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Raczyńska A, Góra A, André I. An overview on polyurethane-degrading enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108439. [PMID: 39241969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUR) are durable synthetic polymers widely used in various industries, contributing significantly to global plastic consumption. PUR pose unique challenges in terms of degradability and recyclability, as they are characterised by intricate compositions and diverse formulations. Additives and proprietary structures used in commercial PUR formulations further complicate recycling efforts, making the effective management of PUR waste a daunting task. In this review, we delve into the complex challenge of enzymatic degradation of PUR, focusing on the structural and functional attributes of both enzymes and PUR. We also present documented native enzymes with reported efficacy in hydrolysing specific bonds within PUR, analysis of these enzyme structures, reaction mechanisms, substrate specificity, and binding site architecture. Furthermore, we propose essential features for the future redesign of enzymes to optimise PUR biodegradation efficiency. By outlining prospective research directions aimed at advancing the field of enzymatic biodegradation of PUR, we aim to contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for managing PUR waste and reducing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Raczyńska
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France; Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Artur Góra
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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2
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Toral PG, Hervás G, Frutos P. INVITED REVIEW: Research on ruminal biohydrogenation: Achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future approaches from the perspective of dairy science. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01070-1. [PMID: 39154717 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Scientific knowledge about ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) has improved greatly since this metabolic process was empirically confirmed in 1951. For years, BH had mostly been perceived as a process to be avoided to increase the post-ruminal flow of UFA from the diet. Two milestones changed this perception and stimulated great interest in BH intermediates themselves: In 1987, the in vitro anticarcinogenic properties of CLA were described, and in 2000, the inhibition of milk fat synthesis by trans-10 cis-12 CLA was confirmed. Since then, numerous BH metabolites have been described in small and large ruminants, and the major deviation from the common BH pathway (i.e., the trans-10 shift) has been reasonably well established. However, there are some less well-characterized alterations, and the comprehensive description of new BH intermediates (e.g., using isotopic tracers) has not been coupled with research on their biological effects. In this regard, the low quality of some published fatty acid profiles may also be limiting the advance of knowledge in BH. Furthermore, although BH seems to no longer be considered a metabolic niche inhabited by a few bacterial species with a highly specific metabolic capability, researchers have failed to elucidate which specific microbial groups are involved in the process and the basis for alterations in BH pathways (i.e., changes in microbial populations or their activity). Unraveling both issues may be beneficial for the description of new microbial enzymes involved in ruminal lipid metabolism that have industrial interest. From the perspective of diary science, other knowledge gaps that require additional research in the coming years are evaluation of the relationship between BH and feed efficiency and enteric methane emissions, as well as improving our understanding of how alterations in BH are involved in milk fat depression. Addressing these issues will have relevant practical implications in dairy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Toral
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain.
| | - G Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - P Frutos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-University of León), Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
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3
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De Smet D, Verjans J, Bader M, Mondschein A, Vanneste M. Design of Biodegradable PU Textile Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2236. [PMID: 39204456 PMCID: PMC11358925 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) coatings are used in diverse applications such as textile coating. Up to today, landfilling is still the most occurring way of processing PU waste. Biodegradation is an alternative route for processing PU waste and decreases the amount of microplastics in the case of landfilling. In this study, a biodegradable PU textile coating was developed. The PU was characterized via Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PU was thermoplastic and had a melting point of approximately 33 °C. The performance of the coating was studied by assessing the water barrier and mechanical properties. The PU coating completely disintegrated, and the biodegradation of PU was assessed in soil and was almost 60%. Furthermore, the plant toxicity was examined by evaluating seedling emergence and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Smet
- Centexbel, Technologiepark 70, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Jente Verjans
- Centexbel, Technologiepark 70, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Miriam Bader
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Anke Mondschein
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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4
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Dar MA, Xie R, Zabed HM, Pawar KD, Dhole NP, Sun J. Current paradigms and future challenges in harnessing gut bacterial symbionts of insects for biodegradation of plastic wastes. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38990171 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous incorporation of plastics into daily life, coupled with inefficient recycling practices, has resulted in the accumulation of millions of metric tons of plastic waste, that poses a serious threat to the Earth's sustainability. Plastic pollution, a global problem, disrupts the ecological balance and endangers various life forms. Efforts to combat plastic pollution are underway, with a promising avenue being biological degradation facilitated by certain insects and their symbiotic gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria. This review consolidates existing knowledge on plastic degradation by insects and their influence on gut microbiota. Additionally, it delves into the potential mechanisms employed by insects in symbiosis with gut bacteria, exploring the bioconversion of waste plastics into value-added biodegradable polymers through mineralization. These insights hold significant promise for the bio-upcycling of plastic waste, opening new horizons for future biomanufacturing of high-value chemicals from plastic-derived compounds. Finally, we weigh the pros and cons of future research endeavors related to the bioprospection of plastic-degrading bacteria from underexplored insect species. We also underscore the importance of bioengineering depolymerases with novel characteristics, aiming for their application in the remediation and valorization of waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Dar
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kiran D Pawar
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeraja P Dhole
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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Salgado CA, Pereira Vidigal PM, Dantas Vanetti MC. Biodegradation of polyurethanes by Staphylococcus warneri and by microbial co-culture. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142169. [PMID: 38710416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing production and use of polyurethanes (PUs), it is necessary to develop sustainable techniques for the remediation of plastic pollution. The use of microorganisms capable of biodegrading PUs may be an environmentally desirable solution for controlling these plastic contaminants. To contribute to the discovery of alternatives for the mitigation of plastics in the environment, this study aimed to explore the potential of StaphylococcuswarneriUFV_01.21, isolated from the gut of Galleria mellonellalarvae, for biodegradation of PU in pure culture and microbial co-culture with Serratia liquefaciensL135. S. warneri grew using Impranil® PU as the sole carbon source in pure culture and co-culture. With six days of incubation, the biodegradation of Impranil® in Luria Bertani broth was 96, 88 and 76%, while in minimal medium, it was 58, 54 and 42% for S. warneri, S. liquefaciens, and co-culture, respectively. In addition, S. warneri in pure culture or co-culture was able to biodegrade, adhere and form biofilms on the surfaces of Impranil® disks and poly[4,4'-methylenebis (phenyl isocyanate)-alt-1,4-butanediol/di(propylene glycol)/polycaprolactone] (PCLMDI) films. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed biodegradation by detecting the formation of cracks, furrows, pores, and roughness on the surfaces of inoculated PU, both with pure culture and microbial co-culture. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential of S. warneriin PU biodegradation.
