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Lee J, Song Y, Kim YA, Kim I, Cha J, Lee SW, Ko Y, Kim CS, Kim S, Lee S. Characterization of a new selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator with anorexigenic activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7844. [PMID: 38570726 PMCID: PMC10991430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, leads to various metabolic disorders threatening human health. In response to stress or fasting, glucocorticoid (GC) levels are elevated to promote food intake. This involves GC-induced expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides in agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) via the GC receptor (GR). Here, we report a selective GR modulator (SGRM) that suppresses GR-induced transcription of genes with non-classical glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) such as Agrp-GRE, but not with classical GREs, and via this way may serve as a novel anti-obesity agent. We have identified a novel SGRM, 2-O-trans-p-coumaroylalphitolic acid (Zj7), a triterpenoid extracted from the Ziziphus jujube plant, that selectively suppresses GR transcriptional activity in Agrp-GRE without affecting classical GREs. Zj7 reduces the expression of orexigenic genes in the ARC and exerts a significant anorexigenic effect with weight loss in both high fat diet-induced obese and genetically obese db/db mouse models. Transcriptome analysis showed that Zj7 represses the expression of a group of orexigenic genes including Agrp and Npy induced by the synthetic GR ligand dexamethasone (Dex) in the hypothalamus. Taken together, Zj7, as a selective GR modulator, showed beneficial metabolic activities, in part by suppressing GR activity in non-classical GREs in orexigenic genes. This study demonstrates that a potential anorexigenic molecule may allow GRE-specific inhibition of GR transcriptional activity, which is a promising approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junekyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonghun Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Intae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jooseon Cha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Su Won Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yoonae Ko
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chong-Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Information Sciences, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Seunghee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Song JE, Ko HJ, Kim AS. Comparison of the Efficacy of Anti-Obesity Medications in Real-World Practice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:845-858. [PMID: 38524878 PMCID: PMC10959752 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s445415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anti-obesity medications (AOMs), along with lifestyle interventions, are effective means of inducing and maintaining weight loss in patients with obesity. Although the efficacy of AOMs has been reported, there have been no direct comparisons of these drugs. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of all the AOMs available in Korea in a real-world setting. Patients and Methods The body weight and composition of 205 adults treated with phentermine, phentermine/topiramate, liraglutide, naltrexone/bupropion, lorcaserin, or orlistat for at least 6 months were analyzed at 2 month intervals. The prevalence of the achievement of a ≥5% weight loss and the changes in body composition were compared between participants using each AOM at each visit. Results A total of 132 (64.4%) participants achieved ≥5% weight loss within 6 months (prevalence of ≥5% weight loss after 6 months: phentermine, 87.2%; phentermine/topiramate, 67.7%; liraglutide, 58.1%; naltrexone/bupropion, 35.3%; lorcaserin, 75%; orlistat, 50%). At each visit, after adjustment for age, sex, and baseline body weight, phentermine use was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of ≥5% weight loss than the use of the other AOMs, except for liraglutide. There were significant differences in the body weight, body mass index and body fat mass among the AOM groups by visit (P for interaction <0.05), but not in their waist circumference, skeletal muscle mass, percentage body fat, or visceral fat area. Conclusion All the AOMs were effective at inducing and maintaining weight loss, in the absence of significant changes in muscle mass, over a 6 month period, and the short-term use of phentermine and the long-term use of phentermine/topiramate or liraglutide would be practical choices for the treatment of obesity. However, further, large-scale studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Song
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - A-Sol Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Ni J, Zhang X, Huang H, Ni Z, Luo J, Zhong Y, Hui M, Liu Z, Qian J, Zhang Q. Cyy-287, a novel pyrimidine-2,4-diamine derivative, efficiently mitigates inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and lipid synthesis in obesity-induced cardiac and hepatic dysfunction. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17009. [PMID: 38436035 PMCID: PMC10909366 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation and metabolic disorders are important factors in the occurrence and development of obesity complications. In this study, we investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of a novel pyrimidine-2,4-diamine derivative, Cyy-287, on mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods The mice were randomly separated into four groups (n ≥ 7): control (regular diet), HFD, HFD with Cyy-287 (5 mg/kg), and HFD with Cyy-287 (20 mg/kg) following HFD feeding for 10 weeks. After a 10-week administration, ALT and AST enzymes, echocardiography, immunohistochemical (IHC), Western blot (WB), Masson and Sirius Red staining were used to evaluate functional and morphological changes to the heart and liver. Microsomes from the mouse liver were extracted to quantify the total amount of CYP450 enzymes after drug treatment. Results Cyy-287 decreased the levels of serum glucose, LDL, TC, ALT, and AST activities in HFD-treated mice. However, Cyy-287 administration increased ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) index of the heart. Cyy-287 inhibited histopathological changes in the heart and liver; decreased inflammatory activity; significantly diminished p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) axis, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c); and upregulated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in HFD-treated mice. Cyy-287 restored the content of hepatic CYP450 enzymes. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that Cyy-287 protected heart and liver cells from obesity-induced damage by inhibiting inflammation, fibrosis, and lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Ni
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huijing Huang
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Ni
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Luo
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunshan Zhong
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Hui
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Prabhakar PK. Combination Therapy: A New Tool for the Management of Obesity. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:402-417. [PMID: 37641995 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230825140808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic lifestyle issue with devastating results. Behavioral changes are one of the initial lines of management strategies for obesity, but they are not very efficient management strategies. Many people also use surgical intervention to maintain a healthy weight, now considered to be the most common and effective obesity management. Chemically synthesized medicines fill the gap between lifestyle interventions and minimally invasive surgical management of obesity. The most common issue associated with monotherapy without side effects is its moderate effectiveness and higher dose requirement. Combination therapy is already used for many serious and complicated disease treatments and management and has shown efficacy as well. Generally, we use two or more medicines with different mechanisms of action for a better effect. The commonly used combination therapy for obesity management includes low-dose phentermine and prolonged and slow-releasing mechanism topiramate; naltrexone, and bupropion. Phentermine with inhibitors of Na-glucose cotransporter-2 or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists with gastric hormone or Na-glucose cotransporter-2 are two more viable combo therapy. This combination strategy aims to achieve success in bariatric surgery and the scientific community is working in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Department of Research Impact and Outcome, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
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Qin S, Chen J, Zhong K, Li D, Peng C. Could Cyclosiversioside F Serve as a Dietary Supplement to Prevent Obesity and Relevant Disorders? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13762. [PMID: 37762063 PMCID: PMC10531328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the basis of numerous metabolic diseases and has become a major public health issue due to its rapidly increasing prevalence. Nevertheless, current obesity therapeutic strategies are not sufficiently effective, so there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-obesity agents. Naturally occurring saponins with outstanding bio-activities have been considered promising drug leads and templates for human diseases. Cyclosiversioside F (CSF) is a paramount multi-functional saponin separated from the roots of the food-medicinal herb Astragali Radix, which possesses a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including lowering blood lipid and glucose, alleviating insulin resistance, relieving adipocytes inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Recently, the therapeutic potential of CSF in obesity and relevant disorders has been gradually explored and has become a hot research topic. This review highlights the role of CSF in treating obesity and obesity-induced complications, such as diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Remarkably, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with CSF in disease therapy have been partially elucidated, especially PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, apoptotic pathway, TGF-β, NLRP3, Nrf-2, and AMPK, with the aim of promoting the development of CSF as a functional food and providing references for its clinical application in obesity-related disorders therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Lu F, Ye M, Hu C, Chen J, Yan L, Gu D, Xu L, Tian Y, Bai J, Tang Q. FABP5 regulates lipid metabolism to facilitate pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms progression via FASN mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3553-3567. [PMID: 37302809 PMCID: PMC10475765 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are among the most frequently occurring neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and require targeted therapy. High levels of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) are involved in tumor progression, but its role in pNENs remains unclear. We investigated the mRNA and protein levels of FABP5 in pNEN tissues and cell lines and found them to be upregulated. We evaluated changes in cell proliferation using CCK-8, colony formation, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays and examined the effects on cell migration and invasion using transwell assays. We found that knockdown of FABP5 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pNEN cell lines, while overexpression of FABP5 had the opposite effect. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to clarify the interaction between FABP5 and fatty acid synthase (FASN). We further showed that FABP5 regulates the expression of FASN via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and both proteins facilitate the progression of pNENs. Our study demonstrated that FABP5 acts as an oncogene by promoting lipid droplet deposition and activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, the carcinogenic effects of FABP5 can be reversed by orlistat, providing a novel therapeutic intervention option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Lu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mujie Ye
