Alterations in phospholipidomic profile in the brain of mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress

Gut microbiota causes depressive phenotype by modulating glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism via the gut-brain axis

Emerging evidence suggests that changes in the gut microbiota (GM) are related to prenatal depression onset, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. This study was conducted to explore how disordered GM is involved in the onset of prenatal depression through the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) axis. We transplanted fecal microbiota from women with and without prenatal depression into germ-free mice. Fecal metagenomic sequencing and LC-MS untargeted metabolomics analysis were performed to identify the GM composition, function, and metabolites in mice. Lipid metabolomics analysis was then used to characterize the lipid metabolism of brain tissue in mice. We found that mice transplanted with fecal microbiota from women with prenatal depression exhibited depressive-like behaviors as well as characteristic disorders of the phylum Firmicutes. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis identified three microbial and one metabolic module in the gut, alongside two lipid metabolic modules in the brain, as significantly related to all depressive-like behaviors. These modules were enriched for glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, the GM of mice with depressive-like behaviors were enriched and deficient in relevant functions and enzymes in the glycerophospholipid (mainly phosphatidylethanolamine) and sphingolipid (mainly hexosyl-ceramide) metabolic pathways, respectively. Consistently, glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolites in the brains of depressive-like mice were up- and down-regulated. Increased phosphatidylethanolamine and decreased hexosyl-ceramide were significantly related to differential genera in the gut. Collectively, our findings provide a novel microbial and metabolic framework for understanding the role of the MGB axis in prenatal depression, indicating that the GM may be involved in the onset of depressive phenotypes by modulating central glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic homeostasis.

Untargeted metabolomics revealed that quercetin improved adrenal gland metabolism disorders and modulated the HPA axis in perimenopausal depression model rats

Perimenopausal depression is a psychiatric disorder that occurs around the time of menopause and seriously affects women's health. The pathogenesis of perimenopausal depression is unclear which affects its prevention and treatment. Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with antidepressant and estrogen-like effects. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of quercetin on adrenal gland metabolic disorders in perimenopausal depressed rats based on untargeted metabolomics. Female Wistar rats with no difference in sucrose preference were randomly separated into four groups (n = 12): sham-operated group; perimenopausal depression model group; model + 50 mg/kg.bw quercetin group; model + 0.27 mg/kg.bw 17β-estradiol group. After successful modeling, adrenal gland and hypothalamic samples were collected for metabolomics experiments and detection of related indicators. A total of 22 differential metabolites were identified in the model group, and pathway analysis revealed adrenal gland metabolism abnormalities including steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. Notably, Spearman's rank correlation analysis between differential metabolites and rat behavioral results showed strong positive or negative correlations (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the hypothalamus of the model group showed TrkB-BDNF signaling pathway abnormality, and the HPA axis was found to play an important role in perimenopausal depression. Treatment with quercetin or 17β-estradiol restored these abnormal changes. It suggested that quercetin can regulate adrenal metabolic disorders through multiple pathways, thereby ameliorating perimenopausal depression.Further more, quercetin can modulate HPA axis through the TrkB-BDNF signaling pathway. This research provides new ideas for the application of quercetin in the precaution and treatment of perimenopausal depression.

Neuroprotection vs. Neurotoxicity: The Dual Impact of Brain Lipids in Depression

Growing neurochemical evidence highlights cerebral lipid dysregulation as a key factor in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). This review systematically explores the dual roles of lipid species in both normal behavioral regulation and MDD development. By critically examining the recent literature, we classify these lipid species into two functional categories based on their functional neuroactivity: (1) neuroprotective lipids (sphingomyelin, cholesterol, cardiolipin, sphingosine, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylserine), which exert neuroprotective effects by modulating membrane fluidity and supporting synaptic vesicle trafficking; and (2) neurotoxic lipids (ceramides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphocholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine), which promote apoptotic signaling cascades and disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics. An unresolved but critical question pertains to the maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium between these opposing lipid classes. This balance is essential, given their significant impact on membrane protein localization and function, monoaminergic neurotransmitter metabolism, energy homeostasis, and redox balance in neural circuits involved in mood regulation. This emerging framework positions cerebral lipidomics as a promising avenue for identifying novel therapeutic targets and developing biomarker-based diagnostic approaches for MDD treatment.

St. John's Wort Extract Ze 117 and Escitalopram Alter Plasma and Hippocampal Lipidome in a Rat Model of Chronic-Stress-Induced Depression

Chronic stress is a key factor in the development of depression. It leads to hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which in turn increases the formation of glucocorticoids (GCs). Chronically elevated GC levels disrupt neuroplasticity and affect brain lipid metabolism, which may, ultimately, contribute to the development of depression. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the antidepressants St. John's Wort extract and escitalopram on lipid metabolism in vivo. Therefore, repeated corticosterone injections were used to induce depression-like behavior in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were stressed with corticosterone injections (40 mg/kg, s.c.) over 22 consecutive days and were concomitantly treated with varying doses of the St. John's wort extract Ze 117 (30, 90 or 180 mg/kg, p.o.) or escitalopram (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and behavioral changes were evaluated using a modified forced swim test. The results indicate that repeated corticosterone injections significantly decreased the latency to first immobility. Furthermore, co-treatment of corticosterone with Ze 117 increased latency to first immobility significantly compared to rats treated with corticosterone alone. To further investigate the biochemical effects of corticosterone-induced stress, as well as the possible counter-regulation by antidepressants, the lipidomes of the plasma and hippocampus samples were analyzed by shotgun mass spectrometry. Corticosterone-induced stress significantly altered key lipid metabolites in the plasma but not in the hippocampal samples. In the hippocampus, however, specific glycerophospholipids such as lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) increased with escitalopram treatment and with Ze 117, both showing significant correlations with behavioral parameters. In summary, our study shows significant behavioral- and lipidome-altering processes with Ze 117 and escitalopram in rat plasma and hippocampal samples, thereby providing new targets and biomarker ideas for clinical diagnosis and antidepressant intervention.

Antidepressant-like effect of riparin I and riparin II against CUMS-induced neuroinflammation via astrocytes and microglia modulation in mice

Depression is a common mood disorder and many patients do not respond to conventional pharmacotherapy or experience a variety of adverse effects. This work proposed that riparin I (RIP I) and riparin II (RIP II) present neuroprotective effects through modulation of astrocytes and microglia, resulting in the reversal of depressive-like behaviors. To verify our hypothesis and clarify the pathways underlying the effect of RIP I and RIP II on neuroinflammation, we used the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model in mice. Male Swiss mice were exposed to stressors for 28 days. From 15 th to the 22 nd day, the animals received RIP I or RIP II (50 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (FLU, 10 mg/kg) or vehicle, by gavage. On the 29 th day, behavioral tests were performed. Expressions of microglia (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 - Iba-1) and astrocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein - GFAP) markers and levels of cytokines tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were measured in the hippocampus. CUMS induced depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment, high TNF-α and IL-1β levels, decreased GFAP, and increased Iba-1 expressions. RIP I and RIP II reversed these alterations. These results contribute to the understanding the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of RIP I and RIP II, which may be related to neuroinflammatory suppression.

Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Mental Health across the Human Lifespan

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Polar lipids found in the MFGM play a critical role in maintaining cell membrane integrity and neuronal signalling capacity, thereby supporting brain health. This review summarises the literature on the MFGM and its phospholipid constituents for improvement of mental health across three key stages of the human lifespan, i.e., infancy, adulthood, and older age. MFGM supplementation may improve mental health by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter synthesis through the gut-brain axis. Fortification of infant formula with MFGMs is designed to mimic the composition of breastmilk and optimise early gut and central nervous system development. Early behavioural and emotional development sets the stage for future mental health. In adults, promising results suggest that MFGMs can reduce the negative consequences of situational stress. Preclinical models of age-related cognitive decline suggest a role for the MFGM in supporting brain health in older age and reducing depressive symptoms. While there is preclinical and clinical evidence to support the use of MFGM supplementation for improved mental health, human studies with mental health as the primary target outcome are sparce. Further high-quality clinical trials examining the potential of the MFGM for psychological health improvement are important.

The effect of mephedrone on human neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells

Mephedrone is an illegal drug that is used recreationally. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms by which mephedrone is harming cells. In this research, we investigated the effect of mephedrone using toxicology coupled with LC-MS/MS based metabolomics in the two CNS derived cell lines. Methods of assessment such as neutral red (NR) assay, dimethylthiazolyl diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement, and morphology were performed to identify the effect on cell viability and to identify the best concentration to be used in a metabolomics study. A concentration of 100 μM of mephedrone was used in the metabolomic experiment because at this concentration mephedrone had induced several intracellular changes. Although there no clear indicators of cellular damage caused by mephedrone. In astrocytes there was a clear indication that cell membrane function might be impaired by depletion of ether lipids.

Dulaglutide treatment reverses depression-like behavior and hippocampal metabolomic homeostasis in mice exposed to chronic mild stress

INTRODUCTION

Treatment strategies for depression based on interventions for glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are receiving increasing attention. Investigating the mechanism of their antidepressant effect and exploring new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers have attracted increasing attention. Dulaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, has been reported to alleviate cognitive deficits and neuronal damage. However, the antidepressant effect of dulaglutide and, especially, the underlying mechanism are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the underlying biomarkers of depression and potential modulatory targets of dulaglutide in chronic mild stress (CMS) mice.

METHODS

Sixty mice were randomly divided into a control group (CON group), a CMS+Vehicle group (CMS+Veh group), a CMS+0.3 mg/kg dulaglutide group (Low Dula group), and a CMS+0.6 mg/kg dulaglutide group (High Dula group). Numerous behavioral tests, mainly the open field test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test, were applied to evaluate the potential effect of dulaglutide treatment on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice exposed to chronic stress. Furthermore, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach was utilized to investigate the associated mechanisms of dulaglutide treatment.

RESULTS

Three weeks of dulaglutide treatment significantly reversed depressive-like but not anxiety-like behaviors in mice exposed to chronic stress for 4 weeks. The results from the metabolomics analysis showed that a total of 20 differentially expressed metabolites were identified between the CON and CMS+Veh groups, and 46 metabolites were selected between the CMS+Veh and High Dula groups in the hippocampus of the mice. Comprehensive analysis indicated that lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism were disrupted in model mice that experienced depression and underwent dulaglutide therapy.

CONCLUSION

The antidepressant effects of dulaglutide in a CMS depression model were confirmed. We identified 64 different metabolites and four major pathways associated with metabolic pathophysiological processes. These primary data provide a new perspective for understanding the antidepressant-like effects of dulaglutide and may facilitate the use of dulaglutide as a potential therapeutic strategy for depression.

Plasma lipidomic profile of depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study in a large sample of community-dwelling American Indians in the strong heart study

Dyslipidemia has been associated with depression, but individual lipid species associated with depression remain largely unknown. The temporal relationship between lipid metabolism and the development of depression also remains to be determined. We studied 3721 fasting plasma samples from 1978 American Indians attending two exams (2001-2003, 2006-2009, mean ~5.5 years apart) in the Strong Heart Family Study. Plasma lipids were repeatedly measured by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression (CES-D). Participants at risk for depression were defined as total CES-D score ≥16. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to examine the associations of lipid species with incident or prevalent depression, adjusting for covariates. The associations between changes in lipids and changes in depressive symptoms were additionally adjusted for baseline lipids. We found that lower levels of sphingomyelins and glycerophospholipids and higher level of lysophospholipids were significantly associated with incident and/or prevalent depression. Changes in sphingomyelins, glycerophospholipids, acylcarnitines, fatty acids and triacylglycerols were associated with changes in depressive symptoms and other psychosomatic traits. We also identified differential lipid networks associated with risk of depression. The observed alterations in lipid metabolism may affect depression through increasing the activities of acid sphingomyelinase and phospholipase A2, disturbing neurotransmitters and membrane signaling, enhancing inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation, and/or affecting energy storage in lipid droplets or membrane formation. These findings illuminate the mechanisms through which dyslipidemia may contribute to depression and provide initial evidence for targeting lipid metabolism in developing preventive and therapeutic interventions for depression.

Mapping metabolite change in the mouse brain after esketamine injection by ambient mass spectrometry imaging and metabolomics

Ketamine is a new, fast, and effective antidepression treatment method; however, the possible dissociation effects, sensory changes, abuse risk, and the inability to accurately identify whether patients have a significant response to ketamine limit its clinical use. Further exploration of the antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine will contribute to its safe and practical application. Metabolites, the products of upstream gene expression and protein regulatory networks, play an essential role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. In traditional metabonomics it is difficult to achieve the spatial localization of metabolites, which limits the further analysis of brain metabonomics by researchers. Here, we used a metabolic network mapping method called ambient air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI)-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). We found the main changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism around the brain and sphingolipid metabolism changed mainly in the globus pallidus, which showed the most significant metabolite change after esketamine injection. The spatial distribution of metabolic changes was evaluated in the whole brain, and the potential mechanism of esketamine's antidepressant effect was explored in this research.

Optimization of the Sulfo-Phospho-Vanillin Assay for Total Lipid Normalization in Untargeted Quantitative Lipidomic LC-MS/MS Applications

Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS lipidomic normalization is generally performed by equalizing pre-extraction sample materials or via DNA or protein pre-quantitation methods, which have known measurement inaccuracies. We propose the use of the sulfo-phospho-vanillin assay (SPVA), a total lipid colorimetric analysis, as a pre-quantitation method to normalize lipids in lipidomic LC-MS/MS applications. The assay has been applied to a 300 μL well volume in a 96-well plate and tested using Avanti total lipid standards of porcine brain and E. coli. Assay parameters for lipid sample volume, sulfuric acid, vanillin/phosphoric acid, post-reaction incubation time, and wavelength are optimized for robust application to biologically sourced lipid samples. Standard test samples were prepared using three concentrations covering approximately 100 μg/mL range. The optimized assay yielded test sample errors less than 10%, indicating a precise and accurate assay performance. The test samples were then analyzed by LC-MS/MS and normalized using SPVA pre-quantitation and pseudo-mass normalization. The detected lipids showed smaller standard deviations and greater relative concentration differences compared to the pseudo-mass normalized lipids, showing promise as a normalization method.

