1
|
Boccatonda A, Del Cane L, Marola L, D’Ardes D, Lessiani G, di Gregorio N, Ferri C, Cipollone F, Serra C, Santilli F, Piscaglia F. Platelet, Antiplatelet Therapy and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:473. [PMID: 38672744 PMCID: PMC11051088 DOI: 10.3390/life14040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is not only related to traditional cardiovascular risk factors like type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, but it is also an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. MASLD has been shown to be independently related to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. MASLD is characterized by a chronic proinflammatory response that, in turn, may induce a prothrombotic state. Several mechanisms such as endothelial and platelet dysfunction, changes in the coagulative factors, lower fibrinolytic activity can contribute to induce the prothrombotic state. Platelets are players and addresses of metabolic dysregulation; obesity and insulin resistance are related to platelet hyperactivation. Furthermore, platelets can exert a direct effect on liver cells, particularly through the release of mediators from granules. Growing data in literature support the use of antiplatelet agent as a treatment for MASLD. The use of antiplatelets drugs seems to exert beneficial effects on hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in patients with MASLD, since platelets contribute to fibrosis progression and cancer development. This review aims to summarize the main data on the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of MASLD and its main complications such as cardiovascular events and the development of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, we will examine the role of antiplatelet therapy not only in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events but also as a possible anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Boccatonda
- Internal Medicine, Bentivoglio Hospital, AUSL Bologna, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Del Cane
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of L’Aquila, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L’Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.d.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Lara Marola
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of L’Aquila, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L’Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.d.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Damiano D’Ardes
- Institute of “Clinica Medica”, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy (F.C.)
| | | | - Nicoletta di Gregorio
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of L’Aquila, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L’Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.d.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of L’Aquila, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L’Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.d.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Institute of “Clinica Medica”, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy (F.C.)
| | - Carla Serra
- Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie P, Luo HT, Pei WJ, Xiao MY, Li FF, Gu YL, Piao XL. Saponins derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum regulate triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism and the mechanisms: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117186. [PMID: 37722515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (G. pentaphyllum) can be used for both medicinal and tea and has lipid-lowering properties. Modern research has shown that its main bioactive components are flavonoids and saponins. It has many beneficial effects such as hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed to summarize its anti-glycolipid metabolic models and mechanisms are reviewed to facilitate a deeper understanding of the mechanism in lowering lipids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to lipid lowering in G. pentaphyllum was collated by reviewing the relevant literature in the PubMed database from 1985 to 2023. RESULTS Only 101 G. pentaphyllum compounds have been initially explored for their hypolipidemic activity. There are cell models, animal models and human subjects for lipid-lowering of it. It reduced triglyceride level via PPAR/UCP-1/PGC-1α/PRDM16 and (SREBP-1c)-ACC/FAS-CPT1 signal pathways. Cholesterol-lowering effects via (SREBP-2)-HMGCR, PCSK9-LDLR and bile acid biosynthetic pathways. Activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key factor in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism in G. pentaphyllum. Other pathways of action of G. pentaphyllum in regulating glucolipid metabolism are also discussed in this paper. CONCLUSION To date, more than 328 saponins have been isolated and identified in Gynostemma. Further studies on these components, including molecular mechanisms and in vivo metabolic regulation, need to be further confirmed. G. pentaphyllum has the potential to be developed into drugs or functional foods, but further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao-Tian Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Jing Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Man-Yu Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Long Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiang-Lan Piao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JH, Kim KM, Yang JH, Cho SS, Lee JH, Ki SH. Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Response 1 Protects Hepatocytes Against Palmitate-induced Lipotoxicity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
4
|
Kim YH, Jung JI, Jeon YE, Kim SM, Hong SH, Kim TY, Kim EJ. Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract and its active component gypenoside L improve the exercise performance of treadmill-trained mice. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:298-313. [PMID: 35663444 PMCID: PMC9149325 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.3.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The effectiveness of natural compounds in improving athletic ability has attracted attention in both sports and research. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) leaves are used to make traditional herbal medicines in Asia. The active components of G. pentaphyllum, dammarane saponins, or gypenosides, possess a range of biological activities. On the other hand, the anti-fatigue effects from G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its effective compound, gypenoside L (GL), remain to be determined. MATERIALS/METHODS This study examined the effects of GPE on fatigue and exercise performance in ICR mice. GPE was administered orally to mice for 6 weeks, with or without treadmill training. The biochemical analysis in serum, glycogen content, mRNA, and protein expressions of the liver and muscle were analyzed. RESULTS The ExGPE (exercise with 300 mg/kg body weight/day of GPE) mice decreased the fat mass percentage significantly compared to the ExC mice, while the ExGPE showed the greatest lean mass percentage compared to the ExC group. The administration of GPE improved the exercise endurance and capacity in treadmill-trained mice, increased glucose and triglycerides, and decreased the serum creatine kinase and lactate levels after intensive exercise. The muscle glycogen levels were higher in the ExGPE group than the ExC group. GPE increased the level of mitochondrial biogenesis by enhancing the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein and the mRNA expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial DNA, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ, superoxide dismutase 2, and by decreasing the lactate dehydrogenase B level in the soleus muscle (SOL). GPE also improved PGC-1α activation in the SOL significantly through AMPK/p38 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that GPE supplementation enhances exercise performance and has anti-fatigue activity. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanism was elucidated. Therefore, GPE is a promising candidate for developing functional foods and enhancing the exercise capacity and anti-fatigue activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Young Eun Jeon