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinhao Chen
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lijun Yan
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyang Gu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jianan Bai
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Zhang J, Wang T, Shi Y, Liu Y, Lu T. Abdominal Massage Ameliorates Inguinal Fat Accumulation via Augmentation of PPARγ Signaling in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2409-2418. [PMID: 37602207 PMCID: PMC10439784 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s412218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose With the increase in prevalence and decrease in age of the obese population, safer weight loss methods have attracted growing attention. While abdominal massage (AM) has been clinically proven for weight loss, the mechanism thereof has yet to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effect of AM on abdominal fat in obese mice fed a high-fat diet and explore the possible mechanisms involved. Materials and Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and then treated with AM for 5 weeks; mice fed a standard diet were used as normal controls. Blood and adipose tissue, including inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) and epididymal WAT, were collected from the mice after the intervention. We explored the mechanism of weight reduction through inguinal WAT transcriptome sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) validation, and Western blot. Results The results revealed that AM decreased fat mass, weight, glucose, and serum lipid levels. Meanwhile, AM enhanced the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and other downstream genes (Fabp4, Acox3, Pck1, and Aqp7) in inguinal WAT. In addition, AM increased the expression of PPARγ protein. Conclusion AM may promote fatty acid oxidation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis by activating the PPARγ signaling pathway in inguinal WAT, thereby exhibiting therapeutic efficacy against obesity, even in the presence of a persistent high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Shi
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yansong Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Neuro-Vulnerability in Energy Metabolism Regulation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3106. [PMID: 37513524 PMCID: PMC10383861 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive narrative review explores the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation and its implications for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the complex interactions among the neural, hormonal, and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. The key topics discussed include the role of organs, hormones, and neural circuits in maintaining metabolic balance. The review investigates the association between neuro-vulnerability and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and eating disorders, considering genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that influence neuro-vulnerability and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Neuroendocrine interactions and the neural regulation of food intake and energy expenditure are examined, with a focus on the impact of neuro-vulnerability on appetite dysregulation and altered energy expenditure. The role of neuroinflammation in metabolic health and neuro-vulnerability is discussed, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysregulation and neuroinflammatory processes. This review also evaluates the use of neuroimaging techniques in studying neuro-vulnerability and their potential applications in clinical settings. Furthermore, the association between neuro-vulnerability and eating disorders, as well as its contribution to obesity, is examined. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuro-vulnerability, including pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications, are reviewed. In conclusion, understanding the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation is crucial for addressing metabolic disorders. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and their implications for metabolic health. Targeting neuro-vulnerability holds promise for developing innovative strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, ultimately improving metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Zhao Y, Zhang M, Hou X, Han J, Qin X, Yang Y, Song Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Jia Q, Li Y, Chen K, Li B, Zhu W, Ge G. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of salicylanilides as novel allosteric inhibitors of human pancreatic lipase. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 91:117413. [PMID: 37490786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global health problem and is associated with increased prevalence of many metabolic disorders, including diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Pancreatic lipase (PL) has been validated as a key target for developing anti-obesity agents, owing to its crucial role in lipid digestion and absorption. In the past few decades, porcine PL (pPL) is always used as the enzyme source for screening PL inhibitors, which generate numerous pPL inhibitors but the potent inhibitors against human PL (hPL) are rarely reported. Herein, a series of salicylanilide derivatives were designed and synthesized, while their anti-hPL effects were assayed by a fluorescence-based biochemical approach. To investigate the structure-activity relationships of salicylanilide derivatives as hPL inhibitors in detail, structural modifications on three rings (A, B and C) of the salicylanilide skeleton were performed. Among all tested compounds, 2t and 2u were found possessing the most potent anti-PL activity, showing IC50 values of 1.86 μM and 1.63 μM, respectively. Inhibition kinetic analyses suggested that both 2t and 2u could effectively inhibit hPL in a non-competitive manner, with the ki value of 1.67 μM and 1.70 μM, respectively. Fluorescence quenching assays suggested that two inhibitors could quench the fluorescence of hPL via a static quenching procedure. Molecular docking simulations suggested that 2t and 2u could tightly bind on an allosteric site of hPL. Collectively, the structure-activity relationships of salicylanilide derivatives as hPL inhibitors were carefully investigated, while two newly identified reversible hPL inhibitors (2t and 2u) could be used as promising lead compounds to develop novel anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xudong Hou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaxin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoya Qin
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunqing Song
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhikai Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Zheng Y, Yan J, Zhang X, Cui H, Wei Z, Li X, Wang Q, Zhong B. Dietary intervention reprograms bone marrow cellular signaling in obese mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1171781. [PMID: 37529608 PMCID: PMC10390309 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1171781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The current study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of obesity-induced impaired bone mass accrual and the impact of dietary intervention on bone density in the mouse model of obesity. Methods Mice were fed with chow diet (CD) for 10 months, high-fat-diet (HFD) for 10 months, or HFD for 6 months then transferred to chow diet for 4 months (HFDt). Results Weight loss and decreased intrahepatic lipid accumulation were observed in mice following dietary intervention. Additionally, HFD feeding induced bone mass accrual, while diet intervention restrained trabecular bone density. These changes were further reflected by increased osteogenesis and decreased adipogenesis in HFDt mice compared to HFD mice. Furthermore, HFD feeding decreased the activity of the Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)-β-Catenin signaling pathway, while the Wnt signaling was augmented by diet intervention in the HFDt group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a HFD inhibits bone formation and that dietary intervention reverses this inhibition. Furthermore, the dietary intervention was able to compensate for the suppressed increase in bone mass to a level comparable to that in the CD group. Our study suggests that targeting the Wnt signaling pathway may be a potential approach to treat obesity-induced impaired bone mass accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zheng
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiren Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affifiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Cui
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- First Affifiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Zhong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affifiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Gopan G, Jose J, Khot KB, Bandiwadekar A. The use of cellulose, chitosan and hyaluronic acid in transdermal therapeutic management of obesity: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125374. [PMID: 37330096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a clinical condition with rising popularity and detrimental impacts on human health. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. It is challenging to combat obesity because medications that are successful in the clinical investigation have harmful side effects when administered orally. The conventional approaches for treating obesity primarily entail synthetic compounds and surgical techniques but possess severe adverse effects and recurrences. As a result, a safe and effective strategy to combat obesity must be initiated. Recent studies have shown that biological macromolecules of the carbohydrate class, such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, can enhance the release and efficacy of medications for obesity but due to their short biological half-lives and poor oral bioavailability, their distribution rate is affected. This helps to comprehend the need for an effective therapeutic approach via a transdermal drug delivery system. This review focuses on the transdermal administration, utilizing cellulose, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid via microneedles, as it offers a promising solution to overcome existing therapy limitations in managing obesity and it also highlights how microneedles can effectively deliver therapeutic substances through the skin's outer layer, bypassing pain receptors and specifically targeting adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Gopan
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India.
