCAA), which is characterized by localized hypoxia, neuro-inflammation and loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Moreover, AD patients with or without capCAA display increased vessel number, indicating a reactivation of the angiogenic program. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for BBB dysfunction and angiogenesis in capCAA is still unclear, preventing a full understanding of disease pathophysiology. The Liver X receptor (LXR) family, consisting of LXRα and LXRβ, was reported to inhibit angiogenesis and particularly LXRα was shown to secure BBB stability, suggesting a major role in vascular function. In this study, we unravel the regulatory mechanism exerted by LXRα to preserve BBB integrity in human brain endothelial cells (BECs) and investigate its role during pathological conditions. We report that LXRα ensures BECs identity via constitutive inhibition of the transcription factor SNAI2. Accordingly, deletion of brain endothelial LXRα is associated with impaired DLL4-NOTCH signalling, a critical signalling pathway involved in vessel sprouting. A similar response was observed when BECs were exposed to hypoxia, with concomitant LXRα decrease and SNAI2 increase. In support of our cell-based observations, we report a general increase in vascular SNAI2 in the occipital cortex of AD patients with and without capCAA. Importantly, SNAI2 strongly associated with vascular amyloid-beta deposition and angiopoietin-like 4, a marker for hypoxia. In hypoxic capCAA vessels, the expression of LXRα may decrease leading to an increased expression of SNAI2, and consequently BECs de-differentiation and sprouting. Our findings indicate that LXRα is essential for BECs identity, thereby securing BBB stability and preventing aberrant angiogenesis. These results uncover a novel molecular pathway essential for BBB identity and vascular homeostasis providing new insights on the vascular pathology affecting AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vacondio
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Nogueira Pinto
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Coenen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - I A Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Fontijn
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B van Het Hof
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W K Fung
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kooij
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Zelcer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam Department of Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A J Rozemuller
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N M de Wit
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Wang K, Zhang H, Du Y. MEX3C induces cognitive impairment in mice through autophagy inhibition. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3245. [PMID: 37652868 PMCID: PMC10636389 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The muscle excess 3 (MEX3C) protein comprises one of two conserved KH hnRNP K homology domains of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein family, a gene involved in the metabolism of key RNAs at posttranscriptional levels during the development of C. elegans, but its function in mammals is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that MEX3C plays a key role in learning and cognitive function. The learning and cognitive abilities of MEX3C-knockout (KO) mice were significantly decreased relative to those of wild-type (WT) mice in behavioral experiments, including the shuttle box, Morris water maze, and new object recognition. Nissl staining showed a decrease in the number of Nissl bodies and in the maturation of hippocampal and cortical neurons. A Western blot analysis of the neuron-specific nuclear (NeuN) protein NEUN protein showed that the expression of that protein was decreased, which was consistent with the results of Nissl staining. Of note, the expression of sequestosome I p62 and Parkin BCL-2-associated X (Bax) Bax and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Bcl-2 proteins also showed a downward trend, suggesting that the MEX3C gene may cause a decrease in the number and maturity of neuronal cells by increasing apoptosis through the inhibition of autophagy. In addition, Golgi staining showed that the complexity of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was reduced, and the postsynaptic density protein 95 and growth-associated protein (GAP-43) also showed different degrees of reduction. CONCLUSION The KO of the MEX3C gene reduces the plasticity of synapses in various regions of the hippocampus, thereby affecting the function of the hippocampus and eventually causing the decline of cognitive function. On the other hand, compared with WT mice, MEX3C-KO mice showed increased anxiety-like behaviors in minefield and elevated plus maze tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Clinical MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityNingxia YinchuanChina
| | - Hao‐Nan Zhang
- School of Clinical MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityNingxia YinchuanChina
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryGeneral Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityNingxia YinchuanChina
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6
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Zhu Y, Lai Y. Pharmacological properties and derivatives of saikosaponins-a review of recent studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7194607. [PMID: 37307427 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saikosaponins (SSs) constitute a class of medicinal monomers characterised by a triterpene tricyclic structure. Despite their potential therapeutic effects for various pathological conditions, the underlying mechanisms of their actions have not been systematically analysed. Here, we mainly review the important anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral mechanisms underlying SS actions. METHODS Information from multiple scientific databases, such as PubMed, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar, was collected between 2018 and 2023. The search term used was saikosaponin. KEY FINDINGS Numerous studies have shown that Saikosaponin A exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid metabolism. Moreover, saikosaponin D exerts antitumor effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and the antiviral mechanisms of SSs, especially against SARS-CoV-2, have been partially revealed. Interestingly, an increasing body of experimental evidence suggests that SSs show the potential for use as anti-addiction, anxiolytic, and antidepressant treatments, and therefore, the related molecular mechanisms warrant further study. CONCLUSIONS An increasing amount of data have indicated diverse SS pharmacological properties, indicating crucial clues for future studies and the production of novel saikosaponin-based anti-inflammatory, efficacious anticancer, and anti-novel-coronavirus agents with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zhu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Gao T, Qian T, Wang T, Su Y, Qiu H, Tang W, Xing Q, Wang L. T0901317, a liver X receptor agonist, ameliorates perinatal white matter injury induced by ischemia and hypoxia in neonatal rats. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136994. [PMID: 36460235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal white matter injury (PWMI) can lead to permanent neurological damage in preterm infants and bring a huge economic burden to their families and society. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors that have been confirmed to mediate the myelination process under physiological conditions and are involved in regulating neurogenesis in adult animal models of acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. However, the role of LXRs in PWMI induced by both ischemic and hypoxic stimulation in the immature brain has not been reported. Herein, we investigated the role of LXRs in a neonatal rat model of white matter loss after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury through intraperitoneal injection of the LXR agonist T0901317 (T09) 1 day before and 15 min postinjury. The in vivo data showed that T09 treatment significantly facilitated myelination and ameliorated neurological behavior after PWMI. Moreover, T09 enhanced the proliferation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in the microenvironment for oligodendrocytes (OLs), maintaining a healthy microenvironment for myelinating OLs. In vitro data suggested that the expression of the myelin-related genes Plp and Cnpase was increased in OLN-93 cells after T09 intervention compared with OLN-93 cells injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). In primary mixed astrocytes/microglia cells, T09 also reduced the expression of Il6, Cox2, Tnfa and Il10 that was induced by OGD. Mechanistically, the mRNA expression level and the protein level of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (Abca1) decreased after HI injury, and the protective effect of T09 might be related to the activation of the LXRβ-ABCA1 signaling pathway. Our study revealed the protective role of LXRs in myelination and white matter homeostasis, providing a potential therapeutic option for PWMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Tianyang Qian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Qiu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wan Tang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laishuan Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
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8