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - So Mi Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Su Hee Hong
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae Young Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim YH, Jung JI, Jeon YE, Kim SM, Oh TK, Lee J, Moon JM, Kim TY, Kim EJ. Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract and Gypenoside L enhance skeletal muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism by activating the PGC-1α pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:14-32. [PMID: 35116125 PMCID: PMC8784263 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) has a central role in regulating muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1α stimulates muscle growth and muscle fiber remodeling, concomitantly regulating lactate and lipid metabolism and promoting oxidative metabolism. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) has been widely employed as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. We investigated whether G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its active compound, gypenoside L (GL), affect muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism via activation of the PGC-1α pathway in murine C2C12 myoblast cells. MATERIALS/METHODS C2C12 cells were treated with GPE and GL, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels. Myh1 was determined using immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. RESULTS GPE and GL promoted the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Myh1 (type IIx). GPE and GL also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the PGC-1α gene (Ppargc1a), lactate metabolism-regulatory genes (Esrra and Mct1), adipocyte-browning gene fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 gene (Fndc5), glycogen synthase gene (Gys), and lipid metabolism gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (Cpt1b). Moreover, GPE and GL induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38, sirtuin1, and deacetylated PGC-1α. We also observed that treatment with GPE and GL significantly stimulated the expression of genes associated with the anti-oxidative stress response, such as Ucp2, Ucp3, Nrf2, and Sod2. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that GPE and GL enhance exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Young Eun Jeon
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - So Mi Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Oh
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jaesun Lee
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Joo Myung Moon
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Tae Young Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li T, Zhang S, Zhang J, Song Y, Bao X, Xu F, Zhang J. Analysis of Serum Biochemical Indexes, Egg Quality, and Liver Transcriptome in Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Gynostemma pentaphyllum Powder. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121942. [PMID: 34946891 PMCID: PMC8701024 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), known as “southern ginseng”, can reduce the blood pressure and blood lipid levels. In this study, 300 layer chicks of one day old were divided randomly into three groups (control group (base diet), high addition group (base diet with 1% GP), and low addition group (base diet with 0.5% GP)). After 29 weeks, the growth performance, egg quality, and serum index were determined. Additionally, liver mRNA was identified using RNA-seq to investigate the molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that the serum total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly in the GP addition group. The addition of GP increased the egg weight, Haugh unit and redness (a*) of the egg yolk color, and reduced the yolk cholesterol concentration. Moreover, 95 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between the control and GP addition group. GO and the KEGG analysis showed that the PPAR pathway was significantly enriched. Five fatty acid metabolism-related genes (FABP3, CYP7A1, ANKRD22, SCD1, and PCK1) were validated by qRT-PCR analysis, which confirmed the tendency of the expression. These DEGs in the PPAR pathway may be the key factors of GP affecting fatty acid metabolism. These results may provide a theoretical basis for further research and new insights into GP as a feed additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Shuya Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Jiqiao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Yiping Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiuyu Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Fengwen Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Center of Ankang City, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang XF, Lu M, You L, Gen H, Yuan L, Tian T, Li CY, Xu K, Hou J, Lei M. Herbal therapy for ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via rebuilding the intestinal microecology. Chin Med 2021; 16:62. [PMID: 34315516 PMCID: PMC8314451 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing, and this metabolic disorder has been recognized as a severe threat to human health. A variety of chemical drugs have been approved for treating NAFLD, however, they always has serious side effects. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been widely used for preventing and treating a range of metabolic diseases with satisfactory safety and effective performance in clinical treatment of NAFLD. Recent studies indicated that imbanlance of the intestinal microbiota was closely associated with the occurrence and development of NAFLD, thus, the intestinal microbiota has been recognized as a promising target for treatment of NAFLD. In recent decades, a variety of CHMs have been reported to effectively prevent or treat NAFLD by modulating intestinal microbiota to further interfer the gut-liver axis. In this review, recent advances in CHMs for the treatment of NAFLD via rebuilding the intestinal microecology were systematically reviewed. The key roles of CHMs in the regulation of gut microbiota and the gut-liver axis along with their mechanisms (such as modulating intestinal permeability, reducing the inflammatory response, protecting liver cells, improving lipid metabolism, and modulating nuclear receptors), were well summarized. All the knowledge and information presented here will be very helpful for researchers to better understand the applications and mechanisms of CHMs for treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Yang
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Trauma Emergency Center, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Lijiao You
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Huan Gen
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Tianning Tian
- Trauma Emergency Center, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China.
