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Guo J, Li R, Ouyang Z, Tang J, Zhang W, Chen H, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Zhu G. Insights into the mechanism of transcription factors in Pb 2+-induced apoptosis. Toxicology 2024; 503:153760. [PMID: 38387706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The health risks associated with exposure to heavy metals, such as Pb2+, are increasingly concerning the public. Pb2+ can cause significant harm to the human body through oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and DNA damage, disrupting cellular homeostasis and ultimately leading to cell death. Among these mechanisms, apoptosis is considered crucial. It has been confirmed that transcription factors play a central role as mediators during the apoptosis process. Interestingly, these transcription factors have different effects on apoptosis depending on the concentration and duration of Pb2+ exposure. In this article, we systematically summarize the significant roles of several transcription factors in Pb2+-induced apoptosis. This information provides insights into therapeutic strategies and prognostic biomarkers for diseases related to Pb2+ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruikang Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhuqing Ouyang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jiawen Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Gaochun Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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2
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Schiff Bases: A Versatile Fluorescence Probe in Sensing Cations. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:859-893. [PMID: 36633727 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal cations such as Zn2+, Al3+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Sn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ play important roles in biology, medicine, and the environment. However, when these are not maintained in proper concentration, they can be lethal to life. Therefore, selective sensing of metal cations is of great importance in understanding various metabolic processes, disease diagnosis, checking the purity of environmental samples, and detecting toxic analytes. Schiff base probes have been largely used in designing fluorescent sensors for sensing metal ions because of their easy processing, availability, fast response time, and low detection limit. Herein, an in-depth report on metal ions recognition by some Schiff base fluorescent sensors, their sensing mechanism, their practical applicability in cell imaging, building logic gates, and analysis of real-life samples has been presented. The metal ions having biological, industrial, and environmental significance are targeted. The compiled information is expected to prove beneficial in designing and synthesis of the related Schiff base fluorescent sensors.
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Ge W, Shao LH, Gong HY, Chen G. Severe Abdominal Pain as a Presentation of Lead Poisoning: A Case Presentation. Int Med Case Rep J 2023; 16:245-249. [PMID: 37066133 PMCID: PMC10094453 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s404885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lead poisoning is a rare but serious disease. The clinical manifestations of lead poisoning are various and nonspecific, such as abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, nightmare, fatigue and so on. Rapid diagnosis of lead poisoning is challenging because it does not have special symptoms and the morbidity is very low. Case Presentation A 31-year-old woman presented with epigastric discomfort without any obvious cause. The patient was diagnosed with lead poisoning, as the blood levels of heavy metals were detected and the lead was 463.17 µg/L, which was very high (normal value was less than 100 µg/L). The patient was treated with intravenous drip of calcium sodium edentate and got better. The patient achieved good recovery and there was no recurrence. Conclusion Lead poisoning is a rare disease and easy to be misdiagnosed as acute abdomen disease when present with abdominal pain. Lead poisoning should be considered when common causes of abdominal pain are excluded, especially patients with anemia and abnormal liver function. The diagnosis of lead poisoning is mainly replied on the blood or urine lead concentrations. Then we should firstly cut off the contact with lead and use metal complexing agent to facilitate lead excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Gong
- Physical Examination Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hai-Yan Gong, Physical Examination Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Gang Chen, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Nguyen TB, Ho TBC, Huang CP, Chen CW, Chen WH, Hsieh S, Hsieh SL, Dong CD. Adsorption of lead(II) onto PE microplastics as a function of particle size: Influencing factors and adsorption mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135276. [PMID: 35690170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of Pb ions, on high-density polyethylene (PE) microplastics (MPs) with the diameter of 48-500 μm, was examined in this study. According to the Langmuir isotherm, MP of the smallest size, 48 μm, had the greatest adsorption capacity of 0.38 μmol g-1. The mechanism of Pb ions adsorption onto PE MPs was chemical adsorption, in particular, hydrogen bonding and surface complexation. Pb adsorption onto PE particles was proceeded at a rapid rate, as predicted by the pseudo-second-order rate model (R2 > 0.99). The PE 48 μm had the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.44 μmol g-1 (or 0.2 mol m-2) at pH 5. While humic acid can operate as a bridging agent, boosting heavy metal adsorption on the surface of PE MPs, fulvic acid has the reverse effect. The findings indicated that PE particles may serve as a carrier of heavy metals in the aquatic environment, posing perceived risks to the environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Binh Nguyen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Thi-Bao-Chau Ho
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - C P Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, DE, USA
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Shuchen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan.
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Rawat PS, Singh S, Mahdi AA, Mehrotra S. Environmental lead exposure and its correlation with intelligence quotient level in children. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126981. [PMID: 35452890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is ubiquitous, naturally occurring heavy metal that has a neurotoxic effect on the CNS and causes a range of health problems in humans, including cognitive impairment. Its toxicity remains a worldwide health issue, especially in developing countries. In this study, we tend to investigate the relationship between Pb poisoning and sociodemographic status, intellectual and neurobehavioral capabilities of children. METHODS The background characteristics of the research subjects were collected via questionnaire. The study involved 43 children, aged from 4 to 12 years. Blood lead (BL) levels were analysed by using anodic stripping voltammeter (ASV). Intelligence quotient (IQ) was another parameter that was assessed via using the Goodenough draw-A-person test in Pb exposed as well as control children. Although sociodemographic information was obtained in a questionnaire pattern from the parents. RESULTS The mean of BL level was 19.93 ± 9.22 μg/dL. BL levels were considerably higher with low social status (p < 0.05), maternal employment (p < 0.001) and the maximum time spent outdoors (p < 0.001). Source of water, age of subjects, type of house and kohl used by children was observed to be significantly correlated with BL levels i.e. (p < 0.05). IQ levels were decreased in a concentration dependent manner (p < 0.01). Negative correlations were found between BL levels and IQ levels (r = -0.963, <0.01). Girls were found to be higher IQ level than boys (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher socioeconomic status had a higher IQ level (p < 0.01) as compared to low. CONCLUSION BL levels were significantly associated with IQ levels. Sociodemographic characteristic was also found to be one of the risk factors that influenced the BL levels of children. Our investigations have demonstrated that the exposure of Pb severely affected the learning with memory, and the intelligence quotient of children, that is found inversely proportional in respect to BL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushkar Singh Rawat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Mehrotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abdelrazek F, Salama DA, Alharthi A, Asiri SA, Khodeer DM, Qarmush MM, Mobasher MA, Ibrahim M. Glycine Betaine Relieves Lead-Induced Hepatic and Renal Toxicity in Albino Rats. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050271. [PMID: 35622684 PMCID: PMC9147203 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a widespread and nondegradable environmental pollutant and affects several organs through oxidative mechanisms. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) against Pb-induced renal and hepatic injury. Male albino rats (n = 45) were divided into three groups: G1 untreated control, G2 Pb-acetate (50 mg/kg/day), and G3 Pb-acetate (50 mg/kg/day) plus GB (250 mg/kg/day) administered for 6 weeks. For G3, Pb-acetate was administered first and followed by GB at least 4 h after. Pb-acetate treatment (G2) resulted in a significant decrease in renal function, including elevated creatinine and urea levels by 17.4% and 23.7%, respectively, and nonsignificant changes in serum uric acid levels. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphates (ALP) activities were significantly increased with Pb treatment by 37.6%, 59.3%, and 55.1%, respectively. Lipid peroxidation level was significantly increased by 7.8 times after 6 weeks of Pb-acetate treatment. The level of reduced glutathione (GSH-R) significantly declined after Pb-acetate treatment. Pb-acetate treatment also reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) by 74.1%, 85.0%, and 40.8%, respectively. Treatment of Pb-intoxicated rats with GB resulted in a significant reduction in creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, and lipid peroxidation, as well as a significant increase in the level of GSH-R and in the activities of ALP, SOD, GST, and GSH-PX. The molecular interaction between GB and GSH-PX indicated that the activation of GSH-PX in Pb-intoxicated rats was not the result of GB binding to the catalytic site of GSH-PX. The affinity of GB to bind to the catalytic site of GSH-PX is lower than that of H2O2. Thus, GB significantly mitigates Pb-induced renal and liver injury through the activation of antioxidant enzymes and the prevention of Pb-induced oxidative damage in the kidney and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Abdelrazek
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (F.A.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Dawlat A. Salama
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (F.A.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Afaf Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saeed A. Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dina M. Khodeer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (D.M.K.); (M.I.); Tel.: +20-100-93345855 (D.M.K.)
| | - Moath M. Qarmush
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maysa A. Mobasher
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry Division, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 41412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mervat Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (F.A.); (D.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.K.); (M.I.); Tel.: +20-100-93345855 (D.M.K.)
