1
|
Papatsiros VG, Athanasiou LV, Kostoulas P, Giannakopoulos A, Tzika E, Billinis C. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Swine: Implications for Public Health. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:823-840. [PMID: 34491108 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, due to Toxoplasma gondii, is a parasitic disease with global importance. Among livestock, chronic T. gondii infection has been reported in higher rates in pigs and small ruminants, but with subclinical infections in case commonly encountered in pigs. Seroprevalence in the global pig population ranges according to the age or species of pigs, geographical distribution, production programs, and systems. Generally, T. gondii infections are noticed in low prevalence rates in conventional pig farms with high hygiene standards. In contrast, higher prevalence is common on free-ranging farms, outdoor or backyard small pig fams, as well as in farmed or hunted wild boars. The T. gondii average worldwide seroprevalence in pigs is reported to be 13% in Europe, 21% in Africa, 25% in North America, 21% in Asia, and 23% in South America. Human toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been correlated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, especially from infected pigs or wild boars, as well as of contaminated drinking water. The risk of infection in processed pork products is lower compared with fresh pork, as meat processing can reduce or inactivate T. gondii tissue cysts. Hence, the prevalence of T. gondii in the pig population may be a useful indicator of the risk of human toxoplasmosis associated with the consumption of pork products. The lack of obligatory screening methods at farm level for the detection of antibodies in farmed animals or the viable T. gondii in carcasses at slaughterhouse level increases the risk of contaminated pork or meat products. For this reason, the application of biosecurity and surveillance programs at farm level is very important to prevent a T. gondii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzika
- Farm Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hidalgo A, Villanueva J, Becerra V, Soriano C, Melo A, Fonseca-Salamanca F. Trichinella spiralis Infecting Wild Boars in Southern Chile: Evidence of an Underrated Risk. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:625-629. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Sciences, Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | - José Villanueva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | - Valeria Becerra
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cristofer Soriano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Angelica Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Flery Fonseca-Salamanca
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Sciences, Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global seroprevalence of Trichinella infection among wild boars. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Rostami A, Riahi SM, Fakhri Y, Saber V, Hanifehpour H, Valizadeh S, Gholizadeh M, Pouya RH, Gamble HR. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among wild boars: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:12-20. [PMID: 28917302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis study was performed to evaluate the worldwide seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among wild boar. We searched PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar databases for studies reporting T. gondii seroprevalence in wild boars between January 1995 and March 2017. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. We estimated the pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii in wild boars using a random-effects model, and evaluated overall seroprevalence in different geographical areas. A total of 43 articles that included 16788 wild boar from 23 countries fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Of these, 4759 wild boar had been defined T. gondii seropositive and we estimated the pooled worldwide seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in wild boars to be 23% (95% CI: 19-27%). The pooled seroprevalence in North America (32%, 20-45%; odds ratio [OR] 2.09) and Europe (26%, 21-30%; OR 1.72), was higher than Asia (13%, 5-23%). The lowest seroprevalence was estimated in South America (5%, 3-8%). An increased seropositivity was observed with elevation in geographical latitude. In subgroup analyses, the pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii was higher in wild boar older than 12 months of age (28%, 22-35%; OR 1.57) compared to those up to 12 months of age (20%, 16-25%). Our findings suggest that wild boar have an important role in human infection and the epidemiological cycle of T. gondii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yadollah Fakhri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Saber
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hooman Hanifehpour
- Department of Biological Control and Vaccine, FDA (Food and Drug Administration), Tehran, Iran
| | - Soghra Valizadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Majid Gholizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Khazar University, Mahmood Abad, Iran
| | | | - H Ray Gamble
- National Academy of Sciences, 500 5th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hong SH, Kim HJ, Jeong YI, Cho SH, Lee WJ, Kim JT, Lee SE. Serological and Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti in the Blood of Rescued Wild Animals in Gangwon-do (Province), Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:207-212. [PMID: 28506045 PMCID: PMC5450965 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti are reported in many wild animals worldwide, but information on their incidence and molecular detection in Korean wild fields is limited. In this study, the prevalence of T. gondii and B. microti infection in blood samples of 5 animal species (37 Chinese water deer, 23 raccoon dogs, 6 roe deer, 1 wild boar, and 3 Eurasian badgers) was examined during 2008–2009 in Gangwon-do (Province), the Republic of Korea (=Korea) by using serological and molecular tests. The overall seropositivity of T. gondii was 8.6% (6/70); 10.8% in Chinese water deer, 4.3% in raccoon dogs, and 16.7% in roe deer. PCR revealed only 1 case of T. gondii infection in Chinese water deer, and phylogenic analysis showed that the positive isolate was practically identical to the highly pathogenetic strain type I. In B. microti PCR, the positive rate was 5.7% (4/70), including 2 Chinese water deer and 2 Eurasian badgers. Phylogenetic analysis results of 18S rRNA and the β-tubulin gene showed that all positive isolates were US-type B. microti. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. microti detected in Chinese water deer and Eurasian badger from Korea. These results indicate a potentially high prevalence of T. gondii and B. microti in wild animals of Gangwon-do, Korea. Furthermore, Chinese water deer might act as a reservoir for parasite infections of domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hong