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Regulation of Mitochondrial Function by Natural Products for the Treatment of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:5527315. [PMID: 34222135 PMCID: PMC8221858 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5527315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a multifactorial systemic disorder that occurs in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. The disease is characterized by fatty degeneration and fat accumulation in liver parenchymal cells, the incidence of which is increasing annually, particularly in younger adults. MAFLD is caused by genetic and metabolism related disorders, of which mitochondrial dysfunction is the major contributor. Natural products can relieve MAFLD through restoring mitochondrial function. In this article, we describe the relationship between mitochondria and MAFLD and discuss the beneficial effects of natural products as a future anti-MAFLD strategy. Significance Statement. We herein propose that the development of mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products can remedy mitochondrial dysfunction which represents an attractive strategy for the treatment of MAFLD. Furthermore, the mitochondrial regulation of natural products can provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of action of natural products used for future MAFLD therapeutics.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Guo Y, Lei Y, Huang S, Dou L, Li C, Zhao B, Fu W, Zhou P, Wan H, Zhao M, Yang J. Design and Methodology of a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Tongmai Jiangtang Capsules in Type 2 Diabetic Coronary Heart Disease Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625785. [PMID: 34149404 PMCID: PMC8209367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Population-based studies have consistently showed an increased incidence of coronary heart disease and cardiac mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tongmai Jiangtang capsules (TJC) are Chinese patent medicines that have been approved in China for the treatment of diabetic vascular complications. However, the evidence supporting the efficacy of Tongmai Jiangtang capsules in type 2 diabetic coronary heart disease (T2DM-CHD) remains unclear. Herein, we designed a randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial to investigate a new complementary therapy for T2DM-CHD patients. Methods: A total of 360 T2DM-CHD subjects (aged 18–75 years) will be randomly assigned to the TJC group or the placebo group at a 2:1 ratio. On the basis of western medicine therapy, all the participants will receive TJC or placebo, orally, three capsules/treatment, three per day for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes will be assessed according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classification. All statistical analyses will be performed setting a two-sided 0.05 significance level, using SAS 9.4 statistical software. Discussion: The efficacy of TJC for the treatment of T2DM-CHD patients will be evaluated. The study will provide reliable clinical research evidence for application of TJC in treating T2DM-CHD patients. Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.chictr.org.cn/enIndex.aspx, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000037491.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Shuwei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Xianyang, China
| | - Liping Dou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Buchang Zhao
- Department of Brain and Heart CO Treatment, Xi'an Buchang Traditional Chinese Medicine Cardiac-Cerebral Diseases Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Cardiac-Cerebral Diseases, Yinchuan Cardiac-Cerebral Treatment Internet Hospital, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Institute of Brain and Heart CO Treatment, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen NH, Ha TKQ, Yang JL, Pham HTT, Oh WK. Triterpenoids from the genus Gynostemma: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113574. [PMID: 33186700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE G. pentaphyllum, also known as Jiao-Gu-Lan, has been used traditionally as folk remedies for many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases in China and some countries in East and Southeast Asia. It is considered as an "immortality herb" in Guizhou Province, because it was consumed regularly by the elderly native inhabitants. Other species of the same genus Gynostemma such as G. longipes and G. laxum have been used as alternatives to G. pentaphyllum in ethno-medicine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to summarize up-to-date study results on Gynostemma species, including traditional usage, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological studies, in order to suggest future research orientation and therapeutic applications on acute and chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature on the genus Gynostemma was gathered from secondary databases (Web of Science and PubMed), books, and official websites. The latest literature cited in this review was published in February 2020. RESULTS The genus Gynostemma has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hepatosteatosis. To date, 328 dammarane-type saponins were isolated and structurally elucidated from Gynostemma species. Crude extracts, saponin-rich fractions (gypenosides), and pure compounds were reported to show a wide range of pharmacological activities in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The most notable pharmacological effects were anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Toxicological studies were conducted only on G. pentaphyllum, showing that the plant extracts were relatively safe in both acute and long-term toxicity experiments at the given dosage while no toxicological studies were reported for the other species. CONCLUSIONS The review summarizes current studies on traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicology of medicinal Gynostemma species. Till now, the majority of publications still focused only on G. pentaphyllum. However, the promising preliminary data of other Gynostemma species indicated the research potential of this genus, both in phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Furthermore, clinical data are required to evaluate the efficacy and undesired effects of crude extracts, standard saponin fractions, and pure compounds prepared from Gynostemma medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Department of Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Physicochemical Properties and Effects of Honeys on Key Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Cholesterol Homeostasis in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010151. [PMID: 33466262 PMCID: PMC7824776 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Manuka honey and newly developed honeys (arjuna, guggul, jiaogulan and olive) were examined for their physicochemical, biochemical properties and effects on oxidative stress and cholesterol homeostasis in fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells. The honeys exhibited standard moisture content (<20%), electrical conductivity (<0.8 mS/cm), acidic pH, and monosaccharides (>60%), except olive honey (<60% total monosaccharides). They all expressed non-Newtonian behavior and 05 typical regions of the FTIR spectra as those of natural ones. Guggul and arjuna, manuka honeys showed the highest phenolic contents, correlating with their significant antioxidant activities. Arjuna, guggul and manuka honeys demonstrated the agreement of total cholesterol reduction and the transcriptional levels of AMPK, SREBP2, HCMGR, LDLR, LXRα. Jiaogulan honey showed the least antioxidant content and activity, but it was the most cytotoxic. Both jiaogulan and olive honeys modulated the tested gene in the pattern that should lead to a lower TC content, but this reduction did not occur after 24 h. All 2% concentrations of tested honeys elicited a clearer effect on NQO1 gene expression. In conclusion, the new honeys complied with international norms for natural honeys and we provide partial evidence for the protective effects of manuka, arjuna and guggul honeys amongst the tested ones on key biomarkers of oxidative stress and cholesterol homeostasis, pending further studies to better understand their modes of action.