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Tiwari AKM, Mahdi AA, Mishra S, Parveen H, Fatima G. Effect of iron and folate supplementation on Pb levels in pregnant anemic women: a prospective study. Free Radic Res 2021; 54:662-669. [PMID: 32954897 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1825704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are few reports revealing association between iron intake and environmental lead exposure during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on biochemical modulation of certain lead toxicity markers associated with pregnancy. Iron and folic acid supplementations were given to 250 pregnant anemic women (mild = 100, moderate = 100 and severe = 50) and 100 age matched nonanemic pregnant women as controls for 100 days. Lead (Pb) toxicity markers, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant were estimated as per standard protocols. The levels of Pb, serum transferrin receptors (sTfR), zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA, both in blood and urine) were found significantly increased in all pretreated subjects and these were decreased after oral iron supplementation. Iron-deficient pregnant women reflected a significant increase in lipid peroxide levels (LPO) and protein carbonyl levels (PC) which were found to be further increased after iron supplementation. The levels of iron (Fe), haemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione levels (GSH) were significantly decreased in pretreated groups and these parameters were found significantly increased in all supplemented subjects after treatment. Antioxidant vitamins viz. C and E were found significantly decreased in all post treated groups. Our observation suggests that recommended iron dose is not only effective for blood indices parameters, but it also decreases Pb concentrations in the blood during pregnancy. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hina Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ghizal Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chen D, Li D, Xiao Z, Fang Z, Zou X, Chen P, Chen T, Lv W, Liu H, Liu G. Removal of lead ions by two FeMn oxide substrate adsorbents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145670. [PMID: 33940755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead pollution has become a global concern due to its ubiquity and persistence. This study describes two FeMn oxide substrate adsorbents, namely, FeMn binary oxides (FMBO) and mesoporous FeMn binary oxide (MFMBO) covered with tannic acid film (FMBO@TA-Fe3+ and MFMBO@TA-Fe3+), for the treatment of Pb2+ in water. The characterization results showed that TA was successfully coated onto the surfaces of FMBO and MFMBO. The maximum capacities of Pb2+ on FMBO@TA-Fe3+ and MFMBO@TA-Fe3+ were 322.08 and 357.14 mg g-1, respectively, which were twice those of FMBO and MFMBO. The adsorption of Pb2+ on the adsorbents was a spontaneous, endothermic process with increasing disorder through thermodynamics studies. An overall mechanism was proposed for Pb2+ adsorption, the improved adsorption performance of FMBO@TA-Fe3+ and MFMBO@TA-Fe3+ is ascribed to the mesoporous characteristics and the introduction of hydroxyl groups. Further investigation indicated the adsorption of Pb2+ could be attributed to electrostatic interactions on FMBO@TA-Fe3+ and MFMBO@TA-Fe3+, and cation exchange existed through the formation of these internal surface complexes. The Pb2+-loaded adsorbents could be effectively desorbed in a dilute hydrochloric acid solution, promoting recycling and reuse of the regenerated adsorbents. These results warrant the promising application of FMBO@TA-Fe3+ and MFMBO@TA-Fe3+ for the removal of Pb2+, and this work first proposed TA film-modified FMBO and MFMBO to improve its adsorption capacity in the application of environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Daguang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhenjun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xuegang Zou
- CopyrightGrandblue Environment Co., Ltd, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tiansheng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wenying Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Haijin Liu
- School of Environment, Key Lab Yellow River & Huaihe River Water Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Oliveira AS, Costa EAC, Pereira EC, Freitas MAS, Freire BM, Batista BL, Luz MS, Olympio KPK. The applicability of fingernail lead and cadmium levels as subchronic exposure biomarkers for preschool children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143583. [PMID: 33243496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preschool children are exposed daily to metals in their homes and at daycare centers (DCC). Metal exposure and health effects are associated even at low levels, and children comprise a group of public health concern. Nail metals have been studied for exposure biomonitoring and compared to other biological media. The aim of this study was to explore the applicability of preschool fingernail lead and cadmium as subchronic exposure biomarkers. Nail lead and cadmium levels (NLL and NCL) of 602 preschool children (age: 1-4 years) who attended 21 DCC in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2013 were analyzed. Results were compared against blood lead and cadmium levels (BLL and BCL) found in a previous study. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses were performed for both samples. DCC and metal contaminated sites (MCS) were georeferencing. Logistic regression tests were applied to verify associations between nail metal levels and risk factors (sex, age, maternal education, secondary smoking, DCC geographic district, vehicle flow density, relative altitude and distance between DCC and nearest MCS) (p < 0.05). BLL was stratified by exposure level (low: <5 μg.dL-1; high: >13.9 μg.dL-1; medium: ≥5 μg.dL-1 and ≤13.9 μg.dL-1) and also tested the associations in order to verify if nail lead levels are affected by exposure intensity defined by blood metals concentrations. Radius distance and relative altitude of DCC to nearest MCS were associated with high NLL and NCL. Abnormal appearance of nails was associated with high NLL and low NCL. Lead and cadmium exposure magnitude had no significant impact on NLL. NLL should only be used for initial screening, and when financial resources are scarce, especially in areas located near contaminated sites. Preschool children were co-exposed to both lead and cadmium, reinforcing the need for broader studies evaluating exposure to environmental pollutants for more than one chemical element.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Oliveira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | - E A C Costa
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santa Terezinha, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - E C Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | - M A S Freitas
- Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos, Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - B M Freire
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santa Terezinha, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - B L Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santa Terezinha, CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - M S Luz
- Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos, Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - K P K Olympio
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
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Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) is a non-essential metal with numerous industrial applications that have led to ts ubiquity in the environment. Thus, not only occupational-exposed individuals' health is compromised, but also that of the general population and in particular children. Notably, although the central nervous system is particularly susceptible to Pb2+, other systems are affected as well. The present study focuses on molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects that arise from the presence of Pb2+ in situ in the brain, and the possible toxic effects that follows. As the brain barriers represent the first target of systemic Pb2+, mechanisms of Pb2+ entry into the brain are discussed, followed by a detailed discussion on neurotoxic mechanisms, with special emphasis on theories of ion mimicry, mitochondrial dysfunction, redox imbalance, and neuroinflammation. Most importantly, the confluence and crosstalk between these events is combined into a cogent mechanism of toxicity, by intertwining recent and old evidences from humans, in vitro cell culture and experimental animals. Finally, pharmacological interventions, including chelators, antioxidants substances, anti-inflammatory drugs, or their combination are reviewed as integrated approaches to ameliorate Pb2+ harmful effects in both developing or adult organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam B. Virgolini
- IFEC CONICET. IFEC-CONICET. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA and IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia
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(Ascorb)ing Pb Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121311. [PMID: 33371438 PMCID: PMC7767447 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) neurotoxicity is a major concern, particularly in children. Developmental exposure to Pb can alter neurodevelopmental trajectory and has permanent neuropathological consequences, including an increased vulnerability to further stressors. Ascorbic acid is among most researched antioxidant nutrients and has a special role in maintaining redox homeostasis in physiological and physio-pathological brain states. Furthermore, because of its capacity to chelate metal ions, ascorbic acid may particularly serve as a potent therapeutic agent in Pb poisoning. The present review first discusses the major consequences of Pb exposure in children and then proceeds to present evidence from human and animal studies for ascorbic acid as an efficient ameliorative supplemental nutrient in Pb poisoning, with a particular focus on developmental Pb neurotoxicity. In doing so, it is hoped that there is a revitalization for further research on understanding the brain functions of this essential, safe, and readily available vitamin in physiological states, as well to justify and establish it as an effective neuroprotective and modulatory factor in the pathologies of the nervous system, including developmental neuropathologies.