- Division of Malaria and Parasitc Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Kim
- Colleage of Veterinary Medicine, Gangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- Division of Malaria and Parasitc Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Malaria and Parasitc Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasitc Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jong-Tak Kim
- Colleage of Veterinary Medicine, Gangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasitc Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bai MJ, Zou Y, Elsheikha HM, Ma JG, Zheng WB, Zhao Q, Zhang XX, Zhu XQ. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Farmed Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Three Cities of Northeast China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:379-385. [PMID: 28387529 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a widely distributed etiological agent of foodborne illness. This parasite can cause production losses in livestock and serious disease in humans through consumption of contaminated meat. Pig meat is the most likely source of human infection, and wild boars may play a role in the transmission of T. gondii by serving as a reservoir host. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondii among farmed wild boars in China. In an 11-month survey, a total of 882 serum samples were obtained from farmed wild boars from three cities (Jilin City, Siping City, and Baishan City) in Jilin province, Northeast China and were tested for antibodies specific for T. gondii. Using modified agglutination test and a cutoff titer of 1:25, the prevalence of T. gondii infection in the examined samples was 10.0% (88 of 882). The highest seroprevalence was observed in animals from Jilin city (15.3%, 43/281) and followed by Siping (11.4%, 30/263) and Baishan (4.4%, 15/338). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the investigated geographic region and T. gondii infection. In addition, prevalence was higher in females compared to males, and the highest prevalence was detected in piglets. These findings indicate that farmed wild boars may become a source of foodborne toxoplasmosis, posing a food safety threat to the public health in the investigated areas. Implementation of effective measures to control T. gondii infection in farmed wild boars in China may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Bai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yang Zou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China .,2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- 3 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Gang Ma
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China .,2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China .,2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China .,2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China .,4 Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE, 1990-2015, ON WILDLIFE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:5-18. [PMID: 27705103 DOI: 10.7589/2015-12-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To assess the status of research on wildlife diseases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to identify trends, knowledge gaps, and directions for future research, we reviewed epidemiologic publications on wildlife-associated diseases in the ROK. We identified a relatively small but rapidly increasing body of literature. The majority of publications were focused on public or livestock health and relatively few addressed wildlife health. Most studies that focused on human and livestock health were cross-sectional whereas wildlife health studies were mostly case reports. Fifteen diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health were identified and 21 diseases were identified as notifiable to either the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare or the Korea Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Two diseases were reported as occurring as epidemics; highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and virulent Newcastle disease. Six diseases or disease agents were described in the literature as emerging including HPAI, rabies, Babesia microti , avian coronaviruses, scrub typhus, and severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. The diseases for which there were the largest number of publications were HPAI and rabies. The majority of wildlife-associated zoonotic disease publications focused on food-borne parasitic infections or rodent-associated diseases. Several publications focused on the potential of wildlife as reservoirs of livestock diseases; in particular, Korean water deer ( Hydropotes inermis argyropus ) and wild boar ( Sus scrofa ). In contrast, there were few publications on diseases of concern for wildlife populations or research to understand the impacts of these diseases for wildlife management. Increased focus on prospective studies would enhance understanding of disease dynamics in wildlife populations. For the high-consequence diseases that impact multiple sectors, a One Health approach, with coordination among the public health, agricultural, and environmental sectors, would be important. This type of review can provide useful information for countries or regions planning or implementing national wildlife health programs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee HJ, Chung OS, Kim JL, Lee SH, Yoo YB, Seo M. Seroprevalence of Trichinella sp. in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:233-6. [PMID: 25925185 PMCID: PMC4416366 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total 7 outbreaks of trichinellosis have occurred in Korea, mostly as a result of consumption of raw wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat. Since only 1 serological survey on wild boars had yet been performed in Korea, the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boars and some species of rodents by artificial digestion and serological examinations in Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, the endemic area of trichinellosis. Both the wild boar and rodent muscle samples revealed no Trichinella larvae by direct examination and artificial digestion method. However, serological examinations revealed that 4 wild boar sera samples out of 118 (3.4%) were positive to Trichinella antigen. Although the recovery of Trichinella larvae ended in a failure, it is proved for the first time that the sylvatic cycle of Trichinella has been maintained in wild boars of Gangwon-do, Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Ok-Sik Chung