| | - Kartik Bhairu Khot
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Akshay Bandiwadekar
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
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12
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Barrios-Nolasco A, Domínguez-López A, Miliar-García A, Cornejo-Garrido J, Jaramillo-Flores ME. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract from Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC., Quercetin, and Anti-Obesity Drugs in Adipose Tissue in Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093801. [PMID: 37175211 PMCID: PMC10180162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat, which triggers a low-grade chronic inflammatory process. Currently, the search for compounds with anti-obesogenic effects that help reduce body weight, as well as associated comorbidities, continues. Among this group of compounds are plant extracts and flavonoids with a great diversity of action mechanisms associated with their beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammatory effects and/or as signaling molecules. In the bark of Tabebuia rosea tree, there are different classes of metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties, such as quercetin. Therefore, the present work studied the effect of the ethanolic extract of T. rosea and quercetin on the mRNA of inflammation markers in obesity compared to the drugs currently used. Total RNA was extracted from epididymal adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar rats treated with orlistat, phentermine, T. rosea extract, and quercetin. The rats treated with T. rosea and quercetin showed 36 and 31% reductions in body weight compared to the obese control, and they likewise inhibited pro-inflammatory molecules: Il6, Il1b, Il18, Lep, Hif1a, and Nfkb1 without modifying the expression of Socs1 and Socs3. Additionally, only T. rosea overexpressed Lipe. Both T. rosea and quercetin led to a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, modifying signaling pathways, which led to the regulation of the obesity-inflammation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Barrios-Nolasco
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Productos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, Col. La Escalera, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07320, Mexico
| | - Aarón Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela Superior de Medicina (ESM), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Angel Miliar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela Superior de Medicina (ESM), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cornejo-Garrido
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Productos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, Col. La Escalera, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07320, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Jaramillo-Flores
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Department de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu s/n esq. Manuel I. Stampa. Col. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
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13
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Shi H, Li X, Hou C, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li J. Effects of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols Combined with Inulin on Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites of High-Fat-Induced Obesity Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5733-5744. [PMID: 36996454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs) and inulin have been reported to have lipid-lowering effects. Here, the effects of PPPs combined with inulin on obesity traits and the change of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and serum metabolomics profiles in rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated. According to the experimental results, PPPs were most effective in reducing the body weight and serum and liver lipid levels. Besides, PPPs ameliorated the disorder of gut microbiota, in particular, the enrichment of SCFA producers, such as Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Bacteroides, and Allobaculum, and the depletion of the Blautia and unclassified Lachnospiraceae population. PPPs also regulated the levels of metabolites changed by HFD feeding via tryptophan metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. The correlation analysis showed that PPPs remitted HFD-induced elevation in triglycerides (TGs), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels through regulating the gut microbiota, SCFAs, and related metabolites. These findings elucidated that PPPs have a good anti-obesity effect. This study extends the understanding of PPP effects on high-fat-induced obesity, which includes the relationship among gut microbiota, SCFAs, serum metabolites, and TG-, IL-6- and TNF-α- lowering and HDL-elevating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidan Shi
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chen Hou
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuhuan Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Rahimi A, Rasouli M, Heidari Keshel S, Ebrahimi M, Pakdel F. Is obesity-induced ECM remodeling a prelude to the development of various diseases? Obes Res Clin Pract 2023; 17:95-101. [PMID: 36863919 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence rate of obesity worldwide and the associated complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, research on the adipose tissue physiology and the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained tremendous attention. The ECM, one of the most crucial components in body tissues, undergoes remodeling and regeneration of its constituents to guarantee normal tissue function. There is a crosstalk between fat tissue and various body organs, including but not limited to the liver, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, and so forth. These organs respond to fat tissue signals through changes in ECM, function, and their secretory products. Obesity can cause ECM remodeling, inflammation, fibrosis, insulin resistance, and disrupted metabolism in different organs. However, the mechanisms underlying the reciprocal communication between various organs during obesity are still not fully elucidated. Gaining a profound knowledge of ECM alterations during the progression of obesity will pave the way toward developing potential strategies to either circumvent pathological conditions or open an avenue to treat complications associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rahimi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Department of Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Cabrera-Rode E, Cubas-Dueñas I, Acosta JR, Hernández JC, González AIC, Calero TMG, Domínguez YA, Rodríguez JH, Rodríguez ADR, Álvarez Álvarez A, Valdés RE, Espinosa LJ, Belent OT, Benavides ZB, Estévez ES, Rodríguez YA, del Valle Rodríguez J, Juliá SM. Efficacy and safety of Obex® in overweight and obese subjects: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:58. [PMID: 36804035 PMCID: PMC9940432 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obex® may be helpful in reducing body weight and fat. The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Obex® in the treatment of overweight and obese subjects. METHODS A double-blind, randomised, controlled phase III clinical trial was conducted involving 160 overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 25.0 and < 40 kg/m2) aged 20 to 60 years, who received Obex® (n = 80) and placebo (n = 80) plus non-pharmacological treatment (physical activity and nutritional counseling). One sachet of Obex® or placebo were administered before the two main meals each day for 6 months. In addition to anthropometric measurements and blood pressure, fasting plasma and 2 h glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, insulin, liver enzymes, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) were determined, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) beta-cell function (HOMA-β) were assessed and insulin sensitivity (IS) was calculated with three indirect indexes. RESULTS After 3 months of Obex®, 48.3% of the participants (28/58) achieved complete success in reducing both weight and waist circumference by greater than or equal to 5% from baseline, as opposed to 26.0% (13/50) of individuals receiving placebo (p = 0.022). Compared to baseline, at 6 months no differences were found between the groups concerning anthropometric and biochemical measurements, except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, which were higher in subjects receiving Obex® compared to those receiving placebo (p = 0.030). After 6 months of treatment, both groups showed reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p < 0.012) compared to baseline value. However, only those intake Obex® showed reduced insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR, improved IS (p < 0.05), and decreased creatinine and UA levels (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The consumption of Obex® together with lifestyle changes increased HDL-c, contributed to a rapid reduction of weight and waist circumference, as well as improved insulin homeostasis, which did not occur in the placebo group, and appears to be safe as an adjunct at conventional obesity treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial protocol was registered in the Cuban public registry of clinical trials under code RPCEC00000267 on 17/04/2018 and also registered in the international registry of clinical trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, under code: NCT03541005 on 30/05/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cabrera-Rode
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Ileana Cubas-Dueñas
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Janet Rodríguez Acosta
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jeddú Cruz Hernández
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana Ibis Conesa González
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Teresa M. González Calero
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yuri Arnold Domínguez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - José Hernández Rodríguez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio D. Reyes Rodríguez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Aimee Álvarez Álvarez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ragmila Echevarría Valdés
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Liudmila Jorge Espinosa
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Onelia Torres Belent
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Zoila Bell Benavides
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Senra Estévez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yanet Abreu Rodríguez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Juana del Valle Rodríguez
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Silvia Marín Juliá
- Institute of Endocrinology, University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Zapata and D, Vedado 10400, Havana, Cuba
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16
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Inflammation and Obesity: The Pharmacological Role of Flavonoids in the Zebrafish Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032899. [PMID: 36769222 PMCID: PMC9917473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A Mediterranean-style diet is highly encouraged thanks to its healthy food pattern, which includes valuable nutraceuticals such as polyphenols. Among these, flavonoids are associated with relevant biological properties through which they prevent or fight the onset of several human pathologies. Globally, the enhanced incidence of overweight and obese people has caused a dramatic increase in comorbidities, raising the need to provide better therapies. Therefore, the development of sophisticated animal models of metabolic dysregulation has allowed for a deepening of knowledge on this subject. Recent advances in using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as model for metabolic disease have yielded fundamental insights into the potential anti-obesity effects of flavonoids. Chronic low-grade inflammation and immune system activation seem to characterize the pathogenesis of obesity; thus, their reduction might improve the lipid profile of obese patients or prevent the development of associated metabolic illnesses. In this review, we highlight the beneficial role of flavonoids on obesity and related diseases linked to their anti-inflammatory properties. In light of the summarized studies, we suggest that anti-inflammatory therapies could have a relevant place in the prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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17
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Could Naringenin Participate as a Regulator of Obesity and Satiety? Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031450. [PMID: 36771113 PMCID: PMC9921626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health problem worldwide, since it is associated with multiple metabolic disorders and complications such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and overall metabolic dysfunction. Dysregulation of the hunger-satiety pathway, which includes alterations of central and peripheral signaling, explains some forms of obesity by favoring hyperphagia and weight gain. The present work comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms by which naringenin (NAR), a predominant flavanone in citrus fruits, could modulate the main pathways associated with the development of obesity and some of its comorbidities, such as oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia, as well as the role of NAR in modulating the secretion of enterohormones of the satiety pathway and its possible antiobesogenic effect. The results of multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NAR has various potentially modulatory biological effects against obesity by countering IR, inflammation, OS, macrophage infiltration, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and adipose deposition. Likewise, NAR is capable of modulating peptides or peripheral hormones directly associated with the hunger-satiety pathway, such as ghrelin, cholecystokinin, insulin, adiponectin and leptin. The evidence supports the use of NAR as a promising alternative to prevent overweight and obesity.
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18
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Preventing incubation of drug craving to treat drug relapse: from bench to bedside. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1415-1429. [PMID: 36646901 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In 1986, Gawin and Kleber reported a progressive increase in cue-induced drug craving in individuals with cocaine use disorders during prolonged abstinence. After years of controversy, as of 2001, this phenomenon was confirmed in rodent studies using self-administration model, and defined as the incubation of drug craving. The intensification of cue-induced drug craving after withdrawal exposes abstinent individuals to a high risk of relapse, which urged us to develop effective interventions to prevent incubated craving. Substantial achievements have been made in deciphering the neural mechanisms, with potential implications for reducing drug craving and preventing the relapse. The present review discusses promising drug targets that have been well investigated in animal studies, including some neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurotrophic factors, and epigenetic markers. We also discuss translational exploitation and challenges in the field of the incubation of drug craving, providing insights into future investigations and highlighting the potential of pharmacological interventions, environment-based interventions, and neuromodulation techniques.