Dietary supplements in neurological diseases and brain aging

A healthy diet shapes a healthy mind. Diet quality has a strong association with brain health. Diet influences the onset and consequences of neurological diseases, and dietary factors may influence mental health at individual and population level. The link between unhealthy diet, impaired cognitive function and neurodegenerative diseases indicates that adopting a healthy diet would ultimately afford prevention and management of neurological diseases and brain aging. Neurodegenerative diseases are of multifactorial origin and result in progressive loss of neuronal function in the brain, leading to cognitive impairment and motoneuron disorders. The so-called Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) with its healthy ingredients rich in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune, neuroprotective, antidepressant, antistress and senolytic activity plays an essential role in the prevention and management of neurological diseases and inhibits cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. The MedDiet also modulates the gut-brain axis by promoting a diversity of gut microbiota. In view of the importance of diet in neurological diseases management, this review focuses on the dietary components, natural compounds and medicinal plants that have proven beneficial in neurological diseases and for brain health. Among them, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins and several ayurvedic herbs have promising beneficial effects.

Study of Antidepressant-Like Effects of Albiflorin and Paeoniflorin Through Metabolomics From the Perspective of Cancer-Related Depression

Mental health has become a new challenge in cancer treatment, with a high prevalence of depression in patients with cancer. Albiflorin (AF) and paeoniflorinn (PF) are isomers extracted from the root of Paeoniae Radix Alba (Baishao in Chinese), belonging to the monoterpene glycosides, and multiple studies have been conducted on their antidepression and anti-cancer effects. However, the effects of AF and PF on cancer-related depression are unclear. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate whether the two isomers are able to exert antidepressant-like effects and understand the underlying mechanisms in a rat model, established by combining irradiation with chronic restraint stress and solitary confinement. Our results demonstrate a significant regulation of AF and PF in the pharmacodynamic index, including the peripheral blood, organ index, behavioral traits, and HPA axis, relative to control rats. In serum and cerebral cortex metabonomics analysis, AF and PF showed a significantly restorative trend in abnormal biomarkers and regulating ether lipid metabolism, alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, carnitine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism pathway. Eight potential biomarkers were further screened by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The data indicate that AF and PF could effectively ameliorate a depression-like state in the model rats, and the mechanism may be associated with the regulation of the neuroendocrine immune system and disrupted metabolic pathways. Further experiments are warranted to comprehensively evaluate the antidepressant effects of AF and PF in cancer-related depression. This study provides a better insight into the action mechanisms of antidepression of TCM, and provides a new perspective for the therapy of cancer-related depression.

Continuous Ingestion of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JB-1 during Chronic Stress Ensures Neurometabolic and Behavioural Stability in Rats

The intestinal microbiome composition and dietary supplementation with psychobiotics can result in neurochemical alterations in the brain, which are possible due to the presence of the brain–gut–microbiome axis. In the present study, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and behavioural testing were used to evaluate whether treatment with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (JB-1) bacteria alters brain metabolites’ levels and behaviour during continuous exposure to chronic stress. Twenty Wistar rats were subjected to eight weeks of a chronic unpredictable mild stress protocol. Simultaneously, half of them were fed with JB-1 bacteria, and the second half was given a daily placebo. Animals were examined at three-time points: before starting the stress protocol and after five and eight weeks of stress onset. In the elevated plus maze behavioural test the placebo group displayed increased anxiety expressed by almost complete avoidance of exploration, while the JB-1 dietary supplementation mitigated anxiety which resulted in a longer exploration time. Hippocampal MRS measurements demonstrated a significant decrease in glutamine + glutathione concentration in the placebo group compared to the JB-1 bacteria-supplemented group after five weeks of stress. With the progression of stress, the decrease of glutamate, glutathione, taurine, and macromolecular concentrations were observed in the placebo group as compared to baseline. The level of brain metabolites in the JB-1-supplemented rats were stable throughout the experiment, with only the taurine level decreasing between weeks five and eight of stress. These data indicated that the JB-1 bacteria diet might stabilize levels of stress-related neurometabolites in rat brain and could prevent the development of anxiety/depressive-like behaviour.

Alteration of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in Hippocampus of Post-stroke Depression Rats

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common mental disorder in stroke survivors. However, its specific pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Previous studies suggested a role of hippocampus in PSD. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the lipid metabolic signatures in hippocampus of PSD rats. Here, the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to identify the lipid metabolic signatures in the hippocampus of PSD, control and stroke rats. Then, correlations between behavior indices and differential lipid metabolites in PSD rats were explored. Pathway and enrichment analysis were further conducted to uncover the crucial metabolic pathways related to PSD. Finally, we found that the lipid metabolic phenotype in hippocampus of PSD rats was substantially different from that in control and stroke rats, and identified 50 key lipid metabolites that were significantly decreased in PSD rats. These differential metabolites were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Meanwhile, the sucrose preference and immobility time were found to be significantly positively and negatively, respectively, correlated with glycerophospholipid metabolites. The pathway and enrichment analysis showed that the glycerophospholipid metabolism, especially cardiolipin metabolism, was significantly disturbed in PSD rats. These results suggested that the down-regulated glycerophospholipids in hippocampus, especially cardiolipin, might participate in the pathophysiology of PSD. Our findings would be helpful for future exploring the pathophysiology of PSD.

Metabolomic signature and mitochondrial dynamics outline the difference between vulnerability and resilience to chronic stress

Stress is the foremost environmental factor involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, individual differences among people are critical as some people exhibit vulnerability while other are resilient to repeated exposure to stress. Among the others, a recent theory postulates that alterations of energy metabolism might contribute to the development of psychopathologies. Here we show that the bioenergetic status in the ventral hippocampus (vHip), a brain subregion tightly involved in the regulation of MDD, defined the development of vulnerability or resilience following two weeks of chronic mild stress. Among the different metabolomic signatures observed, the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle may be specifically involved in defining vulnerability, revealing a previously unappreciated mechanism of sensitivity to stress. These findings point to mitochondrial morphology and recycling as critical in the ability to cope with stress. We show that vulnerable rats favor mitochondrial fusion to counteract the overproduction of reactive oxidative species whereas resilient rats activate fission to guarantee metabolic efficiency. Our results indicate that the modulation of the energetic metabolite profile in vHip under chronic stress exposure may represent a mechanism to explain the difference between vulnerable and resilient rats, unraveling novel and promising targets for specific therapeutic interventions.

