Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities

Preclinical insights into the potential of itaconate and its derivatives for liver disease therapy

Annually, approximately 3.5 % of the world's population dies of cirrhosis or liver cancer, and the burden of liver disease is steadily expanding owing to multiple factors such as alcohol consumption, irrational diets, viral transmission, and exposure to drugs and toxins. However, the lack of effective therapies and the adverse effects of some medications remain a threat to the management of liver disease. Recently, immunometabolism, as an emerging discipline, appears to be the focus of unprecedented research. As a natural metabolite that regulates cellular functions, itaconate is a crucial bridge connecting metabolism and immune response. Remodeling immune function through metabolic modulation may be a promising alternative for disease intervention strategies. In this review, we first briefly describe the historical origin of itaconate and the development of its derivatives. This was followed by a review of the molecular mechanisms by which itaconate regulated immune-metabolic responses. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of itaconate regulation on immune cells of the hepatic system. Finally, we summarized the experimental evidence for itaconate and its derivatives in the therapeutic application of liver diseases. Itaconate is potentially an invaluable component of emerging therapeutic strategies for liver disease.

Gallic and glycyrrhetinic acids prevent azithromycin-induced liver damage in rats by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation

Natural products like gallic acid (GA), a phenolic compound, and glycyrrhetinic acid (GLA), a pentacyclic triterpene, have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, ant-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of GA, GLA and their combination and to explore their underlying mechanisms against acute liver damage induced by azithromycin (AZM) in rats. Seven groups of male Wistar rats were used namely control, GA, GLA, AZM, AZM + GA, AZM + GLA, and AZM + GA + GLA groups. We treated the rats for 21 days, administering GA and GLA at 50 mg/kg one week prior to AZM (30 mg/kg). Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in rats AZM-induced and pre-treated with of GA, GLA, and combination therapy were much lower than those in the AZM group Elevated levels of glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in preventive rats demonstrated that GA, GLA, and their combinations notably reduced AZM-induced malondialdehyde levels, an oxidative stress marker, improving the antioxidant system in those groups. Furthermore, GA, GLA, and their combinations reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB), thus reversing hepatic inflammation. We also discovered that AZM down-regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and that its normal levels were restored post treatments with GA, GLA, and their combination suggesting a Nrf2 signaling pathway-mediated prevention of AZM-induced liver damage. In conclusion, GA, GLA, and their combination protected rats against AZM-induced liver injury through their demonstrated ability to lower oxidative stress and inflammation by preventing downregulation of Nrf2 and upregulation of NF-kB. After determining their efficacy and safety in clinical settings in future studies, GA and GLA could potentially make useful therapeutic drugs to mitigate AZM-induced hepatotoxicity.

Licorice attenuates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis

Cisplatin (CP), a widely used antineoplastic drug, could induce hepatotoxicity and is also one of the most common reasons for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Licorice (Chinese name GanCao, GC) is a commonly used herbal drug in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been shown to treat liver diseases and DILI. CP has been documented to induce apoptosis through the promotion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the exact role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of CP-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. A rat DILI model was constructed through intraperitoneal injection of CP, and the anti-DILI effect of GC was detected by liver coefficients, liver function tests, pathological staining, and oxidative stress indices. Additionally, the ER stress and apoptosis indices were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence (IF) on CP-induced toxicity in rat liver tissues and LO2 cells. In the model group, liver function indicators significantly elevated, liver lesions more pronounced, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the liver increased, the expression of ER stress markers, apoptosis factors, and indicators related to the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase/activating transcription factor 4/C/EBP homologous protein (PERK/ATF4/CHOP) pathway significantly elevated. Treatment of the CP-induced toxicity in the rat model with GC significantly improved liver function, reduced liver lesions, decreased liver ROS. In addition, GC significantly inhibited the expression of ER stress markers, apoptosis factors, and indicators related to PERK/ATF4/CHOP pathway, demonstrating the anti-CP-induced hepatotoxicity effect of GC. In this study, we verified the protective effect of GC in CP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and clarified its mechanisms related to ER stress and apoptosis.

Inhibiting HMGB1/AGER/NF-κB pathway prevents pro-inflammatory microglia polarization and protect photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal neurodegenerative disease which is a significant contributor to blindness. Microglia-mediated inflammation plays a crucial role in retinitis pigmentosa. However, the activation mechanisms of microglia and the role of polarized microglia in RP remain unclear. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key contributor to aseptic inflammation, and glycyrrhizin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by targeting HMGB1. This study aimed to investigate the role of HMGB1 and microglia in RP and explore the protective effects of glycyrrhizin on photoreceptors.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mice and age-matched rd1 mice were used for in vivo models, while zaprinast-treated 661w cells and HMGB1-treated BV-2 cells were used for in vitro models. In this study, the expression of HMGB1 was analyzed using QPCR and western blot (WB). Immunofluorescence staining and ELISA were performed to assess HMGB1 translocation and secretion. Glycyrrhizin was used to inhibit HMGB1, while FPS-ZM1 served as an inhibitor of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGER). Microglial polarization was evaluated by QPCR, and the HMGB1/ AGER/ NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed through WB. Photoreceptor degeneration and visual function were assessed through H&E staining, electroretinography, and TUNEL staining.

RESULTS

We observed elevated levels of HMGB1 in the retina of rd1 mice and demonstrated in vitro that photoreceptors may serve as a significant source of HMGB1 in the retina. Additionally, HMGB1 was observed to cause microglial polarization via the HMGB1/AGER/ NF-κB pathway and the polarized microglia secrete inflammatory factors including TNF-α and IL-1β which accelerates the degeneration of photoreceptors. Glycyrrhizin reversed the degeneration of photoreceptors and loss of visual function in rd1 mice through the HMGB1/AGER/ NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that HMGB1 secreted by photoreceptors activated the microglia through the HMGB1/AGER/NF-κB pathway and the polarized microglia accelerates the degeneration of photoreceptors. Glycyrrhizin reversed the polarization caused by HMGB1 in vitro and delayed the progression of RP in vivo, presenting a potential novel approach for treating retinitis pigmentosa.

HMGB1-mediated macrophage regulation of NF-κB activation and MMP3 upregulation in nucleus pulposus cells: A critical mechanism in the vicious cycle of intervertebral disc degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a leading cause of low back pain, primarily driven by inflammatory processes within the disc, particularly involving the infiltration and activity of macrophages. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) has been identified as a crucial mediator in this inflammatory cascade, yet its precise role in macrophage-induced disc degeneration remains unclear. In this study, we employed a combination of in vivo and in vitro models, including genetically engineered mice with macrophage-specific overexpression of HMGB1, a rat model of IVDD, and cultured macrophages and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), to elucidate the role of HMGB1 in IVDD. Our findings reveal that HMGB1 overexpression in macrophages significantly accelerates IVDD progression by enhancing NF-κB activation and upregulating MMP3 expression in NPCs. Furthermore, the administration of glycyrrhizin (GL), an HMGB1 inhibitor, effectively mitigated these effects, delaying IVDD progression. This study not only uncovers the critical mechanisms by which HMGB1 regulates the interactions between macrophages and NPCs in the inflammatory microenvironment but also provides a theoretical framework for targeting HMGB1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for IVDD. Thus, our findings suggest a promising novel approach for the treatment of this condition.

New tetrahydroisoquinolines bearing nitrophenyl group targeting HSP90 and RET enzymes: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation

In this study, new tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds were synthesized by reaction of 7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8- (3-nitrophenyl or 4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrosoquinoline-3(2H)-thiones with methyl iodide, chloro acetonitrile, ethyl chloroacetate to produce compounds 3-5 and reacted with N-arylchloroacetamides reagents to gave tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-ylthio) acetamides compounds 6a-c, 8a-b which can cyclized to 6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]Isoquinoline-2-carboxamides compounds 7a-c, 9a-b. Also react with N-(benzthiazol-2-yl)-2-chloroacetamideto give compound 10. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses. Also, most of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activities aganist MCF7 and HEPG2 cell lines. From the result we found that the most active compound against the MCF7 cell lines was compound 8b, and the most active compound against HEPG2 cell lines was compound 3. Then the effects of compound 3 on the HEPG2 cell line was investigated using an apoptotic Annexin V-FITC test and flow cytometry. Compound 3 induced a 59-fold increase in HEPG2 cell line apoptosis and cell cycle arrested at the G0-G1, G2/M phases. Moreover, the molecular docking study was applied and the result showed that compounds 8b bind to the RET enzyme with binding energies of - 6.8 kcal/mol in comparison with standard alectinib, which exhibits a binding energy of - 7.2 kcal/mol. Compound 3 can bind with HSP 90 with a binding energy (ΔG) of - 6.8 kcal/mol, which was comparable to the standard Onalespib (- 7.1 kcal/mol).