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Migliolo L, de A. Boleti A, de O. Cardoso P, Frihling BF, e Silva P, de Moraes LRN. Adipose tissue, systematic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:38-46. [PMID: 35799506 PMCID: PMC9241402 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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20
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He H, Deng J, Yang M, An L, Ye X, Li X. Jatrorrhizine from Rhizoma Coptidis exerts an anti-obesity effect in db/db mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115529. [PMID: 35835345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Obesity is closely related to diabetes. Jatrorrhizine (JAT) from Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) can reduce blood glucose and lipid levels. However, the molecular mechanisms for JAT's anti-obesity effect are still not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the effect of JAT in the treatment of obesity and the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS db/db mice were used as a typical obese animal model in current study. The anti-obesity effects of five alkaloids from RC were compared by feeding the mice for 8 weeks with a dosage of 105 mg/kg while the dose-dependent study (35 mg/kg and 105 mg/kg) of JAT on obese mice was conducted in another 8-week-long animal experiment. Meanwhile, RNA-seq analysis, in vitro experiments, and western blotting were utilized to predict and confirm the potential pathway that JAT participated in improving obesity. RESULTS The experimental results demonstrated that five RC alkaloids caused different degrees of weight loss in db/db obese mice. Among them, JAT showed the best effect. It could significantly reduce the body weight, blood lipid levels, and epididymal fat weight of db/db mice. H&E and Oil red O staining results showed that it could also dramatically improve liver lipid metabolism. The results from RNA-seq suggested that JAT had significantly altered 207 DEGs for the treatment of obesity, among which IRS1 changed the most. Next, GO and KEGG analysis enriched four major lipid metabolism-related pathways: biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, metabolic pathways, and fatty acid elongation. Finally, in vitro experiments and western blotting proved that JAT regulated the expression of IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins in a dose-dependent manner to address obesity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, JAT from RC has an effect on treating obesity, and its anti-obesity effect may be exerted via the IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development & Utilization (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jianling Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development & Utilization (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Maochun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development & Utilization (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Linjing An
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development & Utilization (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development & Utilization (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Indoliya A, Pal K, Pattnaik AK, Poddar R. In vivo morphological study of obese development in mice model guided by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT). 3 Biotech 2022; 12:282. [PMID: 36276470 PMCID: PMC9482893 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article shows the adequacy of the custom-built optical imaging system in the advancement investigation of obese mice. Obesity is defined as increased adipose/fatty mass resulting from a chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The in vivo investigation was performed for the tissue characterization of obese mice utilizing swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) for in situ examination and histology of delicate tissues in mice skin. It provides a noninvasive, painless visualization of the subsurface in life systems. Our SSOCT system's data is comparable to the regular invasive histology. Cross-assessment is done in various skin layers in obese mice like epidermis, papillary dermis, dermis, and fat tissue, which are likewise separated from the nonobese mice group. Histopathology results were further assessed with the obtained SSOCT results. This high precision of characterizing tissues using SSOCT helps us perform in vivo imaging and can also be used for the variable purpose of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Indoliya
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Kaustav Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pattnaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Raju Poddar
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
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Ebrahimian Z, Razavi BM, Mousavi Shaegh SA, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) on the metabolic syndrome: A review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1275-1285. [PMID: 36474567 PMCID: PMC9699952 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.63264.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a disorder with multiple abnormalities, including obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and high blood glucose. MetS is the best-known risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and obesity. With the globally increasing prevalence of MetS and its related abnormalities, attention to safe and effective prevention and treatment of this complex disorder has been increased. In particular, most treatments have been devoted to using natural agents that could provide more reliable and effective medicinal products with fewer side effects. Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is an herb whose therapeutic properties could be found in some ancient medical books. Purslane has shown analgesic, antispasmodic, skeletal muscle relaxant, bronchodilator, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, antibacterial, antipyretic, and wound-healing properties. In addition, purslane's hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties have been reported in different studies. The positive effects of this plant include reducing stress oxidative and inflammation along with the atherogenic index, improving insulin level and glucose uptake, decreasing lipid profiles, and ameliorating weight gain. These activities could reduce MetS complications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various in vitro, animal, and human studies regarding the effect of Portulaca oleracea on metabolic syndrome to better understand the underlying mechanisms of action for designing more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ebrahimian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
- Clinical Research Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Laboratory for Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, Bu Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Hossein Hosseinzadeh. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-38819042; Fax: +98-51-38823251;
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Yao J, Yan X, Xiao X, You X, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Li Y. Electroacupuncture induces weight loss by regulating tuberous sclerosis complex 1-mammalian target of rapamycin methylation and hypothalamic autophagy in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015784. [PMID: 36313328 PMCID: PMC9596966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity can be caused by abnormalities of hypothalamic autophagy, which is closely regulated by the epigenetic modification of TSC1-mTOR. However, whether the weight-reducing effect of EA may relate to the modification of TSC1-mTOR methylation and hypothalamic autophagy remain unclear. This study was conducted to reveal the possible mechanism by which EA reduces BW by measuring the levels of TSC1-mTOR methylation and hypothalamic autophagy-related components.Methods: The weight-reducing effect of EA was investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese (DIO) rats by monitoring the BW, food consumption, and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT)/BW ratio. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for morphological evaluation of eWAT. Immunofluorescence was utilized to observe the localization of LC3 in the hypothalamus. The expressions of autophagy components (Beclin-1, LC3, and p62) and mTOR signaling (mTOR, p-mTOR, p70S6K, and p-p70S6K) were assessed by western blot. The methylation rate of the TSC1 promoter was detected by bisulfite genomic sequencing.Results: Treatment with EA significantly reduced the BW, food consumption, and eWAT/BW ratio; attenuated the morphological alternations in the adipocytes of DIO rats. While HFD downregulated the expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 and upregulated those of p62, these changes were normalized by EA treatment. EA markedly decreased the methylation rate of the TSC1 gene promoter and suppressed the protein expressions of mTOR, p-mTOR, p70S6K, and p-p70S6K in the hypothalamus.Conclusion: EA could reduce BW and fat accumulation in DIO rats. This ameliorative effect of EA may be associated with its demethylation effect on TSC1-mTOR and regulation of autophagy in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Yao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyun Yan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianjun Xiao
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi You
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Academic Affairs Office, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Li,
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Cai Y, Chen X, Yi B, Li J, Wen Z. Pathophysiology roles for adenosine 2A receptor in obesity and related diseases. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13490. [PMID: 35796566 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with several comorbidities, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, leading to serious problems to people's health. Adenosine is a critical extracellular signaling molecule that has essential functions in regulating most organ systems by binding to four G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors, denoted A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 . Among the receptors, a growing body evidence highlights the key roles of the adenosine 2A receptor (A2A R) in obesity and related diseases. In the current review, we summarize the effects of A2A R in obesity and obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, to clarify the complicated impacts of A2A R on obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yi
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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25
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He H, Chen C, Zhao W. Soybean soluble polysaccharide prevents obesity in high-fat diet-induced rats via lipid metabolism regulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:3057-3065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:298. [PMID: 36031641 PMCID: PMC9420733 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and is linked to lower life expectancy. Although lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) has remarkable effects on weight management, achieving long-term success at weight loss is extremely challenging, and the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. Over the past decades, the pathophysiology of obesity has been extensively investigated, and an increasing number of signal transduction pathways have been implicated in obesity, making it possible to fight obesity in a more effective and precise way. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of obesity from both experimental and clinical studies, focusing on signaling pathways and their roles in the regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and chronic inflammation. We also discuss the current anti-obesity drugs, as well as weight loss compounds in clinical trials, that target these signals. The evolving knowledge of signaling transduction may shed light on the future direction of obesity research, as we move into a new era of precision medicine.