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Atuadu V, Benneth BA, Oyem J, Esom E, Mba C, Nebo K, Ezemeka G, Anibeze C. Adansonia digitata L. leaf extract attenuates lead-induced cortical histoarchitectural changes and oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex of adult male Wistar rats. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 0:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmdi-2020-0116/dmdi-2020-0116.xml. [PMID: 33085634 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Adansonia digitata L. is popularly known for the management of various neurological diseases in ethno-medicine. Studies have shown that lead toxicity is a possible risk factor for early onset of neurodegenerative disease. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of A. digitata aqueous leaf extract (ADALE) against lead-induced oxidative stress and histo-architectural changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Methods Saline (10 mL/kg), ADALE (500 and 1000 mg/kg) and EDTA (55 mg/kg) were pretreated orally 30 min prior to lead acetate (LA) (120 mg/kg) administration to male Wistar rats (n=7) for 21 days. Thereafter, standard biochemical (superoxide dismutate, catalase, glutathionxe and malondialdehyde), histological (H&E) and histochemical assessment (crystyl fast violet stain for nissil substance) were carried out in the prefrontal cortex. Results ADALE significantly (p<0.05) reversed LA-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased catalase, superoxide dismutase and oxidized glutathione levels, and decreased malondialdehyde concentration in the prefrontal cortex. Also, the increase chromatolysis and neuronal pyknosis of the pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex were significantly attenuated by ADALE. Conclusions The result of this study showed that A. digitata aqueous leaf extract attenuated lead acetate-induced cortical neurodegeneration via inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Atuadu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ben-Azu Benneth
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, River States, Nigeria
| | - John Oyem
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Esom
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chris Mba
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Kate Nebo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill Ezemeka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chike Anibeze
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Udhayakumari D, Inbaraj V. A Review on Schiff Base Fluorescent Chemosensors for Cell Imaging Applications. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1203-1223. [PMID: 32737660 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent determinations of analytes have proven to be a powerful method due to their simplicity, low cost, detection limit, rapid photoluminescence response, and applicability to bioimaging. Fluorescence imaging as a powerful tool for monitoring biomolecules within the living systems. Schiff base has been extensively used as strongly absorbing and colorful chromophores in the design of chemosensors. In recent years, Schiff base based fluorescent probes have been developed for the detection of various toxic analytes and imaging of various analytes in biological systems. This review gives an overview of the important fluorescent sensors which are based on Schiff base, their approaches for molecular recognition, and their potential application in bioimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Inbaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
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Patsiou D, Del Rio-Cubilledo C, Catarino AI, Summers S, Mohd Fahmi A, Boyle D, Fernandes TF, Henry TB. Exposure to Pb-halide perovskite nanoparticles can deliver bioavailable Pb but does not alter endogenous gut microbiota in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136941. [PMID: 32041050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) are a new technology, and investigation of toxicity is of considerable importance due to the potential lead (Pb) release into the environment. The aim of the study was to investigate aqueous and dietary toxicity of Pb-halide perovskite NP and Pb in zebrafish Danio rerio. Perovskite NP toxicity was evaluated in zebrafish by mortality, gene expression, histopathology, and phylogenetic analysis of gut microbiota. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to five Pb-halide perovskite NPs in parallel with Pb(NO3)2 exposures, and zebrafish adults were exposed to the three perovskite NPs that caused the strongest effect and Pb(NO3)2. No median lethal concentration (LC50) was observed for zebrafish larvae exposed to up to 200 mg/L of perovskite NPs for 96 h. Mortality, metallothionein 2 (mt2) and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ala-d) gene expression (24-h exposure) in zebrafish larvae after aqueous perovskite NPs exposures did not differ from total Pb concentration - response curves. The lack of differences in mortality and gene expression between perovskite NPs and soluble Pb after aqueous exposure suggest that toxicity from perovskite NPs can be attributed to bioavailable Pb rather than nano-specific effects. Induction of mt2 and reduction of ala-d expression levels in liver tissues showed Pb bioavailability after 2-d and 4-d dietary exposure to perovskite-spiked feeds. Changes in gut microbiota of adult zebrafish were detected after 14-d exposure to Pb-spiked food, but no changes were detected from perovskite-NP spiked food. The phylogenetic analysis identified different microbiome profiles of Pb-fed fish compared to perovskite-fed fish suggesting a different mechanism of toxicity. Exposure to Pb-halide perovskite NPs led to absorption of Pb likely from release of Pb ions rather than absorption of NPs. Pb-halide perovskite NPs can release bioavailable Pb and this needs to be considered during the development of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Patsiou
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Athinon-Souniou Ave., P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece.
| | - Cristina Del Rio-Cubilledo
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ana Isabel Catarino
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Flanders Marine Institute InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Stephen Summers
- Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Afiq Mohd Fahmi
- Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Fakulti Sains Sekitaran dan Marin, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21300, Malaysia
| | - David Boyle
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Theodore B Henry
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries, and Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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15
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Tang R, Li X, Mo Y, Ma Y, Ding C, Wang J, Zhang T, Wang X. Toxic responses of metabolites, organelles and gut microorganisms of Eisenia fetida in a soil with chromium contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:910-920. [PMID: 31234257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The toxic sensitivity in different physiological levels of chromium (Cr) contaminated soils with environmentally equivalent concentrations (EEC) was fully unknown. The earthworm Eisenia fetida was exposed to a Cr-contaminated soil at the EEC level (referred to as Cr-CS) to characterize the induced toxicity at the whole body, organ, tissue, subcellular structure and metabolic levels. The results showed that the survival rate, weight and biodiversity of the gut microorganisms (organ) had no significant difference (p > 0.05) between control and Cr-CS groups. Qualitative histopathological and subcellular evaluations from morphology showed earthworms obvious injuries. The organelle injuries combined with the metabolic changes provided additional evidence that the Cr-CS damaged the nucleus and probably disturbed the nucleic acid metabolism of earthworms. 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-3-furansulfonate, dimethylglycine, betaine and scyllo-inositol were sensitive and relatively quantitative metabolites that were recommended as potential biomarkers for Cr-CS based on their significant weights in the multivariate analysis model. In addition, the relative abundance of Burkholderiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Microscillaceae of the earthworm guts in the Cr-CS group significantly increased, particularly for Burkholderiaceae (increased by 13.1%), while that of Aeromonadaceae significantly decreased by 5.6% in contrast with the control group. These results provided new insights into our understanding of the toxic effects of the EEC level of Cr contaminated soil from different physiological levels of earthworms and extend our knowledge on the composition and sensitivity of the earthworm gut microbiota in Cr contaminated soil ecosystems. Furthermore, these toxic responses from gut microorganisms to metabolites of earthworms provided important data to improve the adverse outcome pathway and toxic mechanism of the Cr-CS if the earthworm genomics and proteomics would be also gained in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronggui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yongliang Mo
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Junsong Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Taolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Viens L, Harrington JM, Levine K, Karimi R, Meliker JR. Low levels of lead and glutathione markers of redox status in human blood. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1175-1185. [PMID: 29058203 PMCID: PMC6154500 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb) is implicated in a plethora of health threats in both adults and children. Increased exposure levels are associated with oxidative stress in the blood of workers exposed at occupational levels. However, it is not known whether lower Pb exposure levels are related to a shift toward a more oxidized state. To assess the association between blood lead level (BLL) and glutathione (GSH) redox biomarkers in a population of healthy adults, BLL and four GSH markers (GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio and redox potential E h ) were measured in the blood of a cross-sectional cohort of 282 avid seafood-eating healthy adults living on Long Island (NY). Additionally, blood levels of two other metals known to affect GSH redox status, selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg), and omega-3 index were tested for effect modification. Regression models were further adjusted for demographic and smoking status. Increasing exposure to Pb, measured in blood, was not associated with GSSG, but was associated with lower levels of GSH/GSSG ratio and more positive GSH redox potential E h , driven by its association with GSH. No effect modification was observed in analyses stratified by Hg, Se, omega-3 index, sex, age, or smoking. Blood Pb is associated with lower levels of GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio in this cross-sectional study of healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Laura Viens
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Keith Levine
- Trace Inorganics Laboratory, RTI International, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Roxanne Karimi
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Jaymie R Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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How Does Low Socioeconomic Status Increase Blood Lead Levelsin KoreanChildren? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071488. [PMID: 30011877 PMCID: PMC6068902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that a low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with high blood lead levels (BLLs) in children, the mechanism underlying this observation is not well known. To determine how SES influences BLLs via environmental factors in Korean children, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 4744 children aged 5–13 years. Questionnaires on sociodemographic information, environmental factors, and food consumption were administered to the children’s parents. BLLs in the study subjects were measured.The complete set of hypothesized associations was assessed using regression analysis and structural equation modeling. SES was associated with high BLLs. The total effects of nutritional factors, lead in the air and total length of nearby roads, and agriculture on BLLs were −0.062 (p < 0.001), 0.068 (p = 0.005), and 0.038 (p = 0.035), respectively. The direct effects of playing outdoors and SES on BLLs were 0.113 (p < 0.001) and −0.111 (p < 0.001), respectively. Although playing outdoors had a greater direct effect on BLLs than did SES, the total effect of SES (standardized β = −0.132, p < 0.001) was greater than that of other sources owing to indirect effects (β = −0.020, p = 0.004). A low SES was a major risk factor for elevated BLLs via environmental factors.