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen SH, Zhong TY, Peng C, Fang J, Lv B. Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with Gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:34. [PMID: 32024509 PMCID: PMC7076883 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current work aimed to assess whether Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), a Chinese herbal medicine, structurally modifies the gut microbiota in rats during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment. Methods High-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD rats were orally administered water decoction of GP or equal amounts of distilled water per day for 4 weeks. Liver tissues were examined by histopathological observation, while intestinal tissues were examined by both histopathological and ultrastructural observations. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured by enzymatic method. The levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both serum and hepatic tissues were measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression level of TLR-4 in hepatic tissues was detected by western blot. The gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA-based microbiota analysis. Results GP maintained intestinal integrity and reversed gut dysbiosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD rats. This also reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, enriching the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactococcus spp.) and inhibiting the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Ruminococcus spp.) in the gut. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and the expression of TLR4 were downregulated (P < 0.05), while the insulin resistance index, HOMA-IR showed improvement by GP treatment (P < 0.05). Liver function indicators (ALT and AST) were remarkably decreased (P < 0.01). Besides, GP treatment reduced TG and LDL-C levels (P < 0.05), and increased HDL-C level (P < 0.05) compared with NAFLD group. Conclusion The structural alterations of gut microbiota induced by GP are associated with NAFLD alleviation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Shen
- Department of Healthcare Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ting-Yan Zhong
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cui Peng
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Science, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Bin Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, Zhejiang, 310006, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao Y. Ginsenosides reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet‑induced obese mice via endoplasmic reticulum stress and p‑STAT3/STAT3 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1059-1070. [PMID: 32016448 PMCID: PMC7003045 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been increasing globally for over three decades. According to previous studies, dietary obesity is usually associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and STAT3 signaling, which result in interference with the homeostatic control of energy and lipid metabolism. Ginsenosides (GS) administered to mice will modulate adiposity and food intake; however, the mechanism of food inhibition is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether GS may inhibit ERS and regulate STAT3 phosphorylation in GT1‑7 cells (a mouse hypothalamus gonadotropin‑releasing hormone neuron cell line) and the hypothalamus in order to reduce the body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)‑induced obese mice. In the present study, GS inhibited the appetite, reduced the body weight, visceral fat, body fat content and blood glucose, and ameliorated the glucose tolerance of the obese mice compared with HFD mice. In addition, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride (TG), leptin and insulin in the serum were reduced compared with HFD mice. There was less TG in the liver, but more in the feces compared with HFD mice. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining of HepG2 cells and liver tissues, GS were demonstrated to improve the non‑alcoholic fatty liver of the HFD‑induced obese mice and reduce the diameter of the fat cells compared with HFD mice. GS also increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the metabolic cage data compared with HFD mice. In the GT1‑7 cells, GS alleviated the ERS induced by tunicamycin and enhanced the activation of the STAT3 phosphorylation pathway. Furthermore the ERS of the liver was relieved to achieve the aforementioned pharmacological effects. GS were used in the homeostatic control of the energy and lipid metabolism of a diet‑induced obesity model. In conclusion, present studies suggest that GS exert these effects by increasing STAT3 phosphorylation expression and reducing the ERS. Thus, GS reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in HFD‑induced obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee HS, Lim SM, Jung JI, Kim SM, Lee JK, Kim YH, Cha KM, Oh TK, Moon JM, Kim TY, Kim EJ. Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Extract Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in C57BL/6N Mice by Upregulating SIRT1. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102475. [PMID: 31618980 PMCID: PMC6835433 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is widely used in Asia as a herbal medicine to treat type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-obesity effect and underlying mechanism of G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) enriched in gypenoside L, gypenoside LI, and ginsenoside Rg3 and obtained using a novel extraction method. Five-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day GPE (GPE 100), HFD + 300 mg/kg BW/day GPE (GPE 300), or HFD + 30 mg/kg BW/day Orlistat (Orlistat 30) for 8 weeks. The HFD-fed mice showed significant increases in body weight, fat mass, white adipose tissue, and adipocyte hypertrophy compared to the CD group; but GPE inhibited those increases. GPE reduced serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, without affecting HDL-cholesterol. GPE significantly increased AMPK activation and suppressed adipogenesis by decreasing the mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), PPARγ coactivator-1α, fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte protein 2 (AP2), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and by increasing that of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) and hormone- sensitive lipase (HSL). This study demonstrated the ameliorative effect of GPE on obesity and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea.