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6
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Roman VA, Crable BR, Wagner DN, Gryganskyi A, Zelik S, Cummings L, Hung CS, Nadeau LJ, Schratz L, Haridas S, Pangilinan J, Lipzen A, Na H, Yan M, Ng V, Grigoriev IV, Barlow D, Biffinger J, Kelley-Loughnane N, Crookes-Goodson WJ, Stamps B, Varaljay VA. Identification and recombinant expression of a cutinase from Papiliotrema laurentii that hydrolyzes natural and synthetic polyesters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0169423. [PMID: 38624219 PMCID: PMC11205760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01694-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the multitude of extracellular enzymes at their disposal, many of which are designed to degrade nature's polymers (lignin, cutin, cellulose, etc.), fungi are adept at targeting synthetic polyesters with similar chemical composition. Microbial-influenced deterioration of xenobiotic polymeric surfaces is an area of interest for material scientists as these are important for the conservation of the underlying structural materials. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the Papiliotrema laurentii 5307AH (P. laurentii) cutinase, Plcut1. P. laurentii is basidiomycete yeast with the ability to disperse Impranil-DLN (Impranil), a colloidal polyester polyurethane, in agar plates. To test whether the fungal factor involved in this clearing was a secreted enzyme, we screened the ability of P. laurentii culture supernatants to disperse Impranil. Using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), we isolated fractions that contained Impranil-clearing activity. These fractions harbored a single ~22 kD band, which was excised and subjected to peptide sequencing. Homology searches using the peptide sequences identified, revealed that the protein Papla1 543643 (Plcut1) displays similarities to serine esterase and cutinase family of proteins. Biochemical assays using recombinant Plcut1 confirmed that this enzyme has the capability to hydrolyze Impranil, soluble esterase substrates, and apple cutin. Finally, we confirmed the presence of the Plcut1 in culture supernatants using a custom antibody that specifically recognizes this protein. The work shown here supports a major role for the Plcut1 in the fungal degradation of natural polyesters and xenobiotic polymer surfaces.IMPORTANCEFungi play a vital role in the execution of a broad range of biological processes that drive ecosystem function through production of a diverse arsenal of enzymes. However, the universal reactivity of these enzymes is a current problem for the built environment and the undesired degradation of polymeric materials in protective coatings. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a hydrolase from Papiliotrema laurentii 5307AH, an aircraft-derived fungal isolate found colonizing a biodeteriorated polymer-coated surface. We show that P. laurentii secretes a cutinase capable of hydrolyzing soluble esters as well as ester-based compounds forming solid surface coatings. These findings indicate that this fungus plays a significant role in biodeterioration through the production of a cutinase adept at degrading ester-based polymers, some of which form the backbone of protective surface coatings. The work shown here provides insights into the mechanisms employed by fungi to degrade xenobiotic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Roman
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryan R. Crable
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Dominique N. Wagner
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrii Gryganskyi
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Zelik
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Logan Cummings
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Chia S. Hung
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - Lloyd J. Nadeau
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucas Schratz
- Chemistry Department, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Sajeet Haridas
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jasmyn Pangilinan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Na
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mi Yan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Blake Stamps
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - Vanessa A. Varaljay
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University, Infectious Diseases Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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7
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Ji J, Pei J, Ding F, Zeng C, Zhou J, Dong W, Cui Z, Yan X. Isolation and characterization of polyester polyurethane-degrading bacterium Bacillus sp. YXP1. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118468. [PMID: 38354881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms have the potential to be applied for the degradation or depolymerization of polyurethane (PU) and other plastic waste, which have attracted global attention. The appropriate strain or enzyme that can effectively degrade PU is the key to treat PU plastic wastes by biological methods. Here, a polyester PU-degrading bacterium Bacillus sp. YXP1 was isolated and identified from a plastic landfill. Three PU substrates with increasing structure complexities, including Impranil DLN, poly (1,4-butylene adipate)-based PU (PBA-PU), and polyester PU foam, were used to evaluate the degradation capacity of Bacillus sp. YXP1. Under optimal conditions, strain YXP1 could completely degrade 0.5% Impranil DLN within 7 days. After 30 days, the weight loss of polyester PU foam by strain YXP1 was as high as 42.1%. In addition, PBA-PU was applied for degradation pathway analysis due to its clear composition and chemical structure. Five degradation intermediates of PBA-PU were identified, including 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid, and two MDA derivates, indicating that strain YXP1 could depolymerize PBA-PU by the hydrolysis of ester and urethane bonds. Furthermore, the extracellular enzymes produced by strain YXP1 could hydrolyze PBA-PU to generate MDA. Together, this study provides a potential bacterium for the biological treatment of PU plastic wastes and for the mining of functional enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Nanjing Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China
| | - Jing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fanghui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Caiting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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de Witt J, Molitor R, Gätgens J, Ortmann de Percin Northumberland C, Kruse L, Polen T, Wynands B, van Goethem K, Thies S, Jaeger K, Wierckx N. Biodegradation of poly(ester-urethane) coatings by Halopseudomonas formosensis. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14362. [PMID: 37991424 PMCID: PMC10834883 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Impranil® DLN-SD is a poly(ester-urethane) (PEU) that is widely used as coating material for textiles to fine-tune and improve their properties. Since coatings increase the complexity of such plastic materials, they can pose a hindrance for sustainable end-of-life solutions of plastics using enzymes or microorganisms. In this study, we isolated Halopseudomonas formosensis FZJ due to its ability to grow on Impranil DLN-SD and other PEUs as sole carbon sources. The isolated strain was exceptionally thermotolerant as it could degrade Impranil DLN-SD at up to 50°C. We identified several putative extracellular hydrolases of which the polyester hydrolase Hfor_PE-H showed substrate degradation of Impranil DLN-SD and thus was purified and characterized in detail. Hfor_PE-H showed moderate temperature stability (Tm = 53.9°C) and exhibited activity towards Impranil DLN-SD as well as polyethylene terephthalate. Moreover, we revealed the enzymatic release of monomers from Impranil DLN-SD by Hfor_PE-H using GC-ToF-MS and could decipher the associated metabolic pathways in H. formosensis FZJ. Overall, this study provides detailed insights into the microbial and enzymatic degradation of PEU coatings, thereby deepening our understanding of microbial coating degradation in both contained and natural environments. Moreover, the study highlights the relevance of the genus Halopseudomonas and especially the novel isolate and its enzymes for future bio-upcycling processes of coated plastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Witt
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Rebecka Molitor
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Jochem Gätgens
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | | | - Luzie Kruse
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Tino Polen
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Benedikt Wynands
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | | | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
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9
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Salgado CA, Silva JG, Almeida FAD, Vanetti MCD. Biodegradation of polyurethanes by Serratia liquefaciens L135 and its polyurethanase: In silico and in vitro analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122016. [PMID: 37339733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are found in many everyday products and their disposal leads to environmental accumulation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop ecologically sustainable techniques to biodegrade and recycle this recalcitrant polymer and replace traditional methods that form harmful by-products. Serratia liquefaciens L135 secretes a polyurethanase with lipase activity, and this study explores the biodegradation of PUs by this bacterium and its enzyme through in silico and in vitro analyses. PUs monomers and tetramers were constructed in silico and tested with modeled and validated structure of the polyurethanase from S. liquefaciens. The molecular docking showed that all PUs monomers presented favorable interactions with polyurethanase (values of binding energy between -84.75 and -121.71 kcal mol-1), including PU poly[4,4'-methylenebis (phenyl isocyanate)-alt-1,4-butanediol/di (propylene glycol)/polycaprolactone] (PCLMDI). Due to repulsive steric interactions, tetramers showed less favorable interactions (values between 24.26 and -45.50 kcal mol-1). In vitro analyses evaluated the biodegradation of PUs: Impranil® and PCLMDI; this latter showed high binding energy with this polyurethanase in silico. The biodegradation of Impranil® by S. liquefaciens and its partially purified polyurethanase was confirmed in agar by forming a transparent halo. Impranil® disks inoculated with S. liquefaciens and incubated at 30 °C for six days showed rupture of the PU structure, possibly due to the formation of cracks visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PCLMDI films were also biodegraded by S. liquefaciens after 60 days of incubation, with the formation of pores and cracks visualized by SEM. The biodegradation may have occurred due to the action of polyurethanase produced by this bacterium. This work provides essential information on the potential of S. liquefaciens to biodegrade PUs through in silico analyses combined with in vitro analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júnio Gonçalves Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Alves de Almeida
- Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes (ILCT), Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Kuo MT, Raffaelle JF, Waller EM, Varaljay VA, Wagner D, Kelley-Loughnane N, Reuel NF. Screening Enzymatic Degradation of Polyester Polyurethane with Fluorescent Single-walled Carbon Nanotube and Polymer Nanoparticle Conjugates. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17021-17030. [PMID: 37606935 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biodegradation is a promising method to reclaim plastic materials. However, to date, a high-throughput method for screening potential enzyme candidates for biodegradation is still lacking. Here, we propose a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fluorescence sensor for screening the enzymatic degradation of polyester polyurethane nanoparticles. Through wrapping the SWCNT with cationic chitosan, an electrostatic bond is formed between the SWCNT and Impranil, a widely applied model substrate of polyester polyurethane. As Impranil is being degraded by the enzymes, a characteristic quenching at a short reaction time followed by a brightening at a longer reaction time in the fluorescence signal is observed. The time-dependent fluorescence response is compared with turbidity measurement, and we conclude that the brightening in fluorescence results from the binding of the degradation product with the SWCNT. The proposed SWCNT sensor design has the potential to screen enzyme candidates for selective degradation of other plastic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Tsan Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jack F Raffaelle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Ellise McKenna Waller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | | | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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11
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Maestri C, Plancher L, Duthoit A, Hébert RL, Di Martino P. Fungal Biodegradation of Polyurethanes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:760. [PMID: 37504748 PMCID: PMC10381151 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PURs) are versatile polymers used in a wide variety of fields, such as the medical, automotive, textile, thermal insulation, and coating industries as well as many everyday objects. Many PURs have applications that require a long service life, sometimes with exposure to aggressive conditions. They can undergo different types of physicochemical and biological degradation, but they are not compostable, and many of them constitute persistent waste in the environment. Although both bacteria and fungi can be involved in the degradation of PURs, fungi are often the main biodegradation agents. The chemical structure of PURs determines their degree of biodegradation. Fungal biodegradation of PURs is linked to the production of enzymes, mainly esterases and proteases, alongside laccases, peroxidases, and tyrosinases, which can modify the structure of polyurethane compounds by forming carbonyl groups. The experimental analysis of the biodegradation of PUR can be carried out by bringing the polymer into contact with a mold in pure culture or with a microbial consortium. Then, global measurements can be taken, such as weight loss, tensile tests, or the ability of microorganisms to grow in the presence of PUR as the sole carbon source. The analysis of the chemical structure of the polymer and its degradation products after fungal growth can confirm biodegradation and specify the mechanism. The main avenues of future research are directed towards the development of fully biodegradable PURs and, on the contrary, towards the development of PURs that are more resistant to degradation phenomena, in particular biodegradation, for applications where the material is in contact with living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Maestri
- Laboratoire ERRMECe, Cergy Paris University, 1 Rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
- Laboratoire GEC, Cergy Paris University, 1 Rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
- SPPM-27 Rue Raffet, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Plancher
- Laboratoire ERRMECe, Cergy Paris University, 1 Rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
- Laboratoire GEC, Cergy Paris University, 1 Rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | | | - Ronan L Hébert
- Laboratoire GEC, Cergy Paris University, 1 Rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Patrick Di Martino
- Laboratoire ERRMECe, Cergy Paris University, 1 Rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
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12
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Quang HHP, Dinh DA, Dutta V, Chauhan A, Lahiri SK, Gopalakrishnan C, Radhakrishnan A, Batoo KM, Thi LAP. Current approaches, and challenges on identification, remediation and potential risks of emerging plastic contaminants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104193. [PMID: 37348772 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are widely employed in modern civilization because of their durability, mold ability, and light weight. In the recent decade, micro/nanoplastics research has steadily increased, highlighting its relevance. However, contaminating micro/nanoplastics in marine environments, terrestrial ecosystems, and biological organisms is considered a severe threat to the environmental system. Geographical distribution, migration patterns, etymologies of formation, and ecological ramifications of absorption are just a few topics covered in the scientific literature on environmental issues. Degradable solutions from material science and chemistry are needed to address the micro/nanoplastics problem, primarily to reduce the production of these pollutants and their potential effects. Removing micro/nanoplastics from their discharge points has been a central and effective way to mitigate the adverse pollution effects. In this review, we begin by discussing the hazardous effect on living beings and the identification-characterization of micro/nanoplastics. Then, we provide a summary of the existing degradation strategies, which include bio-degradation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and a detailed discussion of their degradation mechanisms is also represented. Finally, a persuasive summary of the evaluated work and projections for the future of this topic is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Hoang Phan Quang
- Faculty of Biology and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duc Anh Dinh
- VKTech Research Center, NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Vishal Dutta
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab.
