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El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Yang T, Salem HM, Korma SA, Ahmed AE, Mosa WFA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Selim S, Al Jaouni SK, Zaghloul RA, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Ibrahim SA. Avian campylobacteriosis, prevalence, sources, hazards, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, and control measures: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102786. [PMID: 37454641 PMCID: PMC10371856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian campylobacteriosis is a vandal infection that poses human health hazards. Campylobacter is usually colonized in the avian gut revealing mild signs in the infected birds, but retail chicken carcasses have high contamination levels of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, the contaminated avian products constitute the main source of human infection with campylobacteriosis and result in severe clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, spasm, and deaths in sensitive cases. Thus, the current review aims to shed light on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler chickens, Campylobacter colonization, bird immunity against Campylobacter, sources of poultry infection, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, human health hazard, and the use of standard antimicrobial technology during the chicken processing of possible control strategies to overcome such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Zaghloul
- Department Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Carver Hall, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411-1064
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Ibrahim N, Chantziaras I, Mohsin MAS, Boyen F, Fournié G, Islam SS, Berge AC, Caekebeke N, Joosten P, Dewulf J. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage and biosecurity on broiler and Sonali farms in Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105968. [PMID: 37453226 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is a major contributing factor to the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animals. To control AMR, indiscriminate antibiotic use needs to be restricted, preventive measures such as biosecurity must be prioritized and proper action plans must be implemented. This study aimed to quantify and associate AMU and biosecurity status of broiler and Sonali farms in Bangladesh. Data on all antimicrobial treatments administered during a batch production cycle and antimicrobials purchased over a year were collected from 94 conventional broiler and 51 Sonali (cross-breed) farms from the northern and southeast regions of Bangladesh. Flock-level AMU was quantified using Treatment Incidence (TI) per 100 days based on the Defined Daily Dose (TIDDDvet) expressing the number of days per 100 animal-days at risk that the flock receives a standard dose of antimicrobials. The biosecurity status (external and internal) of these farms was assessed by means of the Biocheck.UGent scoring system and the correlation between biosecurity and TIDDDvet were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Median flock TIDDDvet was 60 and 58 for broilers and Sonali flocks, indicating that the birds were treated around 60% and 58% of their lifetime with an antimicrobial dose, respectively. Minimum and maximum values of TIDDDvet ranged from 18 -188 and 31-212 in broilers and Sonali, respectively. Fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and aminopenicillins were the most frequently used antimicrobial classes. The mean external and internal biosecurity scores were 39% and 61% for broilers and 44% and 61% for Sonali, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the external biosecurity score in broiler farms in the two regions (p ≤ 0.001), whereas, the internal biosecurity score was borderline not statistically significantly different (p = 0.065). The biosecurity score was negatively correlated with AMU in broiler and sonali farms both for external (R2 =-0.38; -0.36) and internal biosecurity (R2 =-0.33; -0.32), respectively. As most of the farmers treated their birds with antimicrobials for a very large part of the production, it could be concluded that there is a high overuse of antimicrobials both in broiler and Sonali poultry production in Bangladesh. This study also highlighted a low level of farm biosecurity practices. Overuse of antimicrobials and low level of biosecurity practice may be due to a lack of knowledge, ignorance, avoid loss and/or lack of monitoring by governmental agencies. Therefore, urgent action is required to increase awareness and biosecurity levels and to reduce AMU in these production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelima Ibrahim
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh,.
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Md Abu Shoieb Mohsin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,.
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint Genes Champanelle, France.
| | | | - Anna Catharina Berge
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nele Caekebeke
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Philip Joosten
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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3
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Biosecurity and antimicrobial use in broiler farms across nine European countries: toward identifying farm-specific options for reducing antimicrobial usage. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 151:e13. [PMID: 36573356 PMCID: PMC9990406 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens are among the main livestock sectors worldwide. With individual treatments being inapplicable, contrary to many other animal species, the need for antimicrobial use (AMU) is relatively high. AMU in animals is known to drive the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). High farm biosecurity is a cornerstone for animal health and welfare, as well as food safety, as it protects animals from the introduction and spread of pathogens and therefore the need for AMU. The goal of this study was to identify the main biosecurity practices associated with AMU in broiler farms and to develop a statistical model that produces customised recommendations as to which biosecurity measures could be implemented on a farm to reduce its AMU, including a cost-effectiveness analysis of the recommended measures. AMU and biosecurity data were obtained cross-sectionally in 2014 from 181 broiler farms across nine European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain). Using mixed-effects random forest analysis (Mix-RF), recursive feature elimination was implemented to determine the biosecurity measures that best predicted AMU at the farm level. Subsequently, an algorithm was developed to generate AMU reduction scenarios based on the implementation of these measures. In the final Mix-RF model, 21 factors were present: 10 about internal biosecurity, 8 about external biosecurity and 3 about farm size and productivity, with the latter showing the largest (Gini) importance. Other AMU predictors, in order of importance, were the number of depopulation steps, compliance with a vaccination protocol for non-officially controlled diseases, and requiring visitors to check in before entering the farm. K-means clustering on the proximity matrix of the final Mix-RF model revealed that several measures interacted with each other, indicating that high AMU levels can arise for various reasons depending on the situation. The algorithm utilised the AMU predictive power of biosecurity measures while accounting also for their interactions, representing a first step toward aiding the decision-making process of veterinarians and farmers who are in need of implementing on-farm biosecurity measures to reduce their AMU.
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Environmental sampling methods' influence on detection of pathogens in cage-free aviary housing. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102381. [PMID: 36565638 PMCID: PMC9801193 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental sampling of layer housing systems is essential to identifying potential pathogens that are of concern to human health. To identify the natural occurrence of pathogens (Listeria, Campylobacter, and Salmonella) at various locations in a cage-free aviary housing system, swabs were collected when hens were 22 to 39 wks of age. Duplicate environmental swabs were taken and inoculated with a low dose (101 cfu) Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and examined for the recovery of SE from environmental samples. Detection of Listeria (P < 0.0001) and Campylobacter (P < 0.0001) varied between the environmental sample types taken: concrete dust, drag swabs, egg belt dust, manure belt scraper swabs, and wall dust. Detection of Listeria (P < 0.0001) was the highest (70.0%) at the beginning of the study (22 wk) and decreased over time. Detection of Campylobacter (P < 0.001) was also the highest at 22 wk, however the decrease over time was more gradual. Interestingly, detection of Campylobacter (P < 0.0001) was the greatest in concrete dust samples (96.25%), which can be attributed to the presence of rodent excreta in the samples. Drag swabs and manure belt scraper swabs were the best sampling types for high detection of Listeria and Campylobacter. It should be noted that Listeria recovered was not of human health concern. No naturally occurring Salmonella was identified in this study. The recovery of the SE inoculum increased over time, reaching the greatest recovery in drag (81.25%; P < 0.0001), egg belt dust (100.00%; P < 0.0001) and wall dust swabs (100.00%; P < 0.0001) by 39 wk. This high rate of SE recovery occurred just before US mandatory SE environmental monitoring at 40 to 45 wks of age. Based on this study, the use of drag and manure belt scraper swabs are effective in detecting Listeria and Campylobacter in cage-free aviary housing. Along with good pest management, the occurrence of pathogens could be monitored and reduced in laying hen flocks.