| | - Su-Min Lim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - So Mi Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Jae Kyoung Lee
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Kyu Min Cha
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Tae Kyu Oh
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Joo Myung Moon
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Tae Young Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liver Fat Is Associated With Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Analysis of Data From the Framingham Heart Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:1157-1164.e4. [PMID: 30476583 PMCID: PMC6475462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is an inflammatory condition that results in progressive liver disease. It is unknown if individuals with hepatic steatosis, but not known to have liver disease, have higher serum concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. METHODS We collected data from 2482 participants from the Framingham Heart Study (mean age, 51 ± 11 y; 51% women) who underwent computed tomography and measurement of 14 serum markers of systemic inflammation. Heavy alcohol users were excluded. The liver:phantom ratio (a continuous parameter of liver attenuation relative to a calibration phantom) was used to identify individuals with radiographic evidence of liver fat. Primary covariates included age, sex, smoking, alcohol, aspirin use, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Body mass index and visceral fat were secondary covariates. We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the association between liver fat and systemic inflammatory markers. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted models, liver fat was associated with the following inflammatory markers: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P < .001), urinary isoprostanes (P < .001), interleukin 6 (P < .001), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (P < .001), and P-selectin (P = .002). Additional adjustment for body mass index or visceral fat attenuated the results slightly, although all associations remained statistically significant (P for all ≤ .01). CONCLUSIONS In a community-based cohort, individuals with hepatic steatosis without known liver disease had higher mean serum concentrations of systemic markers of inflammation. Studies are needed to determine whether treatment of hepatic steatosis reduces systemic inflammation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jia N, Lin X, Ma S, Ge S, Mu S, Yang C, Shi S, Gao L, Xu J, Bo T, Zhao J. Amelioration of hepatic steatosis is associated with modulation of gut microbiota and suppression of hepatic miR-34a in Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino treated mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:86. [PMID: 30555521 PMCID: PMC6282400 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic and progressive liver disease with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, so far no specific pharmacotherapy has been approved. Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino (GP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used against hyperlipemia as well as hyperglycemia. This study aims to evaluate the effect of GP on NAFLD and explore the possible mechanism. Methods High-fat-diet induced NAFLD mice model were orally administrated with GP at dose of 11.7 g/kg or equivalent volume of distilled water once a day for 16 weeks. Body weight, food intake and energy expenditure were assessed to evaluate the general condition of mice. The triglycerides, total cholesterol content in the liver and liver histopathology, serum lipid profile and serum insulin level, fecal microbiome, hepatic microRNAs and relative target genes were analyzed. Results Mice in GP treatment group displayed improved hepatic triglycerides content with lower lipid droplet in hepatocyte and NAFLD activity score. Besides, GP treatment altered the composition of gut microbiota and the relative abundance of some of the key components that are implicated in metabolic disorders, especially phylum Firmicutes (Eubacterium, Blautia, Clostridium and Lactobacillus). Several hepatic microRNAs were downregulated by GP treatment such as miR-130a, miR-34a, miR-29a, miR-199a, among which the expression miR-34a was altered by more than four-fold compared to that of HFD group (3:14). The correlation analysis showed that miR-34a was strongly related to the change of gut microbiota especially phylum Firmicutes (R = 0.796). Additionally, the target genes of miR-34a (HNF4α, PPARα and PPARα) were restored by GP both in mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion Our results suggested that GP modulated the gut microbiota and suppressed hepatic miR-34a, which was associated with the amelioration of hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China.,2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- 6Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shizhan Ma
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shujian Ge
- 7Department of Scientific Research, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shumin Mu
- 8Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Chongbo Yang
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shulong Shi
- 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China.,2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Ling Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China.,5Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Jin Xu
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Tao Bo