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Jang JH, Lee JW, Cho MJ, Hwang B, Kwon MG, Kim DH, Lee NK, Lee J, Park YJ, Yang YR, Kim J, Kim YH, An TH, Oh KJ, Bae KH, Park JG, Min JK. KLHL3 deficiency in mice ameliorates obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating energy expenditure. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1250-1261. [PMID: 36028759 PMCID: PMC9440235 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global epidemic that can cause serious adverse health consequences, including insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obesity development can be attributed to energy imbalance and metabolic inflexibility. Here, we demonstrated that lack of Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) mitigated the development of obesity, IR, and NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure. KLHL3 mutations in humans cause Gordon’s hypertension syndrome; however, the role of KLHL3 in obesity was previously unknown. We examined differences in obesity-related parameters between control and Klhl3−/− mice. A significant decrease in body weight concomitant with fat mass loss and improved IR and NAFLD were observed in Klhl3−/− mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet and aged. KLHL3 deficiency inhibited obesity, IR, and NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure with augmentation of O2 consumption and CO2 production. Delivering dominant-negative (DN) Klhl3 using adeno-associated virus into mice, thereby dominantly expressing DN-KLHL3 in the liver, ameliorated diet-induced obesity, IR, and NAFLD. Finally, adenoviral overexpression of DN-KLHL3, but not wild-type KLHL3, in hepatocytes revealed an energetic phenotype with an increase in the oxygen consumption rate. The present findings demonstrate a novel function of KLHL3 mutation in extrarenal tissues, such as the liver, and may provide a therapeutic target against obesity and obesity-related diseases. Mice that are genetically engineered to lack a protein involved in regulating energy expenditure are protected against the onset of obesity and the related problems of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Jeong-Ki Min, Jong-Gil Park and colleagues at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology in South Korea, Daejon, discovered that the beneficial effect of the lack of the protein, called KLHL3, was due to an increase in energy expenditure. Mutations in the gene for KLHL3 are known to cause a variety of metabolic diseases in humans, including a form of high blood pressure called Gordon’s hypertension syndrome, but the protein’s role in human obesity has not been studied. The results suggest that drugs able to regulate the production or activity of KLHL3 might offer a new approach to treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woong Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Cho
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungtae Hwang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gi Kwon
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwook Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinchul Kim
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon An
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Shao Y, Tian J, Yang Y, Hu Y, Zhu Y, Shu Q. Identification of key genes and pathways revealing the central regulatory mechanism of brain-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 on obesity using bioinformatics analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:931161. [PMID: 35992905 PMCID: PMC9389235 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.931161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Central glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a target in treating obesity due to its effect on suppressing appetite, but the possible downstream key genes that GLP-1 regulated have not been studied in depth. This study intends to screen out the downstream feeding regulation genes of central GLP-1 neurons through bioinformatics analysis and verify them by chemical genetics, which may provide insights for future research. Materials and methods GSE135862 genetic expression profiles were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) enrichment analyses were carried out. STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to map the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After bioinformatics analysis, we applied chemogenetic methods to modulate the activities of GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and observed the alterations of screened differential genes and their protein expressions in the hypothalamus under different excitatory conditions of GLP-1 neurons. Results A total of 49 DEGs were discovered, including 38 downregulated genes and 11 upregulated genes. The two genes with the highest expression scores were biglycan (Bgn) and mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 3 (Mapkapk3). The results of GO analysis showed that there were 10 molecular functions of differential genes. Differential genes were mainly localized in seven regions around the cells, and enriched in 10 biology processes. The results of the KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that differential genes played an important role in seven pathways. The top 15 genes selected according to the Cytoscape software included Bgn and Mapkapk3. Chemogenetic activation of GLP-1 in NTS induced a decrease in food intake and body mass, while chemogenetic inhibition induced the opposite effect. The gene and protein expression of GLP-1 were upregulated in NTS when activated by chemogenetics. In addition, the expression of Bgn was upregulated and that of Mapkapk3 was downregulated in the hypothalamus. Conclusion Our data showed that GLP-1 could modulate the protein expression of Bgn and Mapkapk3. Our findings elucidated the regulatory network in GLP-1 to obesity and might provide a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Shao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Resources Wugang General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- College of Health Sciences, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Shu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Shu,
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Orrù G, Cesari V, Malloggi E, Conversano C, Menicucci D, Rotondo A, Scarpazza C, Marchi L, Gemignani A. The effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on food craving and food intake in individuals affected by obesity and overweight: a mini review of the magnitude of the effects. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:358-372. [PMID: 36329902 PMCID: PMC9581736 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents one of the wellness diseases concurring to increase the incidence of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. One of the main perpetuating factors of obesity is food craving, which is characterized by an urgent desire to eat a large and various amount of food, regardless of calories requirement or satiety signals, and it might be addressed to the alteration of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity. Despite most of the gold-standard therapies focus on symptom treatment only, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could help treat overeating by modulating specific neural pathways. The current systematic review was conducted to identify whether convergent evidence supporting the usefulness of tDCS to deal with food craving are present in the literature. The review was conducted by searching articles published up to January 1st 2022 on MEDLINE, Scopus and PsycInfo databases. We included studies investigating the effects of tDCS on food craving in subjects affected by overweight and obesity. According to eligibility criteria, 5 articles were included. Results showed that tDCS targeting left DLPFC with unipolar montage induced ameliorating effects on food craving. Controversial results were shown for the other studies, that might be ascribable to the use of bipolar montage, and the choice of other target areas. Further investigations including expectancy effect control, larger sample sizes and follow-up are needed to support more robust conclusions. To conclude, tDCS combined with the use of psychoeducative intervention, diet and physical activity, might represents a potential to manage food craving in individuals with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Orrù
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Cesari
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malloggi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rotondo
- Department of Law, Criminal Law, University of Pisa, via Curtatone e Montanara, 15, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, Padova, 35131, Italy
- IRCCS S Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venezia, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Centre, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Marchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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A new use for old drugs: identifying compounds with an anti-obesity effect using a high through-put semi-automated Caenorhabditis elegans screening platform. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10108. [PMID: 36033279 PMCID: PMC9399480 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most common global health problems for all age groups with obese people at risk of a variety of associated health complications. Consequently, there is a need to develop new therapies that lower body fat without the side effects. However, obesity is a complex and systemic disease, so that in vitro results are not easily translatable to clinical situations. A promising way to circumnavigate these issues is to reposition already approved drugs for new treatments, enabling a more streamlined drug discovery process due to the availability of pre-existing pharmacological and toxicological datasets. Chemical libraries, such as the Prestwick Chemical Library of 1200 FDA approved drugs, are available for this purpose. We have developed a simple semi-automated whole-organism approach to screening the Prestwick Chemical Library for those compounds which reduce fat content using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Our whole-organism approach to high-throughput screening identified 9 “lead” compounds that reduced fat within 2 weeks in the model. Further screening and analysis provided 4 “hit” compounds (Midodrine, Vinpocetine, Fenoprofen and Lamivudine) that showed significant promise as drugs to reduce fat levels. The effects of these candidates were found to further reduce fat content in nematodes where an nhr-49/PPAR mutation resulted in “overweight” worms. Upon unblinding the “hit” compounds, they were found to have recently been shown to have anti-obesity effects in mammalian models too. In developing a whole-animal chemical screen to identify pharmacological agents as potential anti-obesity compounds, we demonstrate how chemical libraries can be rapidly and relatively cheaply profiled for active hits. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans thus enables drugs to be assessed for applicability in humans and provides a new incentive to explore drug repurposing as a feasible and efficient way to identify new anti-obesity compounds.
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Deng Y, Park A, Zhu L, Xie W, Pan CQ. Effect of semaglutide and liraglutide in individuals with obesity or overweight without diabetes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221108064. [PMID: 35813188 PMCID: PMC9260566 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective: Although data on the effects of liraglutide and semaglutide in patients with
diabetes have been reviewed, their therapeutic outcomes in obese/overweight
individuals without diabetes have not been summarized. We conducted a
systematic review to evaluate their effects on the latter population. Methods: We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CNKI, and Wanfang databases.