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Attenuates Dioscorea bulbifera L.-induced liver injury by regulating the FXR/Nrf2-BAs-related proteins and intestinal microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DBL) was a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used to treat goitre and cancer. Nevertheless, its clinical application may lead to liver injury. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GRR) was primarily utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for its ability to harmonize various medicines and mitigate the toxic effects of poisonous herbs. However, the role of GRR in mitigating the liver toxicity of DBL has not been established after combination.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to clarify the protective effect of GRR against DBL-induced liver injury in mice and investigate its mechanisms of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

75% ethanol was employed to extract DBL and GRR. The extracted components were characterized using LC-MS. Mice were orally gavaged with extracts from each group for 30 days. After the experiment, the pathological changes in the liver of mice were evaluated. Additionally, biochemical markers associated with liver injury were assessed. The primary mechanisms through which GRR mitigates DBL-induced liver injury and the modulation of the liver-intestinal axis by GRR were explored utilizing untargeted metabolomics, targeted BAs metabolomics and 16S rDNA analyses. Furthermore, Western blot and qPCR assessed the protein and mRNA transcription of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as BA-related transporters.

RESULTS

GRR dose-dependently attenuated DBL-induced liver injury in mice. It mitigated hepatic pathological changes and alleviated hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress. GRR improved metabolic disorders induced by DBL in mice at the metabolite level, focusing on the ABC transporter. Moreover, GRR may be attributed to its activation of FXR/Nrf2 expression, reduction of cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression, promotion of bile salt export pump (BSEP), multi-drug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and sodium taurocholate cotransport polypeptide (NTCP) expression, reduction of bile acid (BA) synthesis, promotion of BA efflux and reabsorption, and improvement of BA metabolic disorders. In addition, GRR ameliorated DBL-induced intestinal barrier injury and improved the structural organization of the intestinal flora, restoring the overall composition of the intestinal microbiota.

CONCLUSION

GRR exhibited significant alleviation of DBL-induced liver injury, potentially by modulating FXR/Nrf2-BA-related proteins, reducing hepatic BA accumulation, mitigating liver inflammation and oxidative stress, and regulating intestinal flora.

Natural molecule isoliquiritigenin mitigates MASH and liver fibrosis in mice by promoting autophagy through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a flavonoid derived from licorice root, has diverse biological and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of action of ISL on the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). C57BL/6 mice fed a chow diet or choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) received ISL (10 mg/kg) or vehicle daily via oral administration. To further explore the mechanism of ISL in MASH pathogenesis, AML12 cells were exposed to palmitic acid (PA) as an in vitro model of lipid toxicity. The results showed that, compared with vehicle-treated mice, ISL treatment alleviated liver injury, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MASH mice. Moreover, ISL treatment reduced the recruitment of CD68+ macrophages and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in MASH livers. In vitro experiments showed that ISL reduced lipid accumulation and mitigated inflammatory responses in PA-induced AML12 cells. Notably, RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that the anti-MASH effect of ISL enhanced autophagy via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This was further validated by assessing autophagy markers in both MASH liver tissues and PA-stimulated AML12 cells in vitro. Additionally, molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the target proteins of ISL exhibited strong binding affinity to PIK3 isoforms. In conclusion, our findings highlight that ISL mitigates MASH and fibrosis in mice by promoting autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, providing reliable evidence to support further studies on MASH in humans.

Pharmacodynamic material basis of licorice and mechanisms of modulating bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota in cisplatin-induced liver injury based on LC-MS and network pharmacology analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cisplatin (CP), a widely used antineoplastic agent, is a leading cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to its hepatotoxic effects. Licorice (GC), an established remedy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has shown promise in addressing liver diseases and DILI. Nonetheless, the specific active components and underlying mechanisms of GC in mitigating CP-induced liver injury remain inadequately investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study examined the active components and efficacy of GC in addressing CP-induced hepatotoxicity, focusing on its mechanisms related to bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota regulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Utilizing a CP-induced rat liver injury model, this study evaluated changes in liver coefficient, liver function indices, and pathological morphology while assessing the efficacy of GC for both prevention and treatment of CP-induced liver injury. Subsequently, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS qualitatively analyzed GC's blood-entering components, elucidating its pharmacodynamic material basis. Network pharmacology analysis identified potential pathways and targets of GC's blood components in relation to CP-induced liver injury. Furthermore, metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing were employed to clarify the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of GC in modulating bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota, offering insights into its preventive and therapeutic roles.

RESULTS

The pharmacodynamic results revealed that GC significantly reduced liver function biomarkers and improved pathological changes in liver tissue. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified 16 blood-entering components as potential pharmacodynamic agents of GC for preventing and treating CP-induced liver injury. Network pharmacology analysis suggested a link between GC's efficacy and the bile acid metabolic pathway. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis, immunoblotting, and 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that GC regulated bile acid metabolites in both liver and feces, enhanced FXR and BSEP expressions in the liver, and decreased CYP27A1 expression. Additionally, GC mitigated CP-induced intestinal dysbiosis by altering the abundance of gut microbiota.

CONCLUSIONS

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS performed a qualitative analysis of 16 blood-entering components linked to GC, providing a basis for further exploration of the pharmacodynamic material underpinning GC. The protective role of GC in CP-induced liver injury appears connected to enhanced bile acid metabolism and restoration of gut microbiota balance.

An In-depth Review on Argemone mexicana in the Management of Liver Health and Liver Cancer

INTRODUCTION

Argemone mexicana, commonly known as the Mexican prickly poppy, has been historically employed in traditional medicine for various ailments, including liver disorders. Given the rising prevalence of liver diseases, including cancer, investigating the potential efficacy of Argemone mexicana in promoting liver health is of paramount importance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the hepatoprotective and anticancer properties of Argemone mexicana.

METHODOLOGY

A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant botanical and pharmacological databases. Studies from various sources, including in vitro experiments, animal models, and clinical trials, were included in the review. The search focused on articles published up to 2010-2023, encompassing research that explored the botanical characteristics, chemical composition, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of Argemone mexicana, specifically emphasizing its impact on liver health and cancer.

RESULTS

The review revealed a wealth of studies highlighting the diverse pharmacological properties of Argemone mexicana. The botanical composition includes compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, suggesting hepatoprotective effects. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated promising outcomes regarding liver function improvement and inhibition of liver cancer cell proliferation. While some clinical studies supported the traditional uses of Argemone mexicana, further well-designed trials are warranted to establish its clinical efficacy.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Argemone mexicana shows promise as a natural agent for promoting liver health and combating liver cancer. Bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suggest potential hepatoprotective effects. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires further rigorous investigation, including well-designed clinical trials. This review provides a foundation for future research efforts aimed at elucidating the full therapeutic potential of Argemone mexicana in liver health and cancer management.

The changes of intestinal microbiota and metabolomics during the inhibition of bladder cancer by liquiritigenin

Liquiritigenin is a natural medicine. However, its inhibitory effect and its potential mechanism on bladder cancer (BCa) remain to be explored. It was found that it could be visualized that the transplanted tumours in the low-dose liquiritigenin -treated group and the high-dose liquiritigenin -treated group were smaller than those in the model group. Liquiritigenin treatment led to alterations in Lachnoclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, Alistipes and Akkermansia. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that a total of multiple differential metabolites were identified between the model group and the high-dose liquiritigenin-treated group. This provides a new direction and rationale for the antitumour effects of liquiritigenin.

Glycyrrhizin alleviates the toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in treating oral lichen planus by occupying heat shock protein 90 alpha

BACKGROUND

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease with the potential of malignant transformation. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), derived from quinine originating from Cinchona spp. bark, is a commonly prescribed off-label for OLP. However, it lacks robust evidence-based medicine practice, as well as theoretical guidance for its pharmacodynamic targets and for mitigating adverse reactions.

PURPOSE

To compare the efficacy of HCQ with first-line treatment prednisone for treating severe erosive OLP and to identify compatible phytomedicine that is reasonably available based on elucidating the molecular targets related to clinical benefits and adverse reactions.