| | - Ankush Chauhan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sudip Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Arunkumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khalid Mujasam Batoo
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lan-Anh Phan Thi
- VNU Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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13
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Gui Z, Liu G, Liu X, Cai R, Liu R, Sun C. A Deep-Sea Bacterium Is Capable of Degrading Polyurethane. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0007323. [PMID: 36995243 PMCID: PMC10269918 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic wastes have been recognized as the most common and durable marine contaminants, which are not only found in the shallow water, but also on the sea floor. However, whether deep-sea microorganisms have evolved the capability of degrading plastic remains elusive. In this study, a deep-sea bacterium Bacillus velezensis GUIA was found to be capable of degrading waterborne polyurethane. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the supplement of waterborne polyurethane upregulated the expression of many genes related to spore germination, indicating that the presence of plastic had effects on the growth of strain GUIA. In addition, the supplement of waterborne polyurethane also evidently upregulated the expressions of many genes encoding lipase, protease, and oxidoreductase. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results showed that potential enzymes responsible for plastic degradation in strain GUIA were identified as oxidoreductase, protease, and lipase, which was consistent with the transcriptomic analysis. In combination of in vitro expression and degradation assays as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, we demonstrated that the oxidoreductase Oxr-1 of strain GUIA was the key degradation enzyme toward waterborne polyurethane. Moreover, the oxidoreductase Oxr-1 was also shown to degrade the biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) film indicating its wide application potential. IMPORTANCE The widespread and indiscriminate disposal of plastics inevitably leads to environmental pollution. The secondary pollution by current landfill and incineration methods causes serious damage to the atmosphere, land, and rivers. Therefore, microbial degradation is an ideal way to solve plastic pollution. Recently, the marine environment is becoming a hot spot to screen microorganisms possessing potential plastic degradation capabilities. In this study, a deep-sea Bacillus strain was shown to degrade both waterborne polyurethane and biodegradable PBAT film. The FAD-binding oxidoreductase Oxr-1 was demonstrated to be the key enzyme mediating plastic degradation. Our study not only provided a good candidate for developing bio-products toward plastic degradation but also paved a way to investigate the carbon cycle mediated by plastic degradation in deep-sea microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gui
- Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruining Cai
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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14
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Taxeidis G, Nikolaivits E, Siaperas R, Gkountela C, Vouyiouka S, Pantelic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Topakas E. Triggering and identifying the polyurethane and polyethylene-degrading machinery of filamentous fungi secretomes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121460. [PMID: 36940913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrollable disposal of plastic waste has raised the concern of the scientific community, which tries to face this environmental burden by discovering and applying new techniques. Regarding the biotechnology field, several important microorganisms possessing the necessary enzymatic arsenal to utilize recalcitrant synthetic polymers as an energy source have been discovered. In the present study, we screened various fungi for their ability to degrade intact polymers, such as ether-based polyurethane (PU) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). For this, ImpranIil® DLN-SD and a mixture of long-chain alkanes were used as sole carbon sources, indicating not only the most promising strains in agar plate screening but also inducing the secretion of depolymerizing enzymatic activities, useful for polymer degradation. The agar plate screening revealed three fungal strains belonging to Fusarium and Aspergillus genera, whose secretome was further studied for its ability to degrade the aforementioned non-treated polymers. Specifically for ether-based PU, the secretome of a Fusarium species reduced the sample mass and the average molecular weight of the polymer by 24.5 and 20.4%, respectively, while the secretome of an Aspergillus species caused changes in the molecular structure of LDPE, as evidenced by FTIR. The proteomics analysis revealed that the enzymatic activities induced in presence of Impranil® DLN-SD can be associated with urethane bond cleavage, a fact which was also supported by the observed degradation of the ether-based PU. Although, the mechanism of LDPE degradation was not completely elucidated, the presence of oxidative enzymes could be the main factor contributing to polymer modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Taxeidis
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Romanos Siaperas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Gkountela
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Brana Pantelic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Rüthi J, Cerri M, Brunner I, Stierli B, Sander M, Frey B. Discovery of plastic-degrading microbial strains isolated from the alpine and Arctic terrestrial plastisphere. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178474. [PMID: 37234546 PMCID: PMC10206078 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing plastic production and the release of some plastic in to the environment highlight the need for circular plastic economy. Microorganisms have a great potential to enable a more sustainable plastic economy by biodegradation and enzymatic recycling of polymers. Temperature is a crucial parameter affecting biodegradation rates, but so far microbial plastic degradation has mostly been studied at temperatures above 20°C. Here, we isolated 34 cold-adapted microbial strains from the plastisphere using plastics buried in alpine and Arctic soils during laboratory incubations as well as plastics collected directly from Arctic terrestrial environments. We tested their ability to degrade, at 15°C, conventional polyethylene (PE) and the biodegradable plastics polyester-polyurethane (PUR; Impranil®); ecovio® and BI-OPL, two commercial plastic films made of polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA); pure PBAT; and pure PLA. Agar clearing tests indicated that 19 strains had the ability to degrade the dispersed PUR. Weight-loss analysis showed degradation of the polyester plastic films ecovio® and BI-OPL by 12 and 5 strains, respectively, whereas no strain was able to break down PE. NMR analysis revealed significant mass reduction of the PBAT and PLA components in the biodegradable plastic films by 8 and 7 strains, respectively. Co-hydrolysis experiments with a polymer-embedded fluorogenic probe revealed the potential of many strains to depolymerize PBAT. Neodevriesia and Lachnellula strains were able to degrade all the tested biodegradable plastic materials, making these strains especially promising for future applications. Further, the composition of the culturing medium strongly affected the microbial plastic degradation, with different strains having different optimal conditions. In our study we discovered many novel microbial taxa with the ability to break down biodegradable plastic films, dispersed PUR, and PBAT, providing a strong foundation to underline the role of biodegradable polymers in a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rüthi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Cerri
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Stierli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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16
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Liu J, Zeng Q, Lei H, Xin K, Xu A, Wei R, Li D, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M. Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by Cladosporium sp. P7: Evaluating its degradation capacity and metabolic pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130776. [PMID: 36706489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms capable of decomposing polyurethane (PU) and other plastics have the potential to be used in bio-recycling processes. In this study, 20 PU-degrading strains were isolated, including 11 bacteria and 9 fungi, using a synthesized poly(1,4-butylene adipate)-based PU (PBA-PU) as the screening substrate. Three PU substrates with increasing structure complexities were used for a thorough evaluation of microbial degradation capacity: Impranil® DLN-SD, PBA-PU film and PU foam waste. After 4 days, the best fungal PBA-PU degrader, Cladosporium sp. P7, could degrade 94.5% of Impranil® DLN-SD. After 28 days of cultivation, 32.42% and 43.91% of solid PBA-PU film was converted into soluble small molecules when used as the sole carbon source or in a medium with other co-carbon sources, respectively. Accordingly, the weight loss of PU foam waste after 15 days was 15.3% for the sole carbon condition and 83.83% for the co-carbon conditions. Furthermore, PBA-PU was used for metabolic pathway analysis because of its known composition and chemical structure. Six metabolites were identified during the degradation process of PBA-PU, including adipic acid (AA), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), which can also be used as the sole carbon source to grow the fungal strain P7, resulting in the discovery of two MDA metabolites during the cultivation processes. Based on the presence of these eight metabolites, we hypothesized that PBA-PU is first depolymerized by the fungal strain P7 via ester and urethane bond hydrolysis, followed by intracellular metabolism and mineralization of the three monomers to CO2 and H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Qingyi Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Huirui Lei
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Kaiyuan Xin
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Anming Xu
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Ren Wei
- Junior Research Group Plastic Biodegradation, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ding Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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17
