1
|
North HF, Weissleder C, Bitar M, Barry G, Fullerton JM, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. RNA-sequencing suggests extracellular matrix and vasculature dysregulation could impair neurogenesis in schizophrenia cases with elevated inflammation. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:50. [PMID: 38704390 PMCID: PMC11069512 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A subgroup of schizophrenia cases with elevated inflammation have reduced neurogenesis markers and increased macrophage density in the human subependymal zone (SEZ; also termed subventricular zone or SVZ) neurogenic niche. Inflammation can impair neurogenesis; however, it is unclear which other pathways are associated with reduced neurogenesis. This research aimed to discover transcriptomic differences between inflammatory subgroups of schizophrenia in the SEZ. Total RNA sequencing was performed on SEZ tissue from schizophrenia cases, designated into low inflammation (n = 13) and high inflammation (n = 14) subgroups, based on cluster analysis of inflammation marker gene expression. 718 genes were differentially expressed in high compared to low inflammation schizophrenia (FDR p < 0.05) and were most significantly over-represented in the pathway 'Hepatic Fibrosis/Hepatic Stellate-Cell Activation'. Genes in this pathway relate to extracellular matrix stability (including ten collagens) and vascular remodelling suggesting increased angiogenesis. Collagen-IV, a key element of the basement membrane and fractones, had elevated gene expression. Immunohistochemistry revealed novel collagen-IV+ fractone bulbs within the human SEZ hypocellular gap. Considering the extracellular matrix's regulatory role in SEZ neurogenesis, fibrosis-related alterations in high inflammation schizophrenia may disrupt neurogenesis. Increased angiogenesis could facilitate immune cell transmigration, potentially explaining elevated macrophages in high inflammation schizophrenia. This discovery-driven analysis sheds light on how inflammation may contribute to schizophrenia neuropathology in the neurogenic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley F North
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christin Weissleder
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mechanism and therapy for genetic brain diseases, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Guy Barry
- OncoLife Therapeutics, Yeronga, QLD, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800, Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Korkmaz ŞA, Kaymak SU, Neşelioğlu S, Erel Ö. Thiol-disulphide Homeostasis in Patients with Schizophrenia: The Potential Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:139-150. [PMID: 38247420 PMCID: PMC10811387 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective : Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study aimed to compare thiol-disulphide homeostasis in acute and stable phases of schizophrenia for the first time. Methods : Among the patients with schizophrenia, 61 in the acute-phase and 61 in the stable phase of their illness were enrolled in the study. Native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT), disulphide (SS), disulphide/native thiol, disulphide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol for thiol-disulphide homeostasis were compared between the groups. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive/Negative Symptoms (SAPS/SANS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, and Simpson-Angus Scale were used to assess symptoms. Results : After controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status there were significant differences in NT, TT, SS/NT, SS/TT, and NT/TT, but not SS. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis has shifted in favour of the oxidative side in patients with acute-phase compared to that in stable schizophrenia. BPRS, SAPS, and CGI-S scores were significantly correlated with all six thiol-disulphide parameters, but not SANS, when controlling for age and sex. Significant receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained for all thiol-disulphide homeostasis parameters. Discriminant analysis was found to be statistically significant in discriminating between groups. Conclusion : These results show that oxidative status increases thiol-disulphide homeostasis in patients with acute-phase schizophrenia compared to those with stable schizophrenia. These findings suggest that thiol-disulphide parameters can be used as biomarkers for the acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Şükrü Alperen Korkmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Semra Ulusoy Kaymak
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neşelioğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhilyaeva TV, Kasyanov ED, Rukavishnikov GV, Piatoikina AS, Bavrina AP, Kostina OV, Zhukova ES, Shcherbatyuk TG, Mazo GE. Pterin metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress biochemical markers in schizophrenia: Factor analysis and assessment of clinical symptoms associations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110823. [PMID: 37437837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Various aspects of folate and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolism disturbances have been detected in patients with schizophrenia.Data were obtained that disturbances in the pterins (folates and BH4) metabolism can be associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, but has not yet been confirmed in clinical studies in schizophrenia. Within the framework of this study, a correlation and factor analysis of biochemical markersof pterin metabolism, inflammation and redox imbalance in patients with schizophrenia was performed in order to test the hypothesis of the single etiopathogenetic node, including the studied biochemical processes. Methods: 125 patients with schizophrenia and 95 healthy volunteers were randomly selected and evaluated with a biochemical examination of BH4, folate, B12, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, reduced glutathione levels in the blood serum; activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase - in erythrocytes; malondialdehyde - in blood plasma. All patients underwent an examination using standardized psychopathology rating scales. Spearman rank coefficient (ρ) with Benjamini-Hochberg correction was used for the correlation analysis. The principal components analysis (PCA) was used as a factor analysis. Results: Significant correlations were found within groups of pterin metabolism, inflammatory markers and redox-imbalance, and also between separate inflammation, oxidative stress and markers of pterin metabolism. The performed factor analysis made it possible to distinguish two components: 1 - pterin metabolism, 2 - oxidativeinflammatory markers. Despite the weak statistical associations and, possibly, functional relationships between pterin metabolism and oxidative/inflammation markers, each of the components has its own clinical correlates and, probably, a separate contribution to the pathology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T V Zhilyaeva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - E D Kasyanov
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G V Rukavishnikov
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Piatoikina
- Nizhny Novgorod Clinical Psychiatric, Hospital No. 1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A P Bavrina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - O V Kostina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E S Zhukova
- Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute for Hygiene and Occupational Pathology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - T G Shcherbatyuk
- Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute for Hygiene and Occupational Pathology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Pushchino State Institute of Natural Science, Pushchino, Russia
| | - G E Mazo
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang M, Zhou Z, Tang W, Peng M, Chen L, Lou M, Fang X, Xu H. Regulatory T cells mediate insomnia-related psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia patients. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:102-108. [PMID: 37207432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia occurs frequently in schizophrenia patients and is often accompanied with severe psychotic symptoms and cognition impairment. Moreover, chronic insomnia is associated with immune alterations. This study explored the correlations between insomnia and clinical manifestations of schizophrenia and analyzed mediation effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on these correlations. In a total of 655 chronic schizophrenia patients, 70 persons (10.69%) had an ISI (Insomnia Severity Index) score >7 and were referred to as Insomnia group. Compared to non-Insomnia group, Insomnia group presented more severe psychotic symptoms (assessed by PANSS) and cognitive impairment (assessed by RBANS). The total effect of ISI on PANSS/RBANS total score was not significant due to the mediation effects by Tregs, in which Tregs strongly mediated the effect of ISI on PANSS total score in negative direction but mediated the effect of ISI on RBANS total score in positive direction. Pearson Correlation Coefficient revealed negative correlations between Tregs and PANSS total score or disorganization subscale of PANSS. Positive correlations existed between Tregs and RBANS total score, between Tregs and the subscales of attention, delayed memory, or language of RBANS. These mediation effects of Tregs on insomnia-related psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia patients point to a potential therapeutic strategy of modulating Tregs for the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengpu Wang
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meiliu Peng
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijing Chen
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengbei Lou
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiyun Xu
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Simone G, Mazza B, Vellucci L, Barone A, Ciccarelli M, de Bartolomeis A. Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040975. [PMID: 37107350 PMCID: PMC10135787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a worldwide mental illness characterized by alterations at dopaminergic and glutamatergic synapses resulting in global dysconnectivity within and between brain networks. Impairments in inflammatory processes, mitochondrial functions, energy expenditure, and oxidative stress have been extensively associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology. Antipsychotics, the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological treatment and all sharing the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, may affect antioxidant pathways as well as mitochondrial protein levels and gene expression. Here, we systematically reviewed the available evidence on antioxidants' mechanisms in antipsychotic action and the impact of first- and second-generation compounds on mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress. We further focused on clinical trials addressing the efficacy and tolerability of antioxidants as an augmentation strategy of antipsychotic treatment. EMBASE, Scopus, and Medline/PubMed databases were interrogated. The selection process was conducted in respect of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Several mitochondrial proteins involved in cell viability, energy metabolism, and regulation of oxidative systems were reported to be significantly modified by antipsychotic treatment with differences between first- and second-generation drugs. Finally, antioxidants may affect cognitive and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, and although the evidence is only preliminary, the results indicate that further studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Simone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hill RA, Malhotra A, Sackett V, Williams K, Fahey M, Palmer KR, Hunt RW, Darke H, Lim I, Newman-Morris V, Cheong JLY, Whitehead C, Said J, Bignardi P, Muraguchi E, Fernandes LCC, Oliveira C, Sundram S. A prospective, longitudinal, case-control study to evaluate the neurodevelopment of children from birth to adolescence exposed to COVID-19 in utero. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:48. [PMID: 36717903 PMCID: PMC9885906 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has created unprecedented acute global health challenges. However, it also presents a set of unquantified and poorly understood risks in the medium to long term, specifically, risks to children whose mothers were infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy. Infections during pregnancy can increase the risk of atypical neurodevelopment in the offspring, but the long-term neurodevelopmental impact of in utero COVID-19 exposure is unknown. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate children exposed in utero to SARS-CoV2 to define this risk. METHODS We have designed a prospective, case-controlled study to investigate the long-term impacts of SARS-CoV2 exposure on children exposed in utero. Women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy will be recruited from Monash Health, the Royal Women's Hospital and Western Health (Melbourne, Australia) and Londrina Municipal Maternity Hospital Lucilla Ballalai and PUCPR Medical Clinical (Londrina, Brazil). A control group in a 2:1 ratio (2 non-exposed: 1 exposed mother infant dyad) comprising women who gave birth in the same month of delivery, are of similar age but did not contract SARS-CoV-2 during their pregnancy will also be recruited. We aim to recruit 170 exposed and 340 non-exposed mother-infant dyads. Clinical and socio-demographic data will be collected directly from the mother and medical records. Biospecimens and clinical and epidemiological data will be collected from the mothers and offspring at multiple time points from birth through to 15 years of age using standardised sample collection, and neurological and behavioural measures. DISCUSSION The mapped neurodevelopmental trajectories and comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 exposed and control children will indicate the potential for an increase in atypical neurodevelopment. This has significant implications for strategic planning in the mental health and paediatrics sectors and long-term monitoring of children globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Hill