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Reichelt B, Szott V, Epping L, Semmler T, Merle R, Roesler U, Friese A. Transmission pathways of campylobacter spp. at broiler farms and their environment in Brandenburg, Germany. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:982693. [PMID: 36312983 PMCID: PMC9598865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler meat is widely known as an important source of foodborne Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections in humans. In this study, we thoroughly investigated transmission pathways that may contribute to possible Campylobacter contamination inside and outside broiler houses. For this purpose we carried out a comprehensive longitudinal sampling approach, using a semi-quantitative cultivation method to identify and quantify transmissions and reservoirs of Campylobacter spp.. Three german broiler farms in Brandenburg and their surrounding areas were intensively sampled, from April 2018 until September 2020. Consecutive fattening cycles and intervening downtimes after cleaning and disinfection were systematically sampled in summer and winter. To display the potential phylogeny of barn and environmental isolates, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analyses were performed. Results obtained in this study showed very high Campylobacter prevalence in 51/76 pooled feces (67.1%) and 49/76 boot swabs (64.5%). Average counts between 6.4 to 8.36 log10MPN/g were detected in pooled feces. In addition, levels of 4.7 and 4.1 log10MPN/g were detected in boot swabs and litter, respectively. Samples from the barn interior showed mean Campyloacter values in swabs from drinkers 2.6 log10MPN/g, walls 2.0 log10MPN/g, troughs 1.7 log10MPN/g, boards 1.6 log10MPN/g, ventilations 0.9 log10MPN/g and 0.7 log10MPN/g for air samples. However, Campylobacter was detected only in 7/456 (1.5%) of the environmental samples (water bodies, puddles or water-filled wheel tracks; average of 0.6 log10MPN/g). Furthermore, WGS showed recurring Campylobacter genotypes over several consecutive fattening periods, indicating that Campylobacter genotypes persist in the environment during downtime periods. However, after cleaning and disinfection of the barns, we were unable to identify potential sources in the broiler houses. Interestingly, alternating Campylobacter genotypes were observed after each fattening period, also indicating sources of contamination from the wider environment outside the farm. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that a potential risk of Campylobacter transmission may originate from present environmental sources (litter and water reservoirs). However, the sources of Campylobacter transmission may vary depending on the operation and farm environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Reichelt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Szott
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Urdaneta S, Lorca-Oró C, Dolz R, López-Soria S, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. In a warm climate, ventilation, indoor temperature and outdoor relative humidity have significant effects on Campylobacter spp. colonization in chicken broiler farms which can occur in only 2 days. Food Microbiol 2022; 109:104118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Islam MS, Hasib FMY, Nath C, Ara J, Logno TA, Uddin MH, Khalil MI, Dutta P, Das T, Chowdhury S. Molecular detection and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni from broiler cloacal and meat samples in Bangladesh. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:843-855. [PMID: 35619326 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of poultry is a potential source of Campylobacter jejuni. Here, the prevalence, risk factors, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and genetic relationship of C. jejuni were studied in broilers from farms and meat from live bird markets (LBMs) and super shops (SS). Pooled cloacal samples were obtained from farms in six districts of Bangladesh between June 2019 and March 2020. Pooled meat samples were obtained from LBMs and SS in the Chattogram district. Microbial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used to detect multidrug-resistant C. jejuni. A positive PCR amplicon was validated by mapA partial gene sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. In total, 12.5% (95% CI: 8.5-17.7%) of farms (N = 216) and 27.1% (95% CI: 15.28-41.85%) of LBMs and SS (N = 48) tested positive for C. jejuni. Moreover, 98% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with 86% resistant to five or more antimicrobial groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a downtime of <14 days, no separate footwear for shed access, and more than one person entering the sheds were significantly associated with C. jejuni colonization. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong relationship between C. jejuni strains obtained in Bangladesh and strains isolated in India, South Africa and Grenada from humans, pigs and bats. This study revealed significant contamination of broiler meat with Campylobacter spp. and C. jejuni. Potential sources of contamination and anthropogenic factors associated with the alarming prevalence of C. jejuni identified in this study would aid in reducing the growing risks of broiler-associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sirazul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Farazi Muhammad Yasir Hasib
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chandan Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tahia Ahmed Logno
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Helal Uddin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ibrahim Khalil
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Pronesh Dutta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tridip Das
- Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Lynch H, Franklin-Hayes P, Koolman L, Egan J, Gutierrez M, Byrne W, Golden O, Bolton D, Reid P, Coffey A, Lucey B, O'Connor L, Unger K, Whyte P. Prevalence and levels of Campylobacter in broiler chicken batches and carcasses in Ireland in 2017-2018. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 372:109693. [PMID: 35490507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, an EU wide baseline survey of broilers revealed a high Campylobacter prevalence. To assist with industry-wide controls, updated data were required. The primary objective of this study was to establish up-to-date data on Campylobacter carriage and carcass contamination in Irish broilers. Monthly samples were collected from the three largest broiler processing plants in Ireland over a twelve-month period. Samples were taken from both first and final thin birds (partial and full depopulation) from 358 batches of broilers. From each batch, a composite sample of 10 caecal contents (n = 358) and 5 neck skins (n = 1790) were collected and numbers of Campylobacter in each sample were determined. Of the 1790 neck skin samples tested, 53% were Campylobacter positive. Campylobacter was detected in the caecal contents of 66% of all batches tested. Depopulation and/or age had a significant effect on Campylobacter prevalence with 67% of final thin broilers yielding Campylobacter-positive neck skin samples in contrast to 38% of first thin broilers that yielded positive neck skin samples (P ≤ 0.002). A significant seasonal variation was observed in the rate of Campylobacter-positive caecal samples with higher prevalence seen in July (85%) than the colder months of November (61%), December (50%), January (61%) March (57%) and April (59%). Neck skin samples were 7 times more likely to be Campylobacter positive if the caecal contents from the same batch were positive (odds ratio = 7.1; P ≤ 0.0001). The decrease in Campylobacter prevalence observed in neck skin and caecal contents demonstrates the improvements and progress made in reducing prevalences of this important enteropathogen in the Irish poultry industry since the 2008 EU baseline survey. It also provides further supporting data on the impact of thinning, the processing environment and season on Campylobacter prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lynch
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Reference Laboratory Campylobacter, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Ireland.
