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Wang D, Yuan Q, Liu S, Zhao P, Liang C, Ma Y, Li S, Zhu X, Hao X, Shi J, Fan H. BDE-47 flame retardant exposure induces microglial pyroptosis and cognitive deficits by activating the mtROS-NLRP3 axis via Sirt3 downregulation and is salvaged by honokiol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122158. [PMID: 37429494 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is widely distributed in the environment and poses a certain risk to human health. Studies have reported that oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying BDE-47-induced neurotoxicity. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a crucial mediator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is involved in cognitive dysfunction induced by environmental toxins. However, the function of the mtROS-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in BDE-47-elicited cognitive deficits and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our data illustrated that eight weeks of BDE-47 (20 mg/kg) gavage led to cognitive deficits and hippocampal neuronal injury in mice. BDE-47 exposure downregulated Sirt3 expression and decreased the activity and expression level of SOD2, thereby inhibiting mtROS scavenging and activating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in the mouse hippocampus and BV-2 cells. In vitro, BDE-47-evoked microglial pyroptosis relied on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, a mtROS scavenger (TEMPO) attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent microglial pyroptosis under BDE-47 stress. Furthermore, Sirt3 overexpression restored the activity and expression of SOD2 and enhanced mtROS scavenging, thereby suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and ameliorating microglial pyroptosis. Notably, honokiol (HKL), a pharmacological agonist of Sirt3, mitigated BDE-47-evoked hippocampal neuronal injury and cognitive impairment by inhibiting mtROS-NLRP3 axis-mediated pyroptosis via Sirt3 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Henan Province Rongkang Hospital, Luoyang, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yilu Ma
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xueqin Hao
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jian Shi
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hua Fan
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
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Srivastav AL, Markandeya, Patel N, Pandey M, Pandey AK, Dubey AK, Kumar A, Bhardwaj AK, Chaudhary VK. Concepts of circular economy for sustainable management of electronic wastes: challenges and management options. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48654-48675. [PMID: 36849690 PMCID: PMC9970861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and electrical industrial sector is exponentially growing throughout the globe, and sometimes, these wastes are being disposed of and discarded with a faster rate in comparison to the past era due to technology advancements. As the application of electronic devices is increasing due to the digitalization of the world (IT sector, medical, domestic, etc.), a heap of discarded e-waste is also being generated. Per-capita e-waste generation is very high in developed countries as compared to developing countries. Expansion of the global population and advancement of technologies are mainly responsible to increase the e-waste volume in our surroundings. E-waste is responsible for environmental threats as it may contain dangerous and toxic substances like metals which may have harmful effects on the biodiversity and environment. Furthermore, the life span and types of e-waste determine their harmful effects on nature, and unscientific practices of their disposal may elevate the level of threats as observed in most developing countries like India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China. In the present review paper, many possible approaches have been discussed for effective e-waste management, such as recycling, recovery of precious metals, adopting the concepts of circular economy, formulating relevant policies, and use of advance computational techniques. On the other hand, it may also provide potential secondary resources valuable/critical materials whose primary sources are at significant supply risk. Furthermore, the use of machine learning approaches can also be useful in the monitoring and treatment/processing of e-wastes. HIGHLIGHTS: In 2019, ~ 53.6 million tons of e-wastes generated worldwide. Discarded e-wastes may be hazardous in nature due to presence of heavy metal compositions. Precious metals like gold, silver, and copper can also be procured from e-wastes. Advance tools like artificial intelligence/machine learning can be useful in the management of e-wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Lal Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Markandeya
- Ex-Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Naveen Patel
- Department of Civil Engineerin, IET, Dr. RammanoharLohia Avadh University, Uttar Pradesh, Ayodhya, India
| | - Mayank Pandey
- Department of Environmental Studies, P.G.D.A.V. College (Evening), University of Delhi, Delhi, 110065, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, P. O. Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Bhardwaj
- Amity School of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Amity University, Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, 474001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Li B, Wang J, Hu G, Liu X, Yu Y, Cai D, Ding P, Li X, Zhang L, Xiang C. Bioaccumulation Behavior and Human Health Risk of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a Freshwater Food Web of Typical Shallow Lake, Yangtze River Delta. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2671. [PMID: 36768037 PMCID: PMC9916311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been commonly found in aquatic ecosystems. Many studies have elucidated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PBDEs in seas and lakes, yet few have comprehensively evaluated the bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and health risks of PBDEs in shallow lakes, and there is still limited knowledge of the overall effects of biomagnification and the health risks to aquatic organisms. METHODS In this study, a total of 154 samples of wild aquatic organism and environmental samples were collected from typical shallow lakes located in the Yangtze River Delta in January 2020. The concentrations of PBDEs were determined by an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled and an Agilent 5795 mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and the bioaccumulation behavior of PBDEs was evaluated in 23 aquatic organisms collected from typical shallow lakes of the Yangtze River Delta. Furthermore, their effects on human health were evaluated by the estimated daily intake (EDI), noncarcinogenic risk, and carcinogenic risk. RESULTS The concentrations of ΣPBDE (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -153, -154, -183, and -209) in biota samples ranged from 2.36 to 85.81 ng/g lipid weight. BDE-209, BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the major PBDE congeners. The factors affecting the concentration of PBDEs in aquatic organisms included dietary habits, species, and the metabolic debromination ability of the PBDE congeners. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the strongest bioaccumulative PBDE congeners in aquatic organisms. Additionally, except for BDE-99, BDE-153 and BDE-154, the trophic magnification factor (TMF) values of PBDE congeners were significantly higher than 1. Moreover, the log Kow played a significant role in the biomagnification ability of PBDE congeners. The noncarcinogenic risk of PBDE congeners and carcinogenic risk of BDE-209 from aquatic products were lower than the thresholds. CONCLUSIONS PBDE congeners were bioaccumulated and biomagnified to varying degrees in aquatic organisms from typical shallow lakes. Both the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks assessment of edible aquatic products indicated that none of the PBDE congeners pose health risks to the localite. This study will provide a basis for a comprehensive assessment of PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems in shallow lakes and for environmental prevention measures for decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, The Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Juanheng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, The Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, The Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dan Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chongdan Xiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, The Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