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Level 3, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XFlorey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Vathana Sackett
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Michael Fahey
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Kirsten R. Palmer
- grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Monash Women’s, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Rod W. Hunt
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XClinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Hayley Darke
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Level 3, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Izaak Lim
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Level 3, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia ,grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Monash Medical Centre, Early in Life Mental Health Service, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Vesna Newman-Morris
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Level 3, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia ,grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Monash Medical Centre, Early in Life Mental Health Service, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Jeanie L. Y. Cheong
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XClinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.416259.d0000 0004 0386 2271Department of Neonatal Services, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Clare Whitehead
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.416259.d0000 0004 0386 2271Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Joanne Said
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.490467.80000000405776836Maternal Fetal Medicine, Joan Kirner Women’s & Children’s at Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, Sunshine, VIC Australia
| | - Paulo Bignardi
- grid.412522.20000 0000 8601 0541School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Evelin Muraguchi
- grid.412522.20000 0000 8601 0541School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos C. Fernandes
- grid.412522.20000 0000 8601 0541School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Oliveira
- grid.412522.20000 0000 8601 0541School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Suresh Sundram
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Level 3, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia ,grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matrisciano F. Functional Nutrition as Integrated Intervention for In- and Outpatient with Schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2409-2423. [PMID: 36946488 PMCID: PMC10616917 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230322160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral abnormalities associated with neuronal development and synaptic plasticity alterations. Genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in cortical parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons and consequent alterations in glutamate-mediated excitatory neurotransmission during early neurodevelopment underlie schizophrenia manifestation and progression. Also, epigenetic alterations during pregnancy or early phases of postnatal life are associated with schizophrenia vulnerability and inflammatory processes, which are at the basis of brain pathology and a higher risk of comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. In addition, schizophrenia patients adopt an unhealthy lifestyle and poor nutrition, leading to premature death. Here, I explored the role of functional nutrition as an integrated intervention for the long-term management of patients with schizophrenia. Several natural bioactive compounds in plant-based whole foods, including flavonoids, phytonutrients, vitamins, fatty acids, and minerals, modulate brain functioning by targeting neuroinflammation and improving cognitive decline. Although further clinical studies are needed, a functional diet rich in natural bioactive compounds might be effective in synergism with standard treatments to improve schizophrenia symptoms and reduce the risk of comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Matrisciano
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hurşitoğlu O, Kurutas EB, Strawbridge R, Uygur OF, Yildiz E, Reilly TJ. Serum NOX1 and Raftlin as New Potential Biomarkers of Interest in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2519-2527. [PMID: 36349345 PMCID: PMC9637347 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s385631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation play a role in the neuroprogression of schizophrenia (SCZ). Promising novel candidates which have been proposed in the search for biomarkers of psychotic illness include NADPH oxidase 1,2 (NOX1,2) and raftlin. NOX1 from the NOX family is the main source of physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) and raftlin, the main lipid raft protein, is associated with inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum NOX1 and raftlin levels in chronic stable patients with SCZ. Methods We measured serum NOX1 and raftlin levels from 45 clinically stable patients with SCZ and 45 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and body-mass index. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was applied to the patient group to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms. Results NOX1 and raftlin levels in the patients were statistically significantly higher than the HCs (NOX1 p<0.001, raftlin p<0.001). Both parameters showed very good diagnostic performance (NOX1 AUC = 0.931, raftlin AUC = 0.915). We obtained positive and significant correlations between serum levels of both biomarkers and symptom severity. Discussion This preliminary study indicating elevations in serum NOX1 and raftlin levels in patients with SCZ supports the importance of OS and inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis of the illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Hurşitoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sular Academy Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Omer Faruk Uygur
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emrah Yildiz
- Private Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Thomas J Reilly
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Bartolomeis A, Barone A, Vellucci L, Mazza B, Austin MC, Iasevoli F, Ciccarelli M. Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6460-6501. [PMID: 35963926 PMCID: PMC9463235 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical, preclinical, and post-mortem studies supports the inflammatory/immune hypothesis of schizophrenia pathogenesis. Less evident is the link between the inflammatory background and two well-recognized functional and structural findings of schizophrenia pathophysiology: the dopamine-glutamate aberrant interaction and the alteration of dendritic spines architecture, both believed to be the “quantal” elements of cortical-subcortical dysfunctional network. In this systematic review, we tried to capture the major findings linking inflammation, aberrant glutamate-dopamine interaction, and post-synaptic changes under a direct and inverse translational perspective, a paramount picture that at present is lacking. The inflammatory effects on dopaminergic function appear to be bidirectional: the inflammation influences dopamine release, and dopamine acts as a regulator of discrete inflammatory processes involved in schizophrenia such as dysregulated interleukin and kynurenine pathways. Furthermore, the link between inflammation and glutamate is strongly supported by clinical studies aimed at exploring overactive microglia in schizophrenia patients and maternal immune activation models, indicating impaired glutamate regulation and reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function. In addition, an inflammatory/immune-induced alteration of post-synaptic density scaffold proteins, crucial for downstream NMDAR signaling and synaptic efficacy, has been demonstrated. According to these findings, a significant increase in plasma inflammatory markers has been found in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls, associated with reduced cortical integrity and functional connectivity, relevant to the cognitive deficit of schizophrenia. Finally, the link between altered inflammatory/immune responses raises relevant questions regarding potential new therapeutic strategies specifically for those forms of schizophrenia that are resistant to canonical antipsychotics or unresponsive to clozapine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Annarita Barone
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mark C Austin
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Program, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University (ISU), Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tsamakis K, Galinaki S, Alevyzakis E, Hortis I, Tsiptsios D, Kollintza E, Kympouropoulos S, Triantafyllou K, Smyrnis N, Rizos E. Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review on Its Role in Schizophrenia and First Episode of Psychosis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061121. [PMID: 35744639 PMCID: PMC9227193 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence highlighting the role of gut microbiota as a biological basis of psychiatric disorders. The existing literature suggest that cognitive and emotional activities can be influenced by microbes through the microbiota–gut–brain axis and implies an association between alterations in the gut microbiome and several psychiatric conditions, such as autism, depression, bipolar disorder and psychosis. The aim of this review is to summarise recent findings and provide concise updates on the latest progress of the role of gut microbiota in the development and maintenance of psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia and the first episode of psychosis. Despite the lack of consistent findings in regard to specific microbiome changes related to psychosis, the emerging literature reports significant differences in the gut microbiome of schizophrenic subjects compared to healthy controls and increasingly outlines the significance of an altered microbiome composition in the pathogenesis, development, symptom severity and prognosis of psychosis. Further human studies are, however, required, which should focus on identifying the drivers of microbiota changes in psychosis and establish the direction of causality between psychosis and microbiome alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsamakis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofia Galinaki
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Evangelos Alevyzakis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Ioannis Hortis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiptsios
- Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Kollintza