Adaptation of Lipid Profiling in Depression Disease and Treatment: A Critical Review

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also called depression, is a serious disease that impairs the quality of life of patients and has a high incidence, affecting approximately 3.8% of the world population. Its diagnosis is very subjective and is not supported by measurable biomarkers mainly due to the lack of biochemical markers. Recently, disturbance of lipid profiling has been recognized in MDD, in animal models of MDD or in depressed patients, which may contribute to unravel the etiology of the disease and find putative new biomarkers, for a diagnosis or for monitoring the disease and therapeutics outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of lipidomics analysis, both in animal models of MDD (at the brain and plasma level) and in humans (in plasma and serum). Furthermore, studies of lipidomics analyses after antidepressant treatment in rodents (in brain, plasma, and serum), in primates (in the brain) and in humans (in plasma) were reviewed and give evidence that antidepressants seem to counteract the modification seen in lipids in MDD, giving some evidence that certain altered lipid profiles could be useful MDD biomarkers for future precision medicine.

Therapeutic Interventions of Gut-Brain Axis as Novel Strategies for Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder Associated Cognitive and Mood Dysfunction

Alcohol use disorders (AUD) is characterized by persistent or intermittent alcohol cravings and compulsive drinking. The functional changes in the central nervous system (CNS) after alcohol consumption are alcohol-associated cognitive impairment and mood disorders, which are major health issues reported in AUDs. Studies have shown that transferring the intestinal microbiota from AUDs patients to germ-free animals causes learning and memory dysfunction, depression and anxiety-like behavior, indicating the vital role of intestinal microbiota in development of neuropsychiatric disorders in AUD. Intestinal flora composition of AUD patients are significantly different from normal people, suggesting that intestinal flora imbalance orchestrate the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in AUD. Studies suggests that gut microbiome links bidirectional signaling network of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to central nervous system (CNS), forming gut-microbe-brain axis (brain-gut axis). In this review, we discussed pathogenesis and possible treatment of AUD-induced cognitive deficits, anxiety, and depression disorders. Further, we described the mechanism of intestinal flora imbalance and dysfunction of hippocampus-amygdala-frontal cortex (gut-limbic circuit system dysfunction). Therefore, we postulate therapeutic interventions of gut-brain axis as novel strategies for treatment of AUD-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.

Reduced Hippocampal Volume and Neurochemical Response to Adult Stress Exposure in a Female Mouse Model of Urogenital Hypersensitivity

Early life stress exposure significantly increases the risk of developing chronic pain syndromes and comorbid mood and metabolic disorders later in life. Structural and functional changes within the hippocampus have been shown to contribute to many early life stress-related outcomes. We have previously reported that adult mice that underwent neonatal maternal separation (NMS) exhibit urogenital hypersensitivity, altered anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, increased adiposity, and decreased gene expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Here, we are using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS) to further investigate both NMS- and acute stress-induced changes in the hippocampus of female mice. Volumetric analysis of the whole brain revealed that the left hippocampus of NMS mice was 0.038 mm3 smaller compared to naïve mice. MRS was performed only on the right hippocampus and both total choline (tCho) and total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) levels were significantly decreased due to NMS, particularly after WAS. Phosphoethanolamine (PE) levels were decreased in naïve mice after WAS, but not in NMS mice, and WAS increased ascorbate levels in both groups. The NMS mice showed a trend toward increased body weight and body fat percentage compared to naïve mice. A significant negative correlation was observed between body weight and phosphocreatine levels post-WAS in NMS mice, as well as a positive correlation between body weight and glutamine for NMS mice and a negative correlation for naïve mice. Together, these data suggest that NMS in mice reduces left hippocampal volume and may result in mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced neuronal integrity of the right hippocampus in adulthood. Hippocampal changes also appear to be related to whole body metabolic outcomes.

PLIN2 Mediates Neuroinflammation and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress via Downregulating Phosphatidylethanolamine in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Stressed Hypertensive Rats

Purpose

Oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuroinflammation and their intimate interactions mediate sympathetic overactivation in hypertension. An immoderate inflammatory response is characterized not only by elevated proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) but by increases in mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). Recent data pinpoint that both the phospholipid and lipid droplets (LDs) are potent modulators of microglia physiology.

Methods

Stress rats underwent compound stressors for 15 days with PLIN2-siRNA or scrambled-siRNA (SC-siRNA) administrated into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Lipids were analyzed by mass spectroscopy-based quantitative lipidomics. The phenotypes and proliferation of microglia, LDs, in the RVLM of rats were detected; blood pressure (BP) and myocardial injury in rats were evaluated. The anti-oxidative/nitrosative stress effect of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was explored in cultured primary microglia.

Results

Lipidomics analysis showed that 75 individual lipids in RVLM were significantly dysregulated by stress [PE was the most one], demonstrating that lipid composition changed with stress. In vitro, prorenin stress induced the accumulation of LDs, increased PICs, which could be blocked by siRNA-PLIN2 in microglia. PLIN2 knockdown upregulated the PE synthesis in microglia. Anti-oxidative/nitrosative stress effect of PE delivery was confirmed by the decrease of ROS and decrease in 3-NT and MDA in prorenin-treated microglia. PLIN2 knockdown in the RVLM blocked the number of iNOS⁺ and PCNA⁺ microglia, decreased BP, alleviated cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in stressed rats.

Conclusion

PLIN2 mediates microglial polarization/proliferation via downregulating PE in the RVLM of stressed rats. Delivery of PE is a promising strategy for combating neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in stress-induced hypertension.

Long-term molecular differences between resilient and susceptible mice after a single traumatic exposure

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder induced by trauma, resulting in severe long-term impairments of an individual's mental health. Interestingly, PTSD does not develop in every individual; thus, some individuals are more resilient than others. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we aimed at shedding light on these processes.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

We used a single-trauma PTSD model in mice to induce long-term maladaptive behaviours and profiled the mice four weeks post-trauma into resilient or susceptible individuals. The phenotype's classification was based on their individual responses in different behavioural experiments. We analysed microbiome, circulating endocannabinoids, and long-term changes in brain phospholipid and transcript levels.

KEY RESULTS

We found a plethora of molecular differences between resilient and susceptible individuals across multiple molecular domains, including lipidome, transcriptome, and gut microbiome. Some of these differences were stable even several weeks after the trauma, indicating the long-term impact of traumatic stimuli on the organism's physiology. Furthermore, the integration of these multi-layered molecular data revealed that resilient and susceptible individuals have very distinct molecular signatures across various physiological systems.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

We showed that trauma induces individual-specific behavioural responses that, in combination with a longitudinal characterization of mice, can be used to identify distinct sub-phenotypes within the trauma-exposed group. These groups differ significantly not only in their behaviour but also in specific molecular aspects across a variety of tissues and brain regions. This approach may reveal new targets and predictive biomarkers for the pharmacological treatment and prognosis of stress-related disorders.