Studies regarding obese/overweight adults without diabetes treated with
liraglutide/semaglutide compared with other active agents or placebos were
accessed. The primary outcomes were the proportions of adults with at least
5% and 10% weight reduction. The secondary outcomes included metabolic
indicators and adverse events. Results: Eighteen studies with 10,938 obese/overweight adults without diabetes were
included. When stratified by the categories of at least 5% and 10% weight
loss, the pooled data showed medians 27.7% and 10.3% of control groups
versus 65.3% and 30.7% of liraglutide 3 mg once daily, respectively; whereas
medians 47.6% and 20.4% of control groups vs 86.6% and 75.3% of semaglutide
2.4 mg once weekly were found in the two categories, respectively. Both
agents either improved or had no impact on lipid or glycemia. Liraglutide or
semaglutide therapy had discontinuation rates of 2.4%–11.4% which overlapped
with 0.7%–8.6% in control groups. The frequency of adverse events was
comparable between the treatment groups and the control groups (66.5%–95.8%
vs 46.9%–96.1%), which were mild to moderate graded by studies. Conclusion: Liraglutide and semaglutide therapy led to a clinically relevant (⩾5%) weight
loss of 48.2%–88.7% among obese/overweight adults without diabetes. Both
liraglutide and semaglutide are associated with weight loss and are
well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Deng
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Park
- Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan, Old Tappan, NJ, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Calvin Q Pan
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China
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Huston P. A Sedentary and Unhealthy Lifestyle Fuels Chronic Disease Progression by Changing Interstitial Cell Behaviour: A Network Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904107. [PMID: 35874511 PMCID: PMC9304814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease and Alzheimer’s disease, account for a large proportion of health care spending, yet they remain in the top causes of premature mortality and are preventable. It is currently accepted that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that is linked to chronic disease progression. Although this is known to be related to inflammatory cytokines, how an unhealthy lifestyle causes cytokine release and how that in turn leads to chronic disease progression are not well known. This article presents a theory that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters chronic disease by changing interstitial cell behavior and is supported by a six-level hierarchical network analysis. The top three networks include the macroenvironment, social and cultural factors, and lifestyle itself. The fourth network includes the immune, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems and how they interact with lifestyle factors and with each other. The fifth network identifies the effects these systems have on the microenvironment and two types of interstitial cells: macrophages and fibroblasts. Depending on their behaviour, these cells can either help maintain and restore normal function or foster chronic disease progression. When macrophages and fibroblasts dysregulate, it leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, fibrosis, and eventually damage to parenchymal (organ-specific) cells. The sixth network considers how macrophages change phenotype. Thus, a pathway is identified through this hierarchical network to reveal how external factors and lifestyle affect interstitial cell behaviour. This theory can be tested and it needs to be tested because, if correct, it has profound implications. Not only does this theory explain how chronic low-grade inflammation causes chronic disease progression, it also provides insight into salutogenesis, or the process by which health is maintained and restored. Understanding low-grade inflammation as a stalled healing process offers a new strategy for chronic disease management. Rather than treating each chronic disease separately by a focus on parenchymal pathology, a salutogenic strategy of optimizing interstitial health could prevent and mitigate multiple chronic diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huston
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (Research), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patricia Huston, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2927-1176
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Ferrulli A, Terruzzi I, Senesi P, Succi M, Cannavaro D, Luzi L. Turning the clock forward: New pharmacological and non pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1320-1334. [PMID: 35354547 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity and its main metabolic complication, type 2 diabetes, have attained the status of a global pandemic; there is need for novel strategies aimed at treating obesity and preventing the development of diabetes. A healthy diet and exercise are basic for treatment of obesity but often not enough. Pharmacotherapy can be helpful in maintaining compliance, ameliorating obesity-related health risks, and improving quality of life. In the last two decades, the knowledge of central and peripheral mechanisms underlying homeostatic and hedonic aspects of food intake has significantly increased. Dysregulation of one or more of these components could lead to obesity. DATA SYNTHESIS In order to better understand how potential innovative treatment options can affect obesity, homeostatic and reward mechanisms that regulate energy balance has been firstly illustrated. Then, an overview of potential therapeutic targets for obesity, distinguished according to the level of regulation of feeding behavior, has been provided. Moreover, several non-drug therapies have been recently tested in obesity, such as non-invasive neurostimulation: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation or Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. All of them are promising for obesity treatment and are almost devoid of side effects, constituting a potential resource for the prevention of metabolic diseases. CONCLUSIONS The plethora of current anti-obesity therapies creates the unique challenge for physicians to customize the intervention, according to the specific obesity characteristics and the intervention side effect profiles; moreover, it allows multimodal approaches addressed to treat obesity and metabolic adaptation with complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Succi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cannavaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Equisetin is an anti-obesity candidate through targeting 11 β-HSD1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2358-2373. [PMID: 35646525 PMCID: PMC9136616 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent globally, searching for therapeutic agents acting on adipose tissue is of great importance. Equisetin (EQST), a meroterpenoid isolated from a marine sponge-derived fungus, has been reported to display antibacterial and antiviral activities. Here, we revealed that EQST displayed anti-obesity effects acting on adipose tissue through inhibiting adipogenesis in vitro and attenuating HFD-induced obesity in mice, doing so without affecting food intake, blood pressure or heart rate. We demonstrated that EQST inhibited the enzyme activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a therapeutic target of obesity in adipose tissue. Anti-obesity properties of EQST were all offset by applying excessive 11β-HSD1's substrates and 11β-HSD1 inhibition through knockdown in vitro or 11β-HSD1 knockout in vivo. In the 11β-HSD1 bypass model constructed by adding excess 11β-HSD1 products, EQST's anti-obesity effects disappeared. Furthermore, EQST directly bond to 11β-HSD1 protein and presented remarkable better intensity on 11β-HSD1 inhibition and better efficacy on anti-obesity than known 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. Therefore, EQST can be developed into anti-obesity candidate compound, and this study may provide more clues for developing higher effective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Reja D, Zhang C, Sarkar A. Endoscopic bariatrics: current therapies and future directions. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 35548475 PMCID: PMC9081914 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.03.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) are endoscopic procedures indicated for weight loss in the obese population. They are shown to be safe and effective for patients who do not quality for bariatric surgery. There are currently no randomized controlled studies comparing bariatric surgery with EBTs. However, EBTs are more cost effective and have fewer complications. This review will examine currently available EBTs with published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Reja
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Clark Zhang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Avik Sarkar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Ceccarini MR, Fittipaldi S, Ciccacci C, Granese E, Centofanti F, Dalla Ragione L, Bertelli M, Beccari T, Botta A. Association Between DRD2 and DRD4 Polymorphisms and Eating Disorders in an Italian Population. Front Nutr 2022; 9:838177. [PMID: 35369087 PMCID: PMC8964431 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.838177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) are the three most common eating disorders (EDs). Their etiopathogenesis is multifactorial where both the environmental and genetic factors contribute to the disease outcome and severity. Several polymorphisms in genes involved in the dopaminergic pathways seem to be relevant in the susceptibility to EDs, but their role has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we have analyzed the association between selected common polymorphisms in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes in a large cohort of Italian patients affected by AN (n = 332), BN (n = 122), and BED (n = 132) compared to healthy controls (CTRs) (n = 172). Allelic and genotypic frequencies have been also correlated with the main psychopathological and clinical comorbidities often observed in patients. Our results showed significant associations of the DRD2-rs6277 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with AN and BN, of the DRD4-rs936461 SNP with BN and BED and of DRD4 120-bp tandem repeat (TR) polymorphism (SS plus LS genotypes) with BED susceptibility. Moreover, genotyping of DRD4 48-bp variable number TR (VNTR) identified the presence of ≥7R alleles as risk factors to develop each type of EDs. The study also showed that ED subjects with a history of drugs abuse were characterized by a significantly higher frequency of the DRD4 rs1800955 TT genotype and DRD4 120-bp TR short-allele. Our findings suggest that specific combinations of variants in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes are predisposing factors not only for EDs but also for some psychopathological features often coupled specifically to AN, BN, and BED. Further functional research studies are needed to better clarify the complex role of these proteins and to develop novel therapeutic compounds based on dopamine modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (C.I.B), Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Fittipaldi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ciccacci
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Granese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Centofanti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Dalla Ragione
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (C.I.B), Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Botta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Ma LJ, Hou XD, Qin XY, He RJ, Yu HN, Hu Q, Guan XQ, Jia SN, Hou J, Lei T, Ge GB. Discovery of human pancreatic lipase inhibitors from root of Rhodiola Crenulata via integrating bioactivity-guided fractionation, chemical profiling and biochemical assay. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:683-691. [PMID: 36105167 PMCID: PMC9463489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although herbal medicines (HMs) are widely used in the prevention and treatment of obesity and obesity-associated disorders, the key constituents exhibiting anti-obesity activity and their molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, we assessed the inhibitory potentials of several HMs against human pancreatic lipase (hPL, a key therapeutic target for human obesity), among which the root-extract of Rhodiola crenulata (ERC) showed the most potent anti-hPL activity. In this study, we adopted an integrated strategy, involving bioactivity-guided fractionation techniques, chemical profiling, and biochemical assays, to identify the key anti-hPL constituents in ERC. Nine ERC fractions (retention time = 12.5–35 min), obtained using reverse-phase liquid chromatography, showed strong anti-hPL activity, while the major constituents in these bioactive fractions were subsequently identified using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Among the identified ERC constituents, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose (PGG) and catechin gallate (CG) showed the most potent anti-hPL activity, with pIC50 values of 7.59 ± 0.03 and 7.68 ± 0.23, respectively. Further investigations revealed that PGG and CG potently inhibited hPL in a non-competitive manner, with inhibition constant (Ki) values of 0.012 and 0.082 μM, respectively. Collectively, our integrative analyses enabled us to efficiently identify and characterize the key anti-obesity constituents in ERC, as well as to elucidate their anti-hPL mechanisms. These findings provide convincing evidence in support of the anti-obesity and lipid-lowering properties of ERC. The root-extract of Rhodiola crenulata (ERC) potently inhibits hPL. The hPL inhibitors in ERC were characterized using an integrated panel of assays. Six constituents in ERC were identified as hPL inhibitors. PGG and CG are potent non-competitive hPL inhibitors (Ki < 0.1 μM). The binding modes of PGG and CG were examined based on docking simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Ma
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xu-Dong Hou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Qin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rong-Jing He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao-Nan Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shou-Ning Jia
- Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, 810099, China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author.