METHODS

We performed a single-center, randomized, investigator-blinded, positive-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Patients who met the enrollment criteria were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive either HCQ or prednisone therapy for 4 weeks and follow-up for 3 months. The primary outcome measures included reductions in the erosion area and pain level. Potential targets of HCQ and associated toxic effects in treating OLP were identified through in silico analysis and validated through histological evaluation. Common hepatoprotective agents, including glycyrrhizin and total glucosides of peony, were analyzed for their potential targets. Then tri-molecular docking study was performed to screen available phytomedicine agent for alleviating adverse reaction of HCQ. Finally, in vitro experiments were performed to validate these targeted effects.

RESULTS

A total of 62 patients were enrolled from January 2021 to August 2023. After a 4-week treatment, there's no significant difference between patients receiving HCQ and PDN in the reduction of erosion area (median, 44 vs 58.5; HCQ - PDN difference: -11; 95 % CI, -39 to 13; p = 0.438) or pain level (median, 3 vs 3; HCQ - PDN difference: 0; 95 % CI, -1 to 1; p = 0.925). Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) alpha and beta were identified as potential therapeutic targets of HCQ for treating OLP, while HSP90α is also associated with the adverse reactions of HCQ. The expressions of HSP90α and HSP90β in OLP tissue were significantly reduced compared to normal tissue. The phytomedicine glycyrrhizin was selected due to its specific interaction with the GLY-181 site of HSP90α, same as HCQ's toxic targets. HCQ exerted pro-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. And both HCQ and glycyrrhizin treatment restore the expression of HSP90β, while HCQ treatment also restored the expression of HSP90α.

CONCLUSIONS

HCQ was not inferior to prednisone for treating severe erosive OLP, suggesting it as an alternative to first-line treatment. Integrating phytopreparation glycyrrhizin into conventional HCQ treatment in OLP can help detoxify by occupying the HSP90α binding site.

Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in 27 children: an experience and treatment strategy of a single centre in China

Objective

To evaluate treatment strategies for congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (CIPSS) based on the experience of treating 27 children.

Methods

Between August 2017 and January 2024, our team treated 27 children with CIPSS. Twelve patients underwent surgical ligation of the portosystemic shunt, while 15 patients diagnosed prenatally received conservative treatment without surgery. All patients were followed up after diagnosis or surgery. During follow-up, blood ammonia and biochemistry tests, along with ultrasound examinations, were conducted. Clinical presentations were recorded.

Results

The prenatal diagnosis rate for CIPSS using ultrasound was 74.1% (20/27). Hyperammonemia was the most common clinical manifestation, occurring in 81.5% (22/27) of cases. Jaundice and abnormal liver function were the next most frequent presentations in patients with prenatal diagnosis, with incidences of 80% (16/20) and 65% (13/20), respectively. In 12 patients undergoing surgical ligation, blood ammonia levels returned to normal, the abnormal shunt disappeared as confirmed by ultrasound and CT, and no patients developed portal vein thrombosis or portal hypertension postoperatively. In 15 patients receiving conservative treatment, 53.3% (8/15) experienced spontaneous closure of the abnormal shunt within 1-7 months (median: 3 months). Jaundice and hyperammonemia were completely resolved within 1-8 months in patients receiving conservative treatment.

Conclusion

CIPSS is a curable congenital anomaly. Prenatal ultrasound is effective for detection. Conservative treatment is recommended until the age of one, followed by surgical ligation or interventional treatment for patients with persistent shunts after 1 year.

Amphiphilic disodium glycyrrhizin as a co-former for ketoconazole co-amorphous systems: Biopharmaceutical properties and underlying molecular mechanisms

Co-amorphous systems (CAMs) have been extensively investigated to improve the dissolution of hydrophobic drugs. However, drug precipitation during the storage or dissolution of CAMs has still been a major challenge. Here, disodium glycyrrhizin (Na2GA) was first used as a co-former in CAMs based on its multiple hydroxyl groups and amphiphilic structure. Ketoconazole (KTZ), a BCS class II drug, was selected as a model drug. KTZ-Na2GA CAMs at mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5 and 1:10 were prepared by the spray drying method and further characterised by PXRD and DSC. The 1:2.5, 1:5 and 1:10 groups exhibited significantly enhanced Cmax (all approximately 26.67-fold) and stable maintenance of supersaturation compared to the crystalline KTZ and the corresponding physical mixtures in non-sink dissolution tests, while the 1:1 group exhibited an unstable medium Cmax (all approximately 14.67-fold). The permeability tests revealed that the permeation rate of KTZ in KTZ-Na2GA CAMs under the concentration of Na2GA in solution above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) showed a significant downwards trend compared to that below CMC. The underlying molecular mechanisms were involved in molecular miscibility, hydrogen bond interactions, solubilisation and crystallisation inhibition by Na2GA. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the AUC0-∞ of KTZ in 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5 and 1:10 groups were significantly higher than those of the crystalline KTZ group with 2.13-, 2.30-, 2.16- and 1.86-fold, respectively (p < 0.01). In conclusion, Na2GA has proven to be a promising co-former in CAMs to enhance hydrophobic drug dissolution and bioavailability. Its effect on intestinal permeation rate of drugs also deserves attention.

Chinese Herbal Medicines as Natural Alternative Products to Antibiotics in Weaned Piglets through Intestinal Microbiota Regulation

During the growth process of weaned piglets, digestive problems such as gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhea are common. Farmers usually use antibiotics to help piglets grow smoothly. However, the overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance issues. Therefore, this study chose to use plant extracts as feed additives to explore their potential as alternatives to antibiotics. Additionally, Tilmicosin was used as the antibiotic because it is widely used in treating respiratory infections in piglets. Since traditional Chinese medicine often uses natural products, we selected Guizhi Li-Zhong (GLZ) extract as an alternative to antibiotics. The experiment involved 126 piglets, each 4 weeks old, which were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the sham group (basal diet without supplements, 10.3 ± 0.4 kg, n = 31), the low-dose GLZ group (basal diet with 0.05% GLZ, 10.9 ± 0.4 kg, n = 32), the regular-dose GLZ group (basal diet with 0.2% GLZ, 10.6 ± 0.4 kg, n = 32), and the regular-dose Tilmicosin antibiotic group (basal diet with 0.2% Tilmicosin, 10.2 ± 0.3 kg, n = 31). We recorded and compared the survival rate, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and diarrhea incidence among four groups of weaned piglets from the 4th to the 10th weeks of age. Then, we examined the oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in small intestine tissue (jejunum and ileum) through immunohistochemistry and Western blot and compared the gut microbiota in large intestine tissue (colon and rectum) through a next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Our results showed that weaned piglets supplemented with 0.05% and 0.2% GLZ had better survival rates, growth rates (p < 0.01), and feed conversion ratios (p < 0.01) compared to those receiving sham treatment. Even weaned piglets supplemented with 0.2% GLZ performed better than those supplemented with 0.2% Tilmicosin antibiotics (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of diarrhea and small intestine injury (indicated by oxidative stress-, inflammation-, and apoptosis-related proteins) in piglets supplemented with 0.05% and 0.2% GLZ was lower than in piglets receiving sham treatment (p < 0.05). Even piglets supplemented with 0.2% GLZ had less injury than those supplemented with 0.2% Tilmicosin antibiotics (p < 0.05). The NGS results further showed that GLZ treatment significantly improved beneficial bacteria in weaned piglets (p < 0.05), while antibiotic treatment reduced beneficial bacteria (p < 0.05). In summary, we recommend adding GLZ to the feed as an alternative to antibiotics. This not only effectively reduces intestinal damage but also improves the gut microbiota, thereby promoting the growth of weaning piglets.

Glycyrrhizic acid alleviates concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury by regulating monocyte-derived macrophages

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized by persistent liver inflammation induced by aberrant immune responses. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a prominent bioactive ingredient of licorice, has shown potential as a safe and effective treatment for AIH. However, the immune regulatory mechanism by which GA exerts its therapeutic effect on AIH remains elusive. In this study, we found that GA intervention significantly alleviated ConA-induced acute liver injury in mice. Cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) analysis revealed that GA increased the abundance of anti-inflammatory F4/80loCD11bhiMHCIIhi MoMF-1 and decreased the abundance of pro-inflammatory F4/80loCD11bhiiNOShi MoMF-3. Multiplex immunofluorescence demonstrated the infiltration of MoMFs in liver tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis indicated that GA facilitated the immune activation in MoMFs, regulated gene expression of diverse cytokines secreted by MoMFs, and played a role in shaping the immune microenvironment. By integrating the results of CyTOF with scRNA-seq, our study comprehensively elucidates the immune landscape of ConA-induced liver injury following GA intervention, advancing the understanding of GA's mechanism of action. However, it is important to note that some single-cell data in this study remain raw and require further processing and annotation. Our findings suggest that GA alleviates ConA-induced acute liver injury by regulating the function of MoMFs, opening potential avenues for AIH treatment and management, and providing a theoretical basis for the design of novel MoMFs-centered immunotherapies.