- 5Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China.,2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi L, Tan DH, Yan TC, Jiang DH, Hou MX. Cytotoxic triterpenes from the acid hydrolyzate of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:182-187. [PMID: 28463530 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1322070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One new dammarane-type triterpene, gypsapogenin A (1), was isolated from the acid hydrolyzate of total saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, together with two known compounds, (20S,24S)-3β,20,21β,23β,25-pentahydroxy-21,24-cyclodammarane (2) and (23S)-3β-hydroxydammar-20,24-dien-21-oic acid 21,23-lactone (3). Its structural elucidations were accomplished mainly on the basis of the interpretation of spectroscopic data, such as IR, HR-TOF-MS, and NMR. The cytotoxic activities were evaluated against HepG2 and A549 human cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- a College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
- b Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Department of Emergency Medicine , General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - De-Hong Tan
- a College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Ting-Cai Yan
- a College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Dong-Hua Jiang
- a College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Ming-Xiao Hou
- b Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Department of Emergency Medicine , General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command , Shenyang 110016 , China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li S, Dou X, Ning H, Song Q, Wei W, Zhang X, Shen C, Li J, Sun C, Song Z. Sirtuin 3 acts as a negative regulator of autophagy dictating hepatocyte susceptibility to lipotoxicity. Hepatology 2017; 66:936-952. [PMID: 28437863 PMCID: PMC5570642 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lipotoxicity induced by saturated fatty acids (SFAs) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the exact mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase located primarily inside mitochondria. In this study, we demonstrated that an SFA-rich high-fat diet (HFD) was more detrimental to the liver than an isocaloric unsaturated HFD rich in fatty acids. Unexpectedly, SIRT3 expression and activity were significantly elevated in the livers of mice exposed to the SFA-rich HFD. Using cultured HepG2 and AML-12 hepatocytes, we demonstrated that unlike monounsaturated fatty acids, SFAs up-regulate SIRT3 expression and activity. SIRT3 overexpression renders both the liver and hepatocytes susceptible to palmitate-induced cell death, which can be alleviated by SIRT3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. In contrast, SIRT3 suppression protects hepatocytes from palmitate cytotoxicity. Further studies revealed that SIRT3 acts as a negative regulator of autophagy, thereby enhancing the susceptibility of hepatocytes to SFA-induced cytotoxicity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that SIRT3 overexpression causes manganese superoxide dismutase deacetylation and activation, which depleted intracellular superoxide contents, leading to adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition and mammalian target of rapamycin C1 activation, resulting in autophagy suppression. In contrast, SIRT3 siRNA gene silencing enhanced autophagy flux. A similar result was observed in the liver tissue of SIRT3 knockout mice. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that SIRT3 is a negative regulator of autophagy whose activation by SFAs contributes to lipotoxicity in hepatocytes and suggest that restraining SIRT3 overactivation can be a potential therapeutic choice for the treatment of NAFLD as well as other metabolic disorders, with lipotoxicity being the principal pathomechanism. (Hepatology 2017;66:936-952).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, P.R. China
| | - Hua Ning
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China,Research Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China,Research Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, P.R. China,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Transcriptome Sequencing of Gynostemma pentaphyllum to Identify Genes and Enzymes Involved in Triterpenoid Biosynthesis. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:7840914. [PMID: 28097124 PMCID: PMC5206855 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7840914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
G. pentaphyllum (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), a creeping herbaceous perennial with many important medicinal properties, is widely distributed in Asia. Gypenosides (triterpenoid saponins), the main effective components of G. pentaphyllum, are well studied. FPS (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase), SS (squalene synthase), and SE (squalene epoxidase) are the main enzymes involved in the synthesis of triterpenoid saponins. Considering the important medicinal functions of G. pentaphyllum, it is necessary to investigate the transcriptomic information of G. pentaphyllum to facilitate future studies of transcriptional regulation. After sequencing G. pentaphyllum, we obtained 50,654,708 unigenes. Next, we used RPKM (reads per kilobases per million reads) to calculate expression of the unigenes and we performed comparison of our data to that contained in five common databases to annotate different aspects of the unigenes. Finally, we noticed that FPS, SS, and SE showed differential expression of enzymes in DESeq. Leaves showed the highest expression of FPS, SS, and SE relative to the other two tissues. Our research provides transcriptomic information of G. pentaphyllum in its natural environment and we found consistency in unigene expression, enzymes expression (FPS, SS, and SE), and the distribution of gypenosides content in G. pentaphyllum. Our results will enable future related studies of G. pentaphyllum.