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Stylianos Kympouropoulos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Emmanouil Rizos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (E.A.); (I.H.); (E.K.); (S.K.); (N.S.); (E.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bozali E, Yalinbas D. Analysis of the Thickness of the Outer Retinal Layer Using Optical Coherence Tomography - A Predictor of Visual Acuity in Schizophrenia. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239:1232-1238. [PMID: 35320864 DOI: 10.1055/a-1741-7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the thickness of the outer retinal layer (ORL) together with macular thickness and changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with healthy controls. METHODS This study included 114 eyes of 57 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 114 eyes of 57 healthy controls. Central foveal thickness (CFT), central macular thickness (CMT), and ORL thickness were measured in both groups via the images obtained by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). RNFL was also assessed in four quadrants (inferior, superior, temporal, nasal). CMT measurements were presented as the average thickness of the macula in the central 1 mm area on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid. The ORL thickness was defined as the distance between the external limiting membrane and retinal pigment epithelium at the center of the foveal pit. RESULTS The mean age of 57 patients was 37 ± 10 years, of whom 34 (60%) were male and 23 (40%) female. No statistically significant difference was found between groups in terms of age and gender (p = 0.8 for age, p = 0.9 for gender). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean CMT between the two groups (p = 0.1). The mean ORL thickness in the two groups was 99.8 ± 8.3 and 103.7 ± 6.2, respectively, and was significantly decreased in the schizophrenia group (p = 0.005). RNFL analysis demonstrated significant thinning in the inferior and superior quadrants compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS SD-OCT findings - especially ORL and RNFL thickness - may be related to the neurodegenerational changes in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erman Bozali
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yalinbas
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dinakaran D, Sreeraj VS, Venkatasubramanian G. Role of Curcumin in the Management of Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review. Indian J Psychol Med 2022; 44:107-113. [PMID: 35655971 PMCID: PMC9120991 DOI: 10.1177/02537176211033331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceutical agents and food supplements are commonly used as treatment adjuncts in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curcumin, a bioactive agent obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has gained much research attention in the last few decades. In this narrative review, we intend to summarize the evidence available for curcumin as an add-on agent in the management of schizophrenia. We searched PubMed/EBSCO for both human and animal trials utilizing curcumin in the management of schizophrenia. We obtained ten articles (five preclinical and five clinical) from the focused literature search. Clinical research utilizing curcumin in schizophrenia is limited to negative and cognitive symptoms. Available preclinical studies suggest curcumin's utility in ameliorating extrapyramidal and metabolic side effects when given as an adjunct with antipsychotics. Curcumin, as an add-on agent, appears promising to improve the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Notably, curcumin was tolerable and safe in all the randomized human clinical trials. The poor oral bioavailability is, however, a limiting factor in its widespread use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damodharan Dinakaran
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Curcumin is the major biologically active polyphenolic constituent in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa) that has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. Interest in curcumin as a treatment for mental health conditions has increased and there is an expanding body of preclinical and clinical research examining its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. In this narrative review, human trials investigating the effects of curcumin for the treatment of depression or depressive symptoms are summarised. Using findings from in vitro, animal, and human trials, possible biological mechanisms associated with the antidepressant effects of curcumin are also explored. To increase the understanding of curcumin for the treatment of depression, directions for future research are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Lopresti
- Clinical Research Australia, 38 Arnisdale Rd, Duncraig, Perth, WA, 6023, Australia.
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jaswal S, Sidana A, Mehta S, Gupta S, Kaur G. Comparative effects of clozapine and risperidone monotherapy on levels of immunoglobulins in patients with schizophrenia – A 12 weeks' longitudinal study. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_24_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
15
|
Hu A, Li F, Guo L, Zhao X, Xiang X. Mitochondrial Damage of Lymphocytes in Patients with Acute Relapse of Schizophrenia: A Correlational Study with Efficacy and Clinical Symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2455-2466. [PMID: 36325435 PMCID: PMC9621005 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s380353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that schizophrenia is associated with mitochondrial and immune abnormalities. In this pilot case-control study, we investigated the level of mitochondrial impairment in lymphocytes in patients with acute relapse of schizophrenia and explored the correlation between the level of mitochondrial damage and symptoms or treatment response. METHODS Lymphocytic mitochondrial damage was detected using mitochondrial fluorescence staining and flow cytometry in 37 patients (at admission and discharge) and 24 controls. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S). RESULTS The levels of mitochondrial damage in CD3+ T, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T lymphocytes of the patients with schizophrenia at admission were significantly higher than those of the controls (p<0.05) and did not return to normal at discharge (p>0.05). The mitochondrial damage of T cells significantly improved at discharge for responsive patients only, as compared with that at admission (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in mitochondrial damage in CD19+ B cells between patients and healthy controls, or between admission and discharge (p>0.05). Furthermore, the reduction in mitochondrial damage of CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes was positively correlated with the reduction of the score of the PANSS positive scale at discharge (p<0.05), while no significant correlation was found between the level of mitochondrial damage in lymphocytes and the scores of PANSS and CGI-S. CONCLUSION Acute relapse of schizophrenia might be associated with higher levels of mitochondrial damage in peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The degree of recovery of mitochondrial impairment in the T cells may be used as a predictor of treatment response in schizophrenia. As this is a pilot study, the conclusion still needs further verification in large-scale studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aqian Hu
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Juchnowicz D, Dzikowski M, Rog J, Waszkiewicz N, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as a Predictor of Stage Illness and Clinical Course of Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:728986. [PMID: 34867519 PMCID: PMC8636114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.728986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro/antioxidant imbalance has been reported in schizophrenia (SZ). However, the results of studies are inconsistent and usually do not include other factors that are highly affected by oxidative stress (OS).This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the serum levels of OS markers and their potential connection with schizophrenia. The total sample comprised 147: 98 individuals with SZ -47 first-episode (FS) and 49 chronic patients (CS)-and 49 healthy individuals (HC) as a control group. The examination included clinical variables and serum levels of antioxidants and oxidative damage products. The significant changes were observed in concentrations of all examined markers, without any specific direction of the pro/antioxidant balance shift between SZ and HC. In the regression model adjusted for cofounders, catalase: OR = 0.81 (95%CI: 0.74-0.88); glutathione peroxidase: OR = 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02-1.10); total antioxidant capacity: OR = 0.85 (95%CI: 0.75-0.98); oxidative stress index: OR = 1.25 (95%CI: 1.03-1.52); ferric reducing ability of plasma: OR = 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.89); advanced glycation end products: OR = 1.03 (95%CI: 1.01-1.04); and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP): OR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.03-1.07) turned out to be significant predictors of schizophrenia. In the multiple stepwise regression model, pro/antioxidant status and their interaction with the duration of illness-related factors affected schizophrenia symptoms: positive symptoms (FRAPxKYN), negative (DITYR, FRAP, CAT), general (KYN), and over-all psychopathology (KYNxNFK). The results confirm differences in serum levels of oxidative biomarkers between SZ patients and healthy individuals. The pro/antioxidant status could be considered a predictor of schizophrenia and the factor affects patients' symptom severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Dzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Rog
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and schizophrenia: An association worthy of constant reassessment. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:8295-8311. [PMID: 34754840 PMCID: PMC8554424 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder that occurs worldwide, cutting across cultures, socioeconomic groups, and geographical barriers. Understanding the details of the neurochemical basis of schizophrenia, factors that contribute to it and possible measures for intervention are areas of ongoing research. However, what has become more evident is the fact that in targeting the neurochemical imbalances that may underlie schizophrenia, the type of response seen with currently available phamacotherapeutic agents does not provide all the answers that are needed. Therefore, the possible contribution of non-pharmacological approaches to schizophrenia management is worthy of consideration. In recent times, research is beginning to show nutrition may play a possibly significant role in schizophrenia, affecting its development, progression and management; however, while attempts had been made to examine this possible relationship from different angles, articles addressing it from a holistic point of view are not common. In this review, we examine existing scientific literature dealing with the possible relationship between nutrition and schizophrenia, with a view to elucidating the impact of diet, nutritional deficiencies and excesses on the aetiology, progression, management and outcome of schizophrenia. Secondly, the effect of nutritional supplements in prevention, as sole therapy, or adjuncts in schizophrenia management are examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osun State 234, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Role and Function of Regulatory T Cells in Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8782672. [PMID: 34458378 PMCID: PMC8390175 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8782672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) during the pregnant period and its potentially miserable outcomes for the fetus, newborn, and even adult offspring continuously occur worldwide. People acquire infection through the consumption of infected and undercooked meat or contaminated food or water. T. gondii infection in pregnant women primarily during the gestation causes microcephaly, mental and psychomotor retardation, or death. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes are mainly associated with regulatory T cell (Treg) dysfunction. Tregs, a special subpopulation of T cells, function as a vital regulator in maintaining immune homeostasis. Tregs exert a critical effect on forming and maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance and promoting fetal development during the pregnancy period. Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), a significant functional factor of Tregs, determines the status of Tregs. In this review, we summarize the effects of T. gondii infection on host Tregs and its critical transcriptional factor, Foxp3.