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Jia A, Yang X, Zou B, Li J, Wang Y, Ma R, Li J, Yao Y. Saikosaponins: A Review of Structures and Pharmacological Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri is a traditional medicine widely used in China and other Asian countries. Phytochemistry and pharmacology study reveal that saikosaponins(SSs) are the main bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri. SSs are complex compounds composed of triterpene aglycone and carbohydrate part containing 1-13 monosaccharides, which can be divided into seven types based on their structural characteristics. Many different kinds of SSs have been isolated from plants of Bupleurum L. SSs show a variety of biological activities, such as central nervous system protection, liver protection, antivirus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, hormone-like effects, and immune regulation functions. Due to their broad activity and favorable safety profile, SSs attract an increasing amount of attention in recent years. In this review, the structures of 86 SSs are summarized based on the different aglycones due to the diverse structures of saikosaponin(SS). The pharmacological effects and related mechanism of SSs are thoroughly reviewed, and perspectives for future research are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Jia
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xinhe Yang
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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9
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Pham NK, Bui HT, Tran TH, Hoang TNA, Vu TH, Do DT, Kim YH, Song SB, To DC, Nguyen MC. Dammarane triterpenes and phytosterols from Dysoxylum tpongense Pierre and their anti-inflammatory activity against liver X receptors and NF-κB activation. Steroids 2021; 175:108902. [PMID: 34520797 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysoxylum tpongense Pierre (local name 'Huynh Dan Bap') belonging to family Meliaceae, is a tree (3-10 m height), distributed in the mountainous areas (ca. 1000 m a.s.l.) in North Vietnam. From the dichloromethane fraction of the methanol extract of the leaves and stems of this plant, six dammarane triterpenes, one furanoid diterpene together with three sterols were isolated. Evaluation of biological activities of isolated compounds showed that cabraleahydroxylactone (5), cabraleahydroxylactone 3-acetate (6), and stigmast-4-en-3-one (10) possessed an anti-inflammatory effect against Liver X receptor (LXR) activation in HepG2 cell line model with IC50 values of 20.29 ± 3.69, 24.32 ± 2.99, and 7.09 ± 0.97 (μM), respectively. While three other triterpenoid compounds aglinin C 3- acetate (1), aglinin C (2), and 24-epi-cabraleadiol (4) presented the most significant inhibitory effect against TNF-α induced NF-κB activation in HepG2 cell line in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 12.45 ± 2.37, 23.32 ± 3.25, and 13.95 ± 1.57 μM, respectively. As stigmast-4-en-3-one (10), with structure closely similar to cholesterol, acted selectively on LXRs but not on NF-kB activation pathway, this suggests that stigmast-4-en-3-one (10) can be potentially applied as an agonist on LXR signaling pathway. Pathways LXRs-NF-κB-iNOS expression have a close relationship and play a crucial role in proceeding metabolic abnormalities like atherosclerosis, obesity, inflammation, etc. Thus, the findings showed that dammarane-type triterpenoids from D. tpongense are worthy of further investigation for potential LXR agonists and potent anti-atherogenic agents against atherosclerotic lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Khanh Pham
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Goyang 10326, South Korea; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Huu Tai Bui
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Huong Tran
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Ngoc Anh Hoang
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Ha Vu
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dinh Tung Do
- National Institute of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 1 Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Seok Bean Song
- Korea Bio Pharmaceutical CMO Center, 48-27, Saneopdanji 1-gil, Pungsan-eup, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dao Cuong To
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam, Phenikaa Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Manh Cuong Nguyen
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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10
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Eskandari M, Mellati AA. Liver X Receptor as a Possible Drug Target for Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 12:466-475. [PMID: 35935038 PMCID: PMC9348539 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2022.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: blood-brain barrier (BBB) is made of specialized cells that are responsible for the selective passage of substances directed to the brain. The integrated BBB is essential for precise controlling of the different substances passage as well as protecting the brain from various damages. In this article, we attempted to explain the role of liver X receptor (LXR) in maintaining BBB integrity as a possible drug target.
Methods: In this study, various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched using the following keywords: blood-brain barrier, BBB, liver X receptor, and LXR until July, 2020. Additionally, contents close to the subject of our study were surveyed.
Results: LXR is a receptor the roles of which in various diseases have been investigated. LXR can affect maintaining BBB by affecting various ways such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tight junction molecules, both signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), Wnt/β-catenin Signaling, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, and expressions of Smad 2/3 and Snail.
Conclusion: LXR could possibly be used either as a target for drug delivery to brain tissue or as a target for maintaining the BBB integrity in different diseases; thereby the drug will be conducted to tissues, other than the brain. If it is verified that only LXRα is necessary for protecting BBB, some specific LXRα ligands must be found and then used in medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Eskandari
- Medical school, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Awsat Mellati
- Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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11
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Song D, Chen Y, Chen C, Chen L, Cheng O. GABA B receptor antagonist promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and facilitates cognitive function recovery following acute cerebral ischemia in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:22. [PMID: 33413637 PMCID: PMC7792056 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that promoting endogenous neurogenesis has great significance for the recovery of cognitive dysfunction caused by cerebral ischemia (CI). Pharmacological inhibition of GABAB receptor can enhance neurogenesis in adult healthy and depressed mice. In the study, we intended to investigate the effects of GABAB receptor antagonists on cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice following CI. METHODS Adult mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 20 min to induce CI and treated with CGP52432 (antagonist of GABAB receptor, CGP, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection) starting 24 h after CI. The Morris water maze test was performed to test spatial learning and memory at day 28. Immunofluorescence was applied to detect neurogenesis in the DG region at day 14 and 28. In in vitro experiments, cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 and immunofluorescence, and the expression of cAMP/CREB signaling pathway-related proteins was detected by ELISA assay and Western blot. RESULTS CGP significantly improved spatial learning and memory disorders caused by CI, and it enhanced the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), the number of immature neurons, and the differentiation from newborn cells to neurons. In vitro experiments further confirmed that CGP dose-dependently enhanced the cell viability of NSCs, and immunofluorescence staining showed that CGP promoted the proliferation of NSCs. In addition, treatment with CGP increased the expression of cAMP, PKA, and pCREB in cultured NSCs. CONCLUSION Inhibition of GABAB receptor can effectively promote hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning and memory in adult mice following CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yaohua Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Oumei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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12
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Zhang J, Sun P, Zhou C, Zhang X, Ma F, Xu Y, Hamblin MH, Yin K. Regulatory microRNAs and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1207-1218. [PMID: 33459504 PMCID: PMC7702235 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is defined as a progressive dementia disease related to cerebrovascular injury and often occurs in aged populations. Despite decades of research, effective treatment for VCID is still absent. The pathological processes of VCID are mediated by the molecular mechanisms that are partly modulated at the post-transcriptional level. As small endogenous non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs) can regulate target gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing. miRs have been reported to play an important role in the pathology of VCID and have recently been suggested as potential novel pharmacological targets for the development of new diagnosis and treatment strategies in VCID. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of VCID, the possible role of miRs in the regulation of VCID and attempt to envision future therapeutic strategies. Since manipulation of miR levels by either pharmacological or genetic approaches has shown therapeutic effects in experimental VCID models, we also emphasize the potential therapeutic value of miRs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Milton H. Hamblin