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Giyahchi M, Moghimi H. Aerobic biodegradation of untreated polyester-polyether urethanes by newly isolated yeast strains Exophilia sp. NS-7 and Rhodotorula sp. NS-12. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5016. [PMID: 36977741 PMCID: PMC10050204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyester-urethanes as the most widely used polyurethanes (PUs) are among the most recalcitrant plastics in natural conditions. Among existing approaches for managing and reducing plastic waste, biodegradation as a promising approach to reduce plastic waste pollution has drawn scientific society's attention in recent years. In this study, two polyester-polyether urethane degrading yeasts were isolated and identified as two new strains of Exophilia sp. NS-7 and Rhodotorula sp. NS-12. The results showed that Exophilia sp. NS-7 is esterase, protease, and urease positive, and Rhodotorula sp. NS-12 can produce esterase and urease. Both strains can degrade Impranil® as the sole carbon source with the highest growth rate in 4-6 and 8-12 days, respectively. SEM micrograph revealed PU degradation ability in both strains by showing so many pits and holes in treated films. The Sturm test showed that these two isolates can mineralize PU to CO2, and significant decreases in N-H stretching, C-H stretching, C=O stretching, and N-H/C=O bending absorption in the molecular structure of PU were revealed by the FT-IR spectrum. The detection of the deshielding effect in chemical shifts of the H-NMR spectrum after the treatment also confirmed the destructive effects of both strains on PU films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Giyahchi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417864411, Iran
| | - Hamid Moghimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417864411, Iran.
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18
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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19
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Su T, Zhang T, Liu P, Bian J, Zheng Y, Yuan Y, Li Q, Liang Q, Qi Q. Biodegradation of polyurethane by the microbial consortia enriched from landfill. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1983-1995. [PMID: 36763115 PMCID: PMC9911954 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PU) are one of the most used categories of plastics and have become a significant source of environmental pollutants. Degrading the refractory PU wastes using environmentally friendly strategies is in high demand. In this study, three microbial consortia from the landfill leachate were enriched using PU powder as the sole carbon source. The consortia efficiently degraded polyester PU film and accumulated high biomass within 1 week. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle analyses showed significant physical and chemical changes to the PU film after incubating with the consortia for 48 h. In addition, the degradation products adipic acid and butanediol were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography in the supernatant of the consortia. Microbial composition and extracellular enzyme analyses revealed that the consortia can secrete esterase and urease, which were potentially involved in the degradation of PU. The dominant microbes in the consortia changed when continuously passaged for 50 generations of growth on the PU films. This work demonstrates the potential use of microbial consortia in the biodegradation of PU wastes. KEY POINTS: • Microbial consortia enriched from landfill leachate degraded polyurethane film. • Consortia reached high biomass within 1 week using polyurethane film as the sole carbon source. • The consortia secreted potential polyurethane-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Branson Y, Badenhorst CPS, Pfaff L, Buchmann C, Wei R, Bornscheuer UT. High-Throughput Screening for Thermostable Polyester Hydrolases. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2555:153-165. [PMID: 36306085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2795-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the promise of more sustainable recycling of plastics through biocatalytic degradation, the search for and engineering of polyester hydrolases have become a thriving field of research. Furthermore, among other methods, halo formation assays have become popular for the detection of polyester-hydrolase activity. However, established halo-formation assays are limited in their ability to screen for thermostable enzymes, which are particularly important for efficient plastic degradation. The incubation of screening plates at temperatures above 50 °C leads to cell lysis and death. Therefore, equivalent master plates are commonly required to maintain and identify the active strains found on the screening plates. This replica plating procedure necessitates 20- to 60-fold more plates than our method, assuming the screened library is transferred to 384-well microtiter plates or 96-well microtiter plates, respectively, to organize the colonies in a retraceable manner, thus significantly lowering throughput. Here, we describe a halo formation assay that is designed to screen thermostable polyesterases independent of master plates and colony replication, thereby markedly reducing the workload and increasing the throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Branson
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lara Pfaff
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carolin Buchmann
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Kim JH, Choi SH, Park MG, Park DH, Son KH, Park HY. Polyurethane biodegradation by Serratia sp. HY-72 isolated from the intestine of the Asian mantis Hierodula patellifera. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1005415. [PMID: 36601396 PMCID: PMC9806174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU), currently replacing existing synthetic materials worldwide, is a synthetic polymer derived from polyols, isocyanates, and a chain extender added by condensation reactions. PU wastes which are difficult to recycle, are commonly discarded in landfills and flow into ecosystems, thereby causing serious environmental problems. In recent years, insect-associated microbes have become a promising, eco-friendly strategy as an alternative to plastic recycling. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Serratia sp. HY-72 strain isolated from the intestine of the Asian mantis (Hierodula patellifera) for PU degradation. The 65 kDa family I.3 lipase which degrades PU was identified and characterized, with a specific activity of 2,883 U mg-1. The bacterial filtrates and the recombinant lipase degraded Impranil (a colloidal polyester-PU dispersion, 100 g l-1) by 85.24 and 78.35% after 72 h incubation, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed changes in Impranil functional groups, with decreased C=O functional group and aliphatic chain signals, and increased N-H bending with C-N stretching and C-O stretching. The current study also revealed that the HY-72 strain biodegraded the commercial PU foams (polyester- and polyether- PU) with 23.95 and 10.95% weight loss after 2 weeks, respectively with changes in surface morphology and structure such as cracks, roughness, and surface roughening. Altogether, this is one of the few studies reporting biodegradation of PU by the insect-associated microbe. These findings suggest that the insect-associated microbe could be a promising resource for biodegradation and recycling of plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Choi
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gu Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Son
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Kwang-Hee Son,
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Ho-Yong Park,
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22
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Patil PB, Maity S, Sarkar A. Potential human health risk assessment of microplastic exposure: current scenario and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:898. [PMID: 36251091 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The vast usage of synthetic plastics has led to the global problem of plastic pollution which in turn has positively impacted the concerns regarding microplastic pollution. The major factor responsible for the increased level of pollution is the smaller size of microplastics which helps in its transportation across the globe. It has been found in most remote areas like glaciers and Antarctic regions where it is difficult for other contaminants to reach. This is ensured by the physicochemical cycle of plastic. They can either be produced for different applications or generated through the fragmentation of large plastic particles. Different studies have shown the accumulation of microplastics in different organisms, especially in aquatic animals leading to their entry into the food chain. The ultimate fate of the microplastics is accumulation inside the human body posing the risk of different health conditions like cancer, diabetes, and allergic reactions. The present review summarizes a detailed discussion on the current status of microplastic pollution, their effect on different organisms, and its impact on human health with a case study on the human health risk assessment for analyzing the global rate of microplastic ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bajirao Patil
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sourav Maity
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Angana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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23
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Zhang K, Hu J, Yang S, Xu W, Wang Z, Zhuang P, Grossart HP, Luo Z. Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by the marine fungus Cladosporium halotolerans 6UPA1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129406. [PMID: 35753302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lack of degradability and the accumulation of polymeric wastes increase the risk for the health of the environment. Recently, recycling of polymeric waste materials becomes increasingly important as raw materials for polymer synthesis are in short supply due to the rise in price and supply chain disruptions. As an important polymer, polyurethane (PU) is widely used in modern life, therefore, PU biodegradation is desirable to avoid its accumulation in the environment. In this study, we isolated a fungal strain Cladosporium halotolerans from the deep sea which can grow in mineral medium with a polyester PU (Impranil DLN) as a sole carbon source. Further, we demonstrate that it can degrade up to 80% of Impranil PU after 3 days of incubation at 28 ℃ by breaking the carbonyl groups (1732 cm-1) and C-N-H bonds (1532 cm-1 and 1247 cm-1) as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed polyols and alkanes as PU degradation intermediates, indicating the hydrolysis of ester and urethane bonds. Esterase and urease activities were detected in 7 days-old cultures with PU as a carbon source. Transcriptome analysis showed a number of extracellular protein genes coding for enzymes such as cutinase, lipase, peroxidase and hydrophobic surface binding proteins A (HsbA) were expressed when cultivated on Impranil PU. The yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the hydrophobic surface binding protein ChHsbA1 directly interacts with inducible esterases, ChLip1 (lipase) and ChCut1 (cutinase). Further, the KEGG pathway for "fatty acid degradation" was significantly enriched in Impranil PU inducible genes, indicating that the fungus may use the degradation intermediates to generate energy via this pathway. Taken together, our data indicates secretion of both esterase and hydrophobic surface binding proteins by C. halotolerans plays an important role in Impranil PU absorption and subsequent degradation. Our study provides a mechanistic insight into Impranil PU biodegradation by deep sea fungi and provides the basis for future development of biotechnological PU recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jiege Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Peiwen Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin 16775, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, PR China.