Self-assembly variation of glycyrrhetinic acid epimers: Assembly mechanism and antibacterial efficacy between 18 α-GA and 18 β-GA

Studies have confirmed that the spatial arrangement of chiral molecules has a decisive influence on supramolecular assembly. However, the effect of epimerization caused by the change of a single chiral center on the self-assembly of chiral molecules has not been reported. Herein, we explored a pair of epimers 18 α-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, which had completely different medicinal activities. In this study, we found that these epimers of glycyrrhetinic acid showed distinct self-assembly properties under the condition of the deionized water and a small amount of DMSO solution. Interestingly, the cis-configured 18 β-GA could form a 'head-to-tail' interlaced structure and further self-assembled to form nanoparticles, while trans-configured 18 α-GA was connected in a "head-to-head" manner, and due to the excessive steric hindrance that made it difficult to assemble. This work not only clearly demonstrates the impact of epimerization due to changes in a single chiral center on the self-assembly of chiral molecules as well as biological activity, but also provides new insights into the self-assembly of natural organic molecules in the development of nanomedicines and biofunctional materials.

Glycyrrhizin functionalized CuS Nanoprobes for NIR Light-based therapeutic mitigation of acne vulgaris

Acne Vulgaris or Acne is a multifactorial bacterial infection caused by Propionibacterium acne, leading to inflammation and decreased quality of life, especially in adolescence. Currently, antibiotics and retinoids are preferred for treating acne. However, their continuous usage may lead to anti-microbial resistance and other side effects. Therefore, research on developing effective strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance and improve acne healing is ongoing. The current work reports the synthesis and evaluation of near-infrared light-absorbing copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles loaded with a biomolecule, Glycyrrhizin (Ga). The photothermal efficacy studies, and in-vitro and in-vivo experiments indicated that the Ga-CuS NPs generated localized hyperthermia in acne-causing bacteria, leading to their complete growth inhibition. The results indicated that the Ga-Cus NPs possess excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties in the acne and inflammatory models. This could be from the synergistic effect of CuS NPs mediated mild Photothermal effect and inherent pharmacological properties of Ga. Further detailed studies of the formulations can pave the way for application in cosmetic clinics for the effective and minimally invasive management of Acne-like conditions.

Jiawei Taohe Chengqi Decoction attenuates CCl4 induced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting HSCs activation via TGF-β1/CUGBP1 and IFN-γ/Smad7 pathway

BACKGROUND

Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is an essential stage in the progression of different chronic liver conditions to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) plays a crucial role in the progression of HF. IFN- γ/Smad7 pathway can inhibit HSCs activation, while TGF-β1/CUGBP1 pathway can inhibit IFN-γ/Smad7 pathway transduction and promote HSCs activation. Thus, inhibiting the TGF-β1/CUGBP1 pathway and activating the IFN-γ/Smad7 pathway reverses HSCs activation and inhibits HF. Jiawei Taohe Chengqi Decoction (JTCD) was derived from the Taohe Chengqi Tang in the ancient Chinese medical text titled "Treatise on Febrile Diseases". We found several anti-HF components in JTCD including ginsenoside Rb1 and others, but the specific mechanism of anti-HF in JTCD is not clear.

PURPOSE

To elucidate the specific mechanism by which JTCD reverses HF by inhibiting the activation of HSCs, and to establish a scientific foundation for treating HF with Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

METHODS

We constructed a CCl4-induced mice HF model in vivo and activated human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) with TGF-β1 in vitro, after which they were treated with JTCD and the corresponding inhibitors. We examined the expression of pivotal molecules in the two pathways mentioned above by immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting and RT-PCR.

RESULTS

JTCD attenuated liver injury and reduced serum ALT and AST levels in mice. In addition, JTCD attenuated CCl4-induced HF by decreasing the expression of α-SMA, COL1A1 and other markers of HSCs activation in mice liver tissue. Moreover, JTCD effectively suppressed the levels of TGF-β1, p-Smad3, p-p38MAPK, p-ATF2, and CUGBP1 in vivo and in vitro and upregulated the levels of IFN-γ, p-STAT1, and Smad7. Mechanically, after using the inhibitors of both pathways in vitro, we found that JTCD inhibited the activation of HSCs by restoring the balance of the TGF-β1/CUGBP1 and IFN-γ/Smad7 pathways.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that JTCD inhibited HSCs activation and reversed HF by inhibiting the TGF-β1/CUGBP1 signalling pathway and upregulating the IFN-γ/Smad7 signalling pathway. Moreover, we have identified specific links where JTCD interferes with both pathways to inhibit HSCs activation. JTCD is an effective candidate for the clinical treatment of HF.

Licorice and liver function in patients with primary liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) has been a cornerstone of traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of licorice formulations, alone or in combination with other herbs, on liver function enzymes in patients with primary liver disease. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to April 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of Glycyrrhiza spp. preparations versus placebo or standard of care controls were included. Standard Cochrane methods were used to extract data and appraise eligible studies. A total of 15 RCTs, involving 1367 participants, were included in the analysis. The studies varied widely in geographical location, duration, and licorice preparations used. Licorice significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 15.63 U/L (95% CI: -25.08, -6.18; p = 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 7.37 U/L (95% CI: -13.13, -1.61; p = 0.01) compared to control groups. Subgroup analyses revealed that purified glycyrrhizic acid compounds were particularly effective, showing greater reductions in ALT and AST without significant heterogeneity. Although licorice treatment did not significantly impact gamma-glutamyl transferase and total bilirubin (TBIL) levels overall, specific licorice-herb preparations did show a notable reduction in TBIL. The safety profile of licorice was consistent with known side effects, predominantly mild and related to its mineralocorticoid effects. Despite heterogeneity and potential language bias, the findings suggest that licorice can enhance liver function. Further studies should standardize licorice preparations and explore its role in multifaceted herbal formulations to better understand its hepatoprotective mechanisms.

Liquiritigenin, an Active Ingredient of Liquorice, Alleviates Acute Kidney Injury by VKORC1-Mediated Ferroptosis Inhibition

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major public health problem worldwide that still lacks effective treatments. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis is a key mediator of AKI due to its activation of lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we hypothesized that antiferroptosis agents might be a novel potential therapeutic strategy for AKI. Herein, we demonstrated that liquiritigenin (LG), an active ingredient of liquorice, improves renal function by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1)-mediated ferroptosis, both in vivo and in vitro. In a folic acid-induced murine AKI model, after a single pre-treatment intravenous injection, LG markedly alleviated the loss of renal function through suppressing ferroptosis induced by iron accumulation. LG prevented mitochondrial morphological changes and upregulated glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4 levels, while downregulating malonaldehyde and divalent iron levels. An in vitro RNA-sequence analysis suggested that the protective role of LG may involve upregulation of VKORC1. Moreover, knockdown of VKORC1 diminished the renal protective and antiferroptosis roles of LG. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that LG protected against AKI by inhibiting VKORC1-mediated ferroptosis. This suggests that inhibiting ferroptosis might be a novel therapeutic approach in the future.