- Department of PharmacologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Ke‐Jie Yin
- Department of NeurologyPittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & RecoveryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPAUSA
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13
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Yang X, Song D, Chen L, Xiao H, Ma X, Jiang Q, Cheng O. Curcumin promotes neurogenesis of hippocampal dentate gyrus via Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway following cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147197. [PMID: 33160958 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether curcumin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in the cerebral ischemia (CI) mice via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into groups: sham operation group (Sham), cerebral ischemic group (CI), curcumin treatment group (50, 100 mg/kg/d, i.p.) and curcumin (100 mg/kg/d) + DKK1 (a blocker of Wnt receptor, 200 ng/d, icv) group. CI was induced by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) for 20 min. The Morris water maze test was conducted to detect spatial learning and memory. Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the proliferation and differentiation of immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The proteins involved in neurogenesis and Wnt signaling pathway were examined using Western blot assay. RESULTS Curcumin significantly alleviated cognitive deficits induced by CI. Curcumin dose-dependently increased the proliferation of neural stem cells and promoted the differentiation and maturation of newly generated neural cells into neurons. Curcumin also increased the expression of proteins involved in neurogenesis (including Ngn2, Pax6 and NeuroD 1) and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, the forenamed effects of curcumin were abolished by pretreatment with DKK1, a blocker of Wnt receptor. CONCLUSION Curcumin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to ameliorate cognitive deficits after acute CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Oumei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Lysophosphatidic Acid Mediates Inflammation by Decreasing the Expression of Liver X Receptor. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1376-1384. [PMID: 32424512 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ubiquitous phospholipid, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiological process of neurological diseases, which constitute the pathological course after cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenic roles of LPA remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the liver X receptor (LXR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) by Western blotting, quantified the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and LPA by ELISA, and evaluated apoptosis and infarct by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling) and TTC (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining respectively in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The levels of LPA, an extracellular signaling molecule, increased after ischemia and caused neurological injury effect, decreased the expression level of LXR, and increased the expression level of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) via the NFκB signaling pathway. This elevated LPA-induced pathological process is one of the pathological reactions associated with ischemic brain injury. We present a direct or indirect connection between LPA and LXR in the pathophysiological process. In conclusion, we speculate that the inhibition of LPA generation and administration of LXR agonist may be explored as potential cerebral infarction treatment strategies.
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15
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Falvo E, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Physiopathological role of the enzymatic complex 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in the generation of progesterone and testosterone neuroactive metabolites. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100836. [PMID: 32217094 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic complex 5α-reductase (5α-R) and 3α/3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (HSOR) is expressed in the nervous system, where it transforms progesterone (PROG) and testosterone (T) into neuroactive metabolites. These metabolites regulate myelination, brain maturation, neurotransmission, reproductive behavior and the stress response. The expression of 5α-R and 3α-HSOR and the levels of PROG and T reduced metabolites show regional and sex differences in the nervous system and are affected by changing physiological conditions as well as by neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. A decrease in their nervous tissue levels may negatively impact the course and outcome of some pathological events. However, in other pathological conditions their increased levels may have a negative impact. Thus, the use of synthetic analogues of these steroids or 5α-R modulation have been proposed as therapeutic approaches for several nervous system pathologies. However, further research is needed to fully understand the consequences of these manipulations, in particular with 5α-R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Serafini MM, Caruso D, Garcia-Segura LM, Viviani B, Melcangi RC. Sex differences in steroid levels and steroidogenesis in the nervous system: Physiopathological role. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100804. [PMID: 31689419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system, in addition to be a target for steroid hormones, is the source of a variety of neuroactive steroids, which are synthesized and metabolized by neurons and glial cells. Recent evidence indicates that the expression of neurosteroidogenic proteins and enzymes and the levels of neuroactive steroids are different in the nervous system of males and females. We here summarized the state of the art of neuroactive steroids, particularly taking in consideration sex differences occurring in the synthesis and levels of these molecules. In addition, we discuss the consequences of sex differences in neurosteroidogenesis for the function of the nervous system under healthy and pathological conditions and the implications of neuroactive steroids and neurosteroidogenesis for the development of sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Melania Maria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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17
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Chen L, Song D, Chen B, Yang X, Cheng O. Activation of liver X receptor promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and improves long-term cognitive function recovery in acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion mice. J Neurochem 2019; 154:205-217. [PMID: 31602646 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (CI) leads to cognitive dysfunction due to the loss of hippocampal neurons. Liver X receptors (LXRs), including the LXRα and LXRβ isoforms, are critical for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration, and cholesterol metabolism. However, the potential role of LXRs in the pathogenesis of CI-induced cognitive impairment is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of LXR activation on hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in mice with CI. C57 mice were randomized into four groups that included a sham group and three treatment groups with CI [Vehicle, TO901317 (TO90, an agonist of LXRs) and GSK2033 (an antagonist of LXRs)]. Mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 20 min to induce transient CI. The Morris water maze test was executed to detect spatial learning and memory. Proliferation, differentiation, and immature neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) were examined using Immunofluorescence. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-associated protein. TO90 significantly improved spatial learning and memory deficits induced by CI on 28 days. It enhanced the proliferation of neural stem cells, the number of immature neurons and the differentiation from nascent cells to neurons. The expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-associated protein level was totally increased. The forenamed effects of TO90 were decreased in GSK2033 group. Thus, our findings suggest that LXRs activation can improve long-term cognitive dysfunction caused by CI by increasing neurogenesis, and LXRs may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14753.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, China