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Lin S, Ali MU, Zheng C, Cai Z, Wong MH. Toxic chemicals from uncontrolled e-waste recycling: Exposure, body burden, health impact. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127792. [PMID: 34802823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling processes have induced serious environmental pollution and human health impacts. This paper reviewed studies on the wide range of toxic chemicals through the use of primitive recycling techniques, their transfer to various ecological compartments, and subsequent health impacts. Results indicated that local food items were heavily polluted by the pollutants emitted, notably heavy metals in vegetables, rice, fish and seafood, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in livestock. Dietary exposure is the most important exposure pathway. The associations between exposure to e-waste and high body burdens of these pollutants were evident. It seems apparent that toxic chemicals emitted from e-waste activities are causing a number of major illnesses related to cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory systems, according to the information provided by a local hospital (Taizhou, an e-waste recycling hot spot in China). More epidemiological data should be made available to the general public. It is envisaged that there are potential dangers of toxic chemicals passing on to the next generation via placental transfer and lactation. There is a need to monitor the development and health impacts of infants and children, born and brought up in the e-waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Niu S, Tao W, Chen R, Hageman KJ, Zhu C, Zheng R, Dong L. Using Polychlorinated Naphthalene Concentrations in the Soil from a Southeast China E-Waste Recycling Area in a Novel Screening-Level Multipathway Human Cancer Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6773-6782. [PMID: 33900727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) concentrations in the soil at an e-waste recycling area in Guiyu, China, were measured and the associated human cancer risk due to e-waste-related exposures was investigated. We quantified PCNs in the agricultural soil and used these concentrations with predictive equations to calculate theoretical concentrations in outdoor air. We then calculated theoretical concentrations in indoor air using an attenuation factor and in the local diet using previously published models for contaminant uptake in plants and fruits. Potential human cancer risks of PCNs were assessed for multiple exposure pathways, including soil ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and dietary ingestion. Our calculations indicated that local residents had a high cancer risk from exposure to PCNs and that the diet was the primary pathway of PCN exposure, followed by dermal contact as the secondary pathway. We next repeated the risk assessment using concentrations for other carcinogenic contaminants reported in the literature at the same site. We found that polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PCNs caused the highest potential cancer risks to the residents, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The relative importance of different exposure pathways depended on the physicochemical properties of specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wuqun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102202, China
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
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Luo T, Hang JG, Nakayama SF, Jung CR, Ma CC, Kido T, Wang FH, Wang Z, Dong JJ, Shi LL, Sun XL. Dioxins in breast milk of Chinese mothers: A survey 40 years after the e-waste recycling activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143627. [PMID: 33218806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, numerous studies on dioxin concentrations in breast milk have been conducted in China. However, information concerning dioxin concentrations in breast milk from women living in e-waste recycling sites remains limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate health risk owing dioxin intake in e-waste recycling areas in China. In 2015, 42 mothers were recruited from an e-waste recycling site, and the same number of mothers were recruited from a reference site. We collected 10-mL breast milk samples from each participant. Breast milk concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the reference group. The total toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCDDs/DFs were 9.68 pg/g lipid in the exposed group, a value two times higher than those in the reference group (4.18 pg/g lipid). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PCDD/DFs was calculated to assess the risk of dioxins through breastfeeding. The infant EDI level was two times higher in the exposed group (54.21 pg TEQ/kg body wt/day) than in the reference group (23.41 pg TEQ/kg body wt/day). Our findings suggest that mothers and their breastfeeding infants living in an e-waste recycling site were exposed to higher dioxin concentrations than those living in a reference site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jin Guo Hang
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center Enze Hospital, Taizhou 318050, China
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 3058506, Japan
| | - Chau-Ren Jung
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 3058506, Japan
| | - Chao Chen Ma
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 3058506, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 9200942, Japan
| | - Feng Hua Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jing Jian Dong
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Li Li Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Xian Liang Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 9200942, Japan; JSPS International Research Fellow, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
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Tang S, Yin H, Yu X, Chen S, Lu G, Dang Z. Transcriptome profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa YH reveals mechanisms of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether tolerance and biotransformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124038. [PMID: 33265052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic degradation of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa YH (P. aeruginosa YH) were investigated in this study. BDE-47 degradation was mainly through the biological action of intracellular enzymes, and the metabolites included debrominated metabolites (BDE-28 and BDE-7), hydroxylated metabolites (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 2'-OH-BDE-28 and 4'-OH-BDE-17), and brominated phenols (2,4-DBP and 4-BP). P. aeruginosa YH also exhibited exceptional ability to degrade intermediates, and the degradation rates of 50 μg/L BDE-28, BDE-7, and 2,4-DBP were 68.4%, 82.3% and 92.7% on the 5th day, separately. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that 991 genes were up-regulated, and 923 genes were down-regulated in P. aeruginosa YH after exposure to 0.5 mg/L BDE-47 (FDR ≤ 0.001, |log2Ratio| ≥ 1). The differentially expressed genes were related to transport, metabolism and stress response. Harf inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BDE-47 decreased from 167.5 mg/L to 68.4 mg/L when multidrug efflux pump was inactivated by 20 mg/L andrographolide, indicating that it helped the bacterial tolerance against BDE-47. Moreover, efflux pump inhibition would accelerate the adsorption of BDE-47. The adsorption rate obtained equilibrium at approximately 70% in 2 days, while 5 days in the control group. Degradation efficiency of 2 mg/L BDE-47 decreased from 26.8% to 13.9% when multidrug efflux was suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Shuona Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Chen Z, Luo X, Zeng Y, Tan S, Guo J, Xu Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air from two typical E-waste recycling workshops in Southern China: Emission, size-distribution, gas-particle partitioning, and exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123667. [PMID: 33254748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emission characteristics of respirable particulate matter (PM10), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) size distribution, gas-particle partitioning and occupational exposure in two e-waste recycling workshops (manual and thermal dismantling workshop: ManuDW and TherDW) were investigated. The PM10 mass concentration was higher but the number concentration was lower in the ManuDW than in the TherDW. The gaseous phase PBDE concentration (40.5 ng/m3) was higher in the ManuDW than in the TherDW (10.6 ng/m3) while the particulate phase PBDE concentration was just reverse (57.7 vs 156 ng/m3). The size distribution of particle was similar for two workshops but the size distribution of particle-bound PBDE exhibited remarkable differences. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in particle-bound PBDE in the TherDW, while Tri-, Tetra-, and Deca-BDE were the three most abundant homologues in the ManuDW. The size distribution of particle-bound PBDE homologue profile in the ManuDW was also distinct from that in the TherDW. The PBDE exposure doses were 13.9 and 15.3 ng/kg/day in the ManuDW and the TherDW, far lower than reference doses. Gaseous and particle phase have same contribution to the total doses in the ManuDW but the exposure doses in the TherDW mainly come from the particle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shufei Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Cai K, Song Q, Yuan W, Ruan J, Duan H, Li Y, Li J. Human exposure to PBDEs in e-waste areas: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115634. [PMID: 33254638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly added to electronic products for flame-retardation effects, and are attracting more and more attentions due to their potential toxicity, durability and bioaccumulation. This study conducts a sysmtematic review to understand the human exposure to PBDEs from e-waste recycling, especially exploring the exposure pathways and human burden of PBDEs as well as investigating the temporal trend of PBDEs exposure worldwide. The results show that the particular foods (contaminated fish, poultry, meat and breast milk) ingestion, indoor dust ingestion and indoor air inhalation may be key factors leading to human health risks of PBDEs exposure in e-waste recycling regions. Residents and some vulnerable groups (occupational workers and children) in e-waste recycling areas may face higher exposure levels and health risks. PBDE exposure is closely related to exposure level, exposure duration, e-waste recycling methods, and dietary customs. High levels of PBDEs are found in human tissues (breast milk, hair, blood (serum), placenta and other tissues) in e-waste areas, at far higher levels than in other areas. Existing data indicate that PBDE exposure levels do not present any apparent downward trend, and will possibly cause serious human diseases. More epidemiological studies are still needed to provide a solid basis for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihan Cai
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China; Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qingbin Song
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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10