Endogenous n-3 PUFAs attenuated olfactory bulbectomy-induced behavioral and metabolomic abnormalities in Fat-1 mice

Depression is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, and omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can effectively treat depression. However, mechanism of lipid metabolism involved in the depressive attenuation remains poorly understood. Olfactory bulbectomy (OB)-induced changes in animal behavior and physiological functions are similar to those observed in depressed patients. Therefore, the present study used wild type (WT) and Fat-1 mice with or without OB to explore whether endogenous n-3 PUFA treatment of depression was through rectifying lipid metabolism, and to discover the possible lipid metabolic pathways. In WT mice, OB enhanced locomotor activity associated with up-regulation of lipid metabolites in the serum, such as phosphatidylcholines, L-a-glutamyl-L-Lysine and coproporphyrinogen III (Cop), which were involved in anti-inflammatory lipid metabolic pathways. OB also increased microglia activation marker CD11b and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. In one of the lipid pathways, increased Cop was significantly correlated with the hyper-activity of the OB mice. These OB-induced changes were markedly attenuated by endogenous n-3 PUFAs in Fat-1 mice. Additionally, increased expressions of anti-inflammatory lipid genes, such as fatty acid desaturase (Fads) and phospholipase A2 group VI (Pla2g6), were found in the hippocampus of Fat-1 mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, Cop administration increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in a microglial cell line BV2. In conclusion, endogenous n-3 PUFAs in Fat-1 mice attenuated abnormal behavior in the depression model through restoration of lipid metabolism and suppression of inflammatory response.

Untargeted Plasma Metabolomic Profiling in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric illness with an increasing incidence and a shortfall of efficient diagnostic tools. Interview-based diagnostic tools and clinical examination often lead to misdiagnosis and inefficient systematic treatment selection. Diagnostic and treatment monitoring biomarkers are warranted for MDD. Thus, the emerging field of metabolomics is a promising tool capable of portraying the metabolic repertoire of biomolecules from biological samples in a minimally invasive fashion. Herein, we report an untargeted metabolomic profiling performed in plasma samples of 11 MDD patients, at baseline (MDD1) and at 12 weeks following antidepressant therapy with escitalopram (MDD2), and in 11 healthy controls (C), using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-(ESI+)-MS). We found two putative metabolites ((phosphatidylserine PS (16:0/16:1) and phosphatidic acid PA (18:1/18:0)) as having statistically significant increased levels in plasma samples of MDD1 patients compared to healthy subjects. ROC analysis revealed an AUC value of 0.876 for PS (16:0/16:1), suggesting a potential diagnostic biomarker role. In addition, PS (18:3/20:4) was significantly decreased in MDD2 group compared to MDD1, with AUC value of 0.785.

Lipidomics of Serum and Hippocampus Reveal the Protective Effects of Fermented Soybean Lipid on Rats of Microwave-Induced Cognitive Damage

Fermented soybean lipids (FSE-C) is an extract enriched in active lipid classes. To explore whether FSE-C can alleviate cognitive damage triggered by the exposure to microwave radiation through regulating lipid metabolism, we employed lipidomic profiling based on a UPLC-MS to investigate differential lipid metabolites in the serum and hippocampus of rats. The results showed that orally administered FSE-C could protect from cognitive damage in microwave-induced rats. Serum lipidomics indicated that FSE-C effectively facilitated the recovery of 43 differential lipid metabolites including 6 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 5 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), 1 phosphatidylinositol, 3 lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), 6 lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), and 22 triglycerides (TGs), which was consistent with the analysis of serum TG levels. Moreover, FSE-C positively coordinated hexacosanoic acid, 2 PCs, 4 sphingomyelins (SMs), and 11 TGs, through the hippocampal lipidomics. Collectively, these findings suggested that phospholipid and TG metabolisms were significantly modified in microwave-exposed rats. TGs may be regarded as potential biomarkers to further investigate and evaluate the roles and functions of FSE-C on the attenuation of cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation.

Broad Metabolome Alterations Associated with the Intake of Oral Contraceptives Are Mediated by Cortisol in Premenopausal Women

The use of oral contraceptives (OCs) has been associated with elevated blood cortisol concentrations. However, metabolic downstream effects of OC intake are not well described. Here, we aimed to determine if the blood metabolome is associated with the use of OCs and to estimate if these associations might be statistically mediated by serum cortisol concentrations. Plasma metabolites measured with the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit and serum cortisol concentrations measured by an immunoassay were determined in 391 premenopausal women (116 OC users) participating in two independent cohorts of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). After correction for multiple testing, 27 metabolites were significantly associated with OC intake in SHIP-TREND (discovery cohort), of which 25 replicated in SHIP-2. Inter alia, associated metabolites included 12 out of 38 phosphatidylcholines with diacyl residue, 7 out of 14 lysophosphatidylcholines and 5 out of 21 amino acids. The associations with phosphatidylcholines were statistically mediated by cortisol, whereas lysophosphatidylcholines showed no mediation effect. The results represent a step toward a better understanding of the metabolic consequences of OC intake. Connecting cortisol with metabolic consequences of OC intake could help to understand the mechanisms underlying adverse effects. The blood metabolome may serve as a biomarker for identifying users at high risk for developing such adverse effects.

Oxolipidomics profile in major depressive disorder: Comparing remitters and non-remitters to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment

BACKGROUND

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation [rTMS] is increasingly being used to treat Major Depressive Disorder [MDD]. Given that not all patients respond to rTMS, it would be clinically useful to have reliable biomarkers that predict treatment response. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine [OxPC] and some oxylipins are important plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Not only is depression associated with oxidative stress, but rTMS has been shown to have anti-oxidative effects.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether plasma oxolipidomics profiles could predict treatment response in patients with treatment resistant MDD.

METHODS

Fourty-eight patients undergoing rTMS treatment for MDD were recruited along with nine healthy control subjects. Plasma OxPCs and oxylipins were extracted and analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score [Ham-D] ≤7 post-treatment were defined as having entered remission.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven OxPC and 32 oxylipin species were identified in our subjects. MDD patients who entered remission following rTMS had significantly higher pre-rTMS levels of total and fragmented OxPCs compared to non-remitters and controls [one-way ANOVA, p<0.05]. However, no significant changes in OxPC levels were found as a result of rTMS, regardless of treatment response [p>0.05]. No differences in plasma oxylipins were found between remitters and non-remitters at baseline.

CONCLUSION

Certain categories of OxPCs may be useful predictive biomarkers for response to rTMS treatment in MDD. Given that elevated oxidized lipids may indicate higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, patients with this phenotype of depression may be more receptive to rTMS treatment.

Serum Metabonomic Study on the Antidepressant-like Effects of Ellagic Acid in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Mouse Model

As a polyphenol, ellagic acid (EA) has shown potential antidepressant activity. In this study, the effects and serum metabolomic analysis of EA against depression were investigated using a chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced (CUMS) model. EA (20 or 100 mg/kg body weight) significantly ameliorated the CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors, including reduced body weight, decreased sucrose preference, and increased immobility time in both the tail suspension test and the forced swimming test. Furthermore, EA attenuated the CUMS-induced hippocampal damage and significantly increased the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the serotonin (5-HT) levels as well as suppressed the inflammatory response. The metabolomics analysis showed that the disturbance of glycerophospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol), amino acid (l-arginine and N-stearoyl serine), and purine (uric acid) metabolism induced by CUMS was attenuated by the EA treatment. Furthermore, the correlation analysis indicated that the metabolite changes were strongly correlated with behavioral disorders, BDNF, 5-HT, and inflammatory cytokines levels. This study provided new insights for the antidepressant effects of EA and suggests that EA may be a potential nutraceutical for improving the management of depression.

The impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and fluoxetine on the brain lipidome in a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress

The antidepressant effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been extensively studied; growing evidence suggests that changes in lipid composition may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression and may be a targeted mechanism for treatment. However, the influence of rTMS on lipid composition and the differences between these effects compared to antidepressants like fluoxetine (Flx) have never been investigated. Using a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model in rats, we assessed the antidepressive effects of rTMS and Flx treatments and evaluated changes in lipid composition in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) using a mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach. Both rTMS and Flx treatments ameliorated depressive-like behaviors induced by CUS. Moreover, changes in lipid composition, especially glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids induced by CUS in the hippocampus were more robust than those observed in the PFC. CUS led to decreased levels of 20 carbon-containing fatty acyls and polyunsaturated fatty acyls in the PFC, and decreased levels of acyl carnitines (AcCa) in both the hippocampus and PFC. Notably, rTMS treatment had higher impact than Flx on composition of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in the hippocampus that were altered by CUS, while Flx attenuated CUS-induced changes in the PFC to a greater extent than rTMS. However, neither was able to restore fatty acyls and AcCa to baseline levels. Altogether, modulation of the brain lipidome may be involved in the antidepressant action of rTMS and Flx, and the degree to which these treatments induce changes in lipid composition within the hippocampus and PFC might explain their differential antidepressant effects.

The protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on depression may benefit from the gap junction function in hippocampal astrocytes

Studies have shown that the ginsenoside Rg1 can improve depressive symptoms in vitro and in vivo. However, the efficacy of Rg1on the hippocampal astrocyte gap junctions in depression are unclear. We mainly aimed to explore the relationship between Rg1, hippocampal astrocyte gap junctions and depression. Using primary cultured astrocytes, corticosterone (CORT) was used to induce stress. CORT (100 μM) significantly reduced the survival rate in astrocytes, and this effect was prevented by additional Rg1 administration. Interestingly, the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone (CBX) was able to revert this Rg1 effect. In in vivo models, one group was exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 47 days, while another group was bilaterally injected with CBX (100 μM) into the hippocampal CA1 region. Rats treated with Rg1 (20 mg/kg) showed an improvement in the sucrose preference and the forced swimming test in both models, indicating an antidepressive activity of Rg1. The levels of astrocyte gap junction connexin 43 (Cx43) were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) and western blotting. The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by IF. The gap junctions in the hippocampal CA1 area were evaluated using dye transfer and electron microscopy. The reduction in Cx43 expression, the decrease in the Cx43 to GFAP ratio, the shorter dye diffusion distance, and the abnormal ultrastructure of gap junctions in rats exposed to CUS were markedly alleviated by concomitant Rg1 treatment. Taken together, the ginsenoside Rg1 could improve depression-like behavior in rats induced by astrocyte gap junction dysfunction in the hippocampus.

Sex differences and gonadal hormone regulation of brain cardiolipin, a key mitochondrial phospholipid

Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid that is almost exclusively located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells. As a result of its unique structure and distribution, CL establishes non-covalent bonds with a long list of proteins involved in ATP production, mitochondria biogenesis, mitophagy and apoptosis. Thus, the amount of CL, as well as its fatty acid composition and location, strongly impacts upon mitochondrial-dependent functions and therefore the metabolic homeostasis of different tissues. The brain is particularly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of its high metabolic demand. Several mitochondrial related-neurodegenerative disorders, as well as physiological ageing, show altered CL metabolism. Furthermore, mice lacking enzymes involved in CL synthesis show cognitive impairments. CL content and metabolism are regulated by gonadal hormones in the developing and adult brain. In neuronal cultures, oestradiol increases CL content, whereas adult ovariectomy decreases CL content and alters CL metabolism in the hippocampal mitochondria. Transient sex differences in brain CL metabolism have been detected during development. At birth, brain CL has a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the brain of male mice than in the brain of females. In addition, the expression of enzymes involved in CL de novo and recycling synthetic pathways is higher in males. Most of these sex differences are abolished by the neonatal androgenisation of females, suggesting a role for testosterone in the generation of sex differences in brain CL. The regulation of brain CL by gonadal hormones may be linked to their homeostatic and protective actions in neural cells, as well as the manifestation of sex differences in neurodegenerative disorders.

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry characterization of nitroso, nitrated and nitroxidized cardiolipin products

Cardiolipins (CL) are anionic dimeric phospholipids bearing four fatty acids, found in inner mitochondrial membrane as structural components and are involved in several processes as oxidative phosphorylation or apoptotic signalling. As other phospholipids, CL can be modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can modulate various cellular functions. Modifications of CL by RNS remain largely unstudied although other nitrated lipids are emerging as bioactive molecules. In this work, we developed a C30-LC-HRMS/MS methodology to identify the nitrated and nitroxidized tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin (TLCL), using a biomimetic model of nitration, and to disclose specific fragmentation pathways under HCD MS/MS. Using this lipidomics approach, we were able to separate and identify nitro, nitroso, nitronitroso, and nitroxidized TLCL derivatives, comprising 11 different nitrated compounds. These products were identified using accurate mass measurements and the fragmentation pattern acquired in higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD)-tandem MS/MS experiments. These spectra showed classifying fragmentation pathways, yielding phosphatidic acid (PA^-), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA^-), and carboxylate fragment ions with the modifying moiety. Remarkably, the typical neutral losses associated with the added moieties were not observed. In conclusion, this work has developed a new method for the identification of nitroso, nitrated and nitroxidized cardiolipin products by using a C30LC-MS platform method, potentially allowing their detection in biological samples.

Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Redox Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders

Significance: Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms causing psychiatric disorders is modest, but genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are central to the etiology of these conditions. Autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder show genetic gene risk overlap and share symptoms and metabolic comorbidities. The identification of such common features may provide insights into the development of these disorders. Recent Advances: Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that brain energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions and redox balance are impaired to various degrees in psychiatric disorders. Since mitochondrial metabolism and redox signaling can integrate genetic and environmental environmental factors affecting the brain, it is possible that they are implicated in the etiology and progression of psychiatric disorders. Critical Issue: Evidence for direct links between cellular mitochondrial dysfunction and disease features are missing. Future Directions: A better understanding of the mitochondrial biology and its intracellular connections to the nuclear genome, the endoplasmic reticulum and signaling pathways, as well as its role in intercellular communication in the organism, is still needed. This review focuses on the findings that implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, the resultant metabolic changes and oxidative stress as important etiological factors in the context of psychiatric disorders. We also propose a model where specific pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders depend on circuit-specific impairments of mitochondrial dysfunction and redox signaling at specific developmental stages.