| | - Oumei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Wouters E, de Wit NM, Vanmol J, van der Pol SMA, van Het Hof B, Sommer D, Loix M, Geerts D, Gustafsson JA, Steffensen KR, Vanmierlo T, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA, de Vries HE. Liver X Receptor Alpha Is Important in Maintaining Blood-Brain Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1811. [PMID: 31417573 PMCID: PMC6685401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of several neuroinflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Potential players that regulate BBB function are the liver X receptors (LXRs), which are ligand activated transcription factors comprising two isoforms, LXRα, and LXRβ. However, the role of LXRα and LXRβ in regulating BBB (dys)function during neuroinflammation remains unclear, as well as their individual involvement. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to unravel whether LXR isoforms have different roles in regulating BBB function under neuroinflammatory conditions. We demonstrate that LXRα, and not LXRβ, is essential to maintain barrier integrity in vitro. Specific knockout of LXRα in brain endothelial cells resulted in a more permeable barrier with reduced expression of tight junctions. Additionally, the observed dysfunction was accompanied by increased endothelial inflammation, as detected by enhanced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) and increased transendothelial migration of monocytes toward inflammatory stimuli. To unravel the importance of LXRα in BBB function in vivo, we made use of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) MS mouse model. Induction of EAE in a constitutive LXRα knockout mouse and in an endothelial specific LXRα knockout mouse resulted in a more severe disease score in these animals. This was accompanied by higher numbers of infiltrating leukocytes, increased endothelial VCAM-1 expression, and decreased expression of the tight junction molecule claudin-5. Together, this study reveals that LXRα is indispensable for maintaining BBB integrity and its immune quiescence. Targeting the LXRα isoform may help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent BBB dysfunction, and thereby neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Wouters
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nienke M de Wit
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasmine Vanmol
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Susanne M A van der Pol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bert van Het Hof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Sommer
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melanie Loix
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Division Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Saikosaponin A protects against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:454-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Li YJ, Zhang K, Sun T, Wang J, Guo YY, Yang L, Yang Q, Li YJ, Liu SB, Zhao MG, Wu YM. Epigenetic suppression of liver X receptor β in anterior cingulate cortex by HDAC5 drives CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:132. [PMID: 31255170 PMCID: PMC6599528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, are key regulators of transcriptional programs for both cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the brain. Here, the modes of action of LXRs and the epigenetic mechanisms regulating LXRβ expression in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of chronic inflammatory pain (CIP) are investigated. Methods The deficit of LXR isoform and analgesic effect of LXR activation by GW3965 were evaluated using the mouse model of CIP induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). The mechanisms involved in GW-mediated analgesic effects were analyzed with immunohistochemical methods, ELISA, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Western blot, and electrophysiological recording. The epigenetic regulation of LXRβ expression was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time PCR, and sequencing. Results We revealed that CFA insult led to LXRβ reduction in ACC, which was associated with upregulated expression of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), and knockdown of LXRβ by shRNA led to thermal hyperalgesia. Co-IP showed that LXRβ interacted with NF-κB p65 physically. LXRβ activation by GW3965 exerted analgesic effects by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, reducing the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in ACC, and decreasing the promoted input-output and enhanced mEPSC frequency in ACC neurons after CFA exposure. In vitro experiments confirmed that HDAC5 triggered histone deacetylation on the promoter region of Lxrβ, resulting in downregulation of Lxrβ transcription. Conclusion These findings highlight an epigenetic mechanism underlying LXRβ deficits linked to CIP, and LXRβ activation may represent a potential novel target for the treatment of CIP with an alteration in inflammation responses and synaptic transmission in ACC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1507-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Ambulatorium, 94750 Army Hospital, Liancheng, 366200, FuJian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Zhu Y, Chen X, Rao X, Zheng C, Peng X. Saikosaponin a ameliorates lipopolysaccharide and d‑galactosamine-induced liver injury via activating LXRα. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:131-137. [PMID: 30981078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin a (SSa), one of the major active components of Bupleurum falcatum, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties. However, the effects of SSa on liver injury have not been reported. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects and mechanisms of SSa on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d‑galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced liver injury. The mice were pretreated with SSa 1 h before LPS/D-GalN treatment. The liver MPO, MDA, and the serum AST and ALT levels were tested by specific determination kits. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were tested by ELISA kits. The expression of NF-κB signaling pathway and LXRα were tested by western blot analysis. The results showed that SSa significantly reduced the levels of liver MPO, MDA, and serum AST, ALT levels induced by LPS/D-GalN. SSa also dose-dependently inhibited LPS/D-GalN-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β production. Furthermore, we found that SSa inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway activation induced by LPS/D-GalN. In addition, SSa dose-dependently increased the expression of LXRα. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that SSa had protective effect on liver injury and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SSa on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury may be due to its ability to increase LXRα expression. SSa might be a potential treatment for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhong Zhu
- Department of Infecious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 321012, China.
| | - Xiaobei Chen
- Department of Infecious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 321012, China
| | - Xianlin Rao
- Department of Infecious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 321012, China
| | - Chunhua Zheng
- Department of Infecious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 321012, China
| | - Xiaomou Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Hu X, Zhang N, Fu Y. Role of Liver X Receptor in Mastitis Therapy and Regulation of Milk Fat Synthesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:73-83. [PMID: 30066175 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is important disease that causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. In recent years, antibiotic therapy has become the primary treatment for mastitis, however, due to drug residue in milk and food safety factors, we lack safe and effective drugs for treating mastitis. Therefore, new targets and drugs are urgently needed to control mastitis. LXRα, one of the main members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is reported to play important roles in metabolism, infection and immunity. Activation of LXRα could inhibit LPS-induced mastitis. Furthermore, LXRα is reported to enhance milk fat production, thus, LXRα may serve as a new target for mastitis therapy and regulation of milk fat synthesis. This review summarizes the effects of LXRα in regulating milk fat synthesis and treatment of mastitis and highlights the potential agonists involved in both issues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cattle
- Dairying
- Escherichia coli/isolation & purification
- Escherichia coli/pathogenicity
- Female
- Global Burden of Disease
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lactation/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver X Receptors/agonists
- Liver X Receptors/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Human/microbiology
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mastitis/drug therapy
- Mastitis/immunology
- Mastitis/microbiology
- Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy
- Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology
- Mastitis, Bovine/immunology
- Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Milk/metabolism
- Prevalence