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Dong JJ, Ruan MC, Hang JG, Nakayama SF, Jung CR, Kido T, Wang Z, Ma CC, Sun XL. The relationship between perinatal exposure to dioxins and serum steroid hormone levels in preschool-aged children at an e-waste region in China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113580. [PMID: 32917367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to dioxins affects steroid hormone synthesis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the associations between perinatal exposure to dioxins and serum steroid hormone levels in preschool-aged children from an e-waste recycling region in China. In the present study, we enrolled 50 pairs of mothers and infants from the Taizhou, Luqiao region in 2015. Of the 50 pairs of mothers and infants, 42 pairs participated in this study when the children were 4 years old. We measured breast milk dioxin concentrations using high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Additionally, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure the concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione (A-dione), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in serum samples from the 4-year-old children. We used multivariate linear regressions to assess the associations between dioxin congeners and steroid hormones. Results were reported as beta estimates and 95% confidence intervals by bootstrapping. We observed sex-related differences between breast milk dioxins and serum steroid hormone levels in 4-year-old children. An increase in breast milk dioxins was associated with a decrease in testosterone in serum samples from boys. Similarly, an increase in breast milk dioxins was associated with a decrease in progesterone levels in serum samples from girls. However, dioxins were not associated with changes in the levels of testosterone, DHEA, or A-dione in girls. Based on these results, we conclude that perinatal exposure to dioxins modifies steroidogenesis in preschool-aged children. However, the long-term impact of dioxins requires further large-scale studies to assess these effects in school-going children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jian Dong
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Mei Chao Ruan
- The Second People's Hospital of Luqiao District, Taizhou, 317200, China
| | - Jin Guo Hang
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center Enze Hospital, Taizhou, 318050, China
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 3058506, Japan
| | - Chau-Ren Jung
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 3058506, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 9200942, Japan
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Chao Chen Ma
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 3058506, Japan
| | - Xian Liang Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing, 314001, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 9200942, Japan; JSPS International Research Fellow, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
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11
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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12
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wang Y, Shi Z. Tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane isomers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foodstuffs from Beijing, China: Contamination levels, dietary exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:812-820. [PMID: 30818205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) are three legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs); however, they are still produced and used in China. In this study, these three BFRs were measured in commonly consumed animal-based and plant-based foodstuffs from Beijing, China, and the dietary intakes of these BFRs by adults in Beijing were estimated to assess the related health concerns. The median levels of TBBPA in animal-based foodstuffs ranged from <LOD to 8.03 ng/g lipid weight (lw), whereas those in all the plant-based food groups were lower than the LOD. The median levels of total HBCD in animal-based foodstuffs were from 1.14 to 5.65 ng/g lw, and α-HBCD was the predominant isomer. The median HBCD level in vegetables was 0.266 ng/g wet weight (ww), whereas γ-HBCD was the most abundant isomer. The median levels of total PBDEs in animal-based foodstuffs were from 3.22 to 13.7 ng/g lw, and BDE-209 was the most abundant congener, comprising a proportion of at least 85% of total PBDEs. The daily dietary intakes of TBBPA, HBCD and PBDEs for adults in Beijing were 2.52, 2.74 and 9.77 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. Meat consumption was found to be the primary source of BFR dietary intake. A comparison between the calculated estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and the corresponding threshold reference values (TRVs) indicated that daily intake of BFRs via food consumption is unable to cause significant health risks. Likewise, the margin of exposures (MOEs) calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach were far higher than the threshold, which also proved that the EDIs of BFRs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wang
- Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110113, China; School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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13
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Qin Q, Xu X, Dai Q, Ye K, Wang C, Huo X. Air pollution and body burden of persistent organic pollutants at an electronic waste recycling area of China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:93-123. [PMID: 30171476 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in atmosphere of an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling town, Guiyu, in Southeast China, focusing on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We assess the evidence for the association between air pollution and human body burden, to provide an indication of the severity of respiratory exposure. Compared with standards and available existing data for other areas, it clearly shows that four typical POPs, derived from recycling processes, lead to serious atmospheric pollution and heavy body burden. From published data, the estimated respiratory exposure doses of Guiyu adults and children, varied between 2.48-10.37 and 3.25-13.6 ng kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1 for PBDEs, 2.31-7.6 and 4.09-13.58 pg World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalent Quantity (WHO-TEQ) kg-1 bw day-1 for PCDD/Fs, 5.57 and 20.52 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for PCBs, and 8.59-50.01 and 31.64-184.14 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for PAHs, respectively. These results show that air pollution is more harmful to children. Furthermore, except for PBDEs, the hazard quotient (HQ) of the other three pollutants was rated more than 1 by respiratory exposure only, and all of them are at risk of carcinogenesis. So we speculate these pollutants enter the body mainly through air inhalation, making respiratory exposure may be more important than dietary exposure in the Guiyu e-waste recycling area. Effective management policies and remediation techniques are urgently needed to prevent the deterioration of ambient air quality in the e-waste recycling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Qin
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyuan Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Ye
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Li H, La Guardia MJ, Liu H, Hale RC, Mainor TM, Harvey E, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants along a sediment transect encompassing the Guiyu, China e-waste recycling zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:58-67. [PMID: 30048869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
e-Waste recycling using crude techniques releases a complex, yet incompletely characterized mixture of hazardous materials, including flame retardants (FRs), to the environment. Their migration downstream and the associated risks also remain undocumented. We examined 26 FRs (18 brominated (BFRs: 12 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, plus 6 alternatives) and 8 organophosphate esters (OPEs)) in surficial sediments of the Lian River. Sampling encompassed the river's origin, through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone, to its mouth, as well as associated tributaries. OPE exceeded BFR concentrations in most sediments, despite their far greater water solubilities. Among OPEs, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate dominated upstream, but shifted to triphenyl phosphate in Guiyu and downstream sediments. For PBDEs, Deca-BDE dominated upstream, but Penta-BDE prevailed in Guiyu and at many downstream sites. Among emerging alternative BFRs, decabromodiphenyl ethane dominated upstream, transitioning to 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane in Guiyu sediments. Penta-BDE (BDE-47 + -99, 668-204,000 ng g-1, ∑PBDEs 2280-287,000 ng g-1), tetrabromobisphenol A (2,720-41,200 ng g-1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane (222-9870 ng g-1) and triphenyl phosphate (4260-1,710,000 ng g-1, OPEs 6010-2,120,000 ng g-1) concentrations in Guiyu sediments were among the highest reported in the world to date. The continuing dominance of these e-waste indicative FRs in sediments downstream of Guiyu suggested that FR migration from Guiyu occurred. Hazard quotients >1.0 indicated that the extreme sediment concentrations of individual FRs posed ecological risks in most Guiyu reach and downstream areas. Simultaneous exposure to multiple FRs likely increased risks. However, risks may be mediated if FRs were associated with strong sorbents, e.g. carbon black from burned debris, hydrophobic polymer fragments, or resided as additives within polymer fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mark J La Guardia
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Robert C Hale
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States.