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Xu A, Liu J, Cao S, Xu B, Guo C, Yu Z, Chen X, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M. Application of a novel fluorogenic polyurethane analogue probe in polyester-degrading microorganisms screening by microfluidic droplet. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:474-480. [PMID: 35881631 PMCID: PMC9871523 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of polyester-degrading microorganisms or enzymes should be considered as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical recycling due to the huge plastic waste disposal nowadays. However, current impranil DLN-based screening of polyester-degrading microorganisms is time-consuming, labour-intensive and unable to distinguish polyesterases from other protease- or amidase-like enzymes. Herein, we present an approach that combined a novel synthetic fluorescent polyurethane analogue probe (FPAP), along with the droplet-based microfluidics to screen polyurethane-degrading microorganisms through fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) pipeline. The fluorescent probe FPAP exhibited a fluorescence enhancement effect once hydrolysed by polyesterases, along with a strong specificity in discriminating polyesterases from other non-active enzymes. Application of FPAP in a microfluidic droplet system demonstrated that this probe exhibited high sensitivity and efficiency in selecting positive droplets containing leaf-branch compost cutinase (LCC) enzymes. This novel fluorogenic probe, FPAP, combined with the droplet microfluidic system has the potential to be used in the exploitation of novel PUR-biocatalysts for biotechnological and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shixiang Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chengzhi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
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25
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Khruengsai S, Sripahco T, Pripdeevech P. Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Embarria clematidis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874842. [PMID: 35774449 PMCID: PMC9237533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester urethanes (PUR) are widely used in industries and have led to a worldwide plastic waste problem. Thus, novel solutions for PUR degradation are required to reduce environmental pollution. This work investigates the PUR biodegradation efficiency of 33 fungal species using a polyester-polyurethane colloid branded Impranil DLN (Impranil) compared to Aspergillus niger, which served as the positive control. The biodegradation is evaluated based on its ability to clear Impranil in media. Eleven fungi can clear Impranil in both solid- and liquid-medium assays. The highest degradation was attributed to Embarria clematidis cultured with Impranil as a carbon source. The degradation was confirmed by the Sturm test, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the Sturm test, CO2 at a concentration of 0.85 g/L was found in E. clematidis cultured with 150 mL of Impranil solution after a 2-week incubation period while the CO2 at a concentration of 0.53 g/L was detected from A. niger in the same conditions. The biodegradation was further confirmed by evaluating the clearance percentage of supernatant of E. clematidis and A. niger culturing with Impranil from the Sturm test. The clearance percentage of E. clematidis and A. niger supernatant was 88.84 and 48.97%, respectively. Moreover, the degradation of soft segment and breakdown of ester linkages were observed, as evidenced by the decrease of the carbonyl (1,715 cm-1) and N-H stretching (1,340 cm-1 and 1,020 cm-1) FTIR spectral peaks, respectively. GC-MS detected 3Z-heptenol, 5Z-octenol, 2E,4E-hexadienol acetate, and 3E,6Z-nonadienol as degradation products from the E. clematidis culture supernatant. This fungus was screened for its ability to produce extracellular esterase, protease, and urease enzymes. Extracellular esterase, very low urease, and no protease activities were detected in the culture supernatant of E. clematidis in the presence of Impranil. E. clematidis can degrade Impranil partially via hydrolysis of ester linkages by cell-bound esterases at a considerable rate without any prior treatment. This fungus not only degraded Impranil but also mineralized them into CO2 and H2O. E. clematidis can be applied in the process of biochemical depolymerization of PUR for the pure monomers recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patcharee Pripdeevech
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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Temporiti MEE, Nicola L, Nielsen E, Tosi S. Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1180. [PMID: 35744698 PMCID: PMC9230134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a growing environmental problem, in part due to the extremely stable and durable nature of this polymer. As recycling does not provide a complete solution, research has been focusing on alternative ways of degrading plastic. Fungi provide a wide array of enzymes specialized in the degradation of recalcitrant substances and are very promising candidates in the field of plastic degradation. This review examines the present literature for different fungal enzymes involved in plastic degradation, describing their characteristics, efficacy and biotechnological applications. Fungal laccases and peroxidases, generally used by fungi to degrade lignin, show good results in degrading polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), while esterases such as cutinases and lipases were successfully used to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PUR). Good results were also obtained on PUR by fungal proteases and ureases. All these enzymes were isolated from many different fungi, from both Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, and have shown remarkable efficiency in plastic biodegradation under laboratory conditions. Therefore, future research should focus on the interactions between the genes, proteins, metabolites and environmental conditions involved in the processes. Further steps such as the improvement in catalytic efficiency and genetic engineering could lead these enzymes to become biotechnological applications in the field of plastic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Elisabetta Eleonora Temporiti
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Lidia Nicola
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Solveig Tosi
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.N.); (S.T.)
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Fuentes-Jaime J, Vargas-Suárez M, Cruz-Gómez MJ, Loza-Tavera H. Concerted action of extracellular and cytoplasmic esterase and urethane-cleaving activities during Impranil biodegradation by Alicycliphilus denitrificans BQ1. Biodegradation 2022; 33:389-406. [PMID: 35633408 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-09989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concerted action of commercial esterases, proteases and amidases has been demonstrated to be relevant in polyurethane (PU) degradation by in vitro experiments. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these activities during PU biodegradation by PU-degrading bacteria have not been addressed. Here, we examined the capability of Alicycliphilus denitrificans BQ1 to biodegrade the polyester (PS)-PU Impranil, analyzed the temporal and spatial coordination between the extracellular and cytoplasmic esterase and urethane-cleaving activities, and their independent and combined effects on Impranil biodegradation. A. denitrificans BQ1 grew in Impranil, and its clearing was correlated with the cleavage of ester and urethane groups since early times, with decrements of some Impranil compounds and the appearance of biodegradation products. While extracellular esterase was active at early times with its maximum at 18 h, urethanase appeared at this time and increased up to the end of the analysis (48 h), with the cytoplasmic activities behaving similarly but with lower levels than the extracellular ones. Both enzymatic activities exhibited distinct substrate specificity depending on their cellular localization and cultivation times, suggesting they cleave differentially located groups. As the urethane cleavage occurred since early times, when no urethane-cleaving activity was detected, different proteins should be acting at early and late times. In vitro experiments with independent or combined cellular protein fractions supported the previous deduction and confirmed the concerted action of extracellular and cytoplasmic esterase and urethane-cleaving activities. A two-stage process for Impranil degradation by A. denitrificans BQ1 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Fuentes-Jaime
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 3000. Col. UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martín Vargas-Suárez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 3000. Col. UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Javier Cruz-Gómez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 3000. Col. UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Herminia Loza-Tavera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 3000. Col. UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Enzymatic Degradation of the Most Common Aliphatic Bio-Polyesters and Evaluation of the Mechanisms Involved: An Extended Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091850. [PMID: 35567020 PMCID: PMC9101158 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial hydrolytic enzymes belonging to different subclasses (several lipases, proteinase k, cutinase) were investigated for their ability to degrade different aliphatic polyesters, i.e., poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), two poly(caprolactone), having two different molecular weights, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). The enzyme screening was first carried out by investigating the capacity of fully degrading the target polymers in 24 h, then weight loss measurements of selected polyesters and target enzymes were performed. Solid residues after enzyme degradation were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Liquid fractions were studied via GPC, 1H NMR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PCL and PBSA were found to be the most biodegradable polyesters, under the conditions used in this study. PBS was fully degraded only by cutinase, whereas none of the tested enzymes were able to completely degrade PLA and PPC, in the conditions assessed here. Cutinase exhibited the highest hydrolytic activity on PBSA, while lipase from Candida sp. (CALB) on low molecular weight PCL. Chemical analyses on residual solids showed that the enzymatic degradation occurred homogeneously from the surface through an erosion mechanism and did not significantly affect the macromolecular structure and thermal stability. Cleaving action mode for each enzyme (endo- and/or exo-type) on the different polyesters were also proposed based on the evaluation of the degradation products in the liquid fraction.