St John's wort extract influences membrane fluidity and composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in rat C6 glioblastoma cells

BACKGROUND

Chronic stress, an important factor in the development of depressive disorders, leads to an increased formation of cortisol, which causes a hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition, cortisol mediates an adaptive effect on plasma membrane fluidity which may affect signal transduction of membrane-bound receptors and contribute to pathophysiological changes.

METHODS

Membrane fluidity was measured by fluorescence anisotropy using DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) and TMA-DPH (1-(4-(trimethylamino)phenyl)-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene). Changes in cellular content of phosphatidylcholine species was determined by pulse-chase experiments using deuterated choline and mass spectrometry. Single molecule tracking was used to examine the lateral mobility of β1-adrenoceptors and changes in cAMP formation were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

Chronic exposure (6 - 8 days) of C6 cells to cortisol dose-dependently decreased DPH and TMA-DPH fluorescence anisotropy, reflecting increased membrane fluidity. In contrast, cells pretreated with St. John's wort extract Ze117 showed increased DPH and TMA-DPH fluorescence anisotropy values, indicating a membrane rigidification effect which was mediated at least by the constituents hypericin, hyperforin, quercetin, amentoflavone and biapigenin. The observed membrane fluidizing effect of cortisol could be reversed by cotreatment with Ze117. The membrane rigidification of Ze117 was in line with the in parallel observed decrease in the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio determined in whole cell lipid extracts. Interestingly, pulse-chase experiments demonstrated, that Ze117 inhibited the incorporation of choline-D9 in phosphatidylcholine species with saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids compared to control cells, while the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine species with polyunsaturated fatty acids was not affected. C6 cells whose membranes have become more rigid by Ze117 showed altered lateral mobility of β1-adrenoceptors as well as reduced cAMP formation after stimulation with the β1-adrenoceptor agonist dobutamine.

CONCLUSION

Obviously, the signaling of β1-adrenoceptors depends on the nature of the membrane environment. It can therefore be assumed that Ze117 has a normalizing effect not only on the membrane fluidity of "stressed" cells, but also on lateral mobility and subsequently on the signal transduction of membrane-associated receptors.

Lipidomics in Major Depressive Disorder

Omic sciences coupled with novel computational approaches such as machine intelligence offer completely new approaches to major depressive disorder (MDD) research. The complexity of MDD's pathophysiology is being integrated into studies examining MDD's biology within the omic fields. Lipidomics, as a late-comer among other omic fields, is increasingly being recognized in psychiatric research because it has allowed the investigation of global lipid perturbations in patients suffering from MDD and indicated a crucial role of specific patterns of lipid alterations in the development and progression of MDD. Combinatorial lipid-markers with high classification power are being developed in order to assist MDD diagnosis, while rodent models of depression reveal lipidome changes and thereby unveil novel treatment targets for depression. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of current breakthroughs and future trends in the field of lipidomics in MDD research and thereby paving the way for precision medicine in MDD.

Association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass and depressive symptoms: Review of the cardiovascular and metabolic diseases etiology research center cohort

BACKGROUND

The effects of skeletal muscle mass on depressive symptoms remain poorly understood, especially in the middle-aged population. We examined the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and depressive symptoms according to sex and menopausal status in the middle-aged Korean population.

METHODS

Herein, 1,151 men and 2,176 women aged 30-64 years completed questionnaires and underwent health examinations in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center study. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis and adjusted for height squared (ASM/Ht²). Both continuous values and tertile groups of ASM/Ht² were used for analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depressive Inventory-II (BDI), and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was determined as a BDI score ≥ 20.

RESULTS

Multiple logistic regression analysis using a fully adjusted model showed that depressive symptoms were more frequently observed among men in the lower ASM/Ht² tertile and middle ASM/Ht² tertile than among those in the higher ASM/Ht² tertile. Each 1-kg/m² decrease in ASM/Ht² was significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms in men. Such significant association was not observed among premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

LIMITATIONS

The cross-sectional nature of the study design, measurement of skeletal muscle mass and depressive symptoms only once, estimation of skeletal muscle mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis, assessing depressive symptoms by self-reported questionnaire, and potential unknown confounding variables constitute the limitations of our study.

CONCLUSIONS

The independent association between low skeletal muscle mass and depressive symptoms was observed in men but not in women.

Serum lipidomic analysis for the discovery of biomarkers for major depressive disorder in drug-free patients

Lipidomic analysis can be used to efficiently identify hundreds of lipid molecular species in biological materials and has been recently established as an important tool for biomarker discovery in various neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study, quantitative targeted serum lipidomic profiling was performed on female subjects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Global lipid profiling of pooled serum samples from 10 patients currently with MDD (cMDD), 10 patients with remitted MDD (rMDD), and 10 healthy controls revealed 37 differentially regulated lipids (DRLs). DRLs were further verified using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) in each of the 25 samples from the three groups of independent cohorts. Using multivariate analysis and MRM data we identified serum biomarker panels of discriminatory lipids that differentiated between pairs of groups: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)(16:1), triglycerides (TG)(44:0), and TG(54:8) distinguished cMDD from controls with 76% accuracy; lysophosphatidylcholines(16:1), TG(44:0), TG(46:0), and TG(50:1) distinguished between cMDD and rMDD at 65% accuracy; and LPA(16:1), TG(52:6), TG(54:8), and TG(58:10) distinguished between rMDD and controls with 60% accuracy. Our lipidomic analysis identified peripheral lipid signatures of MDD, which thereby provides providing important biomarker candidates for MDD.

Evidence for Stress-like Alterations in the HPA-Axis in Women Taking Oral Contraceptives

Using oral contraceptives has been implicated in the aetiology of stress-related disorders like depression. Here, we followed the hypothesis that oral contraceptives deregulate the HPA-axis by elevating circulating cortisol levels. We report for a sample of 233 pre-menopausal women increased circulating cortisol levels in those using oral contraceptives. For women taking oral contraceptives, we observed alterations in circulating phospholipid levels and elevated triglycerides and found evidence for increased glucocorticoid signalling as the transcript levels of the glucocorticoid-regulated genes DDIT4 and FKBP5 were increased in whole blood. The effects were statistically mediated by cortisol. The associations of oral contraceptives with higher FKBP5 mRNA and altered phospholipid levels were modified by rs1360780, a genetic variance implicated in psychiatric diseases. Accordingly, the methylation pattern of FKBP5 intron 7 was altered in women taking oral contraceptives depending on the rs1360780 genotype. Moreover, oral contraceptives modified the association of circulating cortisol with depressive symptoms, potentially explaining conflicting results in the literature. Finally, women taking oral contraceptives displayed smaller hippocampal volumes than non-using women. In conclusion, the integrative analyses of different types of physiological data provided converging evidence indicating that oral contraceptives may cause effects analogous to chronic psychological stressors regarding the regulation of the HPA axis.

Analytical approaches for lipidomics and its potential applications in neuropsychiatric disorders

OBJECTIVES

In this review, the authors discuss an overview of lipidomics followed by in-depth discussion of its application to the study of human diseases, including extraction methods of lipids, analytical techniques and clinical research in neuropsychiatric disorders.