Collapse
|
19
|
Petrova NN, Tsyrenova KA, Dorofeikova MV. [Depression in the structure of schizophrenia: clinical and biochemical characteristics]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:84-90. [PMID: 34405662 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
THE AIM OF THE STUDY Was to investigate clinical and biochemical correlates of depression in the structure of schizophrenia to improve its diagnosis and differential diagnosis and to deepen understanding of mechanisms of schizophrenia development. Material and Methods. Forty-two inpatients at the stabilization stage of paranoid schizophrenia, aged 29.5±5.9 years, of whom 64.3% were women, were examined. The duration of the disease was 5.6±6.3 years. We used clinical and psychopathological methods, clinical scales (PANSS, SANS, BACS, Calgary Scale), catamnestic and clinic-laboratory methods (determination of brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, C-reactive protein). Results. At the stabilization stage, depression in patients with paranoid schizophrenia occurred in 19% of cases, more frequently in women. Female patients were more severely depressed, which was associated with an increased concentration of C-reactive protein, while negative symptoms predominated in male patients as compared to females. The presence of depression correlates with a lower severity of psychopathological, primarily positive symptoms and with a greater severity of neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenic patients. BDNF level directly correlates with the severity of positive and negative symptoms, and the level of interleukin 6 at the stage of remission formation does not differ from that in healthy individuals. C-reactive protein levels are associated with the characteristics of the course of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N N Petrova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - K A Tsyrenova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M V Dorofeikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deficit schizophrenia and its features are associated with PON1 Q192R genotypes and lowered paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic activity: effects on bacterial translocation. CNS Spectr 2021; 26:406-415. [PMID: 32638685 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852920001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary deficit schizophrenia (DS) is characterized by enduring negative symptoms and represents a qualitatively different disease entity with respect to non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS). No studies investigated the association between the enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and DS and its phenomenology. METHODS In this case-control study, Thai women and men, aged 18 to 65 years, were divided in DS (n = 40) and NDS (n = 40) and were compared to controls (n = 40). PON1 activities against 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate (CMPA) and phenylacetate were determined. Moreover, subjects were genotyped for their PON1 Q192R polymorphism and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels responses directed to Gram-negative bacteria were measured. RESULTS DS is significantly associated with the QQ genotype and the Q allele as compared with NDS and controls. PON1 activities are significantly and inversely associated with negative symptoms, formal thought disorders, psychomotor retardation, excitation and DS. The presence of the Q allele is associated with increased IgA responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, and Pseudomonas putida as compared with RR carriers. CONCLUSIONS The PON1 Q allele and lower PON1 activities especially against CMPA are associated with DS, indicating lowered quorum quenching abilities as well as lowered defenses against lipoperoxidation and immune activation. It is suggested that lowered PON1 activity in DS constitutes an impairment in the innate immune system which together with lowered natural IgM may cause lower immune regulation thereby predisposing toward greater neurotoxic effects of immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative pathways and Gram-negative microbiota.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tse JSY, Haslam N. Inclusiveness of the Concept of Mental Disorder and Differences in Help-Seeking Between Asian and White Americans. Front Psychol 2021; 12:699750. [PMID: 34393934 PMCID: PMC8363115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnic and racial group differences in help-seeking are a barrier to the effective and equitable delivery of mental health services. Asian American populations demonstrate relatively low levels of help-seeking. Explanations for this effect typically point to elevated levels of stigma in these populations. An alternative explanation is that low help-seeking might also reflect holding a relatively circumscribed concept of mental disorder. Individuals and groups with less inclusive concepts of disorder may be less likely to identify problems as appropriate for mental health treatment. This study aimed to test whether group differences in the breadth of the mental disorder concept account for group differences in help-seeking attitudes. A sample of 212 American participants (102 Asian Americans and 110 White Americans) were assessed on personal stigma, help-seeking attitudes, and mental disorder concept breadth. Mediation analyses examined whether stigma and concept breadth mediated group differences in attitudes. Compared to White Americans, Asian Americans reported higher levels of stigma and narrower concepts of mental disorder, both of which were associated with less positive help-seeking attitudes. Stigma and concept breadth both partially mediated the group difference in attitudes. Theoretical and practical implications for mental health promotion and culturally sensitive clinical practices are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Haslam
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang YL, Wu HR, Zhang SS, Xiao HL, Yu J, Ma YY, Zhang YD, Liu Q. Catalpol ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice via oxidative stress-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and neuroinflammation. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:353. [PMID: 34103482 PMCID: PMC8187638 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether catalpol exhibited neuroprotective effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice through oxidative stress-mediated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and neuroinflammation. Deficits in behavioral tests, including open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and elevated plus-maze test (EPM), were ameliorated following catalpol administration. To study the potential mechanism, western blots, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and immunofluorescence imaging were performed on the hippocampus samples. We found that the defects of behavioral tests induced by CUMS could be reversed by the absence of NLRP3 and NLRP3 inflammasome might be involved in the antidepressant effects of catalpol on CUMS mice. Similar to the NLRP3 inflammasome, the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitride oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased after CUMS. The current study demonstrated that catalpol possessed anti-inflammatory effect on CUMS mice and inhibited microglial polarization to the M1 phenotype. In addition, the activity of mitochondrial oxidative stress might be involved in the NLRP3 activation, which was proved by the downregulation of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and cleaved IL-1β, after the administration of mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant peptide SS31. Taken together, we provided evidence that catalpol exhibited antidepressive effects on CUMS mice possibly via the oxidative stress-mediated regulation of NLRP3 and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-lin Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hao-ran Wu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shan-shan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hong-lei Xiao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jin Yu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuan-yuan Ma
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-dong Zhang
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Neural Development Engineering Research Center, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Satoh Y. The Potential of Hydrogen for Improving Mental Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:695-702. [PMID: 33185151 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113095938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, Ohsawa and colleagues reported that molecular hydrogen (H2) gas significantly reduced the infarct volume size in a rat model of cerebral infarction, which was, at least, partially due to scavenging hydroxyl radicals. Since then, multiple studies have shown that H2 has not only anti-oxidative but also anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, which has ignited interest in the clinical use of H2 in diverse diseases. A growing body of studies has indicated that H2 affects both mental and physical conditions. Mental disorders are characterized by disordered mood, thoughts, and behaviors that affect the ability to function in daily life. However, there is no sure way to prevent mental disorders. Although antidepressant and antianxiety drugs relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety, they have efficacy limitations and are accompanied by a wide range of side effects. While mental disorders are generally thought to be caused by a variety of genetic and/or environmental factors, recent progress has shown that these disorders are strongly associated with increased oxidative and inflammatory stress. Thus, H2 has received much attention as a novel therapy for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. This review summarizes the recent progress in the use of H2 for the treatment of mental disorders and other related diseases. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of the biomedical effects of H2 and conclude that H2 could offer relief to people suffering from mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Satoh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amiri S, Dizaji R, Momeny M, Gauvin E, Hosseini MJ. Clozapine attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory gene expression, and behavioral abnormalities in an animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108503. [PMID: 33636190 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beyond abnormalities in the neurotransmitter hypothesis, recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and immune-inflammatory responses contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) undergoes maturation and development during adolescence, which is a critical time window in life that is vulnerable to environmental adversities and the development of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Applying eight weeks of post-weaning social isolation stress (PWSI) to rats, as an animal model of schizophrenia, we decided to investigate the effects of PWSI on the mitochondrial function and expression of immune-inflammatory genes in the PFC of normal and stressed rats. To do this, control and PWSI rats were divided into treatment (clozapine; CLZ, 2.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days) and non-treatment sub-groups. Our results showed PWSI caused schizophrenic-like behaviors in rats and induced mitochondrial dysfunction as well as upregulation of genes associated with innate immunity in the PFC. Chronic treatment with CLZ attenuated the effects of PWSI on behavioral abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune-inflammatory responses in the PFC of rats. These results may advance our understanding about the mechanism of action of CLZ that targets mitochondrial dysfunction and immune-inflammatory responses as factors involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Amiri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Dizaji
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Momeny
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Evan Gauvin
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schizophrenia-associated SLC39A8 polymorphism is a loss-of-function allele altering glutamate receptor and innate immune signaling. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33608496 PMCID: PMC7895948 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogenous disease that presents with abnormalities in glutamate signaling and altered immune and inflammatory signals. Genome-wide association studies have indicated specific genes and pathways that may contribute to schizophrenia. We assessed the impact of the functional missense variant SLC39A8 (ZIP8)-A391T (ZIP8A391T) on zinc transport, glutamate signaling, and the neuroinflammatory response. The ZIP8A391T mutation resulted in reduced zinc transport into the cell, suggesting a loss in the tight control of zinc in the synaptic cleft. Electrophysiological recordings from perturbed neurons revealed a significant reduction in NMDA- and AMPA-mediated spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) and a reduction in GluN2A and GluA1/2/3 receptor surface expression. All phenotypes were rescued by re-expression of wild-type ZIP8 (ZIP8WT) or application of the membrane-impermeable zinc chelator ZX1. ZIP8 reduction also resulted in decreased BBB integrity, increased IL-6/IL-1β protein expression, and increased NFκB following TNFα stimulation, indicating that ZIP8 loss-of-function may exacerbate immune and inflammatory signals. Together, our findings demonstrate that the A391T missense mutation results in alterations in glutamate and immune function and provide novel therapeutic targets relevant to schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