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Sachdeva C, Thakur K, Sharma A, Sharma KK. Lead: Tiny but Mighty Poison. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33:132-146. [PMID: 29651203 PMCID: PMC5891462 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The documentation of lead toxicity (plumbism) dates back to the times when man learnt its various applications. This versatile heavy metal is non-degradable and its ability to get accumulated in the body that goes undiagnosed, makes it a serious environmental health hazard. Lead is now known to affect almost every organ/tissue of the human body. With irreversible effects on neurobiological development of young children and foetus, its toxicity has lasting implications on the human life. Outlining the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment therapy for lead poisoning, the present review elaborates the pathophysiological effects of lead on various organs. This will be of immense help to the health professionals so as to inculcate a better understanding of the lead poisoning which otherwise is asymptomatic. With chelation therapy being the classic path of treatment, new strategies are being explored as additive/adjunct therapy. It is now understood that lead toxicity is completely preventable. In this regard significant efforts are in place in the developed countries whereas much needs to be done in the developing countries. Spreading the awareness amongst the masses by educating them and reducing the usage of lead following stricter industry norms appears to be the only roadmap to prevent lead poisoning. Efforts being undertaken by the Government of India and other organisations are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaffy Sachdeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Government Medical College, Nahan, Distt. Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh 173001 India
| | - Kshema Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Government Medical College, Nahan, Distt. Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh 173001 India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Government Medical College, Nahan, Distt. Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh 173001 India
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Roy A, Kordas K. The Relation Between Low-Level Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: a Review of the Epidemiological Evidence in Children and Non-Occupationally Exposed Adults. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 3:478-492. [PMID: 27726071 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals and observational studies in occupationally exposed adults indicate that higher lead exposure results in higher biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, this evidence cannot be extended to the general population who typically experience lower levels of lead exposure. This systematic review evaluates the epidemiological evidence on the association between lead and oxidative stress in non-occupationally exposed general population, with a particular focus on the pediatric population. Studies were identified through a systematic search of Medline and Web of Science. Ultimately, evidence from 15 studies conducted in children and 22 studies in adults from the general population was reviewed. Overall, the published findings are inconsistent, and there are very few well-designed studies on the relation between lead exposure and oxidative stress in the general population. The strength of the current evidence is discussed in light of the methodological approaches employed, and recommendations are made for future research directions. These include designing prospective studies with repeat measurements of clinically relevant oxidative stress markers to answer the question of causality and sensitive windows and reanalyzing previously published data, but using multivariable statistical approaches and adjustment for relevant explanatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Roy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Center for Asthma and Environmental Health Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Cortés-Gómez AA, Morcillo P, Guardiola FA, Espinosa C, Esteban MA, Cuesta A, Girondot M, Romero D. Molecular oxidative stress markers in olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) and their relation to metal concentrations in wild populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:156-167. [PMID: 29073523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to their longevity and extensive migration areas, marine turtles are able to accumulate diverse contaminants over many years and as a consequence they represent an interesting bioindicator species for marine ecosystem pollution. Metals provoke toxicological effects in many aquatic animal species, but marine turtles have been under-investigated in this area. Thus, we have determined the presence of certain inorganic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) in olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) and related them to metallothionein (MT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) transcription and/or enzymatic activities. Gene expression of sod, cat and gr was found to be higher in blood than liver or kidney but most of the significant relationships were found in liver, not only for gene expression but also for enzyme activities. This must be related to the role the liver has as the first filter organ. Several positive relationships of sod, cat and gr gene expression in the different tissues were found in this population, as well as very high Cd concentrations. This could mean that these turtles are adapting to the metals-production of ROS and damage through a high transcription of these antioxidants. Multiple positive relationships with GR seem to be part of its compensatory effect due to the decrease of SOD production against the high and chronic exposure to certain xenobiotics. CAT, on the other hand, seems not to be used much, and glutathione detoxification of H2O2 may be more important in this species. Finally, despite the very high Cd concentrations found in this population, no significant relationship was found in any tissue with metallothionein gene expression. These results, along with very high Cd concentrations and a negative relationship with Cu, lead us to consider some kind of disruption in mt gene expression in these turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Cortés-Gómez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristobal Espinosa
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - María A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marc Girondot
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Diego Romero
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Mitra P, Sharma S, Purohit P, Sharma P. Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: An update. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:506-528. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1408562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Alvarez-Ortega N, Caballero-Gallardo K, Olivero-Verbel J. Low blood lead levels impair intellectual and hematological function in children from Cartagena, Caribbean coast of Colombia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:233-240. [PMID: 28965581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead produces numerous biochemical and physiological changes in humans, including hematological disorders, toxic effects on the central nervous system and in the function of several organs. The aim of this study was to determine blood lead levels (BLL) in children from Cartagena, Colombia, associating those with hematological and liver damage markers, the intelligence quotient (IQ), as well as with gene expression of the aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), gamma interferon (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and tumor protein (p53). To achieve this purpose, 118 blood samples were collected from children 5-16 years old, with their respective informed consent from their parents. BLL was measured by atomic absorption; hematological parameters were obtained with automated systems; plasma was utilized to analyze hepatic toxicity markers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) was administered to measure the IQ; and gene expression was quantified from blood RNA. The mean BLL was 1.7±0.3μg/dL. A low proportion of the children (3.4%) had BLL above the CDC recommended limit (5μg/dL). BLL were correlated weakly, but negatively with child age, weight, height, body mass index, platelets wide distribution, mean platelet volume, γ-GT and IQ. There were not significant changes in the expression of evaluated genes. These results support the hypothesis that BLL below 5μg/dL may still be a detrimental factor on children's cognitive abilities, development and hematology, in line with recent concerns that there is no safe level of pediatric lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Alvarez-Ortega
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Karina Caballero-Gallardo
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia.