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29
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Verschoor JA, Kusumawardhani H, Ram AFJ, de Winde JH. Toward Microbial Recycling and Upcycling of Plastics: Prospects and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:821629. [PMID: 35401461 PMCID: PMC8985596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, 400 Mt of plastics are produced of which roughly 40% is discarded within a year. Current plastic waste management approaches focus on applying physical, thermal, and chemical treatments of plastic polymers. However, these methods have severe limitations leading to the loss of valuable materials and resources. Another major drawback is the rapid accumulation of plastics into the environment causing one of the biggest environmental threats of the twenty-first century. Therefore, to complement current plastic management approaches novel routes toward plastic degradation and upcycling need to be developed. Enzymatic degradation and conversion of plastics present a promising approach toward sustainable recycling of plastics and plastics building blocks. However, the quest for novel enzymes that efficiently operate in cost-effective, large-scale plastics degradation poses many challenges. To date, a wide range of experimental set-ups has been reported, in many cases lacking a detailed investigation of microbial species exhibiting plastics degrading properties as well as of their corresponding plastics degrading enzymes. The apparent lack of consistent approaches compromises the necessary discovery of a wide range of novel enzymes. In this review, we discuss prospects and possibilities for efficient enzymatic degradation, recycling, and upcycling of plastics, in correlation with their wide diversity and broad utilization. Current methods for the identification and optimization of plastics degrading enzymes are compared and discussed. We present a framework for a standardized workflow, allowing transparent discovery and optimization of novel enzymes for efficient and sustainable plastics degradation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Verschoor
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Arthur F. J. Ram
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. de Winde
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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30
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Magnin A, Entzmann L, Pollet E, Avérous L. Breakthrough in polyurethane bio-recycling: An efficient laccase-mediated system for the degradation of different types of polyurethanes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 132:23-30. [PMID: 34304019 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of green, efficient and profitable recycling processes for plastic material will contribute to reduce the expanding plastic pollution and microplastics accumulation in the environment. Polyurethanes (PU) are versatile polymers with a large range of chemical compositions and structures. This variability increases the complexity of PU waste management. Biological recycling researchers have recently demonstrated great interest in polyethylene terephthalate. The adaptation of this route towards producing polyurethanes requires the discovery of enzymes that are able to depolymerize a large variety of PU. A laccase mediated system (LMS) was tested on four representative PU models, with different structures (foams and thermoplastics), and chemical compositions (polyester- and polyether-based PU). Size exclusion chromatography was performed on the thermoplastics and this revealed a significant reduction in the molar masses after 18 days of incubation at 37 °C. Degradation of foams under the same conditions was demonstrated by microscopy and compression assay for both polyester- and polyether-based PU. This study represents a major breakthrough in PU degradation, as it is the first time that enzymatic degradation has been clearly demonstrated on a polyether-based PU foam. This work is a step forward in the development of a sustainable recycling pathway, adapted to a large variety of PU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Magnin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Lisa Entzmann
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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Navarro D, Chaduli D, Taussac S, Lesage-Meessen L, Grisel S, Haon M, Callac P, Courtecuisse R, Decock C, Dupont J, Richard-Forget F, Fournier J, Guinberteau J, Lechat C, Moreau PA, Pinson-Gadais L, Rivoire B, Sage L, Welti S, Rosso MN, Berrin JG, Bissaro B, Favel A. Large-scale phenotyping of 1,000 fungal strains for the degradation of non-natural, industrial compounds. Commun Biol 2021; 4:871. [PMID: 34267314 PMCID: PMC8282864 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal biotechnology is set to play a keystone role in the emerging bioeconomy, notably to address pollution issues arising from human activities. Because they preserve biological diversity, Biological Resource Centres are considered as critical infrastructures to support the development of biotechnological solutions. Here, we report the first large-scale phenotyping of more than 1,000 fungal strains with evaluation of their growth and degradation potential towards five industrial, human-designed and recalcitrant compounds, including two synthetic dyes, two lignocellulose-derived compounds and a synthetic plastic polymer. We draw a functional map over the phylogenetic diversity of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, to guide the selection of fungal taxa to be tested for dedicated biotechnological applications. We evidence a functional diversity at all taxonomic ranks, including between strains of a same species. Beyond demonstrating the tremendous potential of filamentous fungi, our results pave the avenue for further functional exploration to solve the ever-growing issue of ecosystems pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Navarro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France. .,INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., CIRM-CF, Marseille, France.
| | - Delphine Chaduli
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France.,INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., CIRM-CF, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Taussac
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France.,INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., CIRM-CF, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Lesage-Meessen
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France.,INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., CIRM-CF, Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France
| | | | - Régis Courtecuisse
- Faculté de Pharmacie Lille, Université de Lille, LGCgE, ER4, Lille, France
| | - Cony Decock
- Mycothèque de l'Université Catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Earth and Life Institute, Microbiology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucile Sage
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LECA, UMR UGA-USMB-CNRS 5553, CS 40700, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Welti
- Faculté de Pharmacie Lille, Université de Lille, LGCgE, ER4, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France.
| | - Anne Favel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., BBF, UMR1163, Marseille, France.,INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., CIRM-CF, Marseille, France
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Nikolaivits E, Pantelic B, Azeem M, Taxeidis G, Babu R, Topakas E, Brennan Fournet M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Progressing Plastics Circularity: A Review of Mechano-Biocatalytic Approaches for Waste Plastic (Re)valorization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:696040. [PMID: 34239864 PMCID: PMC8260098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.696040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspirational concepts, and the transfer of analogs from natural biology to science and engineering, has produced many excellent technologies to date, spanning vaccines to modern architectural feats. This review highlights that answers to the pressing global petroleum-based plastic waste challenges, can be found within the mechanics and mechanisms natural ecosystems. Here, a suite of technological and engineering approaches, which can be implemented to operate in tandem with nature's prescription for regenerative material circularity, is presented as a route to plastics sustainability. A number of mechanical/green chemical (pre)treatment methodologies, which simulate natural weathering and arthropodal dismantling activities are reviewed, including: mechanical milling, reactive extrusion, ultrasonic-, UV- and degradation using supercritical CO2. Akin to natural mechanical degradation, the purpose of the pretreatments is to render the plastic materials more amenable to microbial and biocatalytic activities, to yield effective depolymerization and (re)valorization. While biotechnological based degradation and depolymerization of both recalcitrant and bioplastics are at a relatively early stage of development, the potential for acceleration and expedition of valuable output monomers and oligomers yields is considerable. To date a limited number of independent mechano-green chemical approaches and a considerable and growing number of standalone enzymatic and microbial degradation studies have been reported. A convergent strategy, one which forges mechano-green chemical treatments together with the enzymatic and microbial actions, is largely lacking at this time. An overview of the reported microbial and enzymatic degradations of petroleum-based synthetic polymer plastics, specifically: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethanes (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL) and selected prevalent bio-based or bio-polymers [polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polybutylene succinate (PBS)], is detailed. The harvesting of depolymerization products to produce new materials and higher-value products is also a key endeavor in effectively completing the circle for plastics. Our challenge is now to effectively combine and conjugate the requisite cross disciplinary approaches and progress the essential science and engineering technologies to categorically complete the life-cycle for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Brana Pantelic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - George Taxeidis
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ramesh Babu
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Magnin A, Pollet E, Avérous L. Characterization of the enzymatic degradation of polyurethanes. Methods Enzymol 2021; 648:317-336. [PMID: 33579410 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For decades, polyurethanes (PUR) have mainly been synthesized for long-term applications and are therefore highly persistent in the environment. Proper waste disposal approaches, including recycling techniques, must be developed to limit the accumulation of PUR in the environment. Evaluation of enzymatic polyurethane degradation is needed for the development of enzymatic recycling. A series of techniques has been carefully implemented to monitor the biotic and abiotic degradation of PUR. Both the degraded polymer and the degradation products are analyzed to obtain a complete overview of the degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Magnin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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Johnson AN, Barlow DE, Kelly AL, Varaljay VA, Crookes‐Goodson WJ, Biffinger JC. Current progress towards understanding the biodegradation of synthetic condensation polymers with active hydrolases. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base OH USA