26
|
da Costa AEM, Gomes NS, Gadelha Filho CVJ, Linhares MGOES, da Costa RO, Chaves Filho AJM, Cordeiro RC, Vasconcelos GS, da Silva FER, Araujo TDS, Vasconcelos SMM, Lucena DF, Macêdo DS. Sex influences in the preventive effects of peripubertal supplementation with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice exposed to the two-hit model of schizophrenia. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173949. [PMID: 33607108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder. The animal model based on perinatal immune activation, as first-hit, combined with peripubertal stress, as a second hit, has gained evidence in recent years. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is being a promise for schizophrenia prevention. Nevertheless, the influence of sex in schizophrenia neurobiology and prevention has been neglected. Thus, the present study evaluates the preventive effects of n3-PUFAs in both sexes' mice submitted to the two-hit model and the participation of oxidative changes in this mechanism. The two-hit consisted of polyI:C administration from postnatal days (PNs) 5-7, and unpredictable stress from PNs35-43. n3-PUFAs were administered from PNs30-60. Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), social interaction, and Y-maze tests were conducted between PNs70-72 to evaluate positive-, negative-, and cognitive-like schizophrenia symptoms. We assessed brain oxidative changes in brain areas and plasma. Both sexes' two-hit mice presented deficits in PPI, social interaction, and working memory that were prevented by n3-PUFAs. In two-hit females, n3-PUFAs prevented increments in nitrite levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, striatum, and plasma TBARS levels. In two-hit males, n3-PUFAs prevented the increase in TBARS in the PFC, hippocampus, and striatum. Notably, male mice that received only n3-PUFAs without hit exposure presented impairments in working memory and social interaction. These results add further preclinical evidence for n3-PUFAs as an accessible and effective alternative in preventing behavioral and oxidative changes related to schizophrenia but call attention to the need for precaution in this indication due to hit- and sex-sensitive issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayane Edwiges Moura da Costa
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nayana Soares Gomes
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Venício Jatai Gadelha Filho
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Oliveira da Costa
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Carneiro Cordeiro
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Germana Silva Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eliclécio Rodrigues da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tatiane da Silva Araujo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas Lucena
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macêdo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cavalcante DA, Coutinho LS, Ortiz BB, Noto MN, Cordeiro Q, Ota VK, Belangeiro SI, Bressan RA, Gadelha A, Noto C. Impact of duration of untreated psychosis in short-term response to treatment and outcome in antipsychotic naïve first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:677-683. [PMID: 31637865 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is one of the few potentially modifiable outcome predictors in psychosis. Previous studies have associated a longer DUP with a poor prognosis, but few of them were performed in countries with low and middle level of income. This study aimed to investigate the DUP in a Brazilian sample of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (AN-FEP) patients and its association with clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in a short-term follow-up. METHODS One hundred forty-five AN-FEP patients between 16 and 40 years were enrolled and were reassessed 10 weeks after risperidone treatment. We investigated the association between DUP and symptom severity, functionality and response to treatment, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI) and the Global Assessment of Functionality (GAF) scale. DUP was defined as the period between the onset of the first psychotic symptoms and the first effective antipsychotic treatment. For the analysis, we performed multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS The DUP's median was 61 days. At baseline, we did not find any significant association between DUP and clinical characteristics. After treatment, the longer DUP predicted worse positive and negative symptom dimensions, worse total PANSS, GAF and CGI scores and poorer response to treatment. CONCLUSION Our results showed that DUP is associated with worse outcomes after short treatment, but it does not modify the baseline clinical profile of the AN-FEP patients. Such results reinforce the need to develop early intervention strategies, reducing DUP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Cavalcante
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas S Coutinho
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane N Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Ciências Médica da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa K Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia I Belangeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shivakumar V, Rajasekaran A, Subbanna M, Kalmady SV, Venugopal D, Agrawal R, Amaresha AC, Agarwal SM, Joseph B, Narayanaswamy JC, Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number in schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102193. [PMID: 32585632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with significant genetic predisposition. In a subset of schizophrenia patients, mitochondrial dysfunction could be explained by the genomic defects like mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Variations, which are considered as a sensitive index of cellular oxidative stress. Given the high energy demands for neuronal functions, altered Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and consequent impaired mitochondrial physiology would significantly influence schizophrenia pathogenesis. In this context, we have made an attempt to study mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia by assessing mtDNAcn in antipsychotic-naïve/free schizophrenia patients. METHOD mtDNAcn was measured in 90 antipsychotic-naïve / free schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and 147 Healthy Controls (HC). The relative mtDNAcn was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using TaqMan® multiplex assay method. RESULT A statistically significant difference between groups [t = 5.22, P < 0.001] was observed, with significantly lower mtDNAcn in SCZ compared to HC. The group differences persisted even after controlling for age and sex [F (4, 232) = 22.68, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.09]. CONCLUSION Lower mtDNAcn in SCZ compared to HC suggests that mtDNAcn may hold potential to serve as an important proxy marker of mitochondrial function in antipsychotic-naïve/free SCZ patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataram Shivakumar
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Ashwini Rajasekaran
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjula Subbanna
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil Vasu Kalmady
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Deepthi Venugopal
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rimjhim Agrawal
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anekal C Amaresha
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Sociology and Social Work, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Boban Joseph
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bechter K. The Challenge of Assessing Mild Neuroinflammation in Severe Mental Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:773. [PMID: 32973573 PMCID: PMC7469926 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent psychoneuroimmunology research has provided new insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of severe mental disorders (SMDs). The mild encephalitis (ME) hypothesis was developed with the example of human Borna disease virus infection years ago and proposed, that a subgroup SMD patients, mainly from the broad schizophrenic and affective spectrum, could suffer from mild neuroinflammation, which remained undetected because hard to diagnose with available diagnostic methods. Recently, in neurology an emerging new subgroup of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) cases suffering from various neurological syndromes was described in context with the discovery of an emerging list of Central Nervous System (CNS) autoantibodies. Similarly in psychiatry, consensus criteria of autoimmune psychosis (AP) were developed for patients presenting with CNS autoantibodies together with isolated psychiatric symptoms and paraclinical findings of (mild) neuroinflammation, which in fact match also the previously proposed ME criteria. Nevertheless, identifying mild neuroinflammation in vivo in the individual SMD case remains still a major clinical challenge and the possibility that further cases of ME remain still under diagnosed appears an plausible possibility. In this paper a critical review of recent developments and remaining challenges in the research and clinical diagnosis of mild neuroinflammation in SMDs and in general and in transdisciplinary perspective to psycho-neuro-immunology and neuropsychiatry is given. Present nosological classifications of neuroinflammatory disorders are reconsidered with regard to findings from experimental and clinical research. A refined grading list of clinical states including "classical" encephalitis, AE, AP/ME,and newly proposed terms like parainflammation, stress-induced parainflammation and neuroprogression, and their respective relation to neurodegeneration is presented, which may be useful for further research on the possible causative role of mild neuroinflammation in SMDs. Beyond, an etiology-focused subclassification of ME subtypes, like autoimmune ME or infectious ME, appears to be required for differential diagnosis and individualized treatment. The present status of the clinical diagnosis of mild neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in SMDs is outlined with the example of actual diagnosis and therapy in AP. Ideas for future research to unravel the contribution of mild neuroinflammation in the causality of SMDs and the difficulties expected to come to novel immune modulatory, anti-infectious or anti-inflammatory therapeutic principles in the sense of precision medicine are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Bechter
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maternal Immune Activation Causes Schizophrenia-like Behaviors in the Offspring through Activation of Immune-Inflammatory, Oxidative and Apoptotic Pathways, and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses and Neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4345-4361. [PMID: 32720073 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, influenced by a combined action of genes and environmental factors. The neurodevelopmental origin is one of the most widely recognized etiological models of this heterogeneous disorder. Environmental factors, especially infections during gestation, appear to be a major risk determinant of neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia. Prenatal infection may cause maternal immune activation (MIA) and enhance risk of schizophrenia in the offspring. However, the precise mechanistic basis through which MIA causes long-lasting schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits in offspring remains inadequately understood. Herein, we aimed to delineate whether prenatal infection-induced MIA causes schizophrenia-like behaviors through its long-lasting effects on immune-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, oxidative stress toxicity, and antioxidant defenses in the brain of offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 15/group) and were injected with poly (I:C), LPS, and saline at gestational day (GD)-12. Except IL-1β, plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17A assessed after 24 h were significantly elevated in both the poly (I:C)- and LPS-treated pregnant rats, indicating MIA. The rats born to dams treated with poly (I:C) and LPS displayed increased anxiety-like behaviors and significant deficits in social behaviors. Furthermore, the hippocampus of the offspring rats of both the poly (I:C)- and LPS-treated groups showed increased signs of lipid peroxidation, diminished total antioxidant content, and differentially upregulated expression of inflammatory (TNFα, IL6, and IL1β), and apoptotic (Bax, Cas3, and Cas9) genes but decreased expression of neuroprotective (BDNF and Bcl2) genes. The results suggest long-standing effects of prenatal infections on schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits, which are mediated by immune-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, increased oxidative stress toxicity, and lowered antioxidant and neuroprotective defenses. The findings suggest that prenatal infections may underpin neurodevelopmental aberrations and neuroprogression and subsequently schizophrenia-like symptoms.