Collapse
|
21
|
Li Y, Lin W, Huang J, Xie Y, Ma W. Anti-cancer effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino ( Jiaogulan). Chin Med 2016; 11:43. [PMID: 27708693 PMCID: PMC5037898 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GpM) (Jiaogulan) has been widely used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including hepatitis, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, GpM has recently been shown to exhibit potent anti-cancer activities. In this review, we have summarized recent research progress on the anti-cancer activities and mechanisms of action of GpM, as well as determining the material basis for the anti-cancer effects of GpM by searching the PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The content of this review is based on studies reported in the literature pertaining to the chemical components or anti-cancer effects of GpM up until the beginning of August, 2016. This search of the literature revealed that more than 230 compounds have been isolated from GpM, and that most of these compounds (189) were saponins, which are also known as gypenosides. All of the remaining compounds were classified as sterols, flavonoids or polysaccharides. Various extracts and fractions of GpM, as well as numerous pure compounds isolated from this herb exhibited inhibitory activity towards the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the results of several clinical studies have shown that GpM formula could have potential curative effects on cancer. Multiple mechanisms of action have been proposed regarding the anti-cancer activities of GpM, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of invasion and metastasis, inhibition of glycolysis and immunomodulating activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boye A, Yang Y, Asenso J, Wei W. Anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic Chinese herbal medicines: A mechanistic overview. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:278-89. [PMID: 27366355 PMCID: PMC4927134 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160530032814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is an integral component of complementary/alternative medicine and it is increasingly becoming the preferred therapeutic modality for the treatment of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has attested to the popularity and efficacy of indigenous herbal therapies including CHM as a first line of treatment for some diseases including liver disorders. However, the WHO and drug discovery experts have always recommended that use of indigenous herbal remedies must go hand-in-hand with the requisite mechanistic elucidation so as to constitute a system of verification of efficacy within the ethnobotanical context of use. Although many CHM experts have advanced knowledge on CHM, nonetheless, more enlightenment is needed, particularly mechanisms of action of CHMs on fibro-hepato-carcinogenesis. We, herein, provide in-depth mechanisms of the action of CHMs which have demonstrated anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic effects, in pre-clinical and clinical studies as published in PubMed and other major scientific databases. Specifically, the review brings out the important signaling pathways, and their downstream targets which are modulated at multi-level by various anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic CHMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - James Asenso
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang L, Wang X, Wang P, Xiao Y, Liu Q. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, physicochemical and cytotoxicity properties of Gynostemma pentaphyllum seed oil: A potential source of conjugated linolenic acids. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Lee SB, Cho HI, Jin YW, Lee EK, Ahn JY, Lee SM. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells ameliorate hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:119-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the protective mechanisms of wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.
Methods
Male C57BL/6 mice received either normal-fat diet or HFD for 10 weeks along with wild ginseng CMCs (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulose) by oral administration once a day. Triglyceride and total cholesterol contents were measured in liver and serum samples. Parameters for hepatic lipid metabolism and mitochondria biogenesis were assessed.
Key findings
Treatment with wild ginseng CMCs markedly attenuated body weight, serum and hepatic lipid contents, and serum aminotransferase activity. While wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increases in sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) expression, it enhanced the increases in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) expression. HFD decreased glutamate dehydrogenase activity and glutathione content, and increased lipid peroxidation, which were all attenuated by wild ginseng CMCs. Furthermore, wild ginseng CMCs enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co activator 1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).
Conclusions
Wild ginseng CMCs protect against HFD-induced liver injury, which prevents lipid accumulation and mitochondrial oxidative stress, and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ik Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jin
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyong Lee
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Youb Ahn
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hong M, Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Tsao SW, Feng Y. Current Status of Herbal Medicines in Chronic Liver Disease Therapy: The Biological Effects, Molecular Targets and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28705-45. [PMID: 26633388 PMCID: PMC4691073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver dysfunction or injury is a serious health problem worldwide. Chronic liver disease involves a wide range of liver pathologies that include fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The efficiency of current synthetic agents in treating chronic liver disease is not satisfactory and they have undesirable side effects. Thereby, numerous medicinal herbs and phytochemicals have been investigated as complementary and alternative treatments for chronic liver diseases. Since some herbal products have already been used for the management of liver diseases in some countries or regions, a systematic review on these herbal medicines for chronic liver disease is urgently needed. Herein, we conducted a review describing the potential role, pharmacological studies and molecular mechanisms of several commonly used medicinal herbs and phytochemicals for chronic liver diseases treatment. Their potential toxicity and side effects were also discussed. Several herbal formulae and their biological effects in chronic liver disease treatment as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms are also summarized in this paper. This review article is a comprehensive and systematic analysis of our current knowledge of the conventional medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in treating chronic liver diseases and on the potential pitfalls which need to be addressed in future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Extract on Mouse Dermal Fibroblasts. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2014; 2014:202876. [PMID: 24729883 PMCID: PMC3960515 DOI: 10.1155/2014/202876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract on mouse dermal fibroblasts. Recent studies have shown that this plant may possess great antioxidant properties, which can be very beneficial in combating oxidative stress. Methods. Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract was prepared and mouse dermal fibroblasts were obtained and cultured as per our laboratory protocols. Twelve samples of cells were cultured under the same conditions and both negative and positive controls were established. Induction of oxidative stress was carried out using ultraviolet C (UVC) light. Viable cell count was carried out, using microscopy. The analysis of the overall results was processed using SPSS version 16.0. Results. Statistical analysis showed strong positive correlation between the concentration of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and the mean duration of cell viability (rs = 1), with a high level of statistical significance (P < 0.01). Likewise, strong positive correlation existed between trials of cell viability (rs = 0.988–1), with statistical significance (P < 0.01). Conclusion. Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract prolongs viability of mouse dermal fibroblasts damaged by UVC light-induced oxidative stress. The results show the potential benefits of this extract on dermal cell aging.