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Boussicault L, Kacher R, Lamazière A, Vanhoutte P, Caboche J, Betuing S, Potier MC. CYP46A1 protects against NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in Huntington's disease: Analysis of lipid raft content. Biochimie 2018; 153:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Mohan S, Koller EJ, Fazal JA, De Oliveria G, Pawlowicz AI, Doré S. Genetic Deletion of PGF 2α-FP Receptor Exacerbates Brain Injury Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:556. [PMID: 30233287 PMCID: PMC6134069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The release of inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandins (e.g., PGF2α) is associated with brain damage following an intracerebral hemorrhagic (ICH) stroke; however, the role of PGF2α and its cognate FP receptor in ICH remains unclear. This study focused on investigating the role of the FP receptor as a target for novel neuroprotective drugs in a preclinical model of ICH, aiming to investigate the contribution of the PGF2α-FP axis in modulating functional recovery and anatomical outcomes following ICH. Results: Neurological deficit scores in FP−/− mice were significantly higher compared to WT mice 72 h after ICH (6.1 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8; P < 0.05). Assessing motor skills, the total time mice stayed on the rotating rod was significantly less in FP−/−mice compared to WT mice 24 h after ICH (27.0 ± 7.5 vs. 52.4 ± 11.2 s; P < 0.05). Using grip strength to quantify forepaw strength, results showed that the FP−/− mice had significantly less strength compared to WT mice 72 h after ICH (96.4 ± 17.0 vs. 129.6 ± 5.9 g; P < 0.01). In addition to the behavioral outcomes, histopathological measurements were made. In Cresyl violet stained brain sections, the FP−/− mice showed a significantly larger lesion volume compared to the WT (15.0 ± 2.2 vs. 3.2 ± 1.7 mm3; P < 0.05 mice.) To estimate the presence of ferric iron in the peri-hematoma area, Perls' staining was performed, which revealed that FP−/− mice had significantly greater staining than the WT mice (186.3 ± 34.4% vs. 86.9 ± 13.0% total positive pixel counts, P < 0.05). Immunoreactivity experiments on brain sections from FP−/− and WT mice post-ICH were performed to monitor changes in microgliosis and astrogliosis using antibodies against Iba1 and GFAP respectively. These experiments showed that FP−/− mice had a trend toward greater astrogliosis than WT mice post-ICH. Conclusion: We showed that deletion of the PGF2α FP receptor exacerbates behavioral impairments and increases lesion volumes following ICH compared to WT-matched controls.Detailed mechanisms responsible for these novel results are actively being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester University, College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Emily J Koller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jawad A Fazal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gabriela De Oliveria
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna I Pawlowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, Pharmaceutics and Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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25
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Liu S, Cao H, Chen D, Yu S, Sha H, Wu J, Ma R, Wang Z, Jing C, Zhang J, Feng J. LXR ligands induce apoptosis of EGFR-TKI-resistant human lung cancer cells in vitro by inhibiting Akt-NF-κB activation. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7168-7174. [PMID: 29731879 PMCID: PMC5921072 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are efficient in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR activating mutations. Unfortunately, nearly all patients ultimately acquire resistance to EGFR-TKI treatment. Liver X receptors (LXRs) can regulate tumor growth in various cancer cell lines. The present study indicated that LXR agonist combined with gefitinib weakened Akt-nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inhibited the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins in vitro. By contrast, LXR ligands alone exhibited no significant effect on gefitinib-resistant lung cells. In conclusion, the study provided evidence for the combination treatment of acquired TKI resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Liu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Shaorong Yu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Sha
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ma
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Changwen Jing
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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26
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Cheng MX, Huang P, He Q, Chen Y, Li JZ. Liver X Receptors Activation Attenuates Ischemia Reperfusion Injury of Liver Graft in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2017; 32:298-303. [PMID: 29286833 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1412543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Suppression of the Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling was critical in protection against liver IRI. Previous studies revealed that Liver X receptors (LXRs) activation could antagonize TLR4-NF-κB signaling. The purpose of this study is to determine whether LXRs agonist GW3965 can suppress the TLR4-NF-κB signaling during liver transplantation and protect ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used to perform orthotropic liver transplantation. Donors were pretreatment with GW3965 (0.3 mg/kg) through caudal vein injection 30 min before the surgery. The followings were analyzed after transplantation: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level in serum, ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (Abca1) expression, NF-κB transcriptional activity, apoptosis and histological injury. Results: GW3965 pretreatment significantly ameliorated the degree of IRI associated with the effects of upregulating Abca1 expression, inhibiting NF-κB transcriptional activity, and downregulating TNF-α and IL-6 level. Conclusion: LXRs activation attenuated hepatic IRI by preventing TLR4-NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiang Cheng
- a Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ping Huang
- a Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qiang He
- a Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yong Chen
- a Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jin-Zheng Li
- b Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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27
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Han D, Li X, Li S, Su T, Fan L, Fan WS, Qiao HY, Chen JW, Fan MM, Li XJ, Wang YB, Ma S, Qiu Y, Tian ZH, Cao F. Reduced silent information regulator 1 signaling exacerbates sepsis-induced myocardial injury and mitigates the protective effect of a liver X receptor agonist. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:291-303. [PMID: 28993270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury and dysfunction are critical manifestations of sepsis. Previous studies have reported that liver X receptor (LXR) activation is protective during sepsis. However, whether LXR activation protects against septic heart injury and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was designed to determine the role of LXR activation in the septic heart with a focus on SIRT1 (silent information regulator 1) signaling. Male cardiac-specific SIRT1 knockout mice (SIRT1-/-) and their wild-type littermates were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the presence or absence of LXR agonist T0901317. The survival rate of mice was recorded during the 7-day period post CLP. Our results demonstrated that SIRT1-/- mice suffered from exacerbated mortality and myocardial injury in comparison with their wild-type littermates. Meanwhile, T0901317 treatment improved mice survival, accompanied by significant ameliorations of myocardial injury and dysfunction in wild-type mice but not in SIRT1-/- mice. Furthermore, the levels of myocardial inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, MPO and HMGB1), oxidative stress (ROS generation, MDA), endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress (protein levels of CHOP, GRP78, GRP94, IRE1α, and ATF6), and cardiac apoptosis following CLP were inhibited by T0901317 treatment in wild-type mice but not in SIRT1-/- mice. Mechanistically, T0901317 enhanced SIRT1 signaling and the subsequent deacetylation and activation of antioxidative FoxO1 and anti-ER stress HSF1, as well as the deacetylation and inhibition of pro-inflammatory NF-ΚB and pro-apoptotic P53, thereby alleviating sepsis-induced myocardial injury and dysfunction. Our data support the promise of LXR activation as an effective strategy for relieving heart septic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China, 610083
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Li Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen-Si Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Miao-Miao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ya-Bin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ya Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zu-Hong Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Feng Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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28
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de Wit NM, Vanmol J, Kamermans A, Hendriks JJA, de Vries HE. Inflammation at the blood-brain barrier: The role of liver X receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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29