The involvement of the Stat1/Nrf2 pathway in exacerbating Crizotinib-induced liver injury: implications for ferroptosis

Crizotinib carries an FDA hepatotoxicity warning, yet analysis of the FAERS database suggests that the severity of its hepatotoxicity risks, including progression to hepatitis and liver failure, might be underreported. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, and effective intervention strategies are lacking. Here, mRNA-sequencing analysis, along with KEGG and GO analyses, revealed that DEGs linked to Crizotinib-induced hepatotoxicity predominantly associate with the ferroptosis pathway which was identified as the principal mechanism behind Crizotinib-induced hepatocyte death. Furthermore, we found that ferroptosis inhibitors, namely Ferrostatin-1 and Deferoxamine mesylate, significantly reduced Crizotinib-induced hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in both in vivo and in vitro settings. We have also discovered that overexpression of AAV8-mediated Nrf2 could mitigate Crizotinib-induced hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vivo by restoring the imbalance in glutathione metabolism, iron homeostasis, and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, both Stat1 deficiency and the Stat1 inhibitor NSC118218 were found to reduce Crizotinib-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically, Crizotinib induces the phosphorylation of Stat1 at Ser727 but not Tyr701, promoting the transcriptional inhibition of Nrf2 expression after its entry into the nucleus to promote ferroptosis. Meanwhile, we found that MgIG and GA protected against hepatotoxicity to counteract ferroptosis without affecting or compromising the anti-cancer activity of Crizotinib, with a mechanism potentially related to the Stat1/Nrf2 pathway. Overall, our findings identify that the phosphorylation activation of Stat1 Ser727, rather than Tyr701, promotes ferroptosis through transcriptional inhibition of Nrf2, and highlight MgIG and GA as potential therapeutic approaches to enhance the safety of Crizotinib-based cancer therapy.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical components in Qianggan capsule by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and LC-sMRM

Qianggan capsule (QGC) is a complex preparation composed of 16 traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) that can clear heat and dampness, fortify the spleen and blood, typify qi and relieve depression. However, the chemical composition of QGC remains incompletely understood, despite its clinical use in treating chronic hepatitis and liver injury. The objective of this study was to explore the quality markers of QGC through qualitative and quantitative analysis of its chemical components. First, the chemical composition of QGC was qualitatively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Subsequently, the LC-sMRM method was developed and optimized to accurately quantify various chemical components of 10 batches of QGC. Finally, the variations in chemical components between batches were analyzed via multivariate statistical analysis. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis revealed 167 chemical constituents in QGC, comprised of 48 flavonoids, 32 terpenoids, 18 phenolic acids, 9 coumarins, 9 phenylpropanoids, and 51 nucleosides, sugars, amino acids, anthraquinones, and other compounds. The LC-sMRM method was established for the quantitative analysis of 42 chemical components in 10 batches of QGC. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction parameters were optimized using RSM. Compared with conventional MRM, sMRM demonstrated superior sensitivity and precision. PCA and OPLS-DA identified eight chemical components with content differences among batches. This study established the chemical composition of QGC, offering useful guidance for assessing its quality.

Aqueous Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum Sensitize Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Cisplatin through BRCA1 Inhibition

Ocimum gratissimum (O. gratissimum), a medicinal herb with antifungal and antiviral activities, has been found to prevent liver injury and liver fibrosis and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum (OGE) on improving the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in HCC cells. Proteomic identification and functional assays were used to uncover the critical molecules responsible for OGE-induced sensitization mechanisms. The antitumor activity of OGE in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug was evaluated in a mouse orthotopic tumor model, and serum biochemical tests were further utilized to validate liver function. OGE sensitized HCC cells to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Proteomic analysis and Western blotting validation revealed the sensitization effect of OGE, likely achieved through the inhibition of breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1). Mechanically, OGE treatment resulted in BRCA1 protein instability and increased proteasomal degradation, thereby synergistically increasing cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Moreover, OGE effectively inhibited cell migration and invasion, modulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and impaired stemness properties in HCC cells. The combinatorial use of OGE enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin and potentially restored liver function in a mouse orthotopic tumor model. Our findings may provide an alternate approach to improving chemotherapy efficacy in HCC.

Isoliquiritigenin in combination with visceral adipose tissue and related markers as a predictive tool for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease in the world. New non-invasive diagnostic tools are needed to promptly treat this disease and avoid its complications. This study aimed to find key metabolites and related variables that could be used to predict and diagnose NAFLD. Ninety-eight subjects with NAFLD and 45 controls from the Fatty Liver in Obesity (FLiO) Study (NCT03183193) were analyzed. NAFLD was diagnosed and graded by ultrasound and classified into two groups: 0 (controls) and ≥ 1 (NAFLD). Hepatic status was additionally assessed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), elastography, and determination of transaminases. Anthropometry, body composition (DXA), biochemical parameters, and lifestyle factors were evaluated as well. Non-targeted metabolomics of serum was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS). Isoliquiritigenin (ISO) had the strongest association with NAFLD out of the determinant metabolites. Individuals with higher concentrations of ISO had healthier metabolic and hepatic status and were less likely to have NAFLD (OR 0.13). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the predictive power of ISO in panel combination with other NAFLD and IR-related variables, such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (AUROC 0.972), adiponectin (AUROC 0.917), plasmatic glucose (AUROC 0.817), and CK18-M30 (AUROC 0.810). Individuals with lower levels of ISO have from 71 to 82% more risk of presenting NAFLD compared to individuals with higher levels. Metabolites such as ISO, in combination with visceral adipose tissue, IR, and related markers, constitute a potential non-invasive tool to predict and diagnose NAFLD.

Natural Products of Licorice for Uranium Decorporation with Low Toxicity and High Efficiency

The development and exploration of uranium decorporation agents with straightforward synthesis, high removal ability, and low toxicity are crucial guarantees for the safety of workers in the nuclear industry and the public. Herein, we report the use of traditional Chinese medicine licorice for uranium decorporation. Licorice has good adsorption performance and excellent selectivity for uranium in the simulated human environment. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) has a high affinity for uranium (p(UO2) = 13.67) and will complex with uranium at the carbonyl site. Both licorice and GL exhibit lower cytotoxicity compared to the commercial clinical decorporation agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetate sodium salts (CaNa3-DTPA). Notably, at the cellular level, the uranium removal efficiency of GL is eight times higher than that of CaNa3-DTPA. Administration of GL by prophylactic intraperitoneal injection demonstrates that its uranium removal efficiency from kidneys and bones is 55.2 and 23.9%, while CaNa3-DTPA shows an insignificant effect. The density functional theory calculation of the bonding energy between GL and uranium demonstrates that GL exhibits a higher binding affinity (-2.01 vs -1.15 eV) to uranium compared to DTPA. These findings support the potential of licorice and its active ingredient, GL, as promising candidates for uranium decorporation agents.

Therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid in liver diseases

Liver-associated diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. In developed countries, the incidence of viral hepatitis is reducing due to advancements in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. However, with improvements in living standards, the prevalence of metabolic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease, is expected to increase; notably, this rise in the prevalence of metabolic liver disease can lead to the development of more severe liver diseases, including liver failure, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The growing demand for natural alternative therapies for chronic diseases has highlighted the importance of studying the pharmacology of bioactive compounds in plants. One such compound is oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, anticancer, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-neurodegenerative properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that OA treatment can reduce the risk of pathological liver damage, ultimately alleviating liver dysregulation and restoring overall liver function. This review aims to explore the latest research on the biological effects of OA and its derivatives. Notably, it explores the mechanisms of action of these compounds in both in vitro and in vivo research models and, ultimately, highlights OA as a promising candidate for alternative therapies in the treatment and management of chronic liver disease.

The State-of-the-Art Antibacterial Activities of Glycyrrhizin: A Comprehensive Review

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the family Fabaceae/Leguminosae and is a renowned natural herb with a long history of medicinal use dating back to ancient times. Glycyrrhizin (GLY), the main active component of licorice, serves as a widely utilized therapeutic agent in clinical practice. GLY exhibits diverse medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, intestinal environment maintenance, and liver protection effects. However, current research primarily emphasizes GLY's antiviral activity, while providing limited insight into its antibacterial properties. GLY demonstrates a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity via inhibiting the growth of bacteria by targeting bacterial enzymes, impacting cell membrane formation, and altering membrane permeability. Moreover, GLY can also bolster host immunity by activating pertinent immune pathways, thereby enhancing pathogen clearance. This paper reviews GLY's inhibitory mechanisms against various pathogenic bacteria-induced pathological changes, its role as a high-mobility group box 1 inhibitor in immune regulation, and its efficacy in combating diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, combining GLY with other antibiotics reduces the minimum inhibitory concentration, potentially aiding in the clinical development of combination therapies against drug-resistant bacteria. Sources of information were searched using PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and GreenMedical for the keywords "licorice", "Glycyrrhizin", "antibacterial", "anti-inflammatory", "HMGB1", and combinations thereof, mainly from articles published from 1979 to 2024, with no language restrictions. Screening was carried out by one author and supplemented by others. Papers with experimental flaws in their experimental design and papers that did not meet expectations (antifungal papers, etc.) were excluded.

18β-glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses Lewis lung cancer growth through protecting immune cells from ferroptosis

PURPOSE

18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main metabolite of glycyrrhizic acid extracted from the root of licorice, has been reported to possess anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis of immune cells is involved in tumor-associated immune suppression. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the enhanced immune response via inhibiting immune cell ferroptosis contributed to the anticancer effect of 18β-GA.

METHODS

Lewis Lung carcinoma mouse model and Murine CD8 + T cell culture model were used to examine the changes of immune response and ferroptosis of immune cells.