Collapse
|
31
|
Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sahbaz C, Zibandey N, Kurtulmus A, Duran Y, Gokalp M, Kırpınar I, Sahin F, Guloksuz S, Akkoc T. Reduced regulatory T cells with increased proinflammatory response in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1861-1871. [PMID: 32221694 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether circulating T cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and derived cytokines contribute to the immune imbalance observed in schizophrenia. METHODS Forty patients with schizophrenia and 40 age, sex, body mass index, education, and smoking status-matched healthy controls (HC) are included in the study. We stained cells with anti-CD14, anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD19, anti-CD20, and anti-CD16/56. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stained with the human FoxP3 kit containing anti-CD4/anti-CD25 and intracellular anti-Foxp3. PBMCs were cultured for 72 h and stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A) were measured from the culture supernatant and plasma using the Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine bead array kit. RESULTS In comparison with HC, Treg percentages in schizophrenia were higher (1.17 ± 0.63 vs 0.81 ± 0.53, P = 0.005) in unstimulated but lower in the stimulated condition (0.73 ± 0.69 vs 0.97 ± 0.55, P = 0.011). Activated T cell percentages were higher in schizophrenia than HC in unstimulated (2.22 ± 0.78 vs 1.64 ± 0.89, P = 0.001) and stimulated (2.25 ± 1.01 vs 1.72 ± 1.00, P = 0.010) conditions. The culture supernatant levels of IL-6 (7505.17 ± 5170.07 vs 1787.81 ± 1363.32, P < 0.001), IL-17A (191.73 ± 212.49 vs 46.43 ± 23.99, P < 0.001), TNF-α (1557 ± 1059.69 vs 426.57 ± 174.62, P = 0.023), and IFN-γ (3204.13 ± 1397.06 vs 447.79 ± 270.13, P < 0.001); and plasma levels of IL-6 (3.83 ± 3.41vs 1.89 ± 1.14, P = 0.003) and IL-17A (1.20 ± 0.84 vs 0.83 ± 0.53, P = 0.033) were higher in patients with schizophrenia than HC. CONCLUSION Our explorative study shows reduced level of Foxp3 expressing Treg in a stimulated condition with induced levels of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahbaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Ayse Kurtulmus
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yazgul Duran
- Department of Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muazzez Gokalp
- Department of Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Kırpınar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department of Bioengineering and Genetics, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tunc Akkoc
- Department of Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Setlaba NNC, Mosotho NL, Joubert G. Demographic, clinical and social characteristics of forensic patients diagnosed with schizophrenia at the Free State Psychiatric Complex, Bloemfontein, South Africa. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:192-201. [PMID: 32944121 PMCID: PMC7476627 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2019.1618751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia, prevalent in forensic mental health settings, is chronic and devastating, with a generally unfavourable course and prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and social characteristics of forensic patients diagnosed with schizophrenia at the Free State Psychiatric Complex. A data collection form was used to gather information from the clinical records of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2015. The majority of the 110 participants were young male adults aged between 18 and 35 years with a low educational level. Cognitive impairment and positive symptoms were the most prominent clinical features. Aggressive and violent behaviour was notably prevalent. The majority of our sample had committed crimes against humans, while fewer had committed other types of crimes. It was concluded that causal factors included young adulthood, male gender, substance abuse, a poor social support system and lower educational level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gina Joubert
- Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma J, Yan L, Guo T, Yang S, Ni D, Liu Y, Wang J. A pilot study of biomarkers of oxidative stress in serum and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112757. [PMID: 31955055 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative damage and inflammation is present in patients with schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the association between the serum concentrations of four typical oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, heme oxygenase-1, interleukin-8, and 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanine) and schizophrenia using a case-control study design. In total, 44 patients with schizophrenia and 45 normal controls from Shandong Province, China were recruited. Fasting blood samples were collected from all participants and the serum concentration of the four biomarkers were analyzed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls, while there was no significant difference in the serum concentrations of heme oxygenase-1 and 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanine. Moreover, the serum concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 in patients were positively correlated with severity of clinical symptoms. Dose-response relationships between serum biomarker concentrations and schizophrenia were observed. This study suggests that levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 are increased in patients with schizophrenia and correlated with positive symptom severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ma
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Lailai Yan
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tongjun Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Dawei Ni
- Jiangchuan Community Health Service Center, Minhang District, Shanghai PR China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dietary zinc supplement militates against ketamine-induced behaviours by age-dependent modulation of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:55-66. [PMID: 32016846 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential differential modulatory effects of zinc-supplemented diet on ketamine-induced changes in behaviours, brain oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase activity, and zinc (ZN) levels were examined in prepubertal and aged mice. METHODS Aged and prepubertal mice were divided into 2 groups consisting of 80 aged and 80 prepubertal mice, each having 8 treatment groups of 10 animals each. The treatment groups are: vehicle control group (fed standard diet and given intraperitoneal {ip} normal saline), three groups fed ZN-supplemented diet (at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of feed) and given ip normal saline, ketamine control group (fed standard diet and given ip ketamine), and finally another three groups fed ZN-supplemented diet (at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of feed) and given ip ketamine. Intraperitoneal normal saline (at 2 ml/kg/day) or ketamine (at 30 mg/kg/day) were administered during the last 10 days of study. On day 60, animals were exposed to the open-field, Y-maze, radial-arm maze, and elevated plus maze following which they were euthanised; blood and brain homogenate were used for assessment of biochemical parameters. RESULTS Zinc supplementation was associated with an increase in food intake and body weight (in both age groups), a reduction in ketamine-induced increase in locomotion, rearing and grooming, and significantly higher working-memory scores (compared to ketamine control). Also, there was a decrease in anxiety-related behaviours, enhanced antioxidant status, reduced lipid peroxidation, and reduced acetylcholinesterase activity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, dietary ZN supplementation was associated with variable degrees of prevention of ketamine-induced changes, depending on the age of animals.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ibrahim RR, Amer RA, Abozeid AA, Elsharaby RM, Shafik NM. Micro RNA 146a gene variant / TNF-α / IL-6 / IL-1 β; A cross-link axis inbetween oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and neuro-inflammation in acute ischemic stroke and chronic schizophrenic patients. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 679:108193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
37
|
Yüksel RN, Titiz AP, Yaylacı ET, Ünal K, Turhan T, Erzin G, Züngün C, Aydemir MÇ, Göka E. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ, PPARγ and CRP levels in patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 46:24-28. [PMID: 31590005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been proposed for the development of schizophrenia, including the one proposing that exogenous and endogenous factors are linked to inflammatory processes. There is strong evidence about the immunological and inflammatory dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to measure serum 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J (15d-PGJ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Forty-four patients and 39 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ, PPARγ and CRP levels were measured in both the groups. Demographic data forms were filled out for the patient group, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale and Calgary Depression scale were used to assess patients' clinical status. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ and PPARγ levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls. There was no significant relationship between the serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ and PPARγ levels and CRP levels.In this study, the evidence of systemic inflammatory conditions in patients with schizophrenia was found. The duration of the disease has been found to be the only variable that independently affects all three biomarker levels in the patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kübranur Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Turan Turhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | | | | | - Erol Göka
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Koo B, Bae HJ, Goo N, Kim J, Kim J, Cai M, Jung IH, Cho K, Jung SY, Chang SW, Jang DS, Ryu JH. A botanical drug composed of three herbal materials attenuates the sensorimotor gating deficit and cognitive impairment induced by MK-801 in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:149-160. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
A botanical drug derived from the ethanolic extract composed of Clematis chinensis Osbeck (Ranunculaceae), Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz (Cucurbitaceae) and Prunella vulgaris Linné (Lamiaceae) has been used to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis as an ethical drug in Korea. In our study, we investigated the effect of this herbal complex extract (HCE) on schizophrenia-like behaviours induced by MK-801.
Methods
HCE (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o) was orally administered to male ICR mice to a schizophrenia-like animal model induced by MK-801. We conducted an acoustic startle response task, an open-field task, a novel object recognition task and a social novelty preference task.
Key findings
We found that a single administration of HCE (100 or 300 mg/kg) ameliorated MK-801-induced abnormal behaviours including sensorimotor gating deficits and social or object recognition memory deficits. In addition, MK-801-induced increases in phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β expression levels in the prefrontal cortex were reversed by HCE (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg).