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Lei C, Lin R, Wang J, Tao L, Fu X, Qiu Y, Lei B. Amelioration of amyloid β-induced retinal inflammatory responses by a LXR agonist TO901317 is associated with inhibition of the NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome. Neuroscience 2017; 360:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Zhang N, Lv H, Shi BH, Hou X, Xu X. Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 production in LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts by glycyrrhizin via activating LXRα. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:135-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Lai SM, Gu ZT, Zhao MM, Li XX, Ma YX, Luo L, Liu J. Toxic effect of acrylamide on the development of hippocampal neurons of weaning rats. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1648-1654. [PMID: 29171430 PMCID: PMC5696846 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have examined the neurotoxicity of acrylamide in adult animals, the effects on neuronal development in the embryonic and lactational periods are largely unknown. Thus, we examined the toxicity of acrylamide on neuronal development in the hippocampus of fetal rats during pregnancy. Sprague-Dawley rats were mated with male rats at a 1:1 ratio. Rats were administered 0, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg acrylamide intragastrically from embryonic days 6–21. The gait scores were examined in pregnant rats in each group to analyze maternal toxicity. Eight weaning rats from each group were also euthanized on postnatal day 21 for follow-up studies. Nissl staining was used to observe histological change in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to observe the condition of neurites, including dendrites and axons. Western blot assay was used to measure the expression levels of the specific nerve axon membrane protein, growth associated protein 43, and the presynaptic vesicle membrane specific protein, synaptophysin. The gait scores of gravid rats significantly increased, suggesting that acrylamide induced maternal motor dysfunction. The number of neurons, as well as expression of growth associated protein 43 and synaptophysin, was reduced with increasing acrylamide dose in postnatal day 21 weaning rats. These data suggest that acrylamide exerts dose-dependent toxic effects on the growth and development of hippocampal neurons of weaning rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Min Lai
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Ting Gu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Xia Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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32
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Wang JZ, Fang Y, Ji WD, Xu H. LXR agonists promote the proliferation of neural progenitor cells through MEK-ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:216-222. [PMID: 28034754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcriptional regulators of lipid homeostasis and may be critical for neurodegeneration and neurogenesis in vivo. However, it remains largely unknown about the role of LXRs and its agonists in the in vitro proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Here we revealed for the first time that LXRs were markedly expressed in mouse NPCs and were critical for the in vitro proliferation. LXR agonists GW3965 and LXR623 promoted the proliferation of wildtype NPCs, but not NPCs from LXR double-knockout mice. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in NPCs was enhanced upon LXR agonist treatment, while abrogation of MEK/ERK phosphorylation by the inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 impaired the proliferation of wildtype NPCs in the presence or absence of LXR agonists. Collectively, our findings suggest that LXR agonists GW3965 and LXR623 can stimulate the NPC proliferation in LXR- and MEK/ERK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
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33
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Cao H, Yu S, Chen D, Jing C, Wang Z, Ma R, Liu S, Ni J, Feng J, Wu J. Liver X receptor agonist T0901317 reverses resistance of A549 human lung cancer cells to EGFR-TKI treatment. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 7:35-43. [PMID: 28097086 PMCID: PMC5221460 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) is effective in lung cancer patients carrying sensitive EGFR mutations. In this study, we investigated if liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317 could reverse the resistance of lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1650 to EGFR‐TKI treatment. We found that T0901317 could make natural EGFR‐TKI‐resistant A549 human lung cancer cells sensitive to EGFR‐TKI treatment and that this was dependent on LXRβ expression. However, T0901317 does not have a similar effect on another natural EGFR‐TKI‐resistant cell line H1650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shaorong Yu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China; Department of Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Dan Chen
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Changwen Jing
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Rong Ma
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jie Ni
- The Fourth Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China; Department of Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Province China
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Chen B, Cao H, Chen L, Yang X, Tian X, Li R, Cheng O. Rifampicin Attenuated Global Cerebral Ischemia Injury via Activating the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:273. [PMID: 27965540 PMCID: PMC5126053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have found that rifampicin has neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the exact mechanisms of action remain unclear. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been considered a potential target for neuroprotection. In this study, we examined whether rifampicin exhibits beneficial effects mediated by the Nrf2 pathway after global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to four groups that included a sham group and three treatment groups with global ischemia-reperfusion [control, rifampicin, and rifampicin plus brusatol (an inhibitor of Nrf2)]. Rats were subjected to transient GCI induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 20 min with systemic hypotension by blood withdrawal. The Morris water maze test was performed for neurobehavioral testing, whereas the pathological changes were investigated using HE and TUNEL staining. The protein expression of Nrf2, hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the hippocampus were analyzed by Western blotting. The immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the distribution of Nrf2. Results: Rifampicin treatment significantly improved spatial learning ability compared with the control group, which was consistent with the pathological changes. In addition, rifampicin significantly elevated the nuclear expression of Nrf2, Nrf2 downstream anti-oxidant protein, HO-1 compared with the control group, and it simultaneously downregulated the expression of COX-2 in the hippocampus on day 3 after ischemia-reperfusion. Interestingly, the forenamed effects of rifampicin were abolished by pretreatment with brusatol, a specific inhibitor of Nrf2 activation. Conclusions: Rifampicin exerts neuroprotective effects against global cerebral ischemia, which may be attributed to activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of ChongqingChongqing, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China; The Second People's Hospital of Banan DistrictChongqing, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Oumei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
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Wang YS, Li YX, Zhao P, Wang HB, Zhou R, Hao YJ, Wang J, Wang SJ, Du J, Ma L, Sun T, Yu JQ. Anti-inflammation Effects of Oxysophoridine on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Inflammation 2016; 38:2259-68. [PMID: 26178478 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxysophoridine (OSR) is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Sophora alopecuroides Linn. Our aim is to explore the potential anti-inflammation mechanism of OSR in cerebral ischemic injury. Mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with OSR (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg) or nimodipine (Nim) (6 mg/kg) for 7 days followed by cerebral ischemia. The inflammatory-related cytokines in cerebral ischemic hemisphere tissue were determined by immunohistochemistry staining, Western blot and enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA). OSR-treated groups observably suppressed the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). OSR-treated group (250 mg/kg) markedly reduced the inflammatory-related protein prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Meanwhile, it dramatically increased the interleukin-10 (IL-10). Our study revealed that OSR protected neurons from ischemia-induced injury in mice by downregulating the proinflammatory cytokines and blocking the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yin-Ju Hao
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Medical Sci-Tech Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shu-Jing Wang
- Medical Sci-Tech Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Lab of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Lab of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Ningxia Hui Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Hui Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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Ding H, Li Y, Feng Y, Chen J, Zhong X, Wang N, Wang W, Zhang P, Wang L. LXR agonist T0901317 upregulates thrombomodulin expression in glomerular endothelial cells by inhibition of nuclear factor‑κB. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4888-96. [PMID: 27082844 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) induces a variety of symptoms, including proteinuria, inflammation, vascular diseases, fibrosis and thrombosis. Thrombomodulin (TM) acts as a vasoprotective molecule on the surface of the vascular endothelial cells to maintain the homeostasis of the endothelial microenvironment by suppressing cellular proliferation, adhesion and inflammatory responses. Liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor (NR) and a bile acid‑activated transcription factor, regulates metabolism and cholesterol transport, vascular tension and inflammation. Previous studies indicated that TM expression is upregulated by various NRs; however, it is unclear whether pharmacological modulation of LXR may affect TM expression and GEC function. The current study revealed that LXR activation by its agonist, T0901317, upregulates the expression and activity of TM. This effect was mediated specifically through LXR‑α, and not through LXR‑β. Additionally, T0901317 treatment inhibited nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling and the secretion of high glucose‑induced proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β in GECs. Co‑immunoprecipitation experiments determined that treatment with T0901317 enhances the interaction between LXR‑α and the transcriptional coactivator, p300, in GEC extracts. The present findings suggest that NF‑κB may be a negative regulator of TM expression, and its removal may contribute to TM gene expression, particularly when in competition with the T0901317‑enhanced formation of the LXR/p300 complex. Therefore, LXR may be a novel molecular target for manipulating TM in GECs, which may advance the treatment of endothelial cell‑associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Ding