RESULTS

We found that 18β-GA was effective against lung cancer accompanied by enhanced activation of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in Lewis Lung carcinoma mouse model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the boosted immune response by GA was attributed to its ability to inhibit arachidonic acid (AA)-mediated CD8+ T ferroptosis via suppressing CD36 expression.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study unraveled a novel mechanism underlying the anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity of 18β-GA and support that 18β-GA holds potential to be used as an immune enhancer for lung cancer prevention or treatment.

The dual function of cGAS-STING signaling axis in liver diseases

Numerous liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, have been increasingly prevalent, posing significant threats to global health. In recent decades, there has been increasing evidence linking the dysregulation of cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-related immune signaling to liver disorders. Both hyperactivation and deletion of STING can disrupt the immune microenvironment dysfunction, exacerbating liver disorders. Consequently, there has been a surge in research investigating medical agents or mediators targeting cGAS-STING signaling. Interestingly, therapeutic manipulation of the cGAS-STING pathway has yielded inconsistent and even contradictory effects on different liver diseases due to the distinct physiological characteristics of intrahepatic cells that express and respond to STING. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent advancements in understanding the dual roles of the STING pathway, highlighting that the benefits of targeting STING signaling depend on the specific types of target cells and stages of liver injury. Additionally, we offer a novel perspective on the suitability of STING agonists and antagonists for clinical assessment. In conclusion, STING signaling remains a highly promising therapeutic target, and the development of STING pathway modulators holds great potential for the treatment of liver diseases.

Gancao decoction attenuates hepatic necroptosis via activating caspase 8 in cholestatic liver injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gancao Decoction (GCD) is widely used to treat cholestatic liver injury. However, it is unclear whether is related to prevent hepatocellular necroptosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to clarify the therapeutic effects of GCD against hepatocellular necroptosis induced by cholestasis and its active components.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We induced cholestasis model in wild type mice by ligating the bile ducts or in Nlrp3-/- mice by intragastrical administering Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). Serum biochemical indices, liver pathological changes and hepatic bile acids (BAs) were measured to evaluate GCD's hepatoprotective effects. Necroptosis was assessed by expression of hallmarkers in mice liver. Moreover, the potential anti-necroptotic effect of components from GCD were investigated and confirmed in ANIT-induced cholestasis mice and in primary hepatocytes from WT mouse stimulated with Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and cycloheximide (CHX).

RESULTS

GCD dose-dependently alleviated hepatic necrosis, reduced serum aminotranferase activity in both BDL and ANIT-induced cholestasis models. More importantly, the expression of hallmarkers of necroptosis, including MLKL, RIPK1 and RIPK3 phosphorylation (p- MLKL, p-RIPK1, p-RIPK3) were reduced upon GCD treatment. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main bioactive metabolite of GCD, effectively protected against ANIT-induced cholestasis, with decreased expression of p-MLKL, p-RIPK1 and p-RIPK3. Meanwhile, the expression of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), long isoform of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIPL) and cleaved caspase 8 were upregulated upon GA treatment. Moreover, GA significantly increased the expression of active caspase 8, and reduced that of p-MLKL in TNF-α/CHX induced hepatocytes necroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

GCD substantially inhibits necroptosis in cholestatic liver injury. GA is the main bioactive component responsible for the anti-necroptotic effects, which correlates with upregulation of c-FLIPL and active caspase 8.

The combination of berberine and isoliquiritigenin synergistically improved adipose inflammation and obesity-induced insulin resistance

White adipose tissue accumulation and inflammation contribute to obesity by inducing insulin resistance. Herein, we aimed to screen the synergistic components of the herbal pair Coptidis Rhizoma-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma for the treatment of insulin resistance and explore the potential synergistic mechanisms. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative PCR were used to detect expression levels of inflammatory genes in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect protein levels of the insulin signaling pathway and macrophage markers. The effects on obesity-induced insulin resistance were verified using a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Interactions between macrophage and adipocyte were assessed using a cellular supernatant transfer assay. Berberine (BBR) and isoliquiritigenin (ISL) alleviated mRNA levels and secretion of inflammatory genes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, BBR acted synergistically with ISL to ameliorate obesity and dyslipidemia in DIO mice. Meanwhile, the combination treatment significantly improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and decreased M1-macrophage accumulation and infiltration in the adipose tissue. Mechanistically, co-treatment with BBR and ISL upregulated the protein expression of the IRS1-PI3K-Akt insulin signaling pathway, enhanced glucose uptake in adipocyte, and suppressed the interaction between macrophage and adipocyte. BBR and ISL were identified as the synergistic components of the herbal pair Coptidis Rhizoma-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma for treating insulin resistance. The synergistic combination of BBR with ISL can be a promising and effective strategy for improving obesity-induced adipose inflammation and insulin resistance.

A Comprehensive Review of Licorice: The Preparation, Chemical Composition, Bioactivities and Its Applications

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) is a medicinal and food homologue of perennial plants derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the legume family. In recent years, the comprehensive utilization of licorice resources has attracted people's attention. It is widely utilized to treat diseases, health food products, food production, and other industrial applications. Furthermore, numerous bioactive components of licorice are found using advanced extraction processes, which mainly include polyphenols (flavonoids, dihydrostilbenes, benzofurans, and coumarin), triterpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and volatile oils, all of which have been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressive, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antisex hormone, skin effects, anticariogenic, antitussive, and expectorant activities. Thereby, all of these compounds promote the development of novel and more effective licorice-derived products. This paper reviews the progress of research on extraction techniques, chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of licorice to provide a reference for further development and application of licorice in different areas.

Identification of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid as an AGT inhibitor against LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction via high throughput screening

Sepsis induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is a serious complication of sepsis. There is increasing evidence that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in SIMD. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a precursor of the RAS, and the inhibition of AGT may have significant cardiovascular benefits. But until now, there have been no reports of small molecule drugs targeting AGT. In this study, we designed a promoter-luciferase based system to screen for novel AGT inhibitors to alleviate SIMD. As a result of high-throughput screening, a total of 5 compounds from 351 medicinal herb-derived natural compounds were found inhibiting AGT. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18βGA) was further identified as a potent suppressor of AGT. In vitro experiments, 18βGA could inhibit the secretion of AGT by HepG2 cells and alleviate the elevated level of mitochondrial oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes co-cultured with HepG2 supernatants. In vivo, 18βGA prolonged the survival rate of SIMD mice, enhanced cardiac function, and inhibited the damage of mitochondrial function and inflammation. In addition, the results showed that 18βGA may reduce AGT transcription by downregulating hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and that further alleviated SIMD. In conclusion, we provided a more efficient screening strategy for AGT inhibitors and expanded the novel role of 18βGA as a promising lead compound in rescuing cardiovascular disease associated with RAS overactivation.

Protective Effects of Isoliquiritigenin and Licochalcone B on the Immunotoxicity of BDE-47: Antioxidant Effects Based on the Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway and Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway

2,2',4,4'-Tetrabrominated biphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) homologue that is ubiquitous in biological samples and highly toxic to humans and other organisms. Prior research has confirmed that BDE-47 can induce oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells, resulting in apoptosis and impaired immune function. The current study mainly focused on how Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) and Licochalcone B (LCB) might protect against BDE-47's immunotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells. The results show that ISL and LCB could increase phagocytosis, increase the production of MHC-II, and decrease the production of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and co-stimulatory factors (CD40, CD80, and CD86), alleviating the immune function impairment caused by BDE-47. Secondly, both ISL and LCB could reduce the expressions of the proteins Bax and Caspase-3, promote the expression of the protein Bcl-2, and reduce the apoptotic rate, alleviating the apoptosis initiated by BDE-47. Additionally, ISL and LCB could increase the levels of antioxidant substances (SOD, CAT, and GSH) and decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby counteracting the oxidative stress induced by BDE-47. Ultimately, ISL and LCB suppress the NF-κB pathway by down-regulating IKBKB and up-regulating IκB-Alpha in addition to activating the Nrf2 pathway and promoting the production of HO-1 and NQO1. To summarize, BDE-47 causes oxidative damage that can be mitigated by ISL and LCB through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, which in turn prevents immune function impairment and apoptosis. These findings enrich the current understanding of the toxicological molecular mechanism of BDE-47 and the detoxification mechanism of licorice.