Conclusions
These results imply that HCE ameliorates MK-801-induced dysfunctions in prepulse inhibition, social interactions and cognitive function, partly by regulating the Akt and GSK-3β signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Koo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayeon Goo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mudan Cai
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungnam Cho
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Chang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Roomruangwong C, Noto C, Kanchanatawan B, Anderson G, Kubera M, Carvalho AF, Maes M. The Role of Aberrations in the Immune-Inflammatory Response System (IRS) and the Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) in Different Phenotypes of Schizophrenia: the IRS-CIRS Theory of Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:778-797. [PMID: 31473906 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that aberrations in immune-inflammatory pathways may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Here, we propose a novel theoretical framework that was previously developed for major depression and bipolar disorder, namely, the compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system (CIRS), as applied to the neuro-immune pathophysiology of schizophrenia and its phenotypes, including first-episode psychosis (FEP), acute relapses, chronic and treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), comorbid depression, and deficit schizophrenia. These schizophrenia phenotypes and manifestations are accompanied by increased production of positive acute-phase proteins, including haptoglobin and α2-macroglobulin, complement factors, and macrophagic M1 (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), T helper (Th)-1 (interferon-γ and IL-2R), Th-2 (IL-4, IL-5), Th-17 (IL-17), and T regulatory (Treg; IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1) cytokines, cytokine-induced activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, and chemokines, including CCL-11 (eotaxin), CCL-2, CCL-3, and CXCL-8. While the immune profiles in the different schizophrenia phenotypes indicate the activation of the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), there are simultaneous signs of CIRS activation, including increased levels of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA), sIL-2R and tumor necrosis factor-α receptors, Th-2 and Treg phenotypes with increased IL-4 and IL-10 production, and increased levels of TRYCATs and haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin, and other acute-phase reactants, which have immune-regulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Signs of activated IRS and CIRS pathways are also detected in TRS, chronic, and deficit schizophrenia, indicating that these conditions are accompanied by a new homeostatic setpoint between upregulated IRS and CIRS components. In FEP, increased baseline CIRS activity is a protective factor that may predict favorable clinical outcomes. Moreover, impairments in the CIRS are associated with deficit schizophrenia and greater impairments in semantic and episodic memory. It is concluded that CIRS plays a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia by negatively regulating the primary IRS and contributing to recovery from the acute phase of illness. Therefore, components of the CIRS may offer promising therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Roomruangwong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cristiano Noto
- Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Buranee Kanchanatawan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Haloperidol Reduces the Activity of Complement and Induces the Anti-Inflammatory Transformation of Peritoneal Macrophages in Rats. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:369-374. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
41
|
Wiklund P, Karhunen V, Richmond RC, Parmar P, Rodriguez A, De Silva M, Wielscher M, Rezwan FI, Richardson TG, Veijola J, Herzig KH, Holloway JW, Relton CL, Sebert S, Järvelin MR. DNA methylation links prenatal smoking exposure to later life health outcomes in offspring. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:97. [PMID: 31262328 PMCID: PMC6604191 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse offspring health outcomes across their life course. We hypothesize that DNA methylation is a potential mediator of this relationship. METHODS We examined the association of prenatal maternal smoking with offspring blood DNA methylation in 2821 individuals (age 16 to 48 years) from five prospective birth cohort studies and perform Mendelian randomization and mediation analyses to assess whether methylation markers have causal effects on disease outcomes in the offspring. RESULTS We identify 69 differentially methylated CpGs in 36 genomic regions (P value < 1 × 10-7) associated with exposure to maternal smoking in adolescents and adults. Mendelian randomization analyses provided evidence for a causal role of four maternal smoking-related CpG sites on an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease or schizophrenia. Further mediation analyses showed some evidence of cg25189904 in GNG12 gene mediating the effect of exposure to maternal smoking on schizophrenia-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation may represent a biological mechanism through which maternal smoking is associated with increased risk of psychiatric morbidity in the exposed offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petri Wiklund
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Priyanka Parmar
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alina Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Maneka De Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Faisal I. Rezwan
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom G. Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Juha Veijola
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - John W. Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department for Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cai H, Cao T, Li N, Fang P, Xu P, Wu X, Zhang B, Xiang D. Quantitative monitoring of a panel of stress-induced biomarkers in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: an application in a comparative study between depressive patients and healthy subjects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5765-5777. [PMID: 31201457 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a metabolomic approach, we have found that stress can induce oxidative damage by disturbing the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system and purinergic pathway, leading to an excessive membrane breakdown. To further validate our findings and to monitor the biological impact of stress in research of clinical psychiatry, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determine a panel of biomarkers comprising choline, creatine, purinergic metabolites, neurosteroids, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines in human plasma. After optimization of the extraction protocol, all the 15 analytes plus 4 internal standards with distinct polarities were extracted into an organic phase using methyl tert-butyl ether/methanol (1:1, v/v). A reversed-phase C8 column under gradient elution consisting of aqueous phase A of 5 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 0.1% formic acid and organic phase B of acetonitrile/2-propanol (3:7, v/v) was utilized for separation. Four sequential periods under positive or negative ion mode were combined for the determination of analytes with specific multiple reaction monitoring transitions. For all analytes, this method exhibited good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) higher than 0.99. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) values ranged from 0.05 to 80.0 ng/mL. Recovery between 70.5 and 97.3% was obtained by spiking standards to plasma samples stripped by powdered activated carbon. The intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the analyses varied between 2.0 and 13.3%. The mean accuracy ranged from 90.6 to 109.0%. The matrix effect ranged from 91.2 to 107.3% with variations less than 9.0%. Stability under different conditions was tested, with mean recoveries varying between 90.4 and 109.7%. Finally, the established method was successfully applied to analyze the plasma samples from a small cohort of 30 patients with major depressive disorder and 30 matched healthy controls. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HuaLin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - NaNa Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - PingFei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - XiangXin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - BiKui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - DaXiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kalayasiri R, Kraijak K, Mutirangura A, Maes M. Paranoid schizophrenia and methamphetamine-induced paranoia are both characterized by a similar LINE-1 partial methylation profile, which is more pronounced in paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:221-227. [PMID: 30826260 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that schizophrenia is a neuro-immune disorder. Genes linked to intragenic LINE-1 methylation show a strong association with immune-associated disorders including psychosis. The aim of this study was to examine LINE-1 methylation patterns in paranoid schizophrenia and methamphetamine-induced paranoia, a model for schizophrenia. METHODS This study recruited 31 patients with paranoid schizophrenia, 94 with methamphetamine-induced paranoia (MIP) and 163 normal controls. LINE-1 methylation patterns were assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a combined bisulphite restriction analysis and COBRA were used to estimate LINE1 methylation (mC) and CpG dinucleotide methylation patterns, namely 2 methylated (mCmC) and 2 unmethylated (uCuC) CpGs and the partially methylated loci mCuC (5'm with 3'u) and uCmC (5'u with 3'm). RESULTS Patients with paranoid schizophrenia show highly significant changes in LINE-1 partial methylation patterns, namely a higher percentage of mCuC and lower percentage of uCmC as compared with controls and MIP patients, while the latter show a higher percentage of mCuC but lower percentage of uCmC as compared with controls. Higher mCuC significantly predicts paranoid schizophrenia with a sensitivity of 51.6%, specificity of 97.5% and an area under the ROC curve of 0.895. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that a common dysfunction in LINE-1 partial methylation may underpin both paranoid schizophrenia and MIP and that this methylation pattern is significantly more expressed in paranoid schizophrenia than MIP. Reciprocal links between impairments in LINE-1 methylation and neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways may underpin the pathophysiology of both MIP and paranoid schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmon Kalayasiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Korakot Kraijak
- Master of Science Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang Y, Liu Y, Wang G, Hei G, Wang X, Li R, Li L, Wu R, Zhao J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with cognitive impairments in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:528-536. [PMID: 30710808 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study aims to examine the relation between plasma BDNF levels and the cognition of patients with schizophrenia. We recruited 31 patients with chronic schizophrenia, 34 first-episode patients, and 35 healthy control subjects. We examined the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the plasma BDNF levels in all groups. The schizophrenic symptoms were assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale. The BDNF levels of schizophrenic patients were remarkably lower than those of the controls. The cognitive MCCB global composite scores and part index scores of schizophrenic patients were remarkably lower than those of the controls. Moreover, remarkable correlations were observed between BDNF levels and partial cognitive dimensions, such as visual learning, memory, and processing speed. Therefore, BDNF may be involved in the pathophysiology and cognitive impairment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Gangrui Hei
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ranran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China.