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yunlin Feng
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Yu S, Li S, Henke A, Muse ED, Cheng B, Welzel G, Chatterjee AK, Wang D, Roland J, Glass CK, Tremblay M. Dissociated sterol-based liver X receptor agonists as therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases. FASEB J 2016; 30:2570-9. [PMID: 27025962 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear hormone receptor, is an essential regulator of immune responses. Activation of LXR-mediated transcription by synthetic agonists, such as T0901317 and GW3965, attenuates progression of inflammatory disease in animal models. However, the adverse effects of these conventional LXR agonists in elevating liver lipids have impeded exploitation of this intriguing mechanism for chronic therapy. Here, we explore the ability of a series of sterol-based LXR agonists to alleviate inflammatory conditions in mice without hepatotoxicity. We show that oral treatment with sterol-based LXR agonists in mice significantly reduces dextran sulfate sodium colitis-induced body weight loss, which is accompanied by reduced expression of inflammatory markers in the large intestine. The anti-inflammatory property of these agonists is recapitulated in vitro in mouse lamina propria mononuclear cells, human colonic epithelial cells, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, treatment with LXR agonists dramatically suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression in a model of traumatic brain injury. Importantly, in both disease models, the sterol-based agonists do not affect the liver, and the conventional agonist T0901317 results in significant liver lipid accumulation and injury. Overall, these results provide evidence for the development of sterol-based LXR agonists as novel therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases.-Yu, S., Li, S., Henke, A., Muse, E. D., Cheng, B., Welzel, G., Chatterjee, A. K., Wang, D., Roland, J., Glass, C. K., Tremblay, M. Dissociated sterol-based liver X receptor agonists as therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sijia Li
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam Henke
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Evan D Muse
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Scripps Translational Science Institute, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA and
| | - Bo Cheng
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gustav Welzel
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Danling Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason Roland
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Matthew Tremblay
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA;
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Wu CH, Chen CC, Lai CY, Hung TH, Lin CC, Chao M, Chen SF. Treatment with TO901317, a synthetic liver X receptor agonist, reduces brain damage and attenuates neuroinflammation in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 26968836 PMCID: PMC4788882 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a series of inflammatory processes that contribute to neuronal damage and neurological deterioration. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that negatively regulate transcriptional processes involved in inflammatory responses, but their role in the pathology following ICH remains unclear. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions of TO901317, a synthetic LXR agonist, in a model of collagenase-induced ICH and in microglial cultures. Methods Mice subjected to collagenase-induced ICH injury were injected with either TO901317 (30 mg/kg) or vehicle 10 min after ICH and subsequently daily for 2 days. Behavioral studies, histology analysis, and assessments of hematoma volumes, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were performed. The protein expression of LXR-α, LXR-β, ATP binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA-1), and inflammatory molecules was analyzed. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of TO901317 was investigated in cultured microglia that were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or thrombin. Results ICH induced an increase in LXR-α protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere at 6 h whereas LXR-β expression remained unaffected. Both LXR-α and LXR-β were expressed in neurons and microglia in the peri-ICH region and but rarely in astrocytes. TO901317 significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain damage up to 28 days post-ICH. TO901317 also reduced neuronal death, BBB disruption, and brain edema at day 4 post-ICH. These changes were associated with marked reductions in microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, and expression levels of inflammatory mediators at 4 and 7 days. However, TO901317 had no effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. In BV2 microglial cultures, TO901317 attenuated LPS- and thrombin-stimulated nitric oxide production and reduced LPS-induced p38, JNK, MAPK, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Moreover, delaying administration of TO901317 to 3 h post-ICH reduced brain tissue damage and neuronal death. Conclusions Our results suggest that enhancing LXR activation may provide a potential therapy for ICH by modulating the cytotoxic functions of microglia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0524-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hu Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chai-You Lai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chang Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min Chao
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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39
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Emerging role of liver X receptors in cardiac pathophysiology and heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 111:3. [PMID: 26611207 PMCID: PMC4661180 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of metabolism and have been studied for their pharmacological potential in vascular and metabolic disease. Besides their established role in metabolic homeostasis and disease, there is mounting evidence to suggest that LXRs may exert direct beneficial effects in the heart. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework to explain the broad mode of action of LXRs and how LXR signaling may be an important local and systemic target for the treatment of heart failure. We discuss the potential role of LXRs in systemic conditions associated with heart failure, such as hypertension, diabetes, and renal and vascular disease. Further, we expound on recent data that implicate a direct role for LXR activation in the heart, for its impact on cardiomyocyte damage and loss due to ischemia, and effects on cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myocardial metabolism. Taken together, the accumulating evidence supports the notion that LXRs may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure.
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Giatti S, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tetel MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update. Steroids 2015; 103:23-30. [PMID: 25824325 PMCID: PMC6314841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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A Novel Ligustrazine Derivative T-VA Prevents Neurotoxicity in Differentiated PC12 Cells and Protects the Brain against Ischemia Injury in MCAO Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21759-74. [PMID: 26370988 PMCID: PMC4613278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum drugs appear to be more promising for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. In our previous work, a new ligustrazine derivative (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) methyl 3-methoxy-4-[(3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methoxy]benzoate (T-VA) showed neuroprotective effect on injured PC12 cells (EC50 = 4.249 µM). In the current study, we show that this beneficial effect was due to the modulation of nuclear transcription factor-κB/p65 (NF-κB/p65) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions. We also show that T-VA exhibited neuroprotective effect in a rat model of ischemic stroke with concomitant improvement of motor functions. We propose that the protective effect observed in vivo is owing to increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, decreased oxidative stress, and up-regulation of Ca2+–Mg2+ ATP enzyme activity. Altogether, our results warrant further studies on the utility of T-VA for the potential treatment of ischemic brain injuries, such as stroke.