| | - Wendy J Crookes‐Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base OH USA
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Kemona A, Piotrowska M. Polyurethane Recycling and Disposal: Methods and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1752. [PMID: 32764494 PMCID: PMC7464512 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing water and land pollution, the possibility of exhaustion of raw materials and resistance of plastics to physical and chemical factors results in increasing importance of synthetic polymers waste recycling, recovery and environmentally friendly ways of disposal. Polyurethanes (PU) are a family of versatile synthetic polymers with highly diverse applications. They are class of polymers derived from the condensation of polyisocyanates and polyalcohols. This paper reports the latest developments in the field of polyurethane disposal, recycling and recovery. Various methods tested and applied in recent years have proven that the processing of PU waste can be economically and ecologically beneficial. At the moment mechanical recycling and glycolysis are the most important ones. Polyurethanes' biological degradation is highly promising for both post-consumer and postproduction waste. It can also be applied in bioremediation of water and soil contaminated with polyurethanes. Another possibility for biological methods is the synthesis of PU materials sensitive to biological degradation. In conclusion, a high diversity of polyurethane waste types and derivation results in demand for a wide range of methods of processing. Furthermore, already existing ones appear to be enough to state that the elimination of not reprocessed polyurethane waste in the future is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kemona
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 71/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
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Evaluation of biological degradation of polyurethanes. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barlow DE, Biffinger JC, Estrella L, Lu Q, Hung CS, Nadeau LJ, Crouch AL, Russell JN, Crookes-Goodson WJ. Edge-Localized Biodeterioration and Secondary Microplastic Formation by Papiliotrema laurentii Unsaturated Biofilm Cells on Polyurethane Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1596-1607. [PMID: 32026679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Painted environmental surfaces are prone to microbiological colonization with potential coating deterioration induced by the microorganisms. Accurate mechanistic models of these interactions require an understanding of the heterogeneity in which the deterioration processes proceed. Here, unsaturated biofilms (i.e., at air/solid interfaces) of the yeast Papiliotrema laurentii were prepared on polyether polyurethane (PEUR) and polyester-polyether polyurethane (PEST-PEUR) coatings and incubated for up to 33 days at controlled temperature and humidity with no additional nutrients. Transmission micro-Fourier transform infrared microscopy (μFTIR) confirmed preferential hydrolysis of the ester component by the biofilm. Atomic force microscopy combined with infrared nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) was used to analyze initial PEST-PEUR coating deterioration processes at the single-cell level, including underlying surfaces that became exposed following cell translocation. The results revealed distinct deterioration features that remained localized within ∼10 μm or less of the edges of individual cells and cell clusters. These features comprised depressions of up to ∼300 nm with locally reduced ester/urethane ratios. They are consistent with a formation process initiated by enzymatic ester hydrolysis followed by erosion from water condensation cycles. Further observations included particle accumulation in the broader biofilm vicinity. AFM-IR spectroscopy indicated these to be secondary microplastics consisting of urethane-rich oligomeric aggregates. Overall, multiple contributing factors have been identified that can facilitate differential deterioration rates across the PEST-PEUR surface. Effects of the imposed nutrient conditions on Papiliotrema laurentii physiology were also apparent, with cells developing the characteristics of starvation response, despite the availability of polyester metabolites as a carbon source. The combined results provide new laboratory insights into field-relevant microbiological polymer deterioration mechanisms and biofilm physiology at polymer coating interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , District of Columbia 20375 , United States
| | - Justin C Biffinger
- Chemistry Department , University of Dayton , 300 College Park , Dayton , Ohio 45469 , United States
| | - Luis Estrella
- Chemistry Division , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , District of Columbia 20375 , United States
| | - Qin Lu
- Chemistry Division , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , District of Columbia 20375 , United States
| | - Chia-Suei Hung
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Lloyd J Nadeau
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Audra L Crouch
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES, Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45432 , United States
| | - John N Russell
- Chemistry Division , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , District of Columbia 20375 , United States
| | - Wendy J Crookes-Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
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Molitor R, Bollinger A, Kubicki S, Loeschcke A, Jaeger K, Thies S. Agar plate-based screening methods for the identification of polyester hydrolysis by Pseudomonas species. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:274-284. [PMID: 31016871 PMCID: PMC6922526 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolases acting on polyesters like cutin, polycaprolactone or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are of interest for several biotechnological applications like waste treatment, biocatalysis and sustainable polymer modifications. Recent studies suggest that a large variety of such enzymes are still to be identified and explored in a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. For activity-based screening, methods have been established using agar plates which contain nanoparticles of polycaprolactone or PET prepared by solvent precipitation and evaporation. In this protocol article, we describe a straightforward agar plate-based method using emulsifiable artificial polyesters as substrates, namely Impranil® DLN and liquid polycaprolactone diol (PLD). Thereby, the currently quite narrow set of screening substrates is expanded. We also suggest optional pre-screening with short-chain and middle-chain-length triglycerides as substrates to identify enzymes with lipolytic activity to be further tested for polyesterase activity. We applied these assays to experimentally demonstrate polyesterase activity in bacteria from the P. pertucinogena lineage originating from contaminated soils and diverse marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Molitor
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichD‐52425JülichGermany
| | - Alexander Bollinger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichD‐52425JülichGermany
| | - Sonja Kubicki
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichD‐52425JülichGermany
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichD‐52425JülichGermany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichD‐52425JülichGermany
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfForschungszentrum JülichD‐52425JülichGermany
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Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR. Plastics: Environmental and Biotechnological Perspectives on Microbial Degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01095-19. [PMID: 31324632 PMCID: PMC6752018 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01095-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics are widely used in the global economy, and each year, at least 350 to 400 million tons are being produced. Due to poor recycling and low circular use, millions of tons accumulate annually in terrestrial or marine environments. Today it has become clear that plastic causes adverse effects in all ecosystems and that microplastics are of particular concern to our health. Therefore, recent microbial research has addressed the question of if and to what extent microorganisms can degrade plastics in the environment. This review summarizes current knowledge on microbial plastic degradation. Enzymes available act mainly on the high-molecular-weight polymers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and ester-based polyurethane (PUR). Unfortunately, the best PUR- and PET-active enzymes and microorganisms known still have moderate turnover rates. While many reports describing microbial communities degrading chemical additives have been published, no enzymes acting on the high-molecular-weight polymers polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, ether-based polyurethane, and polyethylene are known. Together, these polymers comprise more than 80% of annual plastic production. Thus, further research is needed to significantly increase the diversity of enzymes and microorganisms acting on these polymers. This can be achieved by tapping into the global metagenomes of noncultivated microorganisms and dark matter proteins. Only then can novel biocatalysts and organisms be delivered that allow rapid degradation, recycling, or value-added use of the vast majority of most human-made polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Danso
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Saffarzadeh N, Moghimi H. The study of impranil (DLN) polymer biodegradation by fungus Sarocladium kiliense. NOVA BIOLOGICA REPERTA 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nbr.6.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Magnin A, Pollet E, Perrin R, Ullmann C, Persillon C, Phalip V, Avérous L. Enzymatic recycling of thermoplastic polyurethanes: Synergistic effect of an esterase and an amidase and recovery of building blocks. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 85:141-150. [PMID: 30803567 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological recycling of polyurethanes (PU) is a huge challenge to take up in order to reduce a large part of the environmental pollution from these materials. However, enzymatic depolymerization of PU still needs to be improved to propose valuable and green solutions. The present study aims to identify efficient PU degrading enzymes among a collection of 50 hydrolases. Screenings based on model molecules were performed leading to the selection of an efficient amidase (E4143) able to hydrolyze the urethane bond of a low molar mass molecule and an esterase (E3576) able to hydrolyze a waterborne polyester polyurethane dispersion. Degradation activities of the amidase, the esterase and a mix of these enzymes were then evaluated on four thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) specifically designed for this assay. The highest degradation was obtained on a polycaprolactone polyol-based polyurethane with weight loss of 33% after 51 days measured for the esterase. Deep cracks on the polymer surface observed by scanning electron microscopy and the presence of oligomers on the remaining TPU detected by size exclusion chromatography evidenced the polymer degradation. Mixing both enzymes led to an increased amount of urethane bonds hydrolysis of the polymer. 6-hydroxycaproic acid and 4,4'-methylene dianiline were recovered after depolymerization as hydrolysis products. Such building blocks could get a second life with the synthesis of new macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Magnin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Rémi Perrin