| | - Peter Franklin-Hayes
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - John Egan
- National Reference Laboratory Campylobacter, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- National Reference Laboratory Campylobacter, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - William Byrne
- National Reference Laboratory Campylobacter, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Olwen Golden
- National Reference Laboratory Campylobacter, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Paula Reid
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Kilian Unger
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kildare St, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Schulze Bernd K, Wilms-Schulze Kump A, Freise F, Reich F, Kehrenberg C. Influences of biosecurity on the occurrence of cellulitis in broiler flocks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Henke KA, Alter T, Doherr MG, Merle R. From Stable to Table: Determination of German Consumer Perceptions of the Role of Multiple Aspects of Poultry Production on Meat Quality and Safety. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1400-1410. [PMID: 33793777 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Contamination with potentially pathogenic microorganisms may occur at all stages of the food chain. We conducted a representative cross-sectional survey of 1,008 consumers aged 16 years and older in Germany via an online panel. The aim was to assess the perception of consumers regarding the influence of aspects of meat production on the safety and quality of meat. More than 70% of the participants indicated that poultry fattening farms had a high or very high influence on meat safety, followed by cooks or meat preparers (66.3%). Meat consumption was significantly associated with a high perception of the influence of cooks or meat preparers (P = 0.025). The oldest participants were almost three times as likely to vote high influence and six times as likely to select very high influence (instead of no or limited) as the youngest participants (high influence: odds ratio [OR] = 2.89, P = 0.016; very high influence: OR = 6.06, P < 0.001). Of all participants, 78.1% believed organic farming had a positive influence on the safety of meat compared with conventional farming. Participants older than 60 years voted significantly more frequently than youngest participants (16 to 19 years) that organic farming had no influence (P = 0.006, OR = 5.71) or a positive influence (P = 0.007, OR 3.93) on meat safety. In addition, it could be shown that most consumers believed that irradiation of meat had a negative influence on the safety of meat. In conclusion, consumers were aware that many aspects were important for food safety and quality. The influence of organic farming compared with conventional farming, as well as the influence of irradiation, was often incorrectly assessed by consumers. Consumers seemed to need more information on sensitive issues, such as the different types of farming or the effects of irradiation, to better assess the impact of these aspects on the safety and quality of meat. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline A Henke
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus G Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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A cross-sectional study of the prevalence factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni in broiler flocks in Canada. Prev Vet Med 2020; 186:105164. [PMID: 33285388 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter infections in humans are usually self-limiting; however, antibiotic intervention may be necessary in the case of severe infection. Fluoroquinolones are often the drug of choice for treatment of campylobacteriosis; however, resistance to these drugs can develop rapidly, complicating treatment protocols. Increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones in human infections has coincided with approval of use of fluoroquinolones in animals, therefore, isolation of fluoroquinolone resistant (FQr) Campylobacter in broiler flocks is concerning. This cross-sectional study utilized data collected from 2013-2018 by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) on-farm surveillance program to investigate prevalence factors associated with the isolation of FQr C. jejuni from broiler faecal samples. Mixed effects logistic regression models accounting for clustering of flocks within hatcheries, with and without a fixed effect for the presence of flock level tetracycline resistance were used to assess prevalence factors among 536 C. jejuni isolates from 158 flocks. Both models indicated that the type of bird used (Ross versus Cobb or mixed), the use of virginiamycin as a feed additive, the use of traps to control rodent populations in the barn, and the total number of birds in the barn were significant prevalence factors for increased FQr C. jejuni in a flock. In the model where flock level tetracycline resistance was included as a fixed effect, the odds of FQr C. jejuni increased by 16 (95% CI: 3.74, 68), and the magnitude of the effect of each of the identified prevalence factors was larger. Both models indicated that methods of disinfection of water lines between production cycles is important, with the use of chlorine being protective in the model where tetracycline resistance was included as a fixed effect, and the use of hydrogen peroxide being a risk factor in the model where tetracycline resistance was not included as a fixed effect. The use of hot water to wash the barn between production cycles was also a significant protective factor in the model where tetracycline resistance was not included as a fixed effect. These results indicate that biosecurity and sanitation procedures play a role in the dissemination of FQr C. jejuni in broiler flocks. Future analysis should seek to understand the effect of different disinfectant products on the isolation of FQr C. jejuni. Gaining a better understanding of the management of these critical practices may allow for the reduction of this enteric pathogen in broiler flocks in Canada.
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Khalid T, Hdaifeh A, Federighi M, Cummins E, Boué G, Guillou S, Tesson V. Review of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in Poultry Meat: The Central Position of Consumer Behavior. Foods 2020; 9:E1661. [PMID: 33202859 PMCID: PMC7697500 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food of animal origin, especially meat products, represent the main vehicle of foodborne pathogens and so are implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Poultry meat is a widely consumed food in various forms, but it is also a reservoir of thermotolerant Campylobacter and Salmonella bacterial species. To assess human health risks associated with pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat, the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has increased over the years as it is recognized to address complex food safety issues and is recommended by health authorities. The present project reviewed poultry meat QMRA, identified key steps of the farm-to-fork chain with significant impacts on food safety, highlighted current knowledge gaps, and provided risk mitigation advices. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-based systematic analysis was carried out and enabled the collection of 4056 studies including 42 QMRA kept for analysis after screening. The latter emphasized Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. contaminations during the consumer stage as the main concern. The role of consumer handling on cross-contamination and undercooking events were of major concern. Thus, proper hygiene and safety practices by consumers have been suggested as the main intervention and would need to be followed with regular surveys to assess behavior changes and reduce knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Khalid
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Ammar Hdaifeh
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
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13
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Natsos G, Mouttotou NK, Magiorkinis E, Ioannidis A, Rodi-Burriel A, Chatzipanagiotou S, Koutoulis KC. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Campylobacter spp. Colonization of Broiler Chicken Flocks in Greece. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:679-686. [PMID: 32808818 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and risk factors for Campylobacter spp. colonization of broiler flocks and broiler carcass contamination in Greek slaughterhouses were investigated. Over a 14-month period, a pool of 10 ceca and 5 neck skin samples from chicken carcasses were collected from each of 142 batches of broiler flocks slaughtered in 3 different slaughterhouses. Information on potential risk factors for Campylobacter infection in broilers was collected by an on-farm interview and linked according to the Campylobacter contamination status of broiler flocks and differences in farm characteristics and management practices identified from questionnaires. Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 73.94% and 70.42% of ceca (95% CI 65.92-80.94) and carcasses (95% CI 62.19-77.78), respectively. A significant correlation (p < 0.001) between the presence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler ceca and contamination of carcasses was found, suggesting the spread of the microorganism on the skin of carcasses during the slaughtering procedure. A multiple logistic regression showed the disinfection of the poultry house being conducted by unskilled personnel (odds ratio [OR] ¼ = 3.983) as a significant risk factor (p < 0.05) and the use of straw litter as bedding material (OR ¼ = 0.170) and closure of windows during the intervals of production cycles (OR ¼ = 0.396) as significant protective factors (p < 0.05) for broiler flock contamination. These results are important and help further the understanding of the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. derived from poultry in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Natsos
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Niki K Mouttotou
- Ministry of Rural Development and Foods, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Antimicrobial Resistance, Chalkida, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Department of Laboratory Haematology, General Hospital for Chest Diseases "Sotiria," Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Rodi-Burriel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Medical Biopathology, Medical School-Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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van Wagenberg CPA, van Horne PLM, van Asseldonk MAPM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of using probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics to control Campylobacter in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4077-4084. [PMID: 32731995 PMCID: PMC7598006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a food safety hazard, which causes a substantial human disease burden. Infected broiler meat is a common source of campylobacteriosis. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics has been associated with controlling Campylobacter infections in broilers, although efficacy remains a contentiously debated issue. On-farm use of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics is gaining momentum. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the economic viability of this potential intervention to reduce Campylobacter prevalence in broilers. A normative cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of using probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in broiler production in Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. The cost-effectiveness ratio was defined as the estimated costs of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics use divided by the estimated public health benefits expressed in euro (€) per avoided disability-adjusted life year (DALY). The model considered differences between the countries in zootechnical and economic farm performance, in import, export, and transit of live broilers, broiler meat and meat products, and in disease burden of Campylobacter-related human illness. Simulation results revealed that the costs per avoided DALY were lowest in Poland and Spain (€4,000-€30,000 per avoided DALY) and highest in the Netherlands and Denmark (€70,000-€340,000 per avoided DALY) at an efficacy ranging from 10 to 20%. In Poland and Spain, using probiotics can be classified as a moderately expensive intervention if efficacy is more than 10%, otherwise it is relatively expensive. In the Netherlands and Denmark, using probiotics is a relatively expensive intervention irrespective of efficacy. However, if probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics were assumed to enhance broiler performance, it would become a relatively cost-effective intervention for Campylobacter even at low efficacy levels of 1 to 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P L M van Horne