| | - T Matteson Mainor
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Ellen Harvey
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Die Q, Nie Z, Huang Q, Yang Y, Fang Y, Yang J, He J. Concentrations and occupational exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in modern Chinese e-waste dismantling workshops. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:379-388. [PMID: 30267911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air, dust and fly ash samples from three legal waste electrical and electronic equipment dismantling plants with strict pollution controls. The risks posed by PBDEs to workers at the plants were assessed. The atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs in the different e-waste recycling workshops were 0.58-2.89 × 103 ng/m3, and predominantly distributed in the particle phase (90.7%-99.9%). The concentrations of the PBDEs in the floor dust and fly ash samples from bag-type dust collectors in different workshops were 2.39-125 μg/g, 5.84-128 μg/g, respectively. The contributions of BDE-209 in air, floor dust and fly ash samples were 84.0%-97.9%, 11.2%-95.3% and 74.0%-94.9%, respectively, indicating that deca-BDE commercial formulations were their major sources. Daily exposure to PBDEs was also lower than has been found for workers in other recycling workshops. Human exposures to BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, and BDE-209 were all below the levels considered to pose appreciable risks. Dust ingestion was the main exposure route for manual recyclers, and inhalation was the main exposure route for waste transportation workers. The results of this study indicate that PBDEs emissions and risks are lower in modern, legal e-waste recycling facilities with effective pollution controls. However, the effectiveness of the pollution controls need to be further researched in plastic crushing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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16
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Liu M, Chen L, He Y, Baumann Z, Mason RP, Shen H, Yu C, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wang X. Impacts of farmed fish consumption and food trade on methylmercury exposure in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:333-344. [PMID: 30114623 PMCID: PMC6174094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The global pollutant mercury (Hg), especially as methylmercury (MeHg), threatens human and ecosystem health. But major contributors of MeHg exposure to people in China remain highly debated. We developed the China Mercury Exposure Assessment (CMEA) model, which incorporates human exposure pathways for MeHg and total Hg (THg), the interregional, including international and interprovincial, food trading as well as human physiology to provide a comprehensive system that can evaluate the pathway of Hg forms to human consumers in China. Based on the CMEA model that employed the most comprehensive and recent data, we have found that the Probable Daily Intake (PDI) of MeHg for the Chinese population was 0.057 (range: 0.036-0.091 as 60% confidence interval) μg·kg-1·day-1, while that of THg was 0.35 (range: 0.22-0.55) μg·kg-1·day-1. MeHg exposure was dominated by fish intake, especially by farm-raised freshwater fish due to higher consumption of these fish. In 2011, fish intake contributed to 56% to the total MeHg exposure, followed by rice (26%). Consumption of farm-raised fish reduced human exposure to MeHg by 33%. On the other hand, interregional food trading increased MeHg exposure of the Chinese population, as a whole, by 7.6%. The international and interprovincial food trades contributed to 5.1% and 22% of MeHg intake, respectively. For the whole China, fish intake related exposure to MeHg was highest for the Eastern and Northeastern populations, while Tibetans were chronically exposed to the highest MeHg from other sources. Our findings highlight the importance of farmed fish and food trade for MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodian Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yipeng He
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Zofia Baumann
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Robert P Mason
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Chenghao Yu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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17
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Chen H, Lam JCW, Zhu M, Wang F, Zhou W, Du B, Zeng L, Zeng EY. Combined Effects of Dust and Dietary Exposure of Occupational Workers and Local Residents to Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in a Mega E-Waste Recycling Industrial Park in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11510-11519. [PMID: 30203967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Four types of dust samples and nine categories of locally produced staple foods were collected from a mega e-waste recycling industrial park and its surrounding regions, and simultaneously analyzed for short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (CPs) to estimate dust and dietary exposure and their combined effects on occupational workers and local residents. All samples related to e-waste activities contained considerably high concentrations of CPs. The highest dust concentration was found in e-waste workshops. CPs were highly accumulated in local plant and animal origin foods, most markedly in fish, vegetables, and rice. The main contribution to CP intake under a median exposure scenario was from the diet, and vegetables, fish, and rice were the three largest dietary intake sources. Only the combined dust and food exposure from the present study has approached or even exceeded the highest tolerable daily intake (TDI) set up by the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS). However, due to lack of official threshold values for CP exposure on adverse human health, there are limitations on accurate risk assessment. Considering the presence of other exposure pathways, CPs' endocrine disrupter properties, as well as the multicomponent chemical "cocktails" effects, potential high risks from CP exposure may be posed to e-waste workers and local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Bibai Du
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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18
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Zhao S, Breivik K, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Modeling the Time-Variant Dietary Exposure of PCBs in China over the Period 1930 to 2100. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7371-7379. [PMID: 29873487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed for the first time to reconstruct historical exposure profiles for PCBs to the Chinese population, by examining the combined effect of changing temporal emissions and dietary transition. A long-term (1930-2100) dynamic simulation of human exposure using realistic emission scenarios, including primary emissions, unintentional emissions, and emissions from e-waste, combined with dietary transition trends was conducted by a multimedia fate model (BETR-Global) linked to a bioaccumulation model (ACC-HUMAN). The model predicted an approximate 30-year delay of peak body burden for PCB-153 in a 30-year-old Chinese female, compared to their European counterpart. This was mainly attributed to a combination of change in diet and divergent emission patterns in China. A fish-based diet was predicted to result in up to 8 times higher body burden than a vegetable-based diet (2010-2100). During the production period, a worst-case scenario assuming only consumption of imported food from a region with more extensive production and usage of PCBs would result in up to 4 times higher body burden compared to consumption of only locally produced food. However, such differences gradually diminished after cessation of production. Therefore, emission reductions in China alone may not be sufficient to protect human health from PCB-like chemicals, particularly during the period of mass production. The results from this study illustrate that human exposure is also likely to be dictated by inflows of PCBs via the environment, waste, and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Innovating Collection Modes for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10051446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Shi Z, Zhang L, Li J, Wu Y. Legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants in China: A review on food and human milk contamination, human dietary exposure and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:522-536. [PMID: 29428767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a large group of widely used chemicals, which have been produced and used since 1970s. As a consequence of substantial and long-term usage, BFRs have been found to be ubiquitous in humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed BFRs contamination in general, none have focused specifically on foods and human milk, and the corresponding dietary exposure. Foods (including human milk) have long been recognized as a major pathway of BFRs intake for non-occupationally exposed persons. This review summarizes most available BFRs data in foods and human milk from China in recent years, and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., contamination levels of legacy and emerging BFRs, dietary exposure assessment and related health concerns, comparison between various BFRs, and temporal changes in BFRs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
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21
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Wang JX, Bao LJ, Luo P, Shi L, Wong CS, Zeng EY. Intake, distribution, and metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether and its main metabolites in chickens and implications for human dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:795-801. [PMID: 28865385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet is considered as the most important human exposure pathway for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Metabolism and accumulation patterns of PBDEs in different growth periods of chickens are helpful for evaluating human dietary exposure, but such information is scarce. In this study, female chickens were fed with food spiked with BDE-209 at 85 mg kg-1, and the intake, accumulation, and excretion of BDE-209 and its main metabolites in various tissues were examined. Concentrations of BDE-209 in chicken tissues increased over time in a tissue-specific manner; they were the greatest in liver and generally the lowest in breast meat during the entire exposure period. The kinetic patterns were dependent on both growth-dilution effects and accumulated concentrations of BDE-209. Tissue concentrations of ∑8PBDE (sum of BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) followed the sequence of liver > blood > skin > intestine > stomach > leg meat > breast meat. Different tissue partition coefficients and perfusion rates for blood may have resulted in different PBDE concentrations in tissues. The absorption efficiency of BDE-209 in chicken tissues followed the sequence of liver (0.15 ± 0.032%) > skin (0.14 ± 0.038%) > intestine (0.071 ± 0.021%) > breast meat (0.062 ± 0.020%) > leg meat (0.059 ± 0.016%) > stomach (0.021 ± 0.0095%), likely due in part to facilitated absorption of BDE-209 by transport proteins (P-glycoproteins). On average, 9.3 ± 1.7% of BDE-209 was excreted in feces. Estimated human average dietary intake via the consumption of chicken tissues of ∑8PBDE for adults and children was 319 and 1380 ng day-1 for liver, 211 and 632 ng day-1 for leg meat, and 104 and 311 ng day-1 for breast meat from the contaminated group. Liver clearly poses the highest exposure risk for human consumption, particularly if chickens are fed with contaminated feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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22