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Noto MN, Maes M, Nunes SOV, Ota VK, Rossaneis AC, Verri WA, Cordeiro Q, Belangero SI, Gadelha A, Bressan RA, Noto C. Activation of the immune-inflammatory response system and the compensatory immune-regulatory system in antipsychotic naive first episode psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:416-431. [PMID: 30594344 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are accompanied by activation of the immune inflammatory response system (IRS). The compensatory immune-regulatory system (CIRS) is a regulatory immune response that is induced by the IRS but exerts negative feedback through increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and IL-10. This study aims to examine the IRS and CIRS components, including macrophagic M1, T-helper (Th)-1, Th-2, Th-17 and T-regulatory (Treg) phenotypes, in antipsychotic-naïve first episode psychosis (AN-FEP) before and after risperidone treatment. We included 31 AN-FEP and 22 healthy controls. AN-FEP showed increments in M1, Th-1, Th-2, Th-17 and Treg phenotypes and a relatively greater IRS response (especially granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-6 and IL-12) as compared with the CIRS response. Inflammatory markers, especially IL-6 and IL-8, were significantly correlated with negative, psychotic, affective and excitation symptom dimensions. Treatment with risperidone significantly suppressed the IRS and CIRS. Baseline levels of CIRS biomarkers, especially higher soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 and IL-10 predicted clinical improvement after treatment. Our findings indicate that AN-FEP is characterized by robust IRS (M1 + Th-1 + Th-17) and CIRS responses, suggesting that monocytes, macrophages, Th-1, Th-2, Th-17 and Treg cells are activated. The findings indicate that (a) FEP patients are prone to the detrimental effects of M1, Th-1, Th-17 and Th-2 cells, which may contribute to long-lasting abnormalities in brain circuitry; and (b) in FEP, the CIRS may contribute to recovery from the acute phase of illness. Enhancing the CIRS might be a new drug target to treat FEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Nunes Noto
- GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3(o) Andar, CEP 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Rossaneis
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Ciências Médica da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3(o) Andar, CEP 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Noto
- GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3(o) Andar, CEP 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kanchanatawan B, Sriswasdi S, Maes M. Supervised machine learning to decipher the complex associations between neuro-immune biomarkers and quality of life in schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:267-282. [PMID: 30467771 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stable phase schizophrenia is characterized by altered patterning in tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) and memory impairments, which are associated with PHEMN (psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism and negative) and DAPS (depression, anxiety and physio-somatic) symptoms. This study was carried out to examine the association between TRYCAT patterning, memory impairments, psychopathological features and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in schizophrenia. The World Health Organization (WHO) QoL instrument-Abbreviated version (WHO-QoL-BREF), IgA/IgM responses to TRYCATs, cognitive tests, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Hamilton and Depression (HAMD) and Anxiety (HAMA) Rating Scales and the Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Rating Scale (FF) were measured in 80 schizophrenia patients and 40 controls. Neural Network analysis shows that the total HR-Qol score is best predicted by (in descending order) HAMA, FF, HAMD, and psychosis. Partial least Squares (PLS) analysis shows that 56.7% of the variance in the WHO-QoL scores is explained by PHEMN / DAPS symptoms, while 64.3% of the variance in those symptoms is explained by TRYCAT patterning and episodic/semantic memory impairments. IgA responses to picolinic acid, xanthurenic acid and 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (all negatively) and anthranilic acid (positively) have highly significant indirect effects on WHO-QoL scores, which are completely mediated by cognitive impairments and PHEMN / DAPS symptoms. The results show that lowered HR-Qol in schizophrenia is strongly associated with noxious TRYCATs and that these effects are mediated by impairments in episodic / semantic memory and schizophrenia phenomenology, especially physio-somatic and anxiety symptoms. Mucosal activation of the TRYCAT pathway combined with a deficit in natural IgM isotype antibodies to TRYCATs determine cognitive impairments and DAPS/PHEMN symptoms, which together determine to a large extent lowered HR-QoL in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buranee Kanchanatawan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sira Sriswasdi
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, Vic, 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim SW, Kang HJ, Jhon M, Kim JW, Lee JY, Walker AJ, Agustini B, Kim JM, Berk M. Statins and Inflammation: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30890971 PMCID: PMC6413672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia, have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. These are thought to be responsible for the potential effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we comprehensively review the literature to investigate the effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. In addition, we review adverse effects and drug interactions of statins to give clinically useful information guiding statin use in the psychiatric field. Statins seem useful in reducing depression, particularly in patients with physical disorders such as cardiovascular disease. In patients with schizophrenia, negative symptoms may be reduced by adjuvant statin therapy. Studies on cohorts at risk for dementia have generally shown protective effects of statins, while those on treatment for dementia show inconsistent results. In conclusion, statins used in combination with conventional psychotropic medications may be effective for various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. Further study is required to determine optimal doses and duration of statin use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Agustini
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Onaolapo AY, Ayeni OJ, Ogundeji MO, Ajao A, Onaolapo OJ, Owolabi AR. Subchronic ketamine alters behaviour, metabolic indices and brain morphology in adolescent rats: Involvement of oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 96:22-33. [PMID: 30529750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic agent whose recreational use amongst adolescents and young adults is reaching epidemic proportions in a number of countries. While animal studies have examined the long-term detrimental effects of early-life ketamine exposure, there is a paucity of information on the immediate effects of ketamine following subchronic administration in the adolescence period. Adolescent rats were assigned into four groups of 10 animals each, administered intraperitoneal (i.p) injections of vehicle or one of three doses of ketamine (7.5, 15 or 30 mg/kg daily) for 8 weeks, and then exposed to behavioural paradigms. Rats were then euthanised after an overnight fast, and blood taken was used for measurement of metabolic indices. The brains were dissected out and either homogenised for estimation of neurochemical parameters, or processed for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Results showed that subchronic administration of ketamine was associated with a lesser weight gain inspite of an increase in food intake across the treatment groups. There was a dose-dependent increase in open-field novelty-induced behaviours, a decline in spatial working-memory, and an anxiolytic effect in the elevated-plus maze. There was associated derangement of serum triglyceride, and increase in brain glutamate levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, plasma/brain oxidative stress parameters, caspase-3 activity and biochemical indices of hepatic and renal function. Ketamine administration was also associated with neurodegenerative changes in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and the pons. In conclusion, subchronic administration of ketamine to adolescent rats was associated with dose-related memory loss, oxidative stress and possibly caspase-3 mediated neurodegenerative changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - O J Ayeni
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - M O Ogundeji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - A Ajao
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - O J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - A R Owolabi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
This paper discusses the current evidence from animal and human studies for a central role of inflammation in schizophrenia. In animal models, pre- or perinatal elicitation of the immune response may increase immune reactivity throughout life, and similar findings have been described in humans. Levels of pro-inflammatory markers, such as cytokines, have been found to be increased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have provided evidence that various infectious agents are risk factors for schizophrenia and other psychoses. For example, a large-scale epidemiological study performed in Denmark clearly showed that severe infections and autoimmune disorders are such risk factors. The vulnerability-stress-inflammation model may help to explain the role of inflammation in schizophrenia because stress can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and may even contribute to a chronic pro-inflammatory state. Schizophrenia is characterized by risk genes that promote inflammation and by environmental stress factors and alterations of the immune system. Typical alterations of dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission described in schizophrenia have also been found in low-level neuroinflammation and consequently may be key factors in the generation of schizophrenia symptoms. Further support for the relevance of a low-level neuroinflammatory process in schizophrenia is provided by the loss of central nervous system volume and microglial activation demonstrated in neuroimaging studies. Last but not least, the benefit of anti-inflammatory medications found in some studies and the intrinsic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of antipsychotics provide further support for the role of inflammation in this debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig Maximilian University and Marion von Tessin Memory Center, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Prenatal inflammation and risk for schizophrenia: A role for immune proteins in neurodevelopment. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1157-1178. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrenatal inflammation is an established risk factor for schizophrenia. However, the specific inflammatory pathways that mediate this association remain unclear. Potential candidate systems include inflammatory markers produced by microglia, such as cytokines and complement. Accumulating evidence suggests that these markers play a role in typical neurodevelopmental processes, such as synapse formation and interneuron migration. Rodent models demonstrate that altered marker levels during the prenatal period can cause lasting deficits in these systems, leading to cognitive deficits that resemble schizophrenia. This review assesses the potential role of prenatal cytokine and complement elevations on the etiology of schizophrenia. The current neurobiological understanding of the development of schizophrenia is reviewed to identify candidate cellular mechanisms that may be influenced by prenatal inflammation. We discuss the functions that cytokines and complement may play in prenatal neurodevelopment, review evidence that links exposure to these factors with risk for schizophrenia, and consider how these markers may interact with genetic vulnerabilities to influence the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. We consider how prenatal inflammatory exposure may influence childhood and adolescent developmental risk trajectories for schizophrenia. Finally, we identify areas of further research needed to support the development of anti-inflammatory treatments to prevent the development of schizophrenia in at-risk neonates.
Collapse
|