- Division of Ecology and Environment, Chungnam Development Institute, Gongju 314-140, Korea
| | - Jae-Lip Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Seung-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Young-Bok Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Andiappan H, Nissapatorn V, Sawangjaroen N, Khaing SL, Salibay CC, Cheung MMM, Dungca JZ, Chemoh W, Xiao Teng C, Lau YL, Mat Adenan NA. Knowledge and practice on Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women from Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:291. [PMID: 24966855 PMCID: PMC4052801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the infectious agents of congenital TORCH infections, causes severe clinical outcomes in fetus and newborns. Nevertheless this life-threatening parasitic disease is preventable by simple preventive measures related to lifestyle during pregnancy. We aim to study on the knowledge about toxoplasmosis and practices that prevents this infection among the pregnant women. Total of 2598 pregnant women from Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand were randomly surveyed to determine the knowledge and their practices on Toxoplasma infection. The questionnaire covered respondents' general information and knowledge on plausible risks factors, symptoms, timing of infection, prevention knowledge, and preventive behavior regarding Toxoplasma infection. Majority of these pregnant women were in their age group of 20-29 years (50.9%), completed secondary level of education (51.7%), in their second trimester of pregnancies (38.1%), non-parous (36.6%), and had no history of abortion (90.4%). Based on this survey, only 11% of these pregnant women had read, heard, or seen information regarding toxoplasmosis and 3.5% of them were aware of being tested for the infection. A small percentage of these pregnant women knew that T. gondii were shed in the feces of infected cats (19.4%) and sometimes found in the raw or undercooked meat (11.0%). There was 16.1% of responding women knew that toxoplasmosis is caused by an infection. Demographic profiles such as age group, level of education, pregnancy term, and number of children of the pregnant women showed significant association with their responses toward prevention knowledge and preventive behavior related questions (P < 0.05). Thus, it is suggested that health education on toxoplasmosis and primary behavioral practices should be consistently offered to reproductive age women in general and pregnant women in particular. This information could help to reduce vertical transmission of Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemah Andiappan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nongyao Sawangjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Si-Lay Khaing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cristina C Salibay
- Biological Sciences Department, De La Salle University - Dasmariñas Cavite, Philippines
| | - Mary Mae M Cheung
- College of Arts and Sciences, Notre Dame of Dadiangas University General Santos, Philippines
| | - Julieta Z Dungca
- School of Science and Technology, Centro Escolar University Manila, Philippines
| | - Waenurama Chemoh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ching Xiao Teng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor A Mat Adenan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Andiappan H, Nissapatorn V, Sawangjaroen N, Chemoh W, Lau YL, Kumar T, Onichandran S, Suwanrath C, Chandeying V. Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: a current status in Songklanagarind hospital, southern Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:239. [PMID: 24886651 PMCID: PMC4035750 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis, being one of the TORCH’s infections in pregnant women, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. This parasitic infection in pregnancy congenitally causes severe outcomes to their fetus and newborn. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and stages of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and its associated risks exposures. Methods The study was conducted within the pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) at Songklanagarind hospital, Hat Yai, Songkhla province, Thailand. The sera of a total of 760 consecutive pregnant women were screened using standard commercial ELISA kits for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. IgG avidity in the seropositive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were also assessed. The pregnant women’s socio-demographic, obstetrics and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results From the total 760 pregnant women, 190 (25%, 95% CI = 22.05-28.20) were positive for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Of these, 167 (22.0%, 95% CI = 19.0-25.0) were positive for only anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody and 23 (3.0%, 95% CI = 2.0-4.0) were positive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. All these samples were high avidity, indicated the infection occured prior to four to five months. By applying statistical univariate analysis, age group, occupation and sources of drinking water showed a significant association with Toxoplasma seropositivity (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis further indicated that the significant factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity are age ≥26 (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.11-2.44), working as laborer (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.13-2.18) and drinking unclean (piped/tap/rain) water (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.08-2.84). Conclusion The pregnant women in the active age group, working as laborers and exposure to unclean drinking water from various sources were at higher risk of Toxoplasma infection. Therefore, health education and the awareness of risk exposures regarding this parasitic disease are required to minimize the effects of this parasitic infection in pregnant women as well as in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|