- Wageningen Economic Research, 2502 LS Den Haag, The Netherlands
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15
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Tanquilut NC, Espaldon MVO, Eslava DF, Ancog RC, Medina CDR, Paraso MGV, Domingo RD, Dewulf J. Quantitative assessment of biosecurity in broiler farms using Biocheck.UGent in Central Luzon, Philippines. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3047-3059. [PMID: 32475441 PMCID: PMC7597688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosecurity status of 397 broiler farms in Central Luzon, the highest poultry meat-producing region in the Philippines, was assessed using Biocheck.Ugent. This online biosecurity assessment tool quantifies biosecurity level or compliance of surveyed farms. The system generates scores that reflect the current biosecurity status of each farm in terms of the different external and internal biosecurity measures being implemented in each farm. It was initially developed for pigs and broilers but recently is available for layers, swine, and cattle (beef, dairy, and veal). The overall biosecurity score of broiler farms in Central Luzon was 71.2%, with average external and internal biosecurity scores of 68.5 and 77.2%, respectively. Bataan had the highest biosecurity scores (76.5%) compared with the other 6 provinces. This was also true for the external and internal biosecurity scores of the province, with mean scores of 72.1 and 80.1%, respectively. Of the 11 subcategories of external and internal biosecurity that were assessed, purchase of day-old chicks, feeds and water supply, supply of materials, cleaning and disinfection, and materials between compartments had scores higher than the global scores. Low scores were generated from transport of live animals and infrastructure and biological vectors. The mean biosecurity score of farms with traditional/conventional type of housing was 7.8% lower than that with tunnel vent housing. Every year as the farm gets older, there was a corresponding drop of 0.2% in the biosecurity score. Biosecurity measures are in place in broiler farms in the country. However, there were areas with low scores which need to be prioritized to improve and upgrade the farms' biosecurity status. To date, this is the first quantitative assessment of biosecurity in broiler farms in the Philippines. High biosecurity scores may entail greater protection from disease incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Tanquilut
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines; School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - M V O Espaldon
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - D F Eslava
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - R C Ancog
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - C D R Medina
- Crop Protection Cluster, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - M G V Paraso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - R D Domingo
- Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - J Dewulf
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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16
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Hasan MM, Talukder S, Mandal AK, Tasmim ST, Parvin MS, Ali MY, Sikder MH, Islam MT. Prevalence and risk factors of Campylobacter infection in broiler and cockerel flocks in Mymensingh and Gazipur districts of Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2020; 180:105034. [PMID: 32460154 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne gastroenteritis. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of farm-level Campylobacter infection in meat-type chicken flocks. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two selected districts of Bangladesh over the period of January to July 2019. A total of 84 pooled cloacal swab samples were collected from 84 broiler and cockerel farms. Data on farm management, biosecurity, and hygiene practices were collected using a structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview during sampling. Thereafter, Campylobacter spp. were isolated through bacteriological culture and identified by Gram staining and biochemical tests. Furthermore, the isolates were confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction by targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The risk factors were analyzed at the farm level using multivariable logistic regression with the significant levels of P-value ≤ 0.05. Among the 84 farms, 34 were positive to Campylobacter spp.; thus, the prevalence was estimated to be 40.5% (95% CI: 30.1%-51.8%). In risk factor analysis, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with Campylobacter infection: shed older than five years, birds older than 30 days, flock size with more than 1500 birds, downtime less than seven days, no disinfection of shed surroundings during rearing, rice husk as litter materials, and less than 10 years of farming experience. The study identified the factors that could lead to the setting of effective interventions in controlling Campylobacter infection in chickens to reduce campylobacteriosis in humans through meat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Sudipta Talukder
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Tanjina Tasmim
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Sonia Parvin
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Yamin Ali
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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van Asseldonk M, de Lauwere C, Bonestroo J, Bondt N, Bergevoet R. Antibiotics use versus profitability on sow farms in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med 2020; 178:104981. [PMID: 32279001 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the Dutch government provided policy objectives (i.e., targets) for a reduction in veterinary antibiotics use of -20 % in 2011, -50 % in 2013 and -70 % in 2015 relative to the use in 2009. The relationship between antibiotics use and performance of Dutch sow farms during this policy reform was analysed using the Farm Accountancy Data Network database comprising cross-sectional farm data from 2004 to 2016. The results show that there is a significant downward trend in antibiotics use of 57 %. Panel data analysis (n = 74 sow farms) revealed that the reduction in antibiotic use did not lead to negative effects on technical or economic farm results. A follow-up survey was conducted on measures taken to improve animal health, which made the reduction in antibiotic use feasible. Of the 79 sow farmers approached, 55 participated in this survey. Sow farmers used a variety of relatively easy and affordable measures, such as more attention to hygiene, use of pain killers and anti-inflammatory agents, or applied more preventive vaccinations. Multivariable linear regression models showed that the intention, perceived risk and uncertainty, and perceived capability (to keep or get the use of antibiotics under the target value) were the most important predictors for antibiotics use from 2014 to 2016. Sow farmers who used more antibiotics were more concerned that low antibiotics use compromises their farm results, perceived more risk and uncertainty, and thought to a lesser extent that they have enough knowledge and time. These results indicate that providing these farmers with knowledge and information on management practices to reduce the use of antibiotics may be helpful. Thereby, it would be useful to focus on continuous involvement of the veterinarian and possibly the feed supplier, preferably by means of individual advice, as the results showed that individual advice was the preferred way to gather knowledge for the interviewed sow farmers and the veterinarian appeared to be the most important source of information to the interviewed sow farmers, followed by the feed supplier. In summary, the study shows that decrease in antibiotics use can be quite successful without compromising on the economic or technical performance, and moreover taking into account farmers' attitudes, perceptions and preferences can be helpful to get a better understanding of farmers' decision making and is useful for the design of tailor-made interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van Asseldonk
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carolien de Lauwere
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Bonestroo
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Bondt
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Bergevoet
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Alter T, Crotta M, Ellis‐Iversen J, Hempen M, Messens W, Chemaly M. Update and review of control options for Campylobacter in broilers at primary production. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06090. [PMID: 32874298 PMCID: PMC7448041 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2011 EFSA opinion on Campylobacter was updated using more recent scientific data. The relative risk reduction in EU human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat was estimated for on-farm control options using Population Attributable Fractions (PAF) for interventions that reduce Campylobacter flock prevalence, updating the modelling approach for interventions that reduce caecal concentrations and reviewing scientific literature. According to the PAF analyses calculated for six control options, the mean relative risk reductions that could be achieved by adoption of each of these six control options individually are estimated to be substantial but the width of the confidence intervals of all control options indicates a high degree of uncertainty in the specific risk reduction potentials. The updated model resulted in lower estimates of impact than the model used in the previous opinion. A 3-log10 reduction in broiler caecal concentrations was estimated to reduce the relative EU risk of human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat by 58% compared to an estimate larger than 90% in the previous opinion. Expert Knowledge Elicitation was used to rank control options, for weighting and integrating different evidence streams and assess uncertainties. Medians of the relative risk reductions of selected control options had largely overlapping probability intervals, so the rank order was uncertain: vaccination 27% (90% probability interval (PI) 4-74%); feed and water additives 24% (90% PI 4-60%); discontinued thinning 18% (90% PI 5-65%); employing few and well-trained staff 16% (90% PI 5-45%); avoiding drinkers that allow standing water 15% (90% PI 4-53%); addition of disinfectants to drinking water 14% (90% PI 3-36%); hygienic anterooms 12% (90% PI 3-50%); designated tools per broiler house 7% (90% PI 1-18%). It is not possible to quantify the effects of combined control activities because the evidence-derived estimates are inter-dependent and there is a high level of uncertainty associated with each.