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Asgary S, Movahedian A, Keshvari M, Taleghani M, Sahebkar A, Sarrafzadegan N. Serum levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in relation to coronary artery disease in the elderly: A cross-sectional study. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:540-544. [PMID: 28431391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continuing attempt to identify novel factors that can predict the risk of cardiovascular disease beyond the established coronary risk factors. It has been suggested that serum levels of lead, mercury and cadmium are associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate serum concentrations of lead (s-Pb), mercury (s-Hg) and cadmium (s-Cd) in patients with CAD in comparison with those of healthy individuals. The correlation between serum levels of these heavy metals and lipid profile parameters was also investigated. METHODS In this case-control study, we included 65 patients (35 females) aged 50-70 years with angiographically-documented CAD and 65 healthy controls (43 female) matched for sex, age and place of residence. Serum concentrations of heavy metals were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA). Serum lipids were measured using routine enzymatic methods. RESULTS It was observed that the mean concentration of s-Pb (12.54 ± 8.41 vs. 5.89 ± 4.44 μg/L, p < 0.05) and s-Cd (0.938 ± 0.72 vs. 0.448 ± 0.30, p < 0.05; CI: 95%) and s-Hg (10.14 ± 5.06 vs. 6.11 ± 5.66, p < 0.05) were significantly higher in CAD patients compared with control subjects. The same result was also obtained after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors including age, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and TC:HDL-C ratio were significantly higher in CAD patients (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between serum metal concentrations with TC, HDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratio (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present results showed that serum levels of heavy metals are associated with the presence of CAD. Long-term exposure to trace levels of Pb, Cd and Hg may play a role in the development of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Movahedian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Keshvari
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taleghani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Junaid M, Malik RN, Pei DS. Health hazards of child labor in the leather products and surgical instrument manufacturing industries of Sialkot, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:198-211. [PMID: 28432963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Child labor is a major challenge in the developing countries and comprehensive health hazard identification studies on this issue are still lacking. Therefore, the current study is an effort to highlight the health concerns of child labor exposed in the key small scale industries of Sialkot, Pakistan. Our findings revealed jolting levels of heavy metals in the urine, blood, serum, saliva, and hair samples collected from the exposed children. For example, in the urine samples, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were measured at the respective concentrations of 39.17, 62.02, 11.94 and 10.53 μg/L in the surgical industries, and 2.10, 4.41, 1.04 and 5.35 μg/L in the leather industries. In addition, source apportionment revealed polishing, cutting, and welding sections in the surgical industries and surface coating, crusting, and stitching sections in the leather industries were the highest contributors of heavy metals in the bio-matrices of the exposed children, implying the dusty, unhygienic, and unhealthy indoor working conditions. Further, among all the bio-matrices, the hair samples expressed the highest bioaccumulation factor for heavy metals. In accordance with the heavy metal levels reported in the exposed children, higher oxidative stress was found in the children working in the surgical industries than those from the leather industries. Moreover, among heavy metals' exposure pathways, inhalation of industrial dust was identified as the primary route of exposure followed by the ingestion and dermal contact. Consequently, chemical daily intake (CDI), carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazard quotients (HQs) of heavy metals were also reported higher in the exposed children and were also alarmingly higher than the corresponding US EPA threshold limits. Taken all together, children were facing serious health implications in these industries and need immediate protective measures to remediate the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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Corsetti G, Romano C, Stacchiotti A, Pasini E, Dioguardi FS. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Triggered by Sub-Chronic Lead Exposure in Mice Spleen: a Histopathological Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:86-97. [PMID: 28012149 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is an environmental oncogenic metal that induces immunotoxicity and anaemia. Emerging evidence has linked Pb toxicity with endoplasmic reticulum-driven apoptosis and autophagy. Glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa (Grp78 or binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP)), a master endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, drives macrophage activation and regulates protein folding and calcium flux in response to heavy metals. The spleen may be involved in Pb poisoning due to its crucial role in erythrocatheresis and immune response, although there are no data to support this theory. Here, we found haematic and histopathological changes in the spleen of mice exposed to medium doses of Pb acetate (200 ppm-1 mM) in drinking water for 45 days. Pb deposition was also detected in organs such as the liver, kidney, brain, bone, blood and faeces, indicating an accumulation of this metal despite relatively short exposure time. Blood Pb content (BBL) reached 21.6 μg/dL; echinocytes and poikilocytes were found in Pb smears of treated group. Inside the spleen, higher Fe(II) and Fe(III) deposits inside macrophages were observed. Grp78 immunostaining, weakly expressed in spleen cells of control mice, after Pb exposure was specifically restricted to macrophages and megakaryocytes of the marginal zone of red pulp. Furthermore, Pb exposure induced superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expression, cleaved caspase-3 and p62/SQSTM1, consistent with oxidative stress, apoptosis and dysregulated autophagy in spleen compartments. We suggest that even at a middle dose, oral Pb intake induces oxidant iron deposition in the spleen and that this may trigger sustained Grp78 redistribution to cells, thus leading to oxidative and autophagy dysfunction as early local reactions to this dangerous metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Romano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Evasio Pasini
- "S. Maugeri Foundation", IRCCS, Cardiology Division, Lumezzane Medical Centre, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco S Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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26
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El-Far AH, Korshom MA, Mandour AA, El-Bessoumy AA, El-Sayed YS. Hepatoprotective efficacy of Nigella sativa seeds dietary supplementation against lead acetate-induced oxidative damage in rabbit - Purification and characterization of glutathione peroxidase. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:711-718. [PMID: 28273633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic ubiquitous environmental pollutant that induces hepatotoxicity in both animals and humans. The ability of Nigella saliva seeds (NSS) in ameliorating lead acetate (PbAc)-induced hepatic oxidative damage was investigated using a rabbit model. Forty New Zealand rabbits were given feed and water ad libitum. They were allocated randomly into four groups: control; PbAc (5g/L drinking water); NSS (20g/kg diet) and NSS+PbAc groups. After two months, liver samples were collected and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) contents. Purification and characterization of GPx were also evaluated. PbAc exposure significantly (p<0.05) increased MDA (lipid peroxidation biomarker) and reduced the GSH levels and the GST and GPx activities. Concurrently supplemented NSS significantly (p<0.05) decreased MDA levels and restored the GSH, GST, and GPx contents successfully. Electrophoretically, the homogeneous GPx preparation from the liver had a specific activity of 30.44 U/mg protein and a yield of 1.31%. The Km values for cumene hydroperoxide were 4.76μM in control, PbAc and NSS+PbAc groups, and 4.09μM in NSS group. The GPx reaction had a temperature optimum 40°C, pH optimum 8 and molecular weight 21 kDa. The obtained data indicated the potent efficacy of NSS against PbAc-induced oxidative stress; that was mediated through induction and activation of antioxidants, particularly GPx and scavenging free radicals. Moreover, the purified hepatic GPx is characterized as a selenoprotein (Se-GPx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
| | - Mahdy A Korshom
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt.