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Mi XB, Bao LJ, Wu CC, Wong CS, Zeng EY. Absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism, and elimination of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in rats after multi-dose oral exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:749-756. [PMID: 28820999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human and ecological risks of BDE-209 have drawn much attention, particularly with growing e-waste recycling activities in developing countries. To further address the issue of BDE-209 biotransformation, a laboratory-controlled study was conducted. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally by gavage at a daily dose of 1 mg kg-1 body weight for 7 d and a depuration period of 22 d, to characterize absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination dynamics of BDE-209 during multi-dose exposures simulating short-term oral exposure of e-waste workers. The concentrations of BDE-209 in all tissues increased exponentially during the 7-d exposure period, indicating that multi-dose exposure could lead to increased accumulation of BDE-209 in rats. The liver accumulated the greatest amount of BDE-209 on a wet-weight basis, while adipose tissue had the highest concentration by the end of the 22-d depuration period. Half-lives of BDE-209, 207, and 197 during depuration were 1.1 ± 0.1, 2.7 ± 0.3, and 10.5 ± 3.1 d in serum and 0.9 ± 0.1, 2.2 ± 0.2, and 11.8 ± 2.3 d in liver, i.e., the half-life increased with decreasing level of bromination from deca- to octa-BDEs and was similar in both serum and liver. By contrast, the half-life of the debromination metabolite BDE-207 (21.7 ± 7.7 d) was longer in small intestine than in serum and liver, suggesting slower depletion of BDE-209 metabolites in small intestine. The metabolism of BDE-209 was not responsible for the occurrence of low brominated BDE congeners and OH and MeO-PBDEs in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Bo Mi
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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23
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Anh HQ, Nam VD, Tri TM, Ha NM, Ngoc NT, Mai PTN, Anh DH, Minh NH, Tuan NA, Minh TB. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic products, indoor dust, sediment and fish from informal e-waste recycling sites in Vietnam: a comprehensive assessment of contamination, accumulation pattern, emissions, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:935-954. [PMID: 27542012 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residue concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in different kinds of samples including consumer products, indoor dust, sediment and fish collected from two e-waste recycling sites, and some industrial, urban and suburban areas in Vietnam were determined to provide a comprehensive assessment of the contamination levels, accumulation pattern, emission potential and human exposure through dust ingestion and fish consumption. There was a large variation of PBDE levels in plastic parts of obsolete electronic equipment (from 1730 to 97,300 ng/g), which is a common result observed in consumer plastic products reported elsewhere. PBDE levels in indoor dust samples collected from e-waste recycling sites ranged from 250 to 8740 ng/g, which were markedly higher than those in industrial areas and household offices. Emission rate of PBDEs from plastic parts of disposed electronic equipment to dust was estimated to be in a range from 3.4 × 10-7 to 1.2 × 10-5 (year-1) for total PBDEs and from 2.9 × 10-7 to 7.2 × 10-6 (year-1) for BDE-209. Some fish species collected from ponds in e-waste recycling villages contained elevated levels of PBDEs, especially BDE-209, which were markedly higher than those in fish previously reported. Overall, levels and patterns of PBDE accumulation in different kinds of samples suggest significant emission from e-waste sites and that these areas are potential sources of PBDE contamination. Intakes of PBDEs via fish consumption were generally higher than those estimated through dust ingestion. Intake of BDE-99 and BDE-209 through dust ingestion contributes a large proportion due to higher concentrations in dust and fish. Body weight normalized daily intake through dust ingestion estimated for the e-waste recycling sites (0.10-3.46 ng/day/kg body wt.) were in a high range as compared to those reported in other countries. Our results highlight the potential releases of PBDEs from informal recycling activities and the high degree of human exposure and suggest the need for continuous investigations on environmental pollution and toxic impacts of e-waste-related hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Duc Nam
- Center for Training, Consultancy and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Manh Tri
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Manh Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Ngoc
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc Mai
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Hong Anh
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Center for Environmental Monitoring, Vietnam Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Anh Tuan
- Pollution Control Department, Vietnam Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 10 Ton That Thuyet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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24
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Wong MH, Mo WY, Choi WM, Cheng Z, Man YB. Recycle food wastes into high quality fish feeds for safe and quality fish production. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:631-638. [PMID: 27352767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The amount of food waste generated from modern societies is increasing, which has imposed a tremendous pressure on its treatment and disposal. Food waste should be treated as a valuable resource rather than waste, and turning it into fish feeds would be a viable alternative. This paper attempts to review the feasibility of using food waste to formulate feed pellets to culture a few freshwater fish species, such as grass carp, grey mullet, and tilapia, under polyculture mode (growing different species in the same pond). These species occupy different ecological niches, with different feeding modes (i.e., herbivorous, filter feeding, etc.), and therefore all the nutrients derived from the food waste could be efficiently recycled within the ecosystem. The problems facing environmental pollution and fish contamination; the past and present situation of inland fish culture (focusing on South China); upgrade of food waste based feed pellets by adding enzymes, vitamin-mineral premix, probiotics (yeast), prebiotics, and Chinese medicinal herbs into feeds; and potential health risks of fish cultivated by food waste based pellets are discussed, citing some local examples. It can be concluded that appropriate portions of different types of food waste could satisfy basic nutritional requirements of lower trophic level fish species such as grass carp and tilapia. Upgrading the fish pellets by adding different supplements mentioned above could further elevated the quality of feeds, leading to higher growth rates, and enhanced immunity of fish. Health risk assessments based on the major environmental contaminants (mercury, PAHs and DDTs) in fish flesh showed that fish fed food waste based pellets are safer for consumption, when compared with those fed commercial feed pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hung Wong
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University - Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing-Yin Mo
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Ming Choi
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Tang B, Mai BX. Habitat- and species-dependent accumulation of organohalogen pollutants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling site in South China: Levels, profiles, and human dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:64-70. [PMID: 27239689 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organohalogen pollutants (OHPs) including chlorinated paraffins (CPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (OHFRs) (dechlorane plus (DP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) originating from an e-waste recycling area in Guiyu, southern China were investigated in chicken and goose eggs. As expected, OHP concentrations were higher in chicken eggs collected from the location (site 1) approaching the e-waste recycling center than from the location (site 2) far from the e-waste recycling center. Also, much higher OHP levels were observed in goose eggs foraging in residential area (site 2) than that in agricultural area (site 1), suggesting a clear habitat dependent OHP bioaccumulation pattern both concerning distance from e-waste activities and type of foraging habitat. Goose eggs exhibited higher short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) concentrations but lower PBDE and OHFR levels than chicken eggs. The proportion of high brominated PBDEs (hepta-to deca-BDEs) was lower in goose eggs than that in chicken eggs and showed a clear decrease from site 1 to site 2. DP isomeric composition fanti values (the ratio of the anti-DP to the sum of the anti- and syn-DP) in goose eggs were significantly lower than those in chicken eggs (p < 0.001). These differences are likely a reflection of factors such as the species-specific differences in habitat preference and the differing environmental behaviors of the pollutants owing to their inherent properties (such as solubility and vapor pressure). Our findings suggested a high dietary intake of OHPs via home-produced eggs. For BDE99 there is a potential health concern with respect to the current dietary exposure via eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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26
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Liang S, Xu F, Tang W, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Liu L, Wang J, Lin K. Brominated flame retardants in the hair and serum samples from an e-waste recycling area in southeastern China: the possibility of using hair for biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14889-14897. [PMID: 27072035 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair samples and paired serum samples were collected from e-waste and urban areas in Wenling of Zhejiang Province, China. The PBDE and DBDPE concentrations in hair and serum samples from e-waste workers were significantly higher than those of non-occupational residents and urban residents. BDE209 was the dominating BFRs in hair and serum samples from the e-waste area, while DBDPE was the major BFRs from the urban area. Statistically significant correlations were observed between hair level and serum level for some substances (BDE209, DBDPE, BDE99, BDE47, BDE28, and BDE17), although the PBDE congener profiles in hair were different from those in the serum. A statistically significant positive correlation between the PBDE concentrations and the working age, as well as gender difference, was observed in e-waste workers. Different sources of PBDEs and DBDPE in three groups were identified by principal component analysis and spearman correlation coefficient. Hair is suggested to be a useful matrix for biomonitoring the PBDE exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130, Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weibiao Tang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lili Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130, Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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27
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Shi J, Zheng GJS, Wong MH, Liang H, Li Y, Wu Y, Li P, Liu W. Health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via fish consumption in Haimen bay (China), downstream of an e-waste recycling site (Guiyu). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:233-240. [PMID: 26897061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu, China has been one of the largest e-waste recycling sites of the world for more than 20 years. Abundant data show that local dwellers there suffered from severe health risks from e-waste contaminants. In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as candidates to test the contamination levels and their possible adverse effects on residents in Haimen Bay, the estuary of Lian River (less than 30km from Guiyu), which has been totally neglected. The concentrations of 16PAHs were determined in collected marine fish with a median ΣPAH concentration of 1478ng/g (wet weight), and the contamination may be mainly influenced by Lian River runoff, specifically from Guiyu. The lifetime excess cancer risk for local dwellers was much higher than the serious risk level (10(-4)). More seriously, outflows of PAHs from the e-waste recycling site (Guiyu) seemed to exert health risks of a much larger scale of population downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Gene Jin-Shu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Yuelin Li
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Yinglin Wu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China.