Isoliquiritigenin Containing PH Sensitive Micelles for Enhanced Anti-Colitis Activity

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is known to have a variety of pharmacological activities, but its poor water solubility limits its application. In order to improve the bioavailability of ISL and its anti-colitis activity, this study aims to develop an effective drug delivery system loaded with ISL. In this study, ISL pH-sensitive micelles (ISL-M) were prepared by thin film hydration method. The micellar size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), electrokinetic potential (ζ-potential), drug loading (DL), encapsulation rate (EE) and other physical parameters were characterized. The storage stability of ISL-M was tested, release in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies in rats were performed, and the anti-inflammatory effect of ISL-M on ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was evaluated. The results showed that PS, PDI, ZP, EE% and DL% of ISL-M were 151.15±1.04 nm, 0.092±0.014, -31.32±0.721 mV, 93.97±1.53 % and 8.42±0.34 %, respectively. Compared with unformulated ISL (F-ISL), the cumulative release rate of ISL-M in the three different media was significantly increased and showed a certain pH sensitivity. The area under drug curve (AUC0-t) and peak concentration (Cmax) of ISL-M group were 2.94 and 4.06 times higher than those of ISL group. In addition, ISL-M is expected to develop new methods for increasing the bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of ISL.

Glycyrrhizin and the Related Preparations: An Inspiring Resource for the Treatment of Liver Diseases

Liver diseases and their related complications endanger the health of millions of people worldwide. The prevention and treatment of liver diseases are still serious challenges both in China and globally. With the improvement of living standards, the prevalence of metabolic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, has increased at an alarming rate, resulting in more cases of end-stage liver disease. Therefore, the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases is urgently needed. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a triterpene glycoside from the roots of licorice plants, possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. Currently, GL preparations (GLPs) have certain advantages in the treatment of liver diseases, with good clinical effects and fewer adverse reactions, and have shown broad application prospects through multitargeting therapeutic mechanisms, including antisteatotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, antifibrotic, anticancer, and drug interaction activities. This review summarizes the currently known biological activities of GLPs and their medical applications in the treatment of liver diseases, and highlights the potential of these preparations as promising therapeutic options and their alluring prospects for the treatment of liver diseases.

Ceftriaxone-induced severe hemolytic anemia, renal calculi, and cholecystolithiasis in a 3-year-old child: a case report and literature review

Ceftriaxone is widely used in pediatric outpatient care for its efficacy against respiratory and digestive system infections, yet its increasing association with severe immune hemolytic reactions requires heightened vigilance from pediatricians. This report details a rare and severe case of ceftriaxone-induced severe immune hemolytic anemia (IHA), hemolytic crisis, myocardial injury, liver injury, renal calculi, and cholecystolithiasis in a previously healthy 3-year-old child. The child, treated for bronchitis, experienced sudden pallor, limb stiffness, and altered consciousness following the fifth day of ceftriaxone infusion, with hemoglobin (Hb) levels precipitously dropping to 21 g/L. Immediate cessation of ceftriaxone and the administration of oxygen therapy, blood transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and corticosteroids led to a gradual recovery. Despite initial improvements, the patient's condition necessitated extensive hospital care due to complications including myocardial injury, liver injury, renal calculi, and cholecystolithiasis. After a 12-day hospital stay and a 3-month follow-up, the child showed complete normalization of Hb and liver function and resolution of calculi. In children, ceftriaxone infusion may trigger severe, potentially fatal, hemolytic reactions. Pediatricians must promptly recognize symptoms such as pallor, limb stiffness, and unresponsiveness, indicative of ceftriaxone-induced severe IHA, and immediately discontinue the drug. Effective management includes timely blood transfusion, respiratory support, IVIG administration, and corticosteroids when necessary, along with rigorous vital signs monitoring. Continued vigilance is imperative, even after cessation of ceftriaxone, to promptly address any residual adverse effects.

Development of Glycyrrhizinic Acid-Based Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP-GA) as An Adjuvant That Improves the Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Recombinant Protein

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has affected the pork industry worldwide and during outbreaks the mortality of piglets has reached 100%. Lipid nanocarriers are commonly used in the development of immunostimulatory particles due to their biocompatibility and slow-release delivery properties. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) complex based on glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) and tested its efficacy as an adjuvant in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminal domain (NTD) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike (S) protein (rNTD-S). The dispersion stability analysis (Z-potential -27.6 mV) confirmed the size and charge stability of the LNP-GA, demonstrating that the particles were homogeneously dispersed and strongly anionic, which favors nanoparticles binding with the rNTD-S protein, which showed a slightly positive charge (2.11 mV) by in silico analysis. TEM image of LNP-GA revealed nanostructures with a spherical-bilayer lipid vesicle (~100 nm). The immunogenicity of the LNP-GA-rNTD-S complex induced an efficient humoral response 14 days after the first immunization (p < 0.05) as well as an influence on the cellular immune response by decreasing serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations, which was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect.

Progress in approved drugs from natural product resources

Natural products (NPs) have consistently played a pivotal role in pharmaceutical research, exerting profound impacts on the treatment of human diseases. A significant proportion of approved molecular entity drugs are either directly derived from NPs or indirectly through modifications of NPs. This review presents an overview of NP drugs recently approved in China, the United States, and other countries, spanning various disease categories, including cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, and infectious diseases. The article provides a succinct introduction to the origin, activity, development process, approval details, and mechanism of action of these NP drugs.

Polyphenol-enriched Penthorum chinense Pursh ameliorates alcohol-related liver injury through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: Integrating network pharmacology and experiment validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) has acknowledged as an edible herbal medicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver injury (ALI). However, only few of researches focus on the chemical material basis and potential mechanisms of PCP against ALI.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Herein, we explored the therapeutic effects of PCP extract against ALI based on the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experiment validation.

METHODS

Based on the standard quality control of PCP herbs by UPLC fingerprint and quantitative determination, 80% ethanol extract fraction of PCP containing more polyphenols, compared to aqueous extract fraction of PCP, were chosen for further experiments. After oral administration of PCP ethanol extract, serum pharmacochemistry based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS analysis was implemented to evaluate the potential effective compounds. These absorbed prototypes in PCP were used to construct network pharmacology and predict the potential mechanisms of PCP extract against ALI. Then, the predicted targets and biological mechanisms of PCP extract were validated using animal experiments and molecular docking analysis.

RESULTS

Although totally 19 polyphenol compounds were identified in PCP ethanol extract by UPLC-MS analysis, only 18 absorbed prototypes were found in the serum collected from mice at 1 h post-administration with PCP extract. These candidate active compounds were further screened into 13 compounds to construct network pharmacology and 433 targets were identified as PCP targets. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the effects of PCP extract would involve in Ras signaling pathway. The animal experiments on chronic ALI model mice shown that the oral administration of PCP can alleviate ALI by attenuating hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and down-regulating the target proteins in Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Molecular docking analysis revealed the good binding ability between the three polyphenols (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, thonningianin B) in PCP with the top contribution in network pharmacology, and these target proteins (Ras, Raf, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2).

CONCLUSION

Our results clarified that PCP ethanol extract could effectively alleviate ALI by down-regulating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway promisingly. Quercetin, apigenin, and thonningianin B may be the active compounds of PCP, attributing to the intervention benefits of PCP against ALI.

A bibliometric review of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (licorice) research: Insights and future directions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a Chinese herb known as licorice, is frequently incorporated in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations, due to its significant medicinal value and sweet taste. Despite licorice's merits, no systematic scientometric study has yet been conducted to analyze licorice research trends over the past 25 years.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We conducted this study with the aim to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of research advances in the application of licorice as a TCM ingredient and to offer valuable insights to guide future endeavors in this research field.

METHODS

We selected licorice-related research papers published between 1997 and 2021 from the Web of Science Core Collection then conducted a scientometric analysis using VOSviewer and CiteSpace software tools.

RESULTS

A total of 4883 licorice-related publications, including 4511 research papers, 372 review papers, and their cited references, were included in the analysis. Most of these articles were authored by researchers in China (36.8%), including major contributors Wang Ying, Ye Min, and Zhang Yu. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology (impact factor = 5.4) hosted the greatest number of papers (145 articles). Keyword cluster analysis revealed three keyword categories indicating that current licorice research is focused on licorice quality control and identification of licorice active ingredients and associated pharmacological mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a comprehensive overview of licorice-related research trends over the past 25 years as based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of published licorice-related articles. The results of this multi-level analysis of licorice research related to TCM formulations, chemical compositions, and pharmacological effects should provide valuable reference data and insights to guide future research endeavors in this field.