| | - Abdelwahab A Mandour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf A El-Bessoumy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Jalali SM, Najafzadeh H, Mousavi SM. Comparative Effect of Silymarin and D-Penicillamine on Lead Induced Hemotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rat. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/arakmu.11.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Zargar R, Raghuwanshi P, Rastogi A, Koul AL, Khajuria P, Ganai AW, Kour S. Protective and ameliorative effect of sea buckthorn leaf extract supplementation on lead induced hemato-biochemical alterations in Wistar rats. Vet World 2016; 9:929-934. [PMID: 27733791 PMCID: PMC5057029 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.929-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the protective and ameliorative effect of aqueous sea buckthorn leaf extract (SLE) on hemato-biochemical profile in lead intoxicated Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted for 60 days. 36 adult male Wistar rats with a mean body weight of 177.8±12.6 g were divided into five groups and were subjected to various daily oral treatment regimens. Group I served as a negative control receiving only feed and water, Group II (positive control for lead) received lead acetate at 250 ppm in drinking water, and Group III (positive control for SLE) received SLE at 100 mg/kg b.wt. Animals in Group IV received a combination of lead acetate at 250 ppm in drinking water for the first 45 days and SLE at 100 mg/kg b.wt. throughout the experimental period of 60-day, and in Group V for the last 15 days of the trial after the administration of lead acetate until the first 45 days of the trial to study the protective and ameliorating effects of SLE, respectively. Blood samples were collected from retro-orbital fossa of each rat on 0th, 45th, and 60th day of the experiment for hemato-biochemical analysis including hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine. Results: Significantly (p<0.01) lower levels of serum total proteins and albumin, and a significantly (p<0.01) higher serum cholesterol, urea and creatinine levels were observed in Group II (lead intoxicated group) in comparison to Group I (negative control). Administration of SLE at 100 mg/kg body wt. to lead intoxicated Wistar rats resulted in normalization of almost all the biochemical parameters studied in both the treatment Groups, i.e., IV and V (protective and ameliorative). However, the effects were more pronounced in the protective group. No effects of SLE supplementation were observed on Hb levels. PCV levels improved in protective groups, but no effect was observed in ameliorative group in comparison to lead intoxicated groups. Conclusion: SLE administration at 100 mg/kg b.wt. to lead intoxicated Wistar rats may be used to protect/ameliorate lead induced biochemical alterations in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Zargar
- Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Pratiksha Raghuwanshi
- Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ankur Rastogi
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aditi Lal Koul
- Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Pallavi Khajuria
- Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aafreen Wahid Ganai
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sumeet Kour
- Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, RS Pura - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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29
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Rao F, Zhai Y, Sun F. Punicalagin Mollifies Lead Acetate-Induced Oxidative Imbalance in Male Reproductive System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1269. [PMID: 27529221 PMCID: PMC5000667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Punicalagin (PU) is a known antioxidant. The present study examined PU to protect against lead-induced oxidative stress (OS) testicular damage in mice. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) after intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate (LA) indicated enormous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lead-induced OS has a direct effect on the differentiation of spermatogonial cells, showing a significant decline in sperm count. Supplementation of PU significantly changes values of LPO and glutathione (GSH) with a concomitant increase in sperm count, a marked decrease in the abnormal sperms, and a decline in the morphologically abnormal sperm population. Moreover, the histopathological evaluation of testes and epididymides showed severe changes in mice treated with LA. PU significantly induced nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2-like 2 (Nrf2) expression and phase II enzymes, and data suggest that PU may inhibit OS through Nrf2 activation. The fertility test proved that PU might play an important role in male infertility treatment, especially in the type of infertility induced by OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Rao
- Institute of Immunology and CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- Institute of Immunology and CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital. School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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30
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Assi MA, Hezmee MNM, Haron AW, Sabri MYM, Rajion MA. The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health. Vet World 2016; 9:660-71. [PMID: 27397992 PMCID: PMC4937060 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead, a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: Plumbum, meaning “the liquid silver”) and has an atomic number 82 in the periodic table. It was the first element that was characterized by its kind of toxicity. In animal systems, lead (Pb) has been incriminated in a wide spectrum of toxic effects and it is considered one of the persistent ubiquitous heavy metals. Being exposed to this metal could lead to the change of testicular functions in human beings as well as in the wildlife. The lead poising is a real threat to the public health, especially in the developing countries. Accordingly, great efforts on the part of the occupational and public health have been taken to curb the dangers of this metal. Hematopoietic, renal, reproductive, and central nervous system are among the parts of the human body and systems that are vulnerable toward the dangers following exposure to high level of Pb. In this review, we discussed the massive harmful impact that leads acetate toxicity has on the animals and the worrying fact that this harmful toxicant can be found quite easily in the environment and abundance. Highlighting its (Pb) effects on various organs in the biological systems, its economic, as well as scientific importance, with the view to educate the public/professionals who work in this area. In this study, we focus on the current studies and research related to lead toxicity in animals and also to a certain extent toward human as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdulrazzaq Assi
- Department of Community Health, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al_Furat Al_Awsat Technical University, Iraq; Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Mohd Hezmee
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Mohd Sabri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Rajion
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wu X, Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Xu H, Zhang Z, Yang L. A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8244-59. [PMID: 26965280 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The rational for the study was to review the literature on the toxicity and corresponding mechanisms associated with lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), individually and as mixtures, in the environment. Heavy metals are ubiquitous and generally persist in the environment, enabling them to biomagnify in the food chain. Living systems most often interact with a cocktail of heavy metals in the environment. Heavy metal exposure to biological systems may lead to oxidation stress which may induce DNA damage, protein modification, lipid peroxidation, and others. In this review, the major mechanism associated with toxicities of individual metals was the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, toxicities were expressed through depletion of glutathione and bonding to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Interestingly, a metal like Pb becomes toxic to organisms through the depletion of antioxidants while Cd indirectly generates ROS by its ability to replace iron and copper. ROS generated through exposure to arsenic were associated with many modes of action, and heavy metal mixtures were found to have varied effects on organisms. Many models based on concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) have been introduced to help predict toxicities and mechanisms associated with metal mixtures. An integrated model which combines CA and IA was further proposed for evaluating toxicities of non-interactive mixtures. In cases where there are molecular interactions, the toxicogenomic approach was used to predict toxicities. The high-throughput toxicogenomics combines studies in genetics, genome-scale expression, cell and tissue expression, metabolite profiling, and bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Samuel J Cobbina
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Xu
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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32
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Kopeć A, Sikora E, Piątkowska E, Borczak B, Czech T. Possible protective role of elderberry fruit lyophilizate against selected effects of cadmium and lead intoxication in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8837-8848. [PMID: 26810666 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the investigation whether the administration of the elderberry fruit lyophilizate under exposure to cadmium(Cd) and (Pb) lead may protect against some effects of their toxic action in Wistar rats. Rats were fed with diets containing Cd (Cd 0.025 mg/kg b.m.) or Pb (Pb 0.025 mg /kg b.m.) with the addition of the freeze-dried elderberry fruits (BEF) in the amount of 5 %. BEF added to the diet with Cd significantly decreased the activity of AST and ALT compared to the rats fed with the control diet with Cd (C + Cd). Activity of glutathione peroxidase was significantly higher in the blood of rats fed with BEF diet compared with animals fed with BEF + Cd, BEF + Pb, and C + Pb diets. Addition of BEF to the diets with Cd or Pb significantly decreased the uric acid concentration compared to the level of this parameter in the serum of animals fed with control diets containing Cd or Pb. The level of the Cd significantly decreased in the livers of rodents fed with BEF + Cd diet as compared to the concentration of this metal in the livers of rats fed with C + Cd diet. Elderberry fruit lyophilizate did not protect against the increased concentration of Cd or Pb in kidneys and bones of experimental rats; however, it improved the function of livers and kidneys, especially of rats intoxicated with Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kopeć
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Sikora
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Piątkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Borczak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Czech
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 30-120, Krakow, Poland
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Carocci A, Catalano A, Lauria G, Sinicropi MS, Genchi G. Lead Toxicity, Antioxidant Defense and Environment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 238:45-67. [PMID: 26670034 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to a large number of chemicals occurs at various stages throughout human life. Many of these are devoid of toxicity, but some could pose a significant health risk, i.e. the exposure to environmental xenobiotic metals as lead, mercury (Sinicropi et al. 2010a; Carocci et al. 2014), cadmium, etc. In particular, lead has long been a widespread public concern (Basha and Reddy 2010). Lead is one of the earliest heavy metals discovered by men. Due to its unique properties, as low melting point, softness, malleability, ductility, and resistance to corrosion, men have used lead for the last 5000 years in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Graziantonio Lauria
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Genchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Kim HC, Jang TW, Chae HJ, Choi WJ, Ha MN, Ye BJ, Kim BG, Jeon MJ, Kim SY, Hong YS. Evaluation and management of lead exposure. Ann Occup Environ Med 2015; 27:30. [PMID: 26677413 PMCID: PMC4681084 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-015-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead, which is widely used in industry, is a common element found in low concentrations in the Earth's crust. Implementations to reduce environmental lead concentrations have resulted in a considerable reduction of lead levels in the environment (air) and a sustained reduction in the blood lead levels of the average citizen. However, people are still being exposed to lead through a variety of routes in everyday commodities. Lead causes health problems such as toxicity of the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic system, and nervous system. Having a carcinogenic risk as well, the IARC classifies inorganic lead compounds as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Occupational lead poisonings have decreased due to the efforts to reduce the lead concentrations in the working environment. In contrast, health hazards associated with long-term environmental exposure to low concentrations of lead have been reported steadily. In particular, chronic exposure to low concentrations of lead has been reported to induce cognitive behavioral disturbances in children. It is almost impossible to remove lead completely from the human body, and it is not easy to treat health hazards due to lead exposure. Therefore, reduction and prevention of lead exposure are very important. We reviewed the toxicity and health hazards, monitoring and evaluation, and management of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Cheol Kim