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28
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Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Environmental pollution of electronic waste recycling in India: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:259-70. [PMID: 26774773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the production of electrical and electronic products has meant an equally rapid growth in the amount of electronic waste (e-waste), much of which is illegally imported to India, for disposal presenting a serious environmental challenge. The environmental impact during e-waste recycling was investigated and metal as well as other pollutants [e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] were found in excessive levels in soil, water and other habitats. The most e-waste is dealt with as general or crudely often by open burning, acid baths, with recovery of only a few materials of value. As resulted of these process; dioxins, furans, and heavy metals are released and harmful to the surrounding environment, engaged workers, and also residents inhabiting near the sites. The informal e-waste sectors are growing rapidly in the developing countries over than in the developed countries because of cheapest labor cost and week legislations systems. It has been confirmed that contaminates are moving through the food chain via root plant translocation system, to the human body thereby threatening human health. We have suggested some possible solution toward in which plants and microbes combine to remediate highly contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Duan H, Hu J, Tan Q, Liu L, Wang Y, Li J. Systematic characterization of generation and management of e-waste in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1929-1943. [PMID: 26408118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been much effort to promote the management of e-waste in China. Policies have been affected to prohibit imports and to control pollution. Research has been conducted in laboratories and on large-scale industrial operations. A subsidy system to support sound e-waste recycling has been put in place. However, the handling of e-waste is still a concern in China and the issue remains unresolved. There has been relatively little work to follow up this issue or to interpret continuing problems from the perspective of sustainable development. This paper first provides a brief overview of conventional and emerging environmental pollution in Chinese "famous" e-waste dismantling areas, including Guiyu in Guangdong and Wenling in Zhejiang. Environmentalists have repeatedly proven that these areas are significantly polluted. Importing and backyard recycling are decreasing but are ongoing. Most importantly, no work is being done to treat or remediate the contaminated environmental media. The situation is exacerbated by the rising tide of e-waste generated by domestic update of various electronics. This study, therefore, employs a Sales Obsolescence Model approach to predict the generation of e-waste. When accounting for weight, approximately 8 million tons of e-waste will be generated domestically in 2015, of which around 50% is ferrous metals, followed by miscellaneous plastic (30%), copper metal and cables (8%), aluminum (5%), and others (7%). Of this, 3.6% will come from scrap PCBs and 0.2% from lead CRT glass. While more and more end-of-life electronics have been collected and treated by formal or licensed recyclers in China in terms of our analysis, many of them only have dismantling and separation activities. Hazardous e-wastes, including those from PCBs, CRT glass, and brominated flame retardant (BFR) plastics, have become problematic and probably flow to small or backyard recyclers without environmentally sound management. Traditional technologies are still being used to recover precious metals--such as cyanide method of gold hydrometallurgy--from e-waste. While recovery rates of precious metals from e-waste are above 50%, it has encountered some challenges from environmental considerations. Worse, many critical metals contained in e-waste are lost because the recovery rates are less than 1%. On the other hand, this implies that there is opportunity to develop the urban mine of the critical metals from e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiukun Hu
- Dongjiang Environmental Co., Ltd., 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Dongjiang Environmental Co., Ltd., 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Zhao W, Ding L, Gu X, Luo J, Liu Y, Guo L, Shi Y, Huang T, Cheng S. Levels and ecological risk assessment of metals in soils from a typical e-waste recycling region in southeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1947-1960. [PMID: 26318052 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high threat to human health and the ecosystem from metals, the levels and distribution of As, Hg, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, V, Sn, Sb, Li and Be in various layers of soil from an e-waste recycling area in Guiyu, China were investigated. The extent of pollution from the metals in soil was assessed using enrichment factors (EFs) and the Nemerow pollution index (P N ). To determine the metals' integrated potential ecological risks, the potential ecological risk index (RI) was chosen. The concentrations of Hg, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Sn and Sb were mainly enriched in the topsoil. EF values (2-5) of the elements Hg, Co, Ni, Zn, Sn, Li and Be revealed their moderate enrichment status in the topsoil, derived from e-waste recycling activities. P N presented a decreasing trend in different layers in the order topsoil (0-20 cm) > deep soil (100-150 cm) > middle soil (50-100 cm) > shallow soil (20-50 cm). With higher potential ecological risk factor (E(i)), Hg and Cd are the main contributors to the potential ecological risk. With respect to the RI, all the values in soil from the study area exceeded 300, especially for the soil at sites S2, S4, S5, S7 and S8, where RI was greater than 600. Therefore, immediate remediation of the contaminated soil is necessary to prevent the release of metals and potential ecological harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weituo Zhao
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ding
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Gu
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlang Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenggao Cheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Systematic characterization of generation and management of e-waste in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26408118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5428-0)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been much effort to promote the management of e-waste in China. Policies have been affected to prohibit imports and to control pollution. Research has been conducted in laboratories and on large-scale industrial operations. A subsidy system to support sound e-waste recycling has been put in place. However, the handling of e-waste is still a concern in China and the issue remains unresolved. There has been relatively little work to follow up this issue or to interpret continuing problems from the perspective of sustainable development. This paper first provides a brief overview of conventional and emerging environmental pollution in Chinese "famous" e-waste dismantling areas, including Guiyu in Guangdong and Wenling in Zhejiang. Environmentalists have repeatedly proven that these areas are significantly polluted. Importing and backyard recycling are decreasing but are ongoing. Most importantly, no work is being done to treat or remediate the contaminated environmental media. The situation is exacerbated by the rising tide of e-waste generated by domestic update of various electronics. This study, therefore, employs a Sales Obsolescence Model approach to predict the generation of e-waste. When accounting for weight, approximately 8 million tons of e-waste will be generated domestically in 2015, of which around 50% is ferrous metals, followed by miscellaneous plastic (30%), copper metal and cables (8%), aluminum (5%), and others (7%). Of this, 3.6% will come from scrap PCBs and 0.2% from lead CRT glass. While more and more end-of-life electronics have been collected and treated by formal or licensed recyclers in China in terms of our analysis, many of them only have dismantling and separation activities. Hazardous e-wastes, including those from PCBs, CRT glass, and brominated flame retardant (BFR) plastics, have become problematic and probably flow to small or backyard recyclers without environmentally sound management. Traditional technologies are still being used to recover precious metals--such as cyanide method of gold hydrometallurgy--from e-waste. While recovery rates of precious metals from e-waste are above 50%, it has encountered some challenges from environmental considerations. Worse, many critical metals contained in e-waste are lost because the recovery rates are less than 1%. On the other hand, this implies that there is opportunity to develop the urban mine of the critical metals from e-waste.