The Ameliorative Role of Lico A on Aflatoxin B1-Triggered Hepatotoxicity Partially by Activating Nrf2 Signal Pathway

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most harmful and toxic mycotoxins in foods and feeds, posing a serious health risk to both humans and animals, especially its hepatotoxicity. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an important nuclear transcription factor, is generally recognized as a potential target for phytochemicals to ameliorate liver injury. The current study sought to elucidate the molecular processes by which licochalcone A (Lico A), a compound derived from Xinjiang licorice Glycyrrhiza inflate, protects against AFB1 toxicity. In vivo, male wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) C57BL/6 mice were orally administered AFB1 at 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) with or without Lico A at 5 mg/kg. In vitro, AML12 cells were utilized to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of Lico A against the AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity. Our findings demonstrated that AFB1 caused severe hepatotoxicity, while Lico A treatment successfully relieved the toxicity. Meanwhile, Lico A effectively improved liver injury, inflammatory mediators, oxidative insults, apoptosis, liver fibrosis, and pyroptosis, which contributed to the inhibition of toll receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-κB/MAPK and NOD-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway activation. Furthermore, Lico A was able to enhance the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway. Intriguingly, Lico A still had a protective effect on AFB1-caused liver injury in mice via the inhibition of inflammation and pyroptosis, while apoptosis and liver fibrosis were blocked in the absence of Nrf2. To sum up, the present study first elucidated that Lico A ameliorated AFB1-induced hepatotoxic effects and its main mechanism involved the inhibitory effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis, liver fibrosis, inflammation, and pyroptosis, which might be partially dependent on the regulation of Nrf2. The work may enrich the role and mechanism of Lico A's resistance to liver injury caused by various factors, and its application is promising.

Phomopsterone B Alleviates Liver Fibrosis through mTOR-Mediated Autophagy and Apoptosis Pathway

Liver fibrosis is the initial pathological process of many chronic liver diseases. Targeting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is an available strategy for the therapy of liver fibrosis. We aimed to explore the anti-liver fibrosis activity and potential mechanism of phomopsterone B (PB) in human HSCs. The results showed that PB effectively attenuated the proliferation of TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner at doses of 1, 2, and 4 μM. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assays displayed that PB significantly reduced the expression levels of α-SMA and collagen I/III. AO/EB and Hoechst33342 staining and flow cytometry assays exhibited that PB promoted the cells' apoptosis. Meanwhile, PB diminished the number of autophagic vesicles and vacuolated structures, and the LC3B fluorescent spots indicated that PB could effectively inhibit the accretion of autophagosomes in LX-2 cells. Moreover, rapamycin and MHY1485 were utilized to further investigate the effect of mTOR in autophagy and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that PB regulated autophagy and apoptosis via the mTOR-dependent pathway in LX-2 cells. In summary, this is the first evidence that PB effectively alleviates liver fibrosis in TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells, and PB may be a promising candidate for the prevention of liver fibrosis.

Therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis C: a concise review

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant global health concern, prompting the need for effective treatment strategies. This in-depth review critically assesses the landscape of HCV treatment, drawing parallels between traditional interferon/ribavirin therapy historically pivotal in HCV management and herbal approaches rooted in traditional and complementary medicine. Advancements in therapeutic development and enhanced clinical outcomes axis on a comprehensive understanding of the diverse HCV genome, its natural variations, pathogenesis, and the impact of dietary, social, environmental, and economic factors. A thorough analysis was conducted through reputable sources such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, books, and dissertations. This review primarily focuses on the intricate nature of HCV genomes and explores the potential of botanical drugs in both preventing and treating HCV infections.

Isoliquiritigenin, a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammation-associated diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Licorice is a medicinal herb with a 2000-year history of applications in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive chalcone compound isolated from licorice. It has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its excellent anti-inflammatory activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study is to provide a comprehensive summary of the anti-inflammatory activity of ISL and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss new insights for its potential clinical applications as an anti-inflammation agent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We examined literatures published in the past twenty years from PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciFinder, with single or combined key words of "isoliquiritigenin", "inflammation", and "anti-inflammatory".

RESULTS

ISL elicits its anti-inflammatory activity by mediating various cellular processes. It inhibits the upstream of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and activates the nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In addition, it suppresses the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway and restrains the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Current studies indicate a great therapeutical potential of ISL as a drug candidate for treatment of inflammation-associated diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics, biosafety, and bioavailability of ISL remain to be further investigated.

Combined OLA1 and CLEC3B Gene Is a Prognostic Signature for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Impact Tumor Progression

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), partly because of its complexity and high heterogeneity, has a poor prognosis and an extremely high mortality rate. In this study, mRNA sequencing expression profiles and relevant clinical data of HCC patients were gathered from different public databases. Kaplan-Meier survival curves as well as ROC curves validated that OLA1|CLEC3B was an independent predictor with better predictive capability of HCC prognosis compared to OLA1 and CLEC3B separately. Further, the cell transfection experiment verified that knockdown of OLA1 inhibited cell proliferation, facilitated apoptosis, and improved sensitivity of HCC cells to gemcitabine. In this study, the prognostic model of HCC composed of OLA1/CLEC3B genes was constructed and verified, and the prediction ability was favorable. A higher level of OLA1 along with a lower level of CEC3B is a sign of poor prognosis in HCC. We revealed a novel gene pair OLA1|CLEC3B overexpressed in HCC patients, which may serve as a promising independent predictor of HCC survival and an approach for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification

The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.

Integrating Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology to Decipher the Hepatoprotective Effect Mechanisms of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate Injection

This study aimed to explore the liver protective effects of a fourth-generation glycyrrhizic acid product (magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection, MII) in the treatment of mice with drug-induced liver injury-specifically, to determine its effects on plasma metabolites. Moreover, the possible mechanism of its intervention in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism through the liver protective effect was preliminarily explored, combined with network pharmacology. The liver injury model of mice was established using acetaminophen (APAP). The protective effect of MII on the mice model was evaluated using pathological tissue sections and biochemical indices such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Metabolomics analysis of plasma was performed using the UHPLC-QTOF/MS technique to screen for potential biomarkers and enriched metabolic pathways. The potential targets and pathways of MII were predicted by network pharmacology, and the mechanism was verified by Western blot analysis. MII significantly improved the pathological liver changes in mice with liver injury. The content of ALT and AST was decreased, and the activity of SOD was increased significantly (p < 0.05, 0.01). A total of 29 potential biomarkers were identified in the metabolomics analysis, mainly involving seven pathways, such as lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. A total of 44 intersection targets of MII in the treatment of liver injury were obtained by network pharmacology, involving lipid metabolism and other related pathways. Western blot analysis results showed that MII could significantly reduce the expression of JAK2 and STAT3. MII can effectively ameliorate liver injury in modeled mice through related pathways such as lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. This study could provide not only a scientific basis for the elucidation of the mechanism of action of MII in exerting a hepatoprotective effect, but also a reference for its rational clinical application.

Preparation of Tetrandrine Nanocrystals by Microfluidic Method and Its In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

The anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of TET are acknowledged, but its application is hindered by its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Conventional methods for nanocrystal preparation are laborious and lack control. To address these limitations, we propose employing the microfluidic method in the preparation of TET nanocrystals, aiming to enhance the aforementioned constraints. The objectives of this study were to prepare TET nanocrystals (TET-NC@GL) using a Y-microfluidic method with glycyrrhetinic acid (GL) as a stabilizer. The optimal preparation prescription was determined through a single-factor test and Box-Behnken response surface method. Additionally, the nanocrystals prepared with the commonly used stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30), known as TET-NC@PVPK30, were characterized and evaluated for their toxicity to HepG2 cells. Hybridized nanocrystals (TET-HNC@GL and TET-HNC@PVPK30) were synthesized using a water-soluble aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe (TVP). Qualitative and quantitative cellular uptake experiments were conducted using these hybridized nanocrystals. Conducting in vivo pharmacokinetic assays evaluates the relative bioavailability of nanocrystals. The results indicated that TET-NC@GL, optimized using the response surface method, had a particle size of 136.47 ± 3.31 nm and a PDI of 0.219 ± 0.002. The administration of TET-NC@GL significantly enhanced the cell inhibition rate compared to the TET group and the TET-NC@PVPK30 group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the qualitative and quantitative cellular uptake results revealed a significant enhancement in cellular uptake in the TET-HNC@GL administration group compared to the TET-HNC@PVPK30 group (P < 0.01). In vivo pharmacokinetic results showed that the bioavailability of TET-NC@GL group was 3.5 times higher than that of the TET group. The results demonstrate the successful preparation of TET-NC@GL nanocrystals.