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, 27, Inhang-Ro, Jung-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Jang
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong-Jae Chae
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, KS Hospital, 220, Wangbeodeul-ro, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Na Ha
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Byeong-Jin Ye
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, 26, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Man-Joong Jeon
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Young-Nam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeong Kim
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, InJe University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea
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Sisombath NS, Jalilehvand F. Similarities between N-Acetylcysteine and Glutathione in Binding to Lead(II) Ions. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2313-24. [PMID: 26624959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine is a natural thiol-containing antioxidant, a precursor for cysteine and glutathione, and a potential detoxifying agent for heavy metal ions. However, previous accounts of the efficiency of N-acetylcysteine (H2NAC) in excretion of lead are few and contradicting. Here, we report results on the nature of lead(II) complexes formed with N-acetylcysteine in aqueous solution, which were obtained by combining information from several spectroscopic methods, including (207)Pb, (13)C, and (1)H NMR, Pb LIII-edge X-ray absorption, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Two series of solutions were used containing CPb(II) = 10 and 100 mM, respectively, varying the H2NAC/Pb(II) mole ratios from 2.1 to 10.0 at pH 9.1-9.4. The coordination environments obtained resemble those previously found for the Pb(II) glutathione system: at a ligand-to-lead mole ratio of 2.1, dimeric or oligomeric Pb(II) N-acetylcysteine complexes are formed, while a trithiolate [Pb(NAC)3](4-) complex dominates in solutions with H2NAC/Pb(II) mole ratios >3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Sisombath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Farideh Jalilehvand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Roy A, Queirolo E, Peregalli F, Mañay N, Martínez G, Kordas K. Association of blood lead levels with urinary F₂-8α isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine concentrations in first-grade Uruguayan children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:127-35. [PMID: 25863186 PMCID: PMC4492803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a potential molecular mechanism for lead-induced toxicities, yet, we have limited understanding of the relation between low-level lead (Pb) exposure and OS, especially in children. This cross-sectional study examines the association between blood lead level (BLL) and two OS markers-urinary F2-8α isoprostane or isoprostane (a marker of lipid peroxidation) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-Guanosine or 8-OH-dG (a marker of DNA damage) in 211 children, aged 5-8 years, from Montevideo, Uruguay. The role of dietary intakes of vitamin C and zinc in modifying the relation between BLL and OS was also examined. The mean (SD) BLL of the study children was 4.7 (2.2) µg/dL, with 30.2% children having BLL ≥5 µg/dL, the current reference level set by the US Centre for Disease Control for identifying, monitoring and management of children with elevated BLL. In covariate-adjusted analysis, there was a weak positive association between BLL and urinary isoprostane (adjusted for specific gravity) [β=0.09, p<0.1]. No association was found between children's BLL and urinary 8-OH-dG. Interactions between dietary intakes of vitamin C or zinc and BLL on OS biomarkers were not consistent. However, when BLL and vitamin C or BLL and zinc were modeled together, BLL was independently associated with isoprostane concentration [β=0.10, p<0.05] but vitamin C or zinc intake was not. These findings suggest that there may be a potential adverse effect of BLL on OS in children with low-level Pb exposure. There is a need to study the effects of Pb on other OS measures, as well as the role of OS in mediating low-level Pb toxicity on functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Roy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
| | - Elena Queirolo
- Centre for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Peregalli
- Centre for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nelly Mañay
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Martínez
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Liu C, Huo X, Lin P, Zhang Y, Li W, Xu X. Association between blood erythrocyte lead concentrations and hemoglobin levels in preschool children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9233-40. [PMID: 25588596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive research, lead (Pb) toxicity still remains one of the most frequently investigated subjects in environmental health. Whole blood lead (BPb) is usually used to evaluate Pb exposure for both screening and clinical diagnosis. However, it is generally recognized that BPb is not a sensitive biomarker for Pb exposure in hematological studies. Considering hematocrit (HCT) variation in different situations, HCT-adjusted BPb or erythrocyte Pb (EPb) may be more relevant when evaluating the hematotoxicity of blood Pb. Data collected from 855 preschool children, 3-7 years of age, allowed us to examine the relationship between EPb and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Multivariate linear regression was performed to determine the significance of EPb as predictor of Hb after covariate adjustment; then, mean differences of Hb levels between quartiles of EPb and BPb (1st quartile as reference) were determined using ANOVA followed by Student's t test. The dose-response curve between EPb and HCT was plotted using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) method. A doubling of EPb was associated with a 2.44 g/L decrease in Hb level. Compared to the 1st quartile group of EPb, the 3rd and 4th quartile groups showed significant decreases in Hb levels (3.01 and 3.97 g/L, respectively). Compared to the 1st quartile group of BPb, the 2nd quartile group showed a decrease in Hb levels (0.63 g/L), while the 3rd and 4th quartile groups showed increases in Hb levels (0.78 and 1.45 g/L, respectively). Increased EPb levels are significantly associated with decreased Hb levels in preschool children. HCT must be taken into consideration in investigating the hematological effects of Pb. Compared to BPb, EPb or HCT-adjusted BPb appear as a more effective biomarker to interpret the hematotoxicity of lead. Furthermore, blood erythrocytes are not only a repository of Pb but also a primary target of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
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Matović V, Buha A, Ðukić-Ćosić D, Bulat Z. Insight into the oxidative stress induced by lead and/or cadmium in blood, liver and kidneys. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:130-40. [PMID: 25681546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides being important occupational hazards, lead and cadmium are nowadays metals of great environmental concern. Both metals, without any physiological functions, can induce serious adverse health effects in various organs and tissues. Although Pb and Cd are non-redox metals, one of the important mechanisms underlying their toxicity is oxidative stress induction as a result of the generation of reactive species and/or depletion of the antioxidant defense system. Considering that the co-exposure to both metals is a much more realistic scenario, the effects of these metals on oxidative status when simultaneously present in the organism have become one of the contemporary issues in toxicology. This paper reviews short and long term studies conducted on Pb or Cd-induced oxidative stress in blood, liver and kidneys as the most prominent target organs of the toxicity of these metals and proposes the possible molecular mechanisms of the observed effects. The review is also focused on the results obtained for the effects of the combined treatment with Pb and Cd on oxidative status in target organs and on the mechanisms of their possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Matović
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Buha
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Ðukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Lassiter MG, Owens EO, Patel MM, Kirrane E, Madden M, Richmond-Bryant J, Hines EP, Davis JA, Vinikoor-Imler L, Dubois JJ. Cross-species coherence in effects and modes of action in support of causality determinations in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. Toxicology 2015; 330:19-40. [PMID: 25637851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peer-reviewed literature on the health and ecological effects of lead (Pb) indicates common effects and underlying modes of action across multiple organisms for several endpoints. Based on such observations, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) applied a cross-species approach in the 2013 Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Lead for evaluating the causality of relationships between Pb exposure and specific endpoints that are shared by humans, laboratory animals, and ecological receptors (i.e., hematological effects, reproductive and developmental effects, and nervous system effects). Other effects of Pb (i.e., cardiovascular, renal, and inflammatory responses) are less commonly assessed in aquatic and terrestrial wildlife limiting the application of cross-species comparisons. Determinations of causality in ISAs are guided by a framework for classifying the weight of evidence across scientific disciplines and across related effects by considering aspects such as biological plausibility and coherence. As illustrated for effects of Pb where evidence across species exists, the integration of coherent effects and common underlying modes of action can serve as a means to substantiate conclusions regarding the causal nature of the health and ecological effects of environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Gooding Lassiter
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Oesterling Owens
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Molini M Patel
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Ellen Kirrane
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Meagan Madden
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jennifer Richmond-Bryant
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Erin Pias Hines
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - J Allen Davis
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Lisa Vinikoor-Imler
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jean-Jacques Dubois
- Southern Region Integrated Pest Management Center, North Carolina State University, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 110, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Mazoto ML, Guimarães RM, Câmara VM, Asmus CIRF. Perfil de exposição ao chumbo em crianças escolares da rede municipal da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-38292014000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objetivos: descrever os níveis de exposição ambiental ao chumbo entre criancas de duas escolas localizadas em regiões com características socioambientais distintas no município do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: estudo piloto em amostra de conveniência com 270 estudantes. A análise das amostras de sangue capilar foi realizada usando o método de Espectrometria de Massa Acoplado a Plasma Indutivo (ICP-MS). A exposição ao chumbo entre as crianças foi estimada através de comportamentos e habitos diarios e presença de fontes de chumbo no domicilio ou entorno. Resultados: a concentração média do chumbo no sangue capilar foi 3,59 μg/dL ± 2,25. Cinco crianças (1,85%) apresentaram concentrações acima de 10 μg/dL. Observou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na concentração média de chumbo em sangue capilar nas variáveis idade (p=0,034), renda per capita (p=0,005) e exposição a chumbo (p=0,044). As variáveis renda média familiar per capita e idade mostraram-se inversamente proporcionais à concentração de chumbo e o status de exposição diretamente proporcional. As escolas apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,004) quanto à prevalência de crianças expostas ao chumbo. Conclusões: embora a variável escola não tenha sido boa preditora da concentração capilar de chumbo, a maior prevalência de crianças expostas a chumbo se encontra na escola localizada na área mais poluída.