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Matsukami H, Tue NM, Suzuki G, Someya M, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Takigami H. Flame retardant emission from e-waste recycling operation in northern Vietnam: environmental occurrence of emerging organophosphorus esters used as alternatives for PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:492-499. [PMID: 25701386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants (o-PFRs), eight monomeric PFRs (m-PFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified and quantified in surface soils and river sediments around the e-waste recycling area in Bui Dau, northern Vietnam. Around the e-waste recycling workshops, 1,3-phenylene bis(diphenyl phosphate) (PBDPP), bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BPA-BDPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), TBBPA, and PBDEs were dominant among the investigated flame retardants (FRs). The respective concentrations of PBDPP, BPA-BDPP, TPHP, TBBPA and the total PBDEs were 6.6-14000 ng/g-dry, <2-1500 ng/g-dry, 11-3300 ng/g-dry, <5-2900 ng/g-dry, and 67-9200 ng/g-dry in surface soils, and 4.4-78 ng/g-dry, <2-20 ng/g-dry, 7.3-38 ng/g-dry, 6.0-44 ng/g-dry and 100-350 ng/g-dry in river sediments. Near the open burning site of e-waste, tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), (2-ethylhexyl)diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), TPHP, and the total PBDEs were abundantly with respective concentrations of <2-190 ng/g-dry, <2-69 ng/g-dry, <3-51 ng/g-dry and 1.7-67 ng/g-dry in surface soils. Open storage and burning of e-waste have been determined to be important factors contributing to the emissions of FRs. The environmental occurrence of emerging FRs, especially o-PFRs, indicates that the alternation of FRs addition in electronic products is shifting in response to domestic and international regulations of PBDEs. The emissions of alternatives from open storage and burning of e-waste might become greater than those of PBDEs in the following years. The presence and environmental effects of alternatives should be regarded as a risk factor along with e-waste recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masayuki Someya
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna Koto, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
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Xu L, Huo X, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Xu X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human placenta associated with neonatal physiological development at a typical e-waste recycling area in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:414-22. [PMID: 25468211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our aim of this study was to characterize the exposure pattern of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in human placenta and assess their potential effects on neonates. Placenta samples were obtained from a typical e-waste area in Guiyu and a reference area in Haojiang, China. The median ΣPBDE concentration was 32.25 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in placenta samples from Guiyu, and 5.13 ng/g lw from Haojiang. BDE-209 predominated in placenta samples, followed by BDE-28, -47, -99 -153, -183. Residence in Guiyu contributed the most to elevated PDBE levels. Neonatal physiological indices, including bodymass index (BMI), Apgar 1 score and head circumference, were reduced in Guiyu group. No significant difference was found in neonatal weight between the two groups, but neonatal body length in Guiyu was increased. Our data suggest prenatal exposure to PBDEs is high at the e-waste recycling area, and may lead to adverse physiological development in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Huang Y, Zhu G, Peng L, Ni W, Wang X, Zhang J, Wu K. Effect of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on sexual behaviors and reproductive function in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:102-8. [PMID: 25450921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous in various environmental matrices and organisms and pose a threat to reproductive systems of organisms. However, few studies have explored the effects of PBDEs on sexual and reproductive behaviors in animals. Here we evaluated the effect of BDE-47 exposure on sexual and reproductive behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). METHODS We used a charge-coupled device camera to evaluate 3 standard male zebrafish sexual behaviors—chasing, female association and induced female spawning—and assessed effects on reproductive success in female zebrafish that mated with exposed males. RESULTS After 21-day BDE-47 exposure, the frequency and total time of males associating with females was dose-dependently decreased. With the highest BDE-47 exposure, 1000 µg/L, the frequency of inducing spawning was decreased. Sexual behaviors and spawning outcome were closely associated in both control and exposure groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed BDE-47 exposure and total time of female association as the main factors contributing to induced female spawning behaviors, which affected final egg production. Multiple stepwise regression analysis suggested that female association and induced spawning by males were associated with egg production. Meanwhile, fecundity was lower for BDE-47-treated groups than controls, with only a significant difference with the highest dose. BDE-47 exposure at 100 and 1000 µg/L in males decreased fertilization rate, but BDE47 had no effect on hatching rate. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to BDE-47 may affect sexual behavior and reproductive output in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Wenqing Ni
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China.
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Song Q, Li J. A review on human health consequences of metals exposure to e-waste in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:450-61. [PMID: 25468213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the world's the largest dumping ground for e-waste, much of the population in China is exposed to heavy metals due to informal e-waste recycling processes. We reviewed recent studies on body burdens and human health effects of heavy metals from the major e-waste recycling sites in China. The results showed that the residents in the e-waste recycling sites are facing a potential higher daily intake of heavy metals. Moreover, heavy metals had entered subjects' bodies (the collected 5 tissue samples). Additionally,individual exposure to heavy metals in e-waste has also caused negative health outcomes,especially in neonates and children. We also recorded plausible outcomes associated with exposure to e wast (to heavy metals). A precautionary approach toward exposure, especially in neonates and children, therefore seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Nie Z, Tian S, Tian Y, Tang Z, Tao Y, Die Q, Fang Y, He J, Wang Q, Huang Q. The distribution and biomagnification of higher brominated BDEs in terrestrial organisms affected by a typical e-waste burning site in South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:301-308. [PMID: 25463254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil, vegetation, and several terrestrial species including turtledove, chicken, goose, grasshopper, dragonfly, butterfly and ant, were collected from an area surrounding a typical e-waste burning site in South China. The samples were examined to investigate the levels, congener profiles, and biomagnification extent of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that may be present in the environment as a result of the e-waste, which was processed in a crude recycling style. Elevated levels of Σ(21)PBDEs were found in the biota (101–4725 ng g(−1) lipid weight (lw)), vegetation leaf (82.9–319 ng g(−1) dry weight (dw)) and soil samples (5.2–22 110 ng g(−1) dw), indicating that PBDE contamination in the samples collected from the e-waste burning site may pose risks to the local terrestrial ecosystem and local populations. Higher BDE congeners, especially deca-BDE (BDE-209) were the dominant homologs in organisms and nonbiological matrices, followed by nona-BDE and octa-BDE. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio of the lipid-normalized concentration in the predator to that in the prey. The highest BMF (3.4) was determined for BDE-153 in the grasshopper/turtledove food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183 and -209, were also biomagnified in the terrestrial food chain with BMFs of 1.7–3.3. BDE-47, -100, and -99 were not biomagnified in the examined food chains (BMFs < 1), which suggests that bioaccumulation and biotransformation of PBDEs in terrestrial ecosystems could be distinguished from those in aquatic ecosystems.