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Castañeda-Gulla K, Sattlegger E, Mutukumira AN. Persistent contamination ofSalmonella,Campylobacter,Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureusat a broiler farm in New Zealand. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:171-185. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intensive poultry production due to public demand raises the risk of contamination, creating potential foodborne hazards to consumers. The prevalence and microbial load of the pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined by standard methods at the farm level. After disinfection, swab samples collected from wall crevices, drinkers, and vents were heavily contaminated, as accumulated organic matter and dust likely protected the pathogens from the disinfectants used. The annex floor also showed high microbial concentrations, suggesting the introduction of pathogens from external environments, highlighting the importance of erecting hygiene barriers at the entrance of the main shed. Therefore, pathogen control measures and proper application of disinfectants are recommended as intervention strategies. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was evaluated as a quantification tool. qPCR showed limitations with samples containing low microbial counts because of the low detection limit of the method. Thus, bacterial pre-enrichment of test samples may be necessary to improve the detection of pathogens by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Castañeda-Gulla
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N. Mutukumira
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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20
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Genotyping, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp.isolated during two seasonal periods in Spanish poultry farms. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104935. [PMID: 32109783 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading causes of bacterial human gastroenteritis worldwide; being poultry farms the main source of infections. In order to obtain information on prevalence and diversity of Campylobacter-infected flocks in the North of Spain, fourteen farms were studied between autumn and spring in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Moreover, virulence genes involved in pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance were investigated. A survey about preventive hygiene practices at farms was performed to determine the risky practices that could contribute to the presence of Campylobacter in this step of the poultry food chain. Testing the presence of Campylobacter spp. showed 43 % of the farms were positive during autumn, whereas only 31 % were positive in spring. A very high prevalence within-flock was observed (43.1 % to 88.6 %) and C. jejuni was the most prevalent species in both periods. Genotyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed a high heterogeneity among farms (309 isolates clustered into 21 pulsotypes). Virulence genes were present in all C. jejuni isolates while cdtA and cdtC were absent in C. coli. On the contrary, the latter showed higher antimicrobial resistance than C. jejuni. This study suggests that environment might be one of the main sources for Campylobacter transmission, as water supply seemed to be a clear cause of the contamination in a specific farm. However, in other farms other environmental factors contributed to the contamination, confirming the multifactorial origin of Campylobacter colonization in broilers. Therefore, biosecurity measures in farms are crucial to reduce Campylobacter contamination, which may have important implications for human and animal health.
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21
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de Castro Burbarelli MF, do Valle Polycarpo G, Deliberali Lelis K, Granghelli CA, Carão de Pinho AC, Ribeiro Almeida Queiroz S, Fernandes AM, Moro de Souza RL, Gaglianone Moro ME, de Andrade Bordin R, de Albuquerque R. Cleaning and disinfection programs against Campylobacter jejuni for broiler chickens: productive performance, microbiological assessment and characterization. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3188-3198. [PMID: 28854757 PMCID: PMC5850738 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed cleaning and disinfection programs aims to reduce infection pressure from microorganisms from one flock to the next. However, studies evaluating the benefits to poultry performance, the sanitary status of the facilities, and the sanitary quality of the meat are rarely found. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate 2 cleaning and disinfecting programs regarding their influence on productive performance, elimination of Campylobacter, and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni strains when applied to broiler chickens’ facilities. Two subsequent flocks with 960 birds each were distributed into 32 pens containing 30 birds each. In the first, the whole flock was inoculated with a known strain of Campylobacter jejuni in order to contaminate the environment. In the second flock, performance and microbiological evaluations were done, characterizing an observational study between 2 cleaning and disinfection programs, regular and proposed. The regular program consisted of sweeping facilities, washing equipment and environment with water and neutral detergent. The proposed cleaning program consisted of dry and wet cleaning, application of 2 detergents (one acid and one basic) and 2 disinfectants (250 g/L glutaraldehyde and 185 g/L formaldehyde at 0.5% and 210 g/L para-chloro-meta-cresol at 4%). Total microorganism count in the environment and Campylobacter spp. identification were done for the microbiological assessment of the environment and carcasses. The positive samples were submitted to molecular identification of Campylobacter spp. and posterior genetic sequencing of the species identified as Campylobacter jejuni. The birds housed in the facilities and submitted to the proposed treatment had better performance when compared to the ones in the regular treatment, most likely because there was a smaller total microorganism count on the floor, walls, feeders and drinkers. The proposed program also resulted in a reduction of Campylobacter spp. on floors, drinkers and birds. Moreover, it was possible to identify 6 different Campylobacter jejuni strains in the facilities. The proposed treatment resulted in a positive influence on the birds’ performance and reduction of environment contamination for broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil.
| | | | - Karoline Deliberali Lelis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Granghelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Agatha Cristina Carão de Pinho
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Ribeiro Almeida Queiroz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Moro de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo de Albuquerque
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
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22
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Assessment of biosecurity level in small-scale broiler farms in the Western highlands of Cameroon (Central Africa). Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1529-1538. [PMID: 29687218 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of avian influenza in the poultry sector of Cameroon has raised a concern about the level of implementation of biosecurity measures (BM) on poultry farms. Therefore, a study using a questionnaire on 102 randomly selected poultry farms was undertaken. Some measures with high adoption levels (> 90%) included "protection of airing openings of poultry barns by a wire mesh," "no external animal allowed to enter the farm," "respect of all-in all-out principle," "functional footbath," "rodent control," and "feedstuff protection from access to rodents." The least implemented measures (less than 20%) were "wearing of dedicated clothing (clean coveralls and boots) by workers," "disinfection of visitors," and "presence of storage room for dead animals." Only for "isolation" component of biosecurity, compliance with biosecurity measures was good, with more than 50% of farms having an adoption rate greater than 75%. The mean biosecurity score for the assessed farms was 19.29 ± 1.89 for a maximum score of 38 points. The score was significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the number of chicken and the geographic location of farms. The other results showed that the mean number of broiler per cycle was 550.82 ± 76 for a stocking density of 27.20 ± 6.64 birds per m2. In conclusion, broiler production in the Western highland is dominated by small-scale units with low level of biosecurity practices positively and significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by some production characteristics. To improve biosecurity practices in the area, efforts must focus on measures concerning "sanitation" and "traffic control" components of biosecurity.