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Kaur H, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacologic investigations on the role of Sirt-1 in neuroprotective mechanism of postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 197:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yang M, Wang R, Sun J, Yu K, Chen B, Xu L, Zhao B, Wang H. The liver X receptor agonist TO901317 protects mice against cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1717-27. [PMID: 26062799 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215589906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors are in the nuclear receptor superfamily and are contained in the regulation of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Besides, liver X receptors are considered crucial regulators of the inflammatory response and innate immunity. The current study evaluates the in vivo effects that the synthetic liver X receptor agonist TO901317 protects against cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. Mice received cisplatin administration through a single intraperitoneal injection (20 mg/kg in saline). And then the mice were treated with the TO901317 by daily gavage (10 mg/kg/day) 12 h postcisplatin administration, and cisplatin nephrotoxicity was evaluated. At 72 h after cisplatin treatment, elevated plasma urea and creatinine levels (P < 0.05) were evidenced which indicates the renal dysfunction of the vehicle-treated mice, consistent with tubular necrosis, protein cast, dilation of renal tubules, and desquamation of epithelial cells in renal tubules. In contrast, the severity of renal dysfunction and histological damage was reduced in TO901317 treated mice (P < 0.05). In accordance, circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, renal tumor necrosis factor alpha, p47(phox), gp91(phox), and protein expression levels and COX-2 mRNA, renal monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, VACAM-1 mRNA and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 contents, and renal prostaglandin E2 amounts, were higher in samples from cisplatin-treated mice in comparison with controls (P < 0.05) but attenuated in the TO901317 treatment group (P < 0.05). Taken together, treatment with the liver X receptor agonist TO901317 ameliorated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Kezhou Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
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Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Karasinska JM, Cui Y, Ning R, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen J. Deficiency of brain ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 exacerbates blood-brain barrier and white matter damage after stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:827-34. [PMID: 25593138 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) gene is a key target of the transcription factors liver X receptors. Liver X receptor activation has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal ischemic stroke models. Here, we tested the hypothesis that brain ABCA1 reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) and white matter (WM) impairment in the ischemic brain after stroke. METHODS Adult brain-specific ABCA1-deficient (ABCA1(-B/-B)) and floxed-control (ABCA1(fl/fl)) mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and were euthanized 7 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Functional outcome, infarct volume, BBB leakage, and WM damage were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with ABCA1(fl/fl) mice, ABCA1(-B/-B) mice showed marginally (P=0.052) increased lesion volume but significantly increased BBB leakage and WM damage in the ischemic brain and more severe neurological deficits. Brain ABCA1-deficient mice exhibited increased the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and reduced the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the ischemic brain. BBB leakage was inversely correlated (r=-0.073; P<0.05) with aquaporin-4 expression. Reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and aquaporin-4, but upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression were also found in the primary astrocyte cultures derived from ABCA1(-B/-B) mice. Cultured primary cortical neurons derived from C57BL/6 wild-type mice with ABCA1(-B/-B) astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited decreased neurite outgrowth compared with culture with ABCA1(fl/fl) astrocyte-conditioned medium. ABCA1(-B/-B) primary cortical neurons show significantly decreased neurite outgrowth, which was attenuated by insulin-like growth factor 1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that brain ABCA1 deficiency increases BBB leakage, WM/axonal damage, and functional deficits after stroke. Concomitant reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 may contribute to brain ABCA1 deficiency-induced BBB and WM/axonal damage in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.).
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Joanna M Karasinska
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Yisheng Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Yun Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.)
| | - Jieli Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., A.Z., Y.C., R.N., Y.Z., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.); Neural Protection and Regeneration section, Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD (Y.W.); and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.M.K.).
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45
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Liu J, Wang Y, Qiu L, Yu Y, Wang C. Saponins ofPanax notoginseng: chemistry, cellular targets and therapeutic opportunities in cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:523-39. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.892582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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New role of silent information regulator 1 in cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2879-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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47
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Dynamic changes of Apo A1 mediated by LXR/RXR/ABCA1 pathway in brains of the aging rats with cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res Bull 2013; 100:84-92. [PMID: 24291698 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoperfusion or aging often results into the disturbances of cholesterol and lipoprotein, which have been tightly associated with numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as vascular dementia. The pathway of liver X receptor-β (LXR-β)/retinoic X receptor-α (RXR-α)/ABCA1 plays a vital role in lipoprotein metabolism. However, there were no reports about the relationship between the signal molecules of the pathway and lipoprotein homeostasis in cerebral hypoperfusion models. Therefore, we aimed to detect the expression of the pathway molecules in the aging rat models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and to explore its underlying mechanism. The model with cerebral hypoperfusion was established by ligating of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO). The temporal blood flow in the model rats was significantly decreased 14 d, 21 d and 28 d after 2VO compared with the control. The serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol (TC) were reached a peak at 14 d, then, they were gradually decreased. The changes of LXR-β, RXR-α, ABCA1 and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) of the pathway were consistent with the changes of HDL and TC. We conclude that LXR-β/RXR-α/ABCA1 and downstream genes apo A1 undergo dynamic changes during the process of cerebral hypoperfusion. The LXR-β/RXR-α/ABCA1 mediated apo A1 cholesterol may play a protective effect, and the effect only exists in a certain period of time.
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48
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Dave KR, Della-Morte D, Saul I, Prado R, Perez-Pinzon MA. Ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest in the rat as a model of global cerebral ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:571-8. [PMID: 24187598 PMCID: PMC3811953 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary arrest remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in Western countries. Although ventricular fibrillation (VF) models in rodents mimic the "square wave" type of insult (rapid loss of pulse and pressure) commonly observed in adult humans at the onset of cardiac arrest (CA), they are not popular because of the complicated animal procedure, poor animal survival and thermal injury. Here we present a modified, simple, reliable, ventricular fibrillation-induced rat model of CA that will be useful in studying mechanisms of CA-induced delayed neuronal death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. CA was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using a modified method of von Planta et al. In brief, VF was induced in anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated rats by an alternating current delivered to the entrance of the superior vena cava into the heart. Resuscitation was initiated by administering a bolus injection of epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate followed by mechanical ventilation and manual chest compressions and countershock with a 10-J DC current. Neurologic deficit score was higher in the CA group compared to the sham group during early reperfusion periods, suggesting brain damage. Significant damage in CA1 hippocampus (21% normal neurons compared to control animals) was observed following histopathological assessment at seven days of reperfusion. We propose that this method of VF-induced CA in rat provides a tool to study the mechanism of CA-induced neuronal death without compromising heart functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjan R. Dave
- The Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - David Della-Morte
- The Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Department of Advanced Biotechnologies and Bioimaging, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Saul
- The Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Ricardo Prado
- The Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- The Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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49
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Sun L, Zhuang W, Xu X, Yang J, Teng J, Zhang F. The effect of injection of EGb 761 into the lateral ventricle on hippocampal cell apoptosis and stem cell stimulation in situ of the ischemic/reperfusion rat model. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Canavan M, McCarthy C, Larbi NB, Dowling JK, Collins L, O'Sullivan F, Hurley G, Murphy C, Quinlan A, Moloney G, Darby T, MacSharry J, Kagechika H, Moynagh P, Melgar S, Loscher CE. Activation of liver X receptor suppresses the production of the IL-12 family of cytokines by blocking nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50. Innate Immun 2013; 20:675-87. [PMID: 24045337 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913501915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now convincing evidence that liver X receptor (LXR) is an important modulator of the inflammatory response; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effect of LXR on the IL-12 family of cytokines and examined the mechanism by which LXR exerted this effect. We first demonstrated that activation of murine-derived dendritic cells (DC) with a specific agonist to LXR enhanced expression of LXR following activation with LPS, suggesting a role in inflammation. Furthermore, we showed LXR expression to be increased in vivo in dextrane sulphate sodium-induced colitis. LXR activation also suppressed production of IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-27 and IL-23 in murine-derived DC following stimulation with LPS, and specifically targeted the p35, p40 and EBI3 subunits of the IL-12 cytokine family, which are under the control of the NF-κB subunit p50 (NF-κBp50). Finally, we demonstrated that LXR can associate with NF-κBp50 in DC and that LXR activation prevents translocation of the p50 subunit into the nucleus. In summary, our study indicates that LXR can specifically suppress the IL-12 family of cytokines though its association with NF-κBp50 and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Canavan
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara McCarthy
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nadia Ben Larbi
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K Dowling
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Collins
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O'Sullivan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne Hurley
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carola Murphy
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife Quinlan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerry Moloney
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Trevor Darby
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Moynagh
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine E Loscher
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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