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Xu L, Lin W, Zheng Y, Chen J, Fang Z, Tan N, Hu W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Chen Z. An H2R-dependent medial septum histaminergic circuit mediates feeding behavior. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1937-1948.e5. [PMID: 35338850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel targets for treating feeding-related diseases are of great importance, and histamine has long been considered an anorexigenic agent. However, understanding its functions in feeding in a circuit-specific way is still limited. Here, we report a medial septum (MS)-projecting histaminergic circuit mediating feeding behavior. This MS-projecting histaminergic circuit is functionally inhibited during food consumption, and bidirectionally modulates feeding behavior via downstream H2, but not H1, receptors on MS glutamatergic neurons. Further, we observed a pathological decrease of histamine 2 receptors (H2Rs) expression in MS glutamatergic neurons in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. Genetically, down-regulation of H2Rs expression in MS glutamatergic neurons accelerates body-weight gain. Importantly, chronic activation of H2Rs in MS glutamatergic neurons (with its clinical agonist amthamine) significantly slowed down the body-weight gain in DIO mice, providing a possible clinical utility to treat obesity. Together, our results demonstrate that this MS-projecting histaminergic circuit is critically involved in feeding, and H2Rs in MS glutamatergic neurons is a promising target for treating body-weight problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenkai Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jialu Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuowen Fang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Mechanisms of reduced leptin-mediated satiety signaling during obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1212-1221. [PMID: 35241786 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Disrupted leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons contributes to hyperphagia and obesity. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that intrinsic negative regulators of leptin signaling, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) underlie dysfunctional leptin-mediated vagal afferent satiety signaling during obesity. METHODS Experiments were performed on standard chow-fed control mice, high-fat fed (HFF), or low-fat fed (LFF) mice. SOCS3 and PTP1B expression were quantified using western blot and quantitative PCR. Nodose ganglion neuronal excitability and jejunal afferent sensitivity were measured by patch clamp and extracellular afferent recordings, respectively. RESULTS Increased expression of SOCS3 and PTP1B were observed in the jejunum of HFF mice. Prolonged incubation with leptin attenuated nodose ganglion neuronal excitability, and this effect was reversed by inhibition of SOCS3. Leptin potentiated jejunal afferent nerve responses to CCK in LFF mice but decreased them in HFF mice. Inhibition of SOCS3 restored impaired vagal afferent neuronal excitability and afferent nerve responses to satiety mediators during obesity. Two-pore domain K+ channel (K2P) conductance and nitric oxide (NO) production that we previously demonstrated were elevated during obesity were decreased by inhibitions of SOCS3 or PTP1B. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that obesity impairs vagal afferent sensitivity via SOCS3 and PTP1B, likely as a consequence of obesity-induced hyperleptinemia. The mechanisms underlying leptin resistance appear also to cause a more global impairment of satiety-related vagal afferent responsiveness.
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Kusyk DM, Whiting D. Responsive deep brain stimulation and obesity: Commentary on a developing technology. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:297. [PMID: 35088554 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian M Kusyk
- Neurosciences Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald Whiting
- Neurosciences Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cifuentes L, Acosta A. Homeostatic regulation of food intake. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101794. [PMID: 34481092 PMCID: PMC9721532 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food intake and energy expenditure are key regulators of body weight. To regulate food intake, the brain must integrate physiological signals and hedonic cues. The brain plays an essential role in modulating the appropriate responses to the continuous update of the body energy-status by the peripheral signals and the neuronal pathways that generate the gut-brain axis. This regulation encompasses various steps involved in food consumption, include satiation, satiety, and hunger. It is important to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that regulate food consumption as well as to standardize the vocabulary for the steps involved. This review discusses the current knowledge of the regulation and the contribution peripheral and central signals at each step of the cycle to control appetite. We also highlight how food intake has been measured. The increasingly complex understanding of regulation and action mechanisms intervening in the gut-brain axis offers ambitious targets for new strategies to control appetite.
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Ugwoke CK, Cvetko E, Umek N. Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Dysfunction in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020847. [PMID: 35055038 PMCID: PMC8778410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worrisomely escalating public health problem globally and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality from noncommunicable disease. The epidemiological link between obesity and a broad spectrum of cardiometabolic disorders has been well documented; however, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are only partially understood, and effective treatment options remain scarce. Given its critical role in glucose metabolism, skeletal muscle has increasingly become a focus of attention in understanding the mechanisms of impaired insulin function in obesity and the associated metabolic sequelae. We examined the current evidence on the relationship between microvascular dysfunction and insulin resistance in obesity. A growing body of evidence suggest an intimate and reciprocal relationship between skeletal muscle microvascular and glucometabolic physiology. The obesity phenotype is characterized by structural and functional changes in the skeletal muscle microcirculation which contribute to insulin dysfunction and disturbed glucose homeostasis. Several interconnected etiologic molecular mechanisms have been suggested, including endothelial dysfunction by several factors, extracellular matrix remodelling, and induction of oxidative stress and the immunoinflammatory phenotype. We further correlated currently available pharmacological agents that have deductive therapeutic relevance to the explored pathophysiological mechanisms, highlighting a potential clinical perspective in obesity treatment.
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Chebulinic Acid Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Inhibiting PPP1CB Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020865. [PMID: 35055051 PMCID: PMC8775935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit beta (PPP1CB), a serine/threonine protein phosphatase and potent adipogenic activator, suppresses the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Therefore, PPP1CB is considered as a potential therapeutic target for obesity. We screened 1033 natural products for PPP1CB inhibitors and identified chebulinic acid, which is abundantly present in the seeds of Euphoria longana and fruits of Terminalia chebula. Chebulinic acid strongly inhibited the hydrolysis of 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate by PPP1CB (IC50 = 300 nM) and demonstrated potent antiadipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional studies have demonstrated that chebulinic acid suppresses early differentiation by downregulating key transcription factors that control adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggested that chebulinic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating obesity by inhibiting PPP1CB activity.
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Colin IM, Gérard KM. Once-weekly 2.4 mg Semaglutide for Weight Management in Obesity: A Game Changer? Endocrinology 2022; 18:35-42. [PMID: 35949360 PMCID: PMC9354513 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2022.18.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of obesity can no longer be reduced to a simplistic view of weight loss. Metabolic adaptation leads to systematic weight regain following weight-loss efforts, and new obesity treatments should therefore aim to induce long-standing double-digit weight loss, and thus improve and even reverse obesity-associated comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. Until now, only metabolic surgery has been able to achieve such a goal, but this invasive procedure cannot be offered on a large scale. Among the alternatives, lifestyle interventions and drug therapies have often been disappointing. The recent availability of once-weekly subcutaneous 2.4 mg semaglutide (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; Wegovy™; Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark) has changed the scene, and semaglutide is considered a ‘game changer’ in the treatment of obesity. The results from the phase III STEP (Semaglutide treatment effect in people with obesity) clinical programme have shown that semaglutide provides clinically meaningful and sustained weight loss in ranges much higher than those achieved with previously available pharmacotherapies. These results led to the approval of semaglutide by regulatory authorities as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity in people with obesity or overweight, with at least one weight-related comorbidity. With data from phase II and III clinical trials showing that newer drugs (i.e. the glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide dual receptor agonist tirzepatide and the amylin agonist cagrilintide, either alone or combined) produce a greater sustained weight loss than semaglutide, an upstream ‘weight-centric’ strategy has emerged as a new standard for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ides M Colin
- Endocrino-Diabetology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Mons-Hainaut/Groupe Jolimont, Mons, Belgium
| | - Katherine M Gérard
- Endocrino-Diabetology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Mons-Hainaut/Groupe Jolimont, Mons, Belgium
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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45
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Tsankof A, Neokosmidis G, Koureta E, Veneti S, Cholongitas E, Tziomalos K. Which is the optimal antiobesity agent for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:984041. [PMID: 36120448 PMCID: PMC9478023 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.984041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest chronic liver disease and affects a considerable proportion of the general population worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor for development and progression of NAFLD and weight loss is an effective intervention for the management of NAFLD. However, few patients achieve substantial and sustained weight loss with lifestyle measures. Therefore, antiobesity agents are frequently considered in patients with NAFLD but there are limited data on their safety and efficacy. In the present review, we discuss the role of antiobesity agents in the management of NAFLD. All approved antiobesity agents appear to reduce transaminase levels and to improve steatosis in patients with NAFLD. However, their effects on fibrosis are less well studied and whether they affect liver-related outcomes, including progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer, is unknown. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, liraglutide and semaglutide, appear to represent a first-line option in obese patients with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since they induce considerable weight loss and have been extensively studied in patients with T2DM. However, more studies are needed to evaluated their effects on liver-related and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with NAFLD, particularly in those without T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsankof
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Neokosmidis
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evgenia Koureta
- Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Veneti
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
- *Correspondence: Konstantinos Tziomalos,
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46
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Nuciferine, an active ingredient derived from lotus leaf, lights up the way for the potential treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106002. [PMID: 34826599 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, is an increasingly global public health problem associated complications. However, the proven anti-obesity agents are inefficient with adverse side effects; hence attention is being paid to novel drugs from natural resources to manage obesity and obesity-related diseases. Nuciferine (NF) is a high-quality aporphine alkaloid present in lotus leaf. Unlike the chemical drugs, NF elicits anti-obesity, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypouricemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects, and affinity to neural receptors, and protection against obesity-related diseases. The underlying mechanism of NF includes the regulation of targeted molecules and pathways related to metabolism, inflammation, and cancer and modulation of Ca2+ flux, gut microbiota, and ferroptosis. Besides, the clinical application, availability, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutics, and security of NF have been established, highlighting the potential of developing NF as an anti-obesity agent. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive summarization, which sheds light on future research in NF.