METHODS

Lipidomics is a lipid-targeted metabolomics approach aiming at the comprehensive analysis of lipids in biological systems. Recent technological advancements in mass spectrometry and chromatography have greatly enhanced the development and applications of metabolic profiling of diverse lipids in complex biological samples.

RESULTS

An effective evaluation of the clinical course of diseases requires the application of very precise diagnostic and assessment approaches as early as possible. In order to achieve this, "omics" strategies offer new opportunities for biomarker identification and/or discovery in complex diseases and may provide pathological pathways understanding for diseases beyond traditional methodologies.

CONCLUSIONS

This review highlights the importance of lipidomics for the future perspectives as a tool for biomarker identification and discovery and its clinical application.

Chronic Variable Stress Is Responsible for Lipid and DNA Oxidative Disorders and Activation of Oxidative Stress Response Genes in the Brain of Rats

Chronic environmental stress is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical and molecular changes associated with ROS generation in the brains of rats submitted to chronic variable stress. Male Wistar rats (50–55 days old, weighing 200–250 g) were divided in two groups (n = 10): control and stressed. Rats in the stressed group were exposed to stress conditions for 40 days. The animals were decapitated and the brain samples were collected. In prefrontal cortex, we measured the following biochemical parameters: lipid peroxidation and concentration of glutathione—GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities. In the hippocampus marker of DNA, oxidative damage and expression of DNA-repairing genes (Ogg1, MsrA) and gene-encoding antioxidative transcriptional factor (Nrf2) were determined. The results demonstrate indirect evidence of ROS overproduction and presence of oxidative stress. They also reveal disruption of oxidative defense systems (decreased GR activity, diminished GSH/GSSG ratio, and decreased Nrf2 expression) and activation of the oxidative DNA repair system (increased Ogg1 and MsrA expression). Together, the presented data suggest that independent activation of oxidative stress response genes occurs in chronic variable stress conditions.

The Effects of Long-Term Chaetomellic Acid A Administration on Renal Function and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Renal Mass Reduction

Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment with chaetomellic acid A (CAA) on oxidative stress and renal function in a model of renal mass reduction. Methods. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy (RMR) or sham-operated (SO). One week after surgery, rats have been divided into four experimental groups: RMR: RMR rats without treatment (n = 14); RMR + CAA: RMR rats treated with CAA (n = 13); SO: SO rats without treatment (n = 13); and SO + CAA: SO rats treated with CAA (n = 13). CAA was intraperitoneally administered in a dose of 0.23 µg/Kg three times a week for six months. Results. RMR was accompanied by a significant reduction in catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) activity (p < 0.05) and a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio. CAA administration significantly increased catalase and GR activity (p < 0.05) and increased GSH/GSSG ratio, but no significant difference between the treated and nontreated groups was found in this ratio. No significant differences were found between the RMR groups in any of the parameters of renal function. However, CAA administration slightly improves some parameters of renal function. Conclusions. These data suggest that CAA could attenuate 5/6 RMR-induced oxidative stress.

Changes in Surface Tension of Aqueous Humor in Anterior Segment Ocular Pathologies

The aim of this study was to identify and determine differences in surface tension (ST) of aqueous humor (AH) in patients with cataract, glaucoma and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED). Two hundred and two samples of AH were analyzed (control n = 22; cataract n = 56; glaucoma n = 81; and n = FED 43). Patients with previous history of anterior segment surgery, anterior segment pathology or intraocular injections were excluded from the study. Different types of glaucoma were identified, cataracts were graded using total phaco time data during surgery and clinical severity of FED was assessed by clinical examination. Around 150 microliters AH were obtained during the first step of a surgical procedure, lensectomy, phacoemulsification, nonpenetrating deep sclerotomy (NPDE) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). A pendant drop-based optical goniometer OCA-15 (Dataphysics, Filderstadt, Germany) was used to measure surface tension. Mean ST was 65.74 ± 3.76 mN/m, 63.59 ± 5.50 mN/m, 64.35 ± 6.99 mN/m, and 60.89 ± 3.73 mN/m in control, cataract, glaucoma and FED patients respectively. Statistically significant differences between FED and control group were found (p < 0.001). Lens condition, cataract maturity, age, and gender did not show influence in ST. ST of AH is significantly decreased in FED patients independently from age and lens condition. These findings may aid to the understanding of the physiopathology of the disease.

Plasma lipidomics reveals potential lipid markers of major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a grave debilitating mental disease with a high incidence and severely impairs quality of life. Therefore, its physiopathological basis study and diagnostic biomarker discovery are extremely valuable. In this study, a non-targeted lipidomics strategy using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed to reveal differential lipids between MDD (n = 60) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 60). Validation of changed lipid species was performed in an independent batch including 75 MDD and 52 HC using the same lipidomic method. Pronouncedly changed lipid species in MDD were discovered, which mainly were lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-PE (PE O), 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-PC (PC O), sphingomyelin (SM), diacylglycerol (DG), and triacylglycerol (TG). Among these lipid species, LPC, LPE, PC, PE, PI, TG, etc. remarkably increased in MDD and showed pronounced positive relationships with depression severity, while 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-PE and SM with odd summed carbon number significantly decreased in MDD and demonstrated negative relationships with depression severity. A combinational lipid panel including LPE 20:4, PC 34:1, PI 40:4, SM 39:1, 2, and TG 44:2 was defined as potential diagnostic biomarker with a good sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing MDD from HCs. Our study brings insights into lipid metabolism disorder in MDD and provides a specific potential biomarker for MDD diagnose.

Behavioral and Biochemical Interaction Between Nicotine and Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice

Nicotine, the main component of tobacco smoke, exerts influence on mood, and contributes to physical and psychological dependence. Taking into account frequent concomitance of nicotine abuse and stress, we aimed to research behavioral and biochemical effects associated with nicotine administration in combination with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Mice were submitted to the procedure of CUMS for 4 weeks, 2 h per day. Our results revealed that CUMS-exposed animals exhibited behavioral alteration like anxiety disorders in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, the disturbances in memory in the passive avoidance (PA) test and depressive effects in the forced swim test (FST). Moreover, nicotine (0.05–0.5 mg/kg), after an acute or subchronic administration decreased stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like effect as well as memory deficit. Administration of metyrapone (50 mg/kg), a glucocorticosteroid antagonist, alleviated the depressive effect induced by the CUMS. The biochemical experiments showed decreased values of the total antioxidant status (TAS), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) with simultaneously increased in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in mice submitted to the CUMS. The same effects were observed after an acute and subchronic nicotine administration within all examined brain structures (i.e., hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum) and in the whole brain in non-stressed and stressed mice confirming pro-oxidative effect of nicotine. Our study contributes to the understanding of behavioral and biochemical mechanisms involved in stress-induced disorders such as depression, anxiety and memory disturbances as well as dual nicotine-stress interactions on the basis of the development of nicotine dependence.