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Labunska I, Abdallah MAE, Eulaers I, Covaci A, Tao F, Wang M, Santillo D, Johnston P, Harrad S. Human dietary intake of organohalogen contaminants at e-waste recycling sites in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:209-20. [PMID: 25454238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports concentrations and human dietary intake of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as selected "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organochlorine pesticides, in ten staple food categories. Samples were sourced from areas in Taizhou City, eastern China, where rudimentary recycling and disposal of e-waste is commonplace, as well as from nearby non-e-waste impacted control areas. In most instances, concentrations in foods from e-waste recycling areas exceeded those from control locations. Concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TBP) in samples from e-waste sites were 3.09-62.2ng/g and 0.81-16.3ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively; exceeding consistently those in foods acquired from control sites by an order of magnitude in many cases. In contrast, while concentrations of HBCD in some foods from e-waste impacted areas exceed those from control locations; concentrations in pork, shrimp, and duck liver are higher in control samples. This highlights the potential significance of non-e-waste sources of HBCD (e.g. building insulation foam) in our study areas. While concentrations of DDT in all foods examined except pork were higher in e-waste impacted samples than controls; our exposure estimates were well below the provisional tolerable daily intake of 0.01mg/kgbw/day derived by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Concentrations of ΣPCBs resulted in exposures (650 and 2340ng/kgbw/day for adults and children respectively) that exceed substantially the Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for ΣPCBs of 20ng/kgbw/day derived by the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Moreover, when expressed in terms of dioxin-like toxicity equivalency based on the four dioxin-like PCBs monitored in this study (DL-PCBs) (PCB-105, 118, 156, and 167); concentrations in e-waste impacted foods exceed limits set by the European Union in 6 of the 8 food groups studied and result in dietary exposures for children (10.2pgTEQ/kgbw/day) that exceed the WHO tolerable daily intake of 1-4pgTEQ/kgbw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Labunska
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Ethology group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fang Tao
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - David Santillo
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Johnston
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Zhao W, Cheng J, Gu J, Liu Y, Fujimura M, Wang W. Assessment of neurotoxic effects and brain region distribution in rat offspring prenatally co-exposed to low doses of BDE-99 and methylmercury. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:170-6. [PMID: 25048903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PDBE) and methylmercury (MeHg) can occur simultaneously as both contaminants are found in the same food sources, especially fish, seafood, marine mammals and milk. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of exposure to low levels of MeHg (2.0 μg mL(-1) in drinking water) and BDE-99 (0.2 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) from gestational day 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21, alone and in combination, on neurobehavioral development and redox responses in offspring. The present study demonstrated an interaction due to co-exposure with low doses of MeHg and BDE-99 enhanced developmental neurotoxic effects. These effects were manifested as the delayed appearance of negative geotaxis reflexes, impaired motor coordination, and induction of oxidative stress in the cerebellum. In particular, the cerebellum may be a sensitive target for combined MeHg and BDE-99 toxicity. The neurotoxicity of low dose MeHg was exacerbated by the presence of low dose of BDE-99. It is concluded that prenatal co-exposure to MeHg and BDE-99 causes oxidative stress in the cerebellum of offspring by altering the activity of different antioxidant enzymes and producing free radicals. Hg retention was not affected by co-exposure to BDE-99. However, MeHg co-exposure seemed to increase BDE-99 concentrations in selected brain regions in pups compared to pups exposed to BDE-99 only. These results showed that the adverse effects following prenatal co-exposure to MeHg and BDE-99 were associated with tissue concentrations very close to the current human body burden of this persistent bioaccumulative compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jinmin Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Masatake Fujimura
- Department of Basic Medical Science, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
| | - Wenhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Song Q, Li J. A systematic review of the human body burden of e-waste exposure in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:82-93. [PMID: 24717835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As China is one of the countries facing the most serious pollution and human exposure effects of e-waste in the world, much of the population there is exposed to potentially hazardous substances due to informal e-waste recycling processes. This report reviews recent studies on human exposure to e-waste in China, with particular focus on exposure routes (e.g. dietary intake, inhalation, and soil/dust ingestion) and human body burden markers (e.g. placenta, umbilical cord blood, breast milk, blood, hair, and urine) and assesses the evidence for the association between such e-waste exposure and the human body burden in China. The results suggest that residents in the e-waste exposure areas, located mainly in the three traditional e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou, Guiyu, and Qingyuan), are faced with a potential higher daily intake of these pollutants than residents in the control areas, especially via food ingestion. Moreover, pollutants (PBBs, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and heavy metals) from the e-waste recycling processes were all detectable in the tissue samples at high levels, showing that they had entered residents' bodies through the environment and dietary exposure. Children and neonates are the groups most sensitive to the human body effects of e-waste exposure. We also recorded plausible outcomes associated with exposure to e-waste, including 7 types of human body burden. Although the data suggest that exposure to e-waste is harmful to health, better designed epidemiological investigations in vulnerable populations, especially neonates and children, are needed to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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40
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Labunska I, Harrad S, Wang M, Santillo D, Johnston P. Human dietary exposure to PBDEs around E-waste recycling sites in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5555-5564. [PMID: 24735010 DOI: 10.1021/es500241m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 10 types of locally produced staple foods (including meat, fish, and eggs), provided estimates of dietary intakes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for residents of areas of Taizhou City (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China), which are long-established centers of rudimentary "e-waste" recycling. Average ∑PBDE concentrations in chicken meat, eggs, and liver and duck meat and liver were among the highest recorded to date, with BDE-209 particularly abundant. The highest estimated contributions to ∑PBDE intake under a median exposure scenario were associated with adult consumption of duck eggs (3882 ng/day) and chicken eggs (1091 ng/day), and with consumption of fish by both adults (792 ng/day) and children (634 ng/day). Including estimates for ingestion of contaminated dust reported elsewhere increased median ∑PBDE daily intakes by approximately 19% for adults and 42% for children. Normalized to body weight, estimated median ∑PBDE exposures (from food and dust combined) were 130.9 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 614.1 ng/kg bw/day for children. High-end estimates of exposure for young children exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference doses for BDE-47 and BDE-99 by factors of approximately 2.5 and 1.5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Labunska
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive University of Exeter, Exeter , EX4 4RN United Kingdom
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41
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Breivik K, Armitage JM, Wania F, Jones KC. Tracking the global generation and exports of e-waste. Do existing estimates add up? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8735-43. [PMID: 25007134 DOI: 10.1021/es5021313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The transport of discarded electronic and electrical appliances (e-waste) to developing regions has received considerable attention, but it is difficult to assess the significance of this issue without a quantitative understanding of the amounts involved. The main objective of this study is to track the global transport of e-wastes by compiling and constraining existing estimates of the amount of e-waste generated domestically in each country MGEN, exported from countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) MEXP, and imported in countries outside of the OECD MIMP. Reference year is 2005 and all estimates are given with an uncertainty range. Estimates of MGEN obtained by apportioning a global total of ∼ 35,000 kt (range 20,000-50,000 kt) based on a nation's gross domestic product agree well with independent estimates of MGEN for individual countries. Import estimates MIMP to the countries believed to be the major recipients of e-waste exports from the OECD globally (China, India, and five West African countries) suggests that ∼ 5,000 kt (3,600 kt-7,300 kt) may have been imported annually to these non-OECD countries alone, which represents ∼ 23% (17%-34%) of the amounts of e-waste generated domestically within the OECD. MEXP for each OECD country is then estimated by applying this fraction of 23% to its MGEN. By allocating each country's MGEN, MIMP, MEXP and MNET = MGEN + MIMP - MEXP, we can map the global generation and flows of e-waste from OECD to non-OECD countries. While significant uncertainties remain, we note that estimated import into seven non-OECD countries alone are often at the higher end of estimates of exports from OECD countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
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Lee S, Kim S, Kim E, Lee IS, Choi G, Kim HJ, Park J, Jae Lee J, Choi S, Young Kim S, Kim S, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk of Korea in 2011: current contamination, time course variation, influencing factors and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 126:76-83. [PMID: 24012248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is a valuable biological specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In this study, 208 breast milk samples were collected from 89 participants during lactation period, at <7, 15, 30, and 90 days postpartum, in four cities in Korea, and were determined for 19 PBDE congeners. The total PBDE concentrations (ΣPBDE) ranged from 0.23 to 68.4 (mean: 2.73) ng/g lipid weight, and were within the ranges reported for European and Asian countries. Within a month of lactation after delivery, no significant changes were found in the PBDE concentrations. The predominance of BDE 153 rather than BDE 47 was found in the most samples that BDE 153 was detected, and was likely to be associated with stepwise debromination of BDE 209. No associations were found between PBDE concentrations in breast milk and demographic parameters, except for ΣPBDE with maternal age and delivery mode. Certain types of diet such as corn, seafood and nut correlated significantly with PBDE levels in breast milk. The estimated daily intakes of ΣPBDE for breast-feeding infants were lower than the guidelines proposed by the US EPA, indicating limited health risk from PBDEs through breast feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
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