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo M, Liu Y, Gao ZY, Shi DZ. Chinese herbal medicine on dyslipidemia: progress and perspective. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:163036. [PMID: 24688589 PMCID: PMC3943287 DOI: 10.1155/2014/163036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. The statins are a milestone in the primary and second prevention of cardiovascular diseases and significantly improved its prognosis. Along with the long-term treatment with statins in combination with other hypolipidemic drugs or alone, its safety has attracted a particular attention in clinic, such as the elevation of transaminase and rhabdomyolysis, which have raised an idea of developing the other types of lipid-lowering agents from botanic materials. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in clinical practice for more than 2000 years in China and showed some beneficial effects for human health and many diseases. Recently, many studies demonstrated a favorable effect of TCM for treating dyslipidemia; however, its mechanism remains unclear or totally unknown. The progress and perspective of studies on dyslipidemia with single Chinese herb and its monomers or effective extracts during the past 10 years are discussed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhu-Ye Gao
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Da-zhuo Shi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- China Heart Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li S, Li J, Shen C, Zhang X, Sun S, Cho M, Sun C, Song Z. tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) protects hepatocytes against lipotoxicity via inducing autophagy independently of Nrf2 activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:22-33. [PMID: 24055888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) induce hepatocyte cell death, wherein oxidative stress is mechanistically involved. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a master transcriptional regulator of cellular antioxidant defense enzymes. Therefore, Nrf2 activation is regarded as an effective strategy against oxidative stress-triggered cellular damage. In this study, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), a widely used Nrf2 activator, was initially employed to investigate the potential protective role of Nrf2 activation in SFA-induced hepatoxicity. As expected, SFA-induced hepatocyte cell death was prevented by tBHQ in both AML-12 mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 human hepatoma cells. However, the protective effect of tBHQ is Nrf2-independent, because the siRNA-mediated Nrf2 silencing did not abrogate tBHQ-conferred protection. Alternatively, our results revealed that autophagy activation was critically involved in the protective effect of tBHQ on lipotoxicity. tBHQ induced autophagy activation and autophagy inhibitors abolished tBHQ's protection. The induction of autophagy by tBHQ exposure was demonstrated by the increased accumulation of LC3 puncta, LC3-II conversion, and autophagic flux (LC3-II conversion in the presence of proteolysis inhibitors). Subsequent mechanistic investigation discovered that tBHQ exposure activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and siRNA-mediated AMPK gene silencing abolished tBHQ-induced autophagy activation, indicating that AMPK is critically involved in tBHQ-triggered autophagy induction. Furthermore, our study provided evidence that tBHQ-induced autophagy activation is required for its Nrf2-activating property. Collectively, our data uncover a novel mechanism for tBHQ in protecting hepatocytes against SFA-induced lipotoxicity. tBHQ-triggered autophagy induction contributes not only to its hepatoprotective effect, but also to its Nrf2-activating property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chiranthanut N, Teekachunhatean S, Panthong A, Khonsung P, Kanjanapothi D, Lertprasertsuk N. Toxicity evaluation of standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:228-234. [PMID: 23796877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To evaluate the safety of standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The water extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum was prepared and standardized, the dry powder yielded 6% gypenosides. In the acute oral toxicity test, the single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract was given to female Sprague-Dawley rats. In subchronic toxicity test, the oral dose of 1000 mg/kg/day of the extract was given to rats in treatment and satellite groups for 90 days. Satellite groups of both sexes were kept for additional 28 days after 90-day treatment. Control rats received distilled water. RESULTS Standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum did not cause death or any toxic signs in rats. The daily administration of the extract for 90 days did not produce lethal or harmful effects. Although certain hematological and blood chemistry values (i.e., neutrophil, monocyte, glucose, and serum alkaline phosphatase levels) were found to be statistically different from the control group, however; these values were within the ranges of normal rats. CONCLUSION Standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum did not produce mortality or any abnormality in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natthakarn Chiranthanut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|