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23
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Hansson I, Sandberg M, Habib I, Lowman R, Engvall EO. Knowledge gaps in control of Campylobacter for prevention of campylobacteriosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:30-48. [PMID: 29663680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is an important, worldwide public health problem with numerous socio-economic impacts. Since 2015, approximately 230,000 cases have been reported annually in Europe. In the United States, Australia and New Zealand, campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported disease. Poultry and poultry products are considered important sources of human infections. Poultry meat can become contaminated with Campylobacter during slaughter if live chickens are intestinal carriers. Campylobacter spp. can be transferred from animals to humans through consumption and handling of contaminated food products, with fresh chicken meat being the most commonly implicated food type. Regarding food-borne disease, the most important Campylobacter species are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. In humans, clinical signs of campylobacteriosis include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Most cases of campylobacteriosis are sporadic and self-limiting, but there are post-infection complications, for example, Guillain-Barrés syndrome. This review summarizes an analysis undertaken by the DISCONTOOLS group of experts on campylobacteriosis. Gaps were identified in: (i) knowledge of true number of infected humans; (ii) mechanisms of pathogenicity to induce infection in humans; (iii) training to prevent transfer of Campylobacter from raw to ready-to-eat food; (iv) development of effective vaccines; (v) understanding transmission routes to broiler flocks; (vi) knowledge of bacteriocins, bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides as preventive therapies; (vii) ration formulation as an effective preventive measure at a farm level; (viii) development of kits for rapid detection and quantification of Campylobacter in animals and food products; and (ix) development of more effective antimicrobials for treatment of humans infected with Campylobacter. Some of these gaps are relevant worldwide, whereas others are more related to problems encountered with Campylobacter in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Sandberg
- Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Habib
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - R Lowman
- Independent Veterinary Public Health Research Specialist, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E O Engvall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Vinueza-Burgos C, Wautier M, Martiny D, Cisneros M, Van Damme I, De Zutter L. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in Ecuadorian broilers at slaughter age. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2366-2374. [PMID: 28339716 PMCID: PMC5850218 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of foodborne gastrointestinal infections worldwide. The linkage of human campylobacteriosis and poultry has been widely described. In this study we aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of C. coli and C. jejuni in broilers from Ecuador. Caecal content from 379 randomly selected broiler batches originating from 115 farms were collected from 6 slaughterhouses located in the province of Pichincha during 1 year. Microbiological isolation was performed by direct plating on mCCDA agar. Identification of Campylobacter species was done by PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, streptomycin, and erythromycin were obtained. Genetic variation was assessed by RFLP-flaA typing and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of selected isolates. Prevalence at batch level was 64.1%. Of the positive batches 68.7% were positive for C. coli, 18.9% for C. jejuni, and 12.4% for C. coli and C. jejuni. Resistance rates above 67% were shown for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. The resistance pattern tetracycline, ciprofloxin, and nalidixic acid was the dominant one in both Campylobacter species. RFLP-flaA typing analysis showed that C. coli and C. jejuni strains belonged to 38 and 26 profiles respectively. On the other hand MLST typing revealed that C. coli except one strain belonged to CC-828, while C. jejuni except 2 strains belonged to 12 assigned clonal complexes (CCs). Furthermore 4 new sequence types (STs) for both species were described, whereby 2 new STs for C. coli were based on new allele sequences. Further research is necessary to estimate the impact of the slaughter of Campylobacter positive broiler batches on the contamination level of carcasses in slaughterhouses and at retail in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Wautier
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis, LHUB-ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine Martiny
- National Reference Center for Campylobacter, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Cisneros
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary. Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary. Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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25
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Hutchison M, Taylor M, Tchòrzewska M, Ford G, Madden R, Knowles T. Modelling-based identification of factors influencing campylobacters in chicken broiler houses and on carcasses sampled after processing and chilling. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1389-1401. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Hutchison
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
- Hutchison Scientific Ltd; Somerset UK
| | | | - M.A. Tchòrzewska
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | - G. Ford
- National Farmers' Union; Stoneleigh Park Warwick UK
| | | | - T.G. Knowles
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
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26
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O'Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Explanation and Elaboration Document for the
STROBE
‐Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:662-698. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College Guelph ON Canada
| | - I. R. Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PEI Canada
| | - H. N. Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - M. Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Bern BernSwitzerland
| | - M. Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Bern BernSwitzerland
| | - A. K. Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. W. Martin
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College Guelph ON Canada
| | - L. R. Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - D. L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College Guelph ON Canada
| | - D. U. Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health Royal Veterinary College London UK
| | - J. Sanchez
- Department of Health Management University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PEI Canada
| | - M. E. Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition College Park MD USA
| | - H. Vigre
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - C. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - M. P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSWAustralia
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27
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Effect of enhanced biosecurity and selected on-farm factors on Campylobacter colonization of chicken broilers. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:553-567. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported gastrointestinal bacterial infection in the EU; poultry meat has been identified as the main source of infection. We tested the hypothesis that enhanced biosecurity and other factors such as welfare status, breed, the practice of partial depopulation and number of empty days between flocks may prevent Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization of poultry batches at high levels (>123 000 c.f.u./g in pooled caecal samples). We analysed data from 2314 poultry batches sampled at slaughter in the UK in 2011–2013. We employed random-effects logistic regression to account for clustering of batches within farms and adjust for confounding. We estimated population attributable fractions using adjusted risk ratios. Enhanced biosecurity reduced the odds of colonization at partial depopulation [odds ratio (OR) 0·25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·14–0·47] and, to a lesser extent, at final depopulation (OR 0·47, 95% CI 0·25–0·89). An effect of the type of breed was also found. Under our assumptions, approximately 1/3 of highly colonized batches would be avoided if they were all raised under enhanced biosecurity or without partial depopulation. The results of the study indicate that on-farm measures can play an important role in reducing colonization of broiler chickens with Campylobacter spp. and as a result human exposure.
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28
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O'Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1896-1928. [PMID: 27859752 PMCID: PMC5115190 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers, and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original STROBE document is directly applicable, it was deemed useful to map those statements to veterinary concepts, provide veterinary examples, and highlight unique aspects of reporting in veterinary observational studies. Here, we present the examples and explanations for the checklist items included in the STROBE-Vet statement. Thus, this is a companion document to the STROBE-Vet statement methods and process document (JVIM_14575 "Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement" undergoing proofing), which describes the checklist and how it was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - I R Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L R Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - J Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - M E Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD
| | - H Vigre
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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29
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Borck Høg B, Sommer H, Larsen L, Sørensen A, David B, Hofshagen M, Rosenquist H. Farm specific risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation in Danish and Norwegian broilers. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Smith S, Meade J, Gibbons J, McGill K, Bolton D, Whyte P. The impact of environmental conditions on Campylobacter jejuni survival in broiler faeces and litter. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31685. [PMID: 27357236 PMCID: PMC4928068 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial food-borne pathogen within the European Union, and poultry meat is an important vehicle for its transmission to humans. However, there is limited knowledge about how this organism persists in broiler litter and faeces. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a number of environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and oxygen, on Campylobacter survival in both broiler litter and faeces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Used litter was collected from a Campylobacter-negative broiler house after final depopulation and fresh faeces were collected from transport crates. Samples were confirmed as Campylobacter negative according to modified ISO methods for veterinary samples. Both sample matrices were inoculated with 9 log10 CFU/ml C. jejuni and incubated under high (≥85%) and low (≤70%) relative humidity conditions at three different temperatures (20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) under both aerobic and microaerophilic atmospheres. Inoculated litter samples were then tested for Campylobacter concentrations at time zero and every 2 hours for 12 hours, while faecal samples were examined at time zero and every 24 hours for 120 hours. A two-tailed t-test assuming unequal variance was used to compare mean Campylobacter concentrations in samples under the various temperature, humidity, and atmospheric conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION C. jejuni survived significantly longer (P≤0.01) in faeces, with a minimum survival time of 48 hours, compared with 4 hours in used broiler litter. C. jejuni survival was significantly enhanced at 20°C in all environmental conditions in both sample matrices tested compared with survival at 25°C and 30°C. In general, survival was greater in microaerophilic compared with aerobic conditions in both sample matrices. Humidity, at the levels examined, did not appear to significantly impact C. jejuni survival in any sample matrix. The persistence of Campylobacter in broiler litter and faeces under various environmental conditions has implications for farm litter management, hygiene, and disinfection practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Smith
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Joseph Meade
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James Gibbons
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevina McGill
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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31