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Liu X, Zhao K, Jing N, Kong Q, Yang X. Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Promotes the Immune Function of Ileum in High Fat Diet Fed Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiome Profiling and Immunoglobulin Production. Front Nutr 2021; 8:720439. [PMID: 34616764 PMCID: PMC8488439 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.720439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the composition of the gut microbiome, the transcriptomic profiling of ileum, and their interplay in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice. Intragastric administration of EGCG to C57BL/6J mice for 14 consecutive weeks remarkably decreased HFD induced excessive fat deposition (p < 0.001), and the increment of serum TG, TC, HDL-C (p < 0.05), as well as improved glucose tolerance (p < 0.001). EGCG shifted the gut microbiota mainly by elevating the relative abundance of Parasutterrlla, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia (p < 0.01), decreasing that of norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae, unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, Anaerotruncus, Roseburia, norank_Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006 (p < 0.01) at the genus level. In addition, EGCG affected the transcriptomic profiling of ileum, and the differentially expressed (DE) genes after HFD or/and EGCG treatment were mostly enriched in the immune reaction of ileum, such as the GO term of “immune effector process” and “phagocytosis, recognition.” Furthermore, the KEGG category of “immune diseases,” “immune system,” and “infection diseases: bacterial” were commonly enriched by the DE genes of the two treatments. Among those DE genes, 16 immunoglobulins heavy chain variable region encoded genes (Ighvs) and other immunity-related genes, such as complement component 2 (C2), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (Iftm1), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pigR), and alanyl aminopeptidase (Anpep), were highly correlated with the shifted microbes in the gut (p < 0.05, absolute r > 0.5). Overall, the results suggested that EGCG ameliorated the HFD induced metabolic disorder mainly by regulating gut microbiome profiling and the immunoglobulin production of ileum, while the genes expressed in the ileum, especially Ighvs, C2, Iftm1, pigR, and Anpep, might play important roles in coordinating the immunity of mice regarding the gut microbes and the host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Fresh-keeping, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Fresh-keeping, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nana Jing
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Fresh-keeping, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingjun Kong
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Fresh-keeping, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Fresh-keeping, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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48
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Evaluation of Bioactive Metabolites and Antioxidant-Rich Extracts of Amaranths with Possible Role in Pancreatic Lipase Interaction: In Silico and In Vitro Studies. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100676. [PMID: 34677391 PMCID: PMC8539516 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat/carbohydrate-rich diet consumption or elevated secretion of pancreatic lipase (PL) in pancreatic injury results in increased fat digestion and storage. Several metabolites in plant-based diets can help achieve the requirements of nutrition and fitness together. Presently, nutritional metabolites from Amaranthus tricolor, A. viridis, and Achyranthes aspera were assessed and predicted for daily intake. The volatile-metabolite profiling of their extracts using GC-MS revealed various antioxidant and bioactive components. The implication of these specialized components and antioxidant-rich extracts (EC50 free radical scavenging: 34.1 ± 1.5 to 166.3 ± 14.2 µg/mL; FRAP values: 12.1 ± 1.0 to 34.0 ± 2.0 µg Trolox Equivalent/mg) in lipolysis regulation by means of interaction with PL was checked by in silico docking (Betahistine and vitamins: ΔGbind -2.3 to -4.4 kcal/mol) and in vitro fluorescence quenching. Out of the various compounds and extracts tested, Betahistine, ATRA and AVLA showed better quenching the PL fluorescence. The identification of potential extracts as source of functional components contributing to nutrition and fat regulation can be improved through such study.
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Feng J, Zhang X, Shan C, Xia J, Zhang Z, Shi H, Leng K, Wu Y, Ji C, Zhong T. Src family kinases involved in the differentiation of human preadipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111323. [PMID: 34000351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is characterized by the excess accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT). Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases consisting of eight members (SRC, FYN, YES1, HCK, LCK, LYN, FGR and BLK) that have been studied extensively in mammalian cells. Although individual members in murine cells provide some clues that are associated with the regulation of adipogenesis, the specific role of this family in adipocyte differentiation has rarely been assessed, especially in human adipocytes. METHODS Herein, we first explored the expression profiles of SFKs during human preadipocyte differentiation. Then, we used the pyrazolo-pyrimidinyl-amine compound PP1, a potent SFK inhibitor, to evaluate the function of SFKs during adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, we adopted a loss-of-function strategy with siRNAs to determine the role of FGR in adipocyte differentiation. RESULTS Here, we found that SRC, FYN, YES1, LYN and FGR were expressed in human preadipocytes and induced after the initiation of differentiation. Furthermore, the SFK inhibitor PP1 suppressed adipocyte differentiation. We also found that PP1 significantly suppressed the SFK activity in preadipocytes and decreased the expression of adipogenic genes in early and late differentiation. Given that FGR exhibited the most expression enhancement in mature adipocytes, we focused on FGR and found that its knockdown reduced lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that SFKs, especially FGR, are involved in the differentiation of human preadipocytes. Our results lay a foundation for further understanding the role of SFKs in adipocyte differentiation and provide new clues for anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China; Jiangsu Health Development Research Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Chunjian Shan
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Jiaai Xia
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guang Zhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Jiangsu Health Development Research Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Kai Leng
- Department of Information, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guang Zhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yangyang Wu
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China.
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China.
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50
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Ren J, Wu NN, Wang S, Sowers JR, Zhang Y. Obesity cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1745-1807. [PMID: 33949876 PMCID: PMC8422427 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point, epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence supports the existence of a unique disease entity termed “obesity cardiomyopathy,” which develops independent of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and other heart diseases. Our contemporary review evaluates the evidence for this pathological condition, examines putative responsible mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic options for this disorder. Clinical findings have consolidated the presence of left ventricular dysfunction in obesity. Experimental investigations have uncovered pathophysiological changes in myocardial structure and function in genetically predisposed and diet-induced obesity. Indeed, contemporary evidence consolidates a wide array of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of obesity cardiomyopathy including adipose tissue dysfunction, systemic inflammation, metabolic disturbances (insulin resistance, abnormal glucose transport, spillover of free fatty acids, lipotoxicity, and amino acid derangement), altered intracellular especially mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, autophagy/mitophagy defect, myocardial fibrosis, dampened coronary flow reserve, coronary microvascular disease (microangiopathy), and endothelial impairment. Given the important role of obesity in the increased risk of heart failure, especially that with preserved systolic function and the recent rises in COVID-19-associated cardiovascular mortality, this review should provide compelling evidence for the presence of obesity cardiomyopathy, independent of various comorbid conditions, underlying mechanisms, and offer new insights into potential therapeutic approaches (pharmacological and lifestyle modification) for the clinical management of obesity cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ne N Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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