- Soprema, 14 rue de Saint-Nazaire, 67025 Strasbourg Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Ullmann
- Proteus S.A., 70 allée Graham Bell, Parc Georges Besse, 30035 Nîmes Cedex 1, France
| | - Cécile Persillon
- Proteus S.A., 70 allée Graham Bell, Parc Georges Besse, 30035 Nîmes Cedex 1, France
| | - Vincent Phalip
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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Brunner I, Fischer M, Rüthi J, Stierli B, Frey B. Ability of fungi isolated from plastic debris floating in the shoreline of a lake to degrade plastics. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202047. [PMID: 30133489 PMCID: PMC6104954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste in the environment is a significant threat due to its resistance to biological processes. Here we report the ability of fungal strains found on floating plastic debris to degrade plastics. In particular, we wanted to know which fungi grow on plastic debris floating in the shoreline, whether these fungi have the ability to degrade plastics, whether the plastic-degrading fungi can degrade other complex C-polymers such as lignin, and whether lignin-degraders vice versa can also break down plastics. Overall, more than a hundred fungal strains were isolated from plastic debris of the shoreline of Lake Zurich, Switzerland, and grouped morphologically. Representative strains of these groups were then selected and genetically identified, altogether twelve different fungal species and one species of Oomycota. The list of fungi included commonly occurring saprotrophic fungi but also some plant pathogens. These fungal strains were then used to test the ability to degrade polyethylene and polyurethane. The tests showed that none of the strains were able to degrade polyethylene. However, four strains were able to degrade polyurethane, the three litter-saprotrophic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides, Xepiculopsis graminea, and Penicillium griseofulvum and the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria sp. A series of additional fungi with an origin other than from plastic debris were tested as well. Here, only the two litter-saprotrophic fungi Agaricus bisporus and Marasmius oreades showed the capability to degrade polyurethane. In contrast, wood-saprotrophic fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi were unable to degrade polyurethane. Overall, it seems that in majority only a few litter-saprotrophic fungi, which possess a wide variety of enzymes, have the ability to degrade polyurethane. None of the fungi tested was able to degrade polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Moira Fischer
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Joel Rüthi
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Stierli
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Ufarté L, Laville E, Duquesne S, Morgavi D, Robe P, Klopp C, Rizzo A, Pizzut-Serin S, Potocki-Veronese G. Discovery of carbamate degrading enzymes by functional metagenomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189201. [PMID: 29240834 PMCID: PMC5730166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation of pollutants is a major concern worldwide, leading to the research of new processes to break down and recycle xenobiotics and environment contaminating polymers. Among them, carbamates have a very broad spectrum of uses, such as toxinogenic pesticides or elastomers. In this study, we mined the bovine rumen microbiome for carbamate degrading enzymes. We isolated 26 hit clones exhibiting esterase activity, and were able to degrade at least one of the targeted polyurethane and pesticide carbamate compounds. The most active clone was deeply characterized. In addition to Impranil, this clone was active on Tween 20, pNP-acetate, butyrate and palmitate, and on the insecticide fenobucarb. Sequencing and sub-cloning of the best target revealed a novel carboxyl-ester hydrolase belonging to the lipolytic family IV, named CE_Ubrb. This study highlights the potential of highly diverse microbiota such as the ruminal one for the discovery of promiscuous enzymes, whose versatility could be exploited for industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ufarté
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sophie Duquesne
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme Bio-informatique Toulouse Genopole, UBIA INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Angeline Rizzo
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
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Wilkes RA, Aristilde L. Degradation and metabolism of synthetic plastics and associated products by Pseudomonas sp.: capabilities and challenges. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:582-593. [PMID: 28419654 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic plastics, which are widely present in materials of everyday use, are ubiquitous and slowly-degrading polymers in environmental wastes. Of special interest are the capabilities of microorganisms to accelerate their degradation. Members of the metabolically diverse genus Pseudomonas are of particular interest due to their capabilities to degrade and metabolize synthetic plastics. Pseudomonas species isolated from environmental matrices have been identified to degrade polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene succinate, polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol at varying degrees of efficiency. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge on the factors that control the ability of Pseudomonas sp. to process these different plastic polymers and their by-products. These factors include cell surface attachment within biofilms, catalytic enzymes involved in oxidation or hydrolysis of the plastic polymer, metabolic pathways responsible for uptake and assimilation of plastic fragments and chemical factors that are advantageous or inhibitory to the biodegradation process. We also highlight future research directions required in order to harness fully the capabilities of Pseudomonas sp. in bioremediation strategies towards eliminating plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilkes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L Aristilde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Bojanowski CL, Crookes-Goodson WJ, Robinson JB. Use of bacteriophage to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination and fouling in Jet A aviation fuel. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:1163-1170. [PMID: 27718644 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1239084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the use of bacteriophages to prevent growth and/or biofouling by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was investigated in microcosms containing Jet A aviation fuel as the carbon source. Bacteriophages were found to be effective at preventing biofilm formation but did not always prevent planktonic growth in the microcosms. This result was at odds with experiments conducted in nutrient-rich medium, demonstrating the necessity to test antimicrobial and antifouling strategies under conditions as near as possible to the 'real world'. The success of the bacteriophages at preventing biofilm formation makes them potential candidates as antifouling agents for fuel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy J Crookes-Goodson
- b Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB , OH , USA
| | - Jayne B Robinson
- a Department of Biology , University of Dayton , Dayton , OH , USA
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Hung CS, Zingarelli S, Nadeau LJ, Biffinger JC, Drake CA, Crouch AL, Barlow DE, Russell JN, Crookes-Goodson WJ. Carbon Catabolite Repression and Impranil Polyurethane Degradation in Pseudomonas protegens Strain Pf-5. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6080-6090. [PMID: 27496773 PMCID: PMC5068165 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01448-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyester polyurethane (PU) coatings are widely used to help protect underlying structural surfaces but are susceptible to biological degradation. PUs are susceptible to degradation by Pseudomonas species, due in part to the degradative activity of secreted hydrolytic enzymes. Microorganisms often respond to environmental cues by secreting enzymes or secondary metabolites to benefit their survival. This study investigated the impact of exposing several Pseudomonas strains to select carbon sources on the degradation of the colloidal polyester polyurethane Impranil DLN (Impranil). The prototypic Pseudomonas protegens strain Pf-5 exhibited Impranil-degrading activities when grown in sodium citrate but not in glucose-containing medium. Glucose also inhibited the induction of Impranil-degrading activity by citrate-fed Pf-5 in a dose-dependent manner. Biochemical and mutational analyses identified two extracellular lipases present in the Pf-5 culture supernatant (PueA and PueB) that were involved in degradation of Impranil. Deletion of the pueA gene reduced Impranil-clearing activities, while pueB deletion exhibited little effect. Removal of both genes was necessary to stop degradation of the polyurethane. Bioinformatic analysis showed that putative Cbr/Hfq/Crc-mediated regulatory elements were present in the intergenic sequences upstream of both pueA and pueB genes. Our results confirmed that both PueA and PueB extracellular enzymes act in concert to degrade Impranil. Furthermore, our data showed that carbon sources in the growth medium directly affected the levels of Impranil-degrading activity but that carbon source effects varied among Pseudomonas strains. This study uncovered an intricate and complicated regulation of P. protegens PU degradation activity controlled by carbon catabolite repression. IMPORTANCE Polyurethane (PU) coatings are commonly used to protect metals from corrosion. Microbiologically induced PU degradation might pose a substantial problem for the integrity of these coatings. Microorganisms from diverse genera, including pseudomonads, possess the ability to degrade PUs via various means. This work identified two extracellular lipases, PueA and PueB, secreted by P. protegens strain Pf-5, to be responsible for the degradation of a colloidal polyester PU, Impranil. This study also revealed that the expression of the degradative activity by strain Pf-5 is controlled by glucose carbon catabolite repression. Furthermore, this study showed that the Impranil-degrading activity of many other Pseudomonas strains could be influenced by different carbon sources. This work shed light on the carbon source regulation of PU degradation activity among pseudomonads and identified the polyurethane lipases in P. protegens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Suei Hung
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Sandra Zingarelli
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Lloyd J Nadeau
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Carrie A Drake
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Audra L Crouch
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John N Russell
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wendy J Crookes-Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
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