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Smith S, Messam LLM, Meade J, Gibbons J, McGill K, Bolton D, Whyte P. The impact of biosecurity and partial depopulation on Campylobacter prevalence in Irish broiler flocks with differing levels of hygiene and economic performance. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31454. [PMID: 27171888 PMCID: PMC4864831 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial food-borne pathogen within the European Union (EU), and poultry meat is the primary route for transmission to humans. Material and methods This study examined the impact of partial depopulation (thinning), season, and farm performance (economic, hygiene, and biosecurity) on Campylobacter prevalence in Irish broilers over a 13-month period. Ten caecal samples were taken per flock, for a total of 211 flocks from 23 farms during the duration of the study. Campylobacter was isolated and enumerated according to modified published ISO methods for veterinary samples. Biosecurity was evaluated through a questionnaire based on risk factors for Campylobacter identified in previous studies. Hygiene compliance was assessed from audit records taken over the course of 1 year. All information relating to biosecurity and hygiene was obtained directly from the processing company. This was done to ensure farmers were unaware they were being monitored for Campylobacter prevalence and prevent changes to their behaviour. Results and discussion Farms with high performance were found to have significantly lower Campylobacter prevalence at first depopulation compared with low-performance farms across all seasons (P≤0.01). Peak Campylobacter levels were observed during the summer season at first thin in both the high- and low-performance groups. Campylobacter prevalence was found to increase to ≥85% in both high- and low-performance farms across all seasons at final depopulation, suggesting that Campylobacter was introduced during the first depopulation. On low-performance farms, four biosecurity interventions were found to significantly reduce the odds of a flock being Campylobacter positive (physical step-over barrier OR=0.17, house-specific footwear OR=0.13, absence of water body within 0.5 km OR=0.13, two or more broiler houses on a farm OR=0.16), compared with farms without these interventions. For high-performance farms, no single biosecurity intervention was identified as significant as this group had full compliance with multiple factors. High-performance farms had significantly better feed conversion ratios compared with low-performance farms (1.61 v 1.67 (P≤0.01)). No differences in flock mortality rates were observed (P≥0.05). This highlights the impact of season, biosecurity, partial depopulation, and farm performance on Campylobacter prevalence in Irish broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Smith
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Locksley L McV Messam
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Meade
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Gibbons
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevina McGill
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Battersby T, Whyte P, Bolton D. The pattern of Campylobacter
contamination on broiler farms; external and internal sources. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Battersby
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research; Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - D.J. Bolton
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research; Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland
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33
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Sahin O, Kassem II, Shen Z, Lin J, Rajashekara G, Zhang Q. Campylobacter in Poultry: Ecology and Potential Interventions. Avian Dis 2015; 59:185-200. [PMID: 26473668 DOI: 10.1637/11072-032315-review] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian hosts constitute a natural reservoir for thermophilic Campylobacter species, primarily Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, and poultry flocks are frequently colonized in the intestinal tract with high numbers of the organisms. Prevalence rates in poultry, especially in slaughter-age broiler flocks, could reach as high as 100% on some farms. Despite the extensive colonization, Campylobacter is essentially a commensal in birds, although limited evidence has implicated the organism as a poultry pathogen. Although Campylobacter is insignificant for poultry health, it is a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, and contaminated poultry meat is recognized as the main source for human exposure. Therefore, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of interventions to diminish Campylobacter contamination in poultry, with the intention to reduce the burden of food-borne illnesses. During the past decade, significant advance has been made in understanding Campylobacter in poultry. This review summarizes the current knowledge with an emphasis on ecology, antibiotic resistance, and potential pre- and postharvest interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sahin
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- B Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jun Lin
- C Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- B Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Qijing Zhang
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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34
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Prevalence, seasonality and antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. isolates of retail broiler meat in Iran. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Sandberg M, Sørensen L, Steenberg B, Chowdhury S, Ersbøll A, Alban L. Risk factors for Campylobacter colonization in Danish broiler flocks, 2010 to 2011. Poult Sci 2015; 94:447-53. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Llarena AK, Huneau A, Hakkinen M, Hänninen ML. Predominant Campylobacter jejuni sequence types persist in Finnish chicken production. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116585. [PMID: 25700264 PMCID: PMC4336332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption and handling of chicken meat are well-known risk factors for acquiring campylobacteriosis. This study aimed to describe the Campylobacter jejuni population in Finnish chickens and to investigate the distribution of C. jejuni genotypes on Finnish chicken farms over a period of several years. We included 89.8% of the total C. jejuni population recovered in Finnish poultry during 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2012 and used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to characterize the 380 isolates. The typing data was combined with isolate information on collection-time and farm of origin. The C. jejuni prevalence in chicken slaughter batches was low (mean 3.0%, CI95% [1.8%, 4.2%]), and approximately a quarter of Finnish chicken farms delivered at least one positive chicken batch yearly. In general, the C. jejuni population was diverse as represented by a total of 63 sequence types (ST), but certain predominant MLST lineages were identified. ST-45 clonal complex (CC) accounted for 53% of the isolates while ST-21 CC and ST-677 CC covered 11% and 9% of the isolates, respectively. Less than half of the Campylobacter positive farms (40.3%) delivered C. jejuni-contaminated batches in multiple years, but the genotypes (ST and PFGE types) generally varied from year to year. Therefore, no evidence for a persistent C. jejuni source for the colonization of Finnish chickens emerged. Finnish chicken farms are infrequently contaminated with C. jejuni compared to other European Union (EU) countries, making Finland a valuable model for further epidemiological studies of the C. jejuni in poultry flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adeline Huneau
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané laboratory, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Robyn J, Rasschaert G, Pasmans F, Heyndrickx M. Thermotolerant Campylobacter during Broiler Rearing: Risk Factors and Intervention. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:81-105. [PMID: 33401809 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacters are one of the most important bacterial causative agents of human gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In most European Union (EU) member states human campylobacteriosis is mainly caused by infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli following consumption or inadequate handling of Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat. To date, no effective strategy to control Campylobacter colonization of broilers during rearing is available. In this review, we describe the public health problem posed by Campylobacter presence in broilers and list and critically review all currently known measures that have been researched to lower the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria in broilers during rearing. We also discuss the most promising measures and which measures should be investigated further. We end this review by elaborating on readily usable measures to lower Campylobacter introduction and Campylobacter numbers in a broiler flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Robyn
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium.,the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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38
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Gelaude P, Schlepers M, Verlinden M, Laanen M, Dewulf J. Biocheck.UGent: A quantitative tool to measure biosecurity at broiler farms and the relationship with technical performances and antimicrobial use. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2740-51. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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39
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Allain V, Chemaly M, Laisney MJ, Rouxel S, Quesne S, Le Bouquin S. Prevalence of and risk factors forCampylobactercolonisation in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period in France. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:452-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.941788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Torralbo A, Borge C, Allepuz A, García-Bocanegra I, Sheppard SK, Perea A, Carbonero A. Prevalence and risk factors of Campylobacter infection in broiler flocks from southern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2014; 114:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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41
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Analysis of factors important for the occurrence of Campylobacter in Danish broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:100-11. [PMID: 23706344 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade human campylobacteriosis has been the leading zoonosis in many developed countries. Consumption of poultry or poultry products has been identified as the primary source of infection in humans. This study was conducted to identify risk factors for the occurrence of Campylobacter in Danish broiler flocks. The study was based on a large data set consisting of Campylobacter positive status for nearly 6000 broiler flocks and 43 explanatory variables. Data were obtained from the Danish Campylobacter surveillance programme in poultry and from the responses to a standardized questionnaire answered via interviews with broiler farm owners. Two hundred and forty broiler farms, comprising 539 broiler houses, were included in the study and their Campylobacter status was followed over a 2-year period (1999-2000). The large number of observations made it possible to carry out a multivariate analysis including all 43 variables. A multivariate analysis was conducted using a generalized linear model, and the correlations between the houses from the same farms were accounted for by adding a variance structure to the model. The procedures for analyses included backward elimination, forward selection and expanding of the number of observations used in the variance analysis along with the reduction of the number of parameters in the model. The unit of analysis was 'broiler house', meaning that all results from a broiler house were aggregated into one prevalence figure (number of positive flocks/total number of flocks delivered over the 2-year period). The following factors were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of Campylobacter in the broiler flocks: old broiler houses, late introduction of whole wheat in the feed, relatively high broiler age at slaughter, improper rodent control, large number of chimneys on the broiler house, farm located in an area with a high density of cattle farms, having more than one broiler house on the farm, and improper storage of wheat. This large-scale study confirms several risk factors identified in previous studies. The results concerning chimneys may be explained by the easier access that flies have to the broiler houses, which seems in agreement with recent Danish studies on the significance of fly-screens to reduce Campylobacter in broiler flocks. The results of this study may be used in identification of effective interventions aimed at controlling Campylobacter in Danish broiler flocks.