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Lead exposure: a summary of global studies and the need for new studies from Saudi Arabia. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:415160. [PMID: 25214703 PMCID: PMC4157005 DOI: 10.1155/2014/415160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lead poisoning (plumbism) can cause irreversible genetic and reproductive toxicity, hematological effects, neurological damage, and cardiovascular effects. Despite many efforts to minimize lead poisoning, it continues to be a major health concern in many developing and developed countries. Despite efforts to control lead exposure and toxicity, serious cases of lead poisoning increasingly occur as a result of higher vehicular traffic and industrialization. The biomarkers for identification of genetic susceptibility to a particular disease are useful to identify individuals who are at risk for lead poisoning. Although many such studies have been taken up elsewhere, very few studies were performed in Saudi Arabia to assess susceptibility to lead poisoning. This indicates an urgent need for testing of susceptible individuals. The present paper was planned to understand the genetic susceptibility to lead toxicity in the various population studies conducted worldwide and also to correlate it with the current scenario in Saudi Arabia. Such studies are necessary for appropriate precautions in terms of diet and avoiding exposure to be used in order to prevent adverse health effects.
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Pelallo-Martínez NA, Batres-Esquivel L, Carrizales-Yáñez L, Díaz-Barriga FM. Genotoxic and hematological effects in children exposed to a chemical mixture in a petrochemical area in Mexico. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:1-8. [PMID: 24473790 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-9999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Children living in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, and in nearby surrounding areas are exposed to a mixture of pollutants from different sources. Previous studies in the area have reported genotoxic and haematotoxic compounds, such as lead (Pb), benzene, toluene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in environmental and biological samples. The final toxic effects of these compounds are unknown because the toxic behaviour of each compound is modified when in a complex mixture. This is the first study on the exposure and effect of chemical mixtures on children who live near a petrochemical area. The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicity and haematological effects in children environmentally exposed to such mixtures and to determine whether the final effect was modified by the composition of the mixture composition. Biomarkers of exposure to Pb, benzene, toluene, and PAHs were quantified in urine and blood samples of 102 children. DNA damage was evaluated using comet assay, and haematological parameters were determined. Our results show that Pb and toluene did not surpass the exposure guidelines; the exposure was similar in all three localities (Allenede, Mundo Nuevo, and López Mateos). In contrast, exposure to PAHs was observed at three levels of exposure: low, medium, and high. The most severe effects of these mixtures were strictly related to coexposure to high levels of PAHs.
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Friedman LS, Simmons LH, Goldman RH, Sohani AR. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 12-2014. A 59-year-old man with fatigue, abdominal pain, anemia, and abnormal liver function. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1542-50. [PMID: 24738672 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1314242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Akande MG, Aliu YO, Ambali SF, Ayo JO. Taurine mitigates cognitive impairment induced by chronic co-exposure of male Wistar rats to chlorpyrifos and lead acetate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:315-325. [PMID: 24394474 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides and heavy metals are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and neurotoxicants. We investigated the effects of taurine (an antioxidant; TA) on oxidative stress and cognition in male Wistar rats co-treated with chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide; CPF) and lead acetate (heavy metal; LA). The Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 10 rats each. The first two groups were administered with distilled water and soya oil respectively. The remaining three groups were administered with taurine (TA), 50 mg/kg body weight, CPF+LA group [CPF (4.25 mg/kg, 1/20 LD₅₀] and LA (233.25 mg/kg, 1/20 LD₅₀) and TA+CPF+LA group [TA (50 mg/kg), CPF (4.25 mg/kg) and LA (233.25 mg/kg)]. The xenobiotics were administered once daily by oral gavage for 16 weeks. The results showed reductions in the activities of brain antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase, increased lipoperoxidation and histopathological alterations of the cerebral cortex in the CPF+LA group. However, TA mitigated perturbations in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase, counteracted oxidative stress and brain lipoperoxidation and attenuated neuronal degeneration induced by joint CPF and LA-induced neurotoxicity. The results suggested that TA is neuroprotective following chronic co-exposure of rats to CPF and LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Akande
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Y O Aliu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - S F Ambali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - J O Ayo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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Jennrich P. The Influence of Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury on the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/234034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a group, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It killed twice as many people as infectious and parasitic disease and three times as many people as all forms of cancer. There are other crucial risk factors next to the major risk factors identified by the Framingham Heart Study. In the last few years, detailed studies showed the correlation between environmental pollution and the development of CVD. The question, which environmental toxin is particularly harmful, is answered by CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances with the following toxins: arsenic, lead, and mercury. The effect of these potential toxic metals on the development of cardiovascular diseases includes pathomechanisms as the accumulation of free radicals, damage of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, lipid peroxidation, and endocrine influences. This leads to the damage of vascular endothelium, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and an increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The cardiovascular effects of arsenic, lead, and mercury exposure and its impact on cardiovascular mortality need to be included in the diagnosis and the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jennrich
- Clinical Metal Toxicologist (IBCMT), Marienstraße 1, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Ahamed M, Fareed M, Kumar A, Siddiqui W, Siddiqui M. Oxidative stress and neurological disorders in relation to blood lead levels in children. Redox Rep 2013; 13:117-22. [DOI: 10.1179/135100008x259213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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47
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Abarikwu SO. Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury: Occurrence, Toxicity and Diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 5:47-58. [PMID: 23118587 PMCID: PMC3485653 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 973] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been used as a therapeutic strategy against lead poisoning. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin and a few herbal extracts show prophylaxis against the majority of lead mediated injury in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent updates describing health effects of lead exposure, relevant biomarkers and mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. It also updates the readers about recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies, like nanoencapsulation, to treat lead induced toxic manifestations.
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Kasperczyk A, Machnik G, Dobrakowski M, Sypniewski D, Birkner E, Kasperczyk S. Gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood cells of workers who were occupationally exposed to lead. Toxicology 2012; 301:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Martínez SA, Simonella L, Hansen C, Rivolta S, Cancela LM, Virgolini MB. Blood lead levels and enzymatic biomarkers of environmental lead exposure in children in Cordoba, Argentina, after the ban of leaded gasoline. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 32:449-63. [PMID: 23079669 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112454893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a developmental neurotoxicant found in industrial activities, many of them already prohibited worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate current blood Pb (PbB) levels in children in Cordoba, Argentina, and to compare these with similar studies performed before Pb was banned in gasoline in 1996. We also sought to identify mechanistically relevant biomarkers by measuring δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. We finally aimed to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics are associated with Pb toxicity. Blood samples collected from 161 healthy children between September 2009 and February 2010 revealed mean PbB levels of 2.58 ± 0.30 µg/dl. Enzymatic δ-ALAD, CAT, and SOD activities showed no significant variations when plotted against PbB levels. Finally, children living in the suburbs have higher PbB levels than their city counterparts, while low socioeconomic status increased δ-ALAD inhibition compared with that of middle-income children. Overall, these results evidenced a substantial reduction in exposure to Pb in this pediatric population over a decade after Pb was restricted in gasoline and reveal the importance of pursuing novel biomarkers of toxicity along with the sociodemographic profile to complement Pb diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
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