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Chowdhury S, Sandberg M, Themudo GE, Ersbøll AK. The effect of presence of infected neighbouring farms for the Campylobacter infection status in Danish broiler farms. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2012; 3:311-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chowdhury S, Sandberg M, Themudo G, Ersbøll A. Risk factors for Campylobacter infection in Danish broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2701-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Jonsson ME, Chriél M, Norström M, Hofshagen M. Effect of climate and farm environment on Campylobacter spp. colonisation in Norwegian broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 2012; 107:95-104. [PMID: 22673580 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported zoonosis in the EU. A recent report states that between 50% and 80% of the human campylobacteriosis cases could be attributed to broiler as a reservoir. The current study was conducted to investigate associations between the presence of Campylobacter spp. in Norwegian broiler flocks and factors related to the climate and the farm environment. Data from 18,488 broiler flocks from 623 different farms during 2002-2007 were included in the study. A logistic regression analysis was conducted where Campylobacter spp. status of a broiler flock at the time of slaughter was defined as the dependent variable and farm was modelled as a random effect. The following factors were found to increase the probability for a broiler flock to test positive for Campylobacter spp.: daily mean temperature above 6°C during the rearing period, private water supply, presence of other livestock farms within a distance of 2 km, presence of other broiler farms within a distance of 4 km with flocks positive for Campylobacter spp. within 30 days prior to slaughter, heavy rainfall 11-30 days prior to slaughter, region and year. Daily mean temperature below 0°C reduced the probability. The study emphasises the importance of the farm environment and the climate for the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks. The farm environment is probably a part of the Campylobacter spp. pathway into and between broiler flocks where farmyard run-off and humans or flies entering the houses might constitute vehicles transporting the organism. Fly activity is temperature-driven and flies might be a part of the explanation of the increased risk for Campylobacter spp. related to increased temperature demonstrated in the study.
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45
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of poultry. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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46
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Investigation of prevalence and risk factors forCampylobacterin broiler flocks at slaughter: results from a UK survey. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:1725-37. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYDuring 2007–2009 a UK-wide, 3-year stratified randomized survey of UK chicken broiler flocks was conducted to estimate the prevalence ofCampylobacter-infected batches of birds at slaughter. Thirty-seven abattoirs, processing 88·3% of the total UK slaughter throughput, were recruited at the beginning of the survey. Of the 1174 slaughter batches sampled, 79·2% were found to be colonized withCampylobacter, the majority of isolates beingC. jejuni. Previous partial depopulation of the flock [odds ratio (OR) 5·21], slaughter in the summer months (categorized as June, July and August; OR 14·27) or autumn months (categorized as September, October and November; OR 1·70) increasing bird age (40–41 days, OR 3·18; 42–45 days, OR 3·56; ⩾46 days, OR 13·43) and higher recent mortality level in the flock (1·00–1·49% mortality, OR 1·57; ⩾1·49% mortality, OR 2·74) were all identified as significant risk factors forCampylobactercolonization of the birds at slaughter. Time in transit to the slaughterhouse of more than 2·5 h was identified as a protective factor (OR 0·52).
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47
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Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Ansari-Lari M, EsalatPanah-Fard Jahromi M, Berizi E, Abdollahi M. Prevalence and risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes in broiler flocks in Shiraz, southern Iran. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:568-72. [PMID: 22551072 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has been identified as an important foodborne pathogen in recent years. In humans, it most commonly affects pregnant women, neonates, children, elderly people, and persons with a suppressed immune system. It could contaminate both raw and cooked meat and poultry products. Studies regarding prevalence and risk factors of L. monocytogenes in broilers flocks are limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for L. monocytogenes in poultry flocks in Shiraz, southern Iran. During August to September 2009, in total, 100 broiler flocks were selected at slaughter, and 21 specimens were collected from cloacal samples from each flock. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the samples enriched in buffered Listeria enrichment broth (BLEB), using specific primers. Furthermore, enriched samples in BLEB and/or BLEB treated with 5% KOH were subcultured on Palcam medium. Data about farm and flocks were collected using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 7% (95% CI, 2-12%) and 1% using PCR and culture, respectively. Results showed that using antibiotics during rearing period was dramatically reduced the rate of isolation (odds ratio [OR]=0.07, p=0.03), whereas house capacity of more than 10,000 birds (OR=24.03, p=0.04) and number of houses (OR=2, p=0.02) significantly increased the prevalence. The correlation between poor management of large poultry flocks and increasing the risk of contamination was more likely due to the recontamination of cooked poultry/undercooking or cross-contamination of other ready-to-eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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48
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The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and on broiler carcases, and the risks associated with highly contaminated carcases. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:2233-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA baseline survey on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcases in the UK was performed in 2008 in accordance with Commission Decision 2007/516/EC. Pooled caecal contents from each randomly selected slaughter batch, and neck and breast skin from a single carcase were examined for Campylobacter spp. The prevalence of Campylobacter in the caeca of broiler batches was 75·8% (303/400) compared to 87·3% (349/400) on broiler carcases. Overall, 27·3% of the carcases were found to be highly contaminated with Campylobacter (⩾1000 c.f.u./g). Slaughter in the summer months (June, July, August) [odds ratio (OR) 3·50], previous partial depopulation of the flock (OR 3·37), and an increased mortality at 14 days (⩾1·25% to <1·75%) (OR 2·54) were identified as significant risk factors for the most heavily Campylobacter-contaminated carcases. Four poultry companies and farm location were also found to be significantly associated with highly contaminated carcases.
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49
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Hermans D, Pasmans F, Messens W, Martel A, Van Immerseel F, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Van Deun K, Haesebrouck F. Poultry as a Host for the Zoonotic PathogenCampylobacter jejuni. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:89-98. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Hermans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Winy Messens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Deun
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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50
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Doyle MP